d8549bdbab01f2891093d1d121ef24b6bbe48463	IBM Watson is an IBM supercomputer equipped with a question-and-answer artificial intelligence system, created by a group of researchers led by David Ferucci.
fd6f066cb525e99f1c0a4999f589fb06c2ceab06	Its creation is part of the DeepQA project.
898bd0b2b6e353ad94b7a0be60f67c36e09f02d4	Watson's main task is to understand questions formulated in natural language and find answers to them in the database[1].
16ab081929c1af1737d27da881a9777f69f65c5c	It is named after the founder of IBM, Thomas Watson[2].
d23f331be3835910ba3741c7a77dfac683a22c2d	In February 2011, the supercomputer took part in the TV show Jeopardy! (the Russian equivalent is "Own Game") [3].
f6164a6090ea67343d6edcf7feddf4ff71e1d478	His rivals were Brad Rutter, the winner of the biggest win in the program, and Ken Jennings, the record holder for the longest winless streak.
7fb8615c1701be3ab4a80e443dd972418fcbda34	The computer won, receiving $ 1 million, while Jennings and Rutter received, respectively, 300 and 200 thousand.
4c80d76b6507db0bad83d3e8039545bdf41336e7	The computer is known for its ability to cook even on the basis of cooking recipes embedded in the database.
79d8bd38c376dedcb162de8a13d445b3bf720718	At the beginning of all this, Watson needed to gain knowledge about food and cooking.
2aaa116964b554e5a8a6a9449535a524683b9589	To achieve this, lead engineer Florian Pinel downloaded USDA data on nutrition facts and chemical information from a database of volatile compounds in food to a computer.
f07414943caa250682f9fb75b2fe7aa35f8e4d40	Volatile compounds play an important role in creating the smell and taste of food.
2773ce302e8f5cade3e903fe3d03d8bac1ec467d	Wikipedia taught Watson the connections between different ingredients and cuisines, and a scientific study looking at people's reactions to the smells of certain ingredients helped determine the taste qualities of products.
8dcc9d22f26650e92267c7b653cba1262ef987f1	And finally, the basis of knowledge of Watson's recipes comes from the database of the Bon Appetit magazine.
45c93ffedec3600e883c564831344f71deae9e4e	Together with the publication Bon Appétit, IBM (NYSE: IBM) presents the Chef Watson with Bon Appétit application ("Chef Watson with Bon Appétit").
fd94987c63f566c376640619fe59a9bf1f185059	Using the capabilities of the IBM Watson supercomputer and the knowledge of Bon Appétit, it will allow cooks around the world to use cognitive technologies to create completely new recipes and previously unknown gastronomic combinations.
d31b67d330781d928a2b3e90e75318b6b631c4e0	So far, the application is only available in closed beta testing mode.
35ab1b82dc271f00ea835365542991418a7f9c6e	IBM Honorary Engineer Steve Abrams and Bon Appétit Senior Culinary Editor Dawn Perry are testing Chef Watson with Bon Appétit in the Bon Appétit demo kitchen.
6cae1a6031a2736dd939dff909927458f24fd023	The new application uses the cognitive computing technology of the IBM Watson supercomputer and a database of 9,000 recipes collected by Bon Appétit.
0a5611d1ccb2f2b772acbaea4454aedc15a2cc8c	It will allow chefs around the world to create recipes with new, previously unimaginable combinations of flavors and textures.
3e9aac1a1b241d4a8169915824827bf147723b3f	IBM uses these same cognitive technologies to innovate in other areas, including healthcare, financial services, and retail businesses.
d71e8ac1c93c17bf2eae9d4e54946164b62aae34	The most" smart " supercomputer — IBM Watson-will publish a collection with its own bizarre recipes.
2255bc25a09fe118b8131c2cd8104e713b6c98d1	The book with the title "Informative cooking with Chef Watson" will be released tomorrow, April 14.
725fa17a5dcdd1f54eec778f15e4b03916a925dd	This is another step in the career of Chef Watson, presented by IBM and the Institute of Culinary Education earlier this year.
7a0d3ab2900939c6a02708368af1f72ff83cfefe	Then Watson's ability to learn and understand natural language was demonstrated.
f78cbb1fefa610436543d6a02de2a3926faa859b	Now IBM is launching a beta version of an application built on the basis of the same technology and specially created for people who love to cook at home.
b1204874984243753efd9937431b3b09de4fbbb7	"We are interested to find out what new combinations Watson can open and how it will help cooks," says Adam Rapoport, editor-in-chief of Bon Appétit.
da43b9174cc6d302c07417e995891f94439dabbd	We see that the intersection of food and technology contributes to the emergence of original ideas and the development of creative thinking-and not only in the kitchen of our publication, but also in the homes of our readers."
14be9437cf42c0863b13098dba1d8368769b4253	"We partnered with Bon Appétit to put Watson technology in the hands of a small group of people who are passionate about cooking, want to experiment and become part of cutting – edge modern technologies," says Mike Rodin, senior vice president of the IBM Watson Group.
bb3ba09ba03a8fcee2469ab631cb7460e66d25b5	– Our goal is to help people discover the potential of cognitive computer systems that can process large amounts of data and learn intuitively through interaction with people and information."
daacd79667f045f86738a8cc07a619ff41d82078	IBM also had to teach Chef Watson how to understand these recipes.
33c69558d409a65822d6b75a06d4d8f75e45eb6c	"There are a lot of implicit references in the recipes – the way they are written.
ee49459db26375015c3f63b622c86af23bad94d5	For example, in one of the recipes, it is written: "chop the vegetables, store, then fry in a frying pan."
6e095c7eeaa54f3b3c01f2af4d0d287e05645d91	Fry what exactly?
f880476844f07252d6f7f4d4d4df6279678b284b	As a person, you know this, but it is much more difficult for a machine to understand it, " Pinel says.
8cc33cd614ac4633fd23eb9f1a6833580460a6d6	"You have the task of a new natural language processing, a task that we have begun to deal with.
58d6be67c2eb17fb0b775b96a9a49d006bd49894	And it was a lot of fun to solve it.
ec50b89d2c19fd12ef64293200e44ededec668fd	But why would a person ask a computer what to do for lunch?
fb8501aa5e744830ba1e2d780c58ee6f45cb746b	Because Watson does not enter cooking solutions with the same biases and tendencies as a person - although apparently Watson likes to offer coconut milk in recipes - this allows home and professional chefs to explore unusual combinations of olives and cherries, with apples and olive oil.
8e6d95d07097c6857efd10b22a05e55021d05479	But don't ask Watson for advice on what to cook with a sea urchin.
b6d79898714742f2178fe9c232b6d402f8a9333b	Such recipes are not yet stored in its data bank.
0f4c500cc651d2035f7803b11a166565f0acf666	As for the future, the Chef Watson design team sees its model as something that can go beyond changing the way we think about recipes.
98a5a9d7a501c064dc59d5e5f9942cc6bb6dbcb7	For example, Watson can help reduce food waste.
91ac3cf78cc3ba38cdedee83b8d19036520d61a0	Celery, sour cream, herbs, citrus fruits, and bread are the most commonly wasted foods, so the team worked with Watson to create a recipe that includes all of these ingredients.
06983d685fbbe6bef1161b9fb75afe37d6cf8c4f	One day, Watson may be able to help with developing recipes around what you have in the refrigerator that is about to go bad.
7c196b9f103644eaabae50fea793e56ec3409c6e	IBM Corporation together with the publication Bon Appétit presented a unique culinary application "Chef Watson" (Chef Watson).
6f68ed96232cf8e1dc0f498c1f59f880bbd127f9	Using the capabilities of cognitive technologies, it will allow cooks around the world to create completely new recipes and try previously unknown gastronomic combinations.
d5624fe5e356b9bbce4f34f96d22a5b84b89317a	The web application is one of the illustrative examples of the use of cognitive computing, the purpose of which is to develop a person's creative thinking.
1c95e678b80bd78f827f9897a8bb818b285e420f	"Chef Watson" will inspire every cook to take a creative approach to cooking, teach them not to be afraid of new ideas and experiments in the kitchen and push them to discover unexpected combinations of ingredients.
bd8523e24788bcc74dc5a0513b9672028dbced53	The free application, designed for enterprising chefs, uses the IBM Watson cognitive computing system, which has been trained to process large amounts of information and is familiar with 10,000 recipes from the Bon Appétit database.
bb04c0a3a56c6cfb61351a60730394e6cfb59984	In addition, the system understands which ingredients are suitable for specific dishes, depending on the cooking style.
a1994ffe72e38b233665b08e2df53fea67bdb490	IBM combined this information with data on the composition of products and people's taste preferences, and also added user reviews and comments received during the beta testing of the application.
f372ddd001ea2783cb1ea3052c1f81ff538775d3	The application "Chef Watson" will allow cooks to create recipes daily with new, previously unimaginable combinations of flavors and textures, changing ideas about food and cooking.
1556c6ca43b41ab6530b35b2fde20efc0621608b	But, at the same time, "Chef Watson" takes into account various dietary restrictions for diseases such as celiac disease, allergies to certain foods (nuts, dairy products, etc.), and also takes into account special diets, for example, vegetarianism.
9d45e999d323dcb65b75c5c4e227cf713d98853a	The application takes into account all factors and thereby helps people to experiment in the kitchen and realize a variety of culinary fantasies, regardless of their diet.
9d06eec128ecd7a211dd84a957fcceb82bcd2e0e	"We were impressed by the ideas that users had-not only creating unusual dishes, but also approaches to solving problems related to cooking, which they were able to implement using the Watson application," says Dr. Stacey C. Rivera, director of Digital Technologies, Bon Appétit.
ba6c10e9b9dab96918085e6647d5e55141e66791	— With a variety of potential application scenarios – from eliminating gluten to reducing food waste — the Chef Watson app has proven that if you provide chefs with a tool that allows them to be creative in cooking, they will succeed in their business."
a6c807fcb1a2c500043a11531795e5957e3de9da	"The advantage of Watson is the search for relationships in data arrays that will allow us to see potential combinations of ingredients that we did not know about before —" says Dr. Steve Adams, distinguished engineer and head of IBM Watson division.
8539609793845d3f37e59de059e2d7d53e7300d5	- The use of Watson in the culinary art shows how people make discoveries with the help of smart devices.
1e341032393888e91ec89726b365086f09dfb8a3	Our technologies allow us to reach a new level not only for amateur cooks, but also for professionals from many other fields, from biologists to fashion experts."
5a66cd187a9c2cce6aa8151b4c4c4e9ec5924a29	Over the past year, IBM and Bon Appétit have also improved the application interface based on the scenarios of using "Chef Watson" in creating new recipes.
2a52dab29eefbf44394662e7e937c1b7a938fb8b	Now users can start discovering new flavor combinations by choosing just one ingredient.
e489d71925c8527976535d7cffd4a1f6da299912	Based on this data, "Chef Watson" will offer three other ingredients that, according to the cognitive system, will go well with each other.
6a174acaf85ef110098eea6fe0c9d4f1535217d6	"Chef Watson" makes experiments with flavors more accessible for cooking, offering ideas for dishes and the number of ingredients, as well as culinary tips that will help chefs choose their own recipe and share their experience with friends.
7489b70e46adf5faf027caa8bec383e1397d24ea	The application, which was in beta until today, was used by several thousand experienced home cooks who helped expand the IBM Watson knowledge base.
68c7e565e22187fcec2effc508f4be14fd5006d5	This was achieved, among other things, thanks to user reviews of recipes and a convenient scenario for using the application.
cbe19bad04e00b67b9550015e6671133e29146e1	Users of the beta version also found new, useful ways to use the application, for example, to prepare delicious dishes without using certain ingredients or with their replacement due to a dietary regime or health condition; to reduce the amount of food waste by using rare ingredients; to use in the preparation of seasonal or local products in order to popularize the "farm to table" model; as well as to teach children creativity and the principles of healthy nutrition.
df82c4cf62b256ac37dd3c9460ff6e1159d95afb	Already now you can try "Chef Watson" from IBM for free using the Bon Appétit web application, available at www.ibmchefwatson.com, as well as to get acquainted with several stories from users of "Chef Watson" about what they managed to cook using the service http://ibm.co/1LfvKJH.
95922d5e641d56ab80650b9a0a1e031a244690c2	The editorial board of RBC Style decided to check whether two hot dishes and a dessert prepared according to a recipe from artificial intelligence are suitable for consumption.
6b84d17d43994dff705507cb8f4403bb4c608809	Since we wanted to test the entire gastronomic potential of the new service, we chose for the experiment combinations that may seem strange from the point of view of cooking enthusiasts and even professional chefs.
641edd6ade3e6630ca002c90ebb0bc33b77b263a	However, Chef Watson found solutions for how to combine chicken with chocolate and ice cream with garlic.
e9ad08c5cef85d06ed66f635fc863920a281aa3d	With these recipes, the editor Anastasia Novikova went to three Moscow chefs who tried to bring Chef Watson's gastronomic fantasies to life.
ce342da06d219cb8bcce38c0a75a62e53ea453e5	Chef Dmitry Shurshakov, who is able to prepare a haute cuisine dish from everything that is sold in stores, we offered a recipe for chicken with chocolate.
521f95f4c7b2c45cbc97b5a0fe528f07c22c62ed	In addition to these ingredients, the recipe included tomatoes, onions, chili peppers, cocoa, chicken broth, spices and a lot of mustard.
c1cba5e1945def1dba0bbd81420d72e09fb89e89	"A strange taste combination.
455952b45aaea5eaecf2d6cd7bc948a51da054b0	That is, chocolate and mustard, in my opinion, is even interesting.
01dbd2c1c6f2e67524baeb720a39b3a9546776d2	But they don't go with chicken.
9b3e8d6f59f80e8f0141bca65947ee2fa62f9776	And also in this recipe there are ounces, and spoons, and grams, and some incomprehensible slices, and everything else," Dmitry frowns, but begins to cook.
efdbc9667d1974fa884bfb895b7539d6024d0e05	First, he roasts the chicken, although not in pepper, as Chef Watson suggests.
66a5a399ec0916d249c4e85761b0b482cac935b4	After the chicken, diced tomatoes are sent to the pan, then green onions.
7f7310d9b230c3cae8219ac550c6d9828e31d30f	Dmitry adds broth to the pan and tells about his attitude to culinary computer services and applications.
49cd8efa51786c5e87c76b8c283dad214e1adacf	It takes about 20 minutes to prepare everything, and the ingredients are such that they will certainly be found in the kitchen of the average hostess.
54214ecda099a29ef472b598728c5adf1236cb5e	However, the dish does not look too appetizing.
47a2545d95583d1528726e98e35cf0f7f8cfe7f8	Shurshakov himself refuses to try the cooked food, but shares his impressions about the recipe.
63fbad7427013c50a8111299abc98fb2fc6b5923	We entrusted Ilya Zakharov, the chef of the pan-Asian Zodiac restaurant, with another dish.
8bd7d205dbbc21124e63c4b46138d2a971121af3	When asked to give out a combination of tuna and jamon, Chef Watson provided us with several variants of risotto recipes.
d67933a107aebe0ba1d98d408f2359a160f9895e	We chose one of them, which also included chocolate liqueur, beef broth, jamon, shallots and physalis.
a088c7667cce185526cdf35b75111dbe8adf6a3c	The service offered to prepare cranberry sauce for tuna.
d6a700d01ae90b4c52045a5b0b7520aaa1d46a56	The chef starts with the tuna sauce.
116893743b32acb1f6a8a2ce8d20cbac1a650e99	He boils cranberries with sugar, then adds chocolate liqueur and suddenly sets everything on fire.
9d55fe7973c5000a3870322d90b6d1d1368c0f26	Then, without slowing down, he rubs the berries through a sieve.
e28a442d526898122e5f5c7b9aaf1f7a65b029eb	And in the next saucepan, risotto is already being prepared.
959d2470f79fd831e343770150c6c703cffe34b4	The last stage is tuna.
ba5cfabecf41618a30964ab23210d88a509cb0bb	Zakharov starts frying it a minute before removing the risotto from the burner.
ad12027c753b7c8e281004af8e8cb20dfef8fdf8	Chooses medium rare roasting to understand the taste of tuna.
d6a939fe5d9b26e68e49d4aee212a38b37fec41e	And it holds a piece in the pan for literally half a minute on each side.
07f098ee3e690f6083dfc4336b5d4299f4195cb1	It takes about 20 minutes from the start of cooking to the moment of serving.
7ac6c7c6383486a39c0ed334f4ad210ce76c7b5d	While waiting for the dish to appear on the table, Zakharov says that he does not believe in the virtual origin of the recipe.
fa674031e51b1c2fad1340376abf024045107a6c	Home Blog News Press Releases Prices Help
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65aba60b3895d8d4a5a936ef88bb5a2677e51418	Press Releases
591336b0480b019f7dd0d313be09c0090b00e4d6	The Chef Watson with Bon Appétit app changes the approach to cooking
41d01a7d096ecbbecec007b446ba03e3a5751c02	July 8, 2014, Kiev Pleon Talan | 369
2754c69cb2c3b650bc913c785e167b0a28406dba	IT: software
79f3946b84013d45931a0da245ef05535904d955	Print version | Send @mail | PDF | Tags | http://b2b.vc/184717
8f9f088dc827e6bc6abd5b67a19b6a74d024533f	Armonk, New York, July 8, 2014 – The most technologically advanced Chef is back!
6fb41ed96147990e8ccee5fff3df72fef21fe0cf	(Photo: Jon Simon/Feature Photo Service for IBM)
9ed1b78e31ccc29183b70126c729380cf4bc6f3d	For more information about Chef Watson, see the article Bon Appétit.
0a38afc145b4d3788ab1f711733cf29f14d5c990	"We are interested to find out what new combinations Watson can open and how it will help cooks," says Adam Rapoport, editor in chief of Bon Appétit.
c5de7ca2eba30fa26ffc32441778888495e69567	— We see that the intersection of food and technology contributes to the emergence of original ideas and the development of creative thinking and not only in the kitchen of our publication, but also in the homes of our readers."
c961dfa838b0d2372dc4f23d58047a5b7b4aca58	Chef Watson with Bon Appétit allows you to push the boundaries of traditional cooking and plunge into the creative process of finding new combinations of ingredients, relying on scientific data and cognitive technologies.
ae20f79a6cdf76a4b4df96c7a1be25c8df4eb223	During his career, the Watson supercomputer has already managed to become the champion of the television game Jeopardy!
0144420b32b06fe30b22bbebe4cfe5e4e80d8369	The system was trained to process large amounts of information and quickly get answers to various questions.
ceedf0a477a3f66e02be7187ec43b2320a4ab1eb	Watson now works as an assistant assistant for professionals in various industries, including retail, healthcare and financial services.
a5866c2140f30e89a4695b7d7eaec82a3a7dbdd2	Chef Watson is another example of the versatile application of this technology and how it can change our lives.
3a3e3ebb19555a4efc3913f88bd0b2021b5edb9e	"We formed a partnership with Bon Appétit to put Watson technology in the hands of a small group of people who are passionate about cooking, want to experiment and become part of advanced modern technologies," says Mike Rodin, senior vice president of the IBM Watson Group.
0f439de8ea42bef8dd3334d04421e129913dc618	— Our goal is to help people discover the potential of cognitive computer systems that can process large amounts of data and learn intuitively through interaction with people and information."
8f52c2dcea2134d138c0dde15442f2a61c012c44	The app with Chef Watson will initially be available to a limited group of Bon Appétit readers.
546c215a5a7632f3bc5d1ad38d3065c94f762ef6	If you are interested in becoming a beta tester, visit the Bon Appétit website.
adb3f5cef083c7a55770e39ae02220a0d35bc8fd	You can read about how chefs use the Chef Watson with Bon Appétit application in the review article.
ccfdd32ee5e90b69baf0fc16bb677301247c91b4	You can read more about how the Watson Chef technology was developed in the blog.
a5cd89c92597ede34fac4028e9781873eddef138	You can read about the beginning of cooperation between IBM and Bon Appétit here.
d7dedfb5a8de1ea8ee4036c5b4d6a20f9bfbc73e	You can learn more about Chef Watson on the official IBM website.
f0f7e5940aa143161b5f7af42ee987e8f945bd9b	Follow Watson news on Facebook and YouTube.
3a5b1bfc3234abfc198b7f40de7d8a6298f54625	The Watson image gallery on Flickr is here.
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7545a5b6394c398de22f4a47106f07ae3b4ae1b7	NomeSaytyNovinkiIVM and Bon Appétit presented the culinary application "Chef Watson"
89444e73911e94daa3e83a301fd16b14125d0a64	IBM and Bon Appétit presented the culinary application "Chef Watson"
0e4ca89ebb4505dec53d2e26486ff4bf32ef732e	24.06.2015
f1bc6b605d1447605e6ce531adee5bd1fd08b02e	"We were impressed by the ideas that users had not only creating unusual dishes, but also approaches to solving problems related to cooking, which they were able to implement using the Watson application," says Dr. Stacey C. Rivera, director of Digital Technologies, Bon Appétit.
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5d2d7acb26fb7eed6f13db3e9581cdba69cf17ea	July 9, 2014 at 18: 01
861babc217011c23d76aa154c792b185e2474c95	IBM Watson will help cooks to make new recipes with the help of a new application
79f52053e268df6164be429a20510405187932ee	Cloud Computing*, IBM Blog, High Performance*
e424f568f0a1f5b180eac9afc422b59db318447c	The news has already been published on Habra that IBM Watson, a supercomputer from IBM, has learned to make its own recipes, and the combination of source products can be very unusual.
008a93008fe101b2fe2a279781fb082ee3aff019	Now Watson will help chefs from all over the world to make interesting and unexpected recipes for different dishes.
1454ff480bf31f6b510d54c6f0e8bdb57981e76b	Together with the publication Bon Appétit, IBM presents the Chef Watson with Bon Appétit application ("Chef Watson with Bon Appétit").
40eba3d2ee017b5ea6ab2cfe0f42906eb5ebe9fe	We see that the intersection of food and technology contributes to the emergence of original ideas and the development of creative thinking and not only in the kitchen of our publication, but also in the homes of our readers."
7977dcaedb2d47b48999f5496e286c65ef9f39c8	So far, the application with Chef Watson will initially be available to a limited group of readers of the Bon Appétit edition, who will act as beta testers.
dcc3bc7ecec2d236af8dc59ab48dbdbda798dfa1	Well, you can become a beta tester here.
70f728baf3d0fc9d5e3dd0551c91e192e0a283db	ibm watson, recipes, cognitive systems
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35b3472d7498dfdbe5d550556276e89ff7a54d6d	Similar publications
251bd49e85a44286c1354a56e73170b8110f318d	+41
105d3d8f5d58dc5379f773ae48b0ff553d04cbbf	IBM Watson will work in call centers of support services
53a9634be2c98f53be9454c60493a10a822242fb	19k 25 50
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06d4ee585ef389d204d475a5c31be2fd4fcb99a2	IBM Watson graduated from medical School and went to work
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d39b20d00d63f7d1b9d8407a586804a57c754102	+33
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a7db419b1c14e782a4b9eda36d14b090dc06bfd2	4,1k 21 16
785023291a4cb8473256e0d03ce7024e3f031b90	Comments (8)
7d00c02fd6c2bc818c196fd4f3f9355bab483a17	gwer
b075a3659050d3dbbe077113327a0b51f5d22076	July 9, 2014 at 19: 48
67b382277cb82f4345e876f0deeb531645a61b89	I even know where the technology should be integrated first.
f64a949cc3975e94ccb91befc93d37d65e2881f1	shornikov
48c6b35768212c5174a0d0f9570fb27e0244b15a	July 9, 2014 at 20: 19
3be563e400c317d371a73806cce3be61a51c97d1	–4
6915a88cdcf315b82a99ed59da6ff521c7927653	Given the medical education of Citizen Watson and a huge amount of knowledge — can he create a delicious dish from ordinary products that causes, say, infertility in 5 years… Perhaps he has already made a decision…
440fb52f2b472a084dae0b87fe0c843ffbaf52b5	sokovenko
df2a27dea7f9763c119056b052d1993126d516ed	July 10, 2014 at 00: 14
a5622c198742facfddf3344f66dcf4ec14ddbc6b	–3
c984cd304f7994199eed73de2fa9dfc590c62e41	Is it stupid for me alone to use a supercomputer with a performance of 80 teraflops to generate cooking recipes?
5a61a98e44c58cc109615df3fa69c0eb67ba360a	July 10, 2014 at 00: 52
acb72b94764e480255cf52e9a0ba66c6fe536272	+1
8a30abaef48cc0e9170332d019ad352cdde7acfd	Society wants to consume.
f1ba232bf158ee3f1c1c600752850663081547ff	Lanes
ad7d90375e6ab903b6a9274965fc455457a9eabf	July 10, 2014 at 09: 09
f098bc5e259ef48b862b07bfe5b98d7d69613b21	+4
21687044bffa33904d3ce0fb9fff5ae99377166f	sokovenko well, he is not only used for cooking recipes ;) this is one of the applications, it has more serious roles
2185a72ad87c166333cfa8f0a95b07c6d88ef686	CristobalJunta
10a87c2acb5525c33a15576635472957a48bb34a	July 10, 2014 at 12: 01
357d655686f0e0c261d9e402bcdb5b9a66384b56	It is not quite correct to talk about Watson as a supercomputer.
87c2b89a8e98ef48918a0e60834d45b22b302e88	Watson is a technology.
f8eb091b3f840cfc4b6eaa32a3d7fc67728045a4	JIghtuse
35a5c1fa454cab2ed2d879afbe1dec2f02acc028	July 10, 2014 at 07: 35
ebd484abc6c4a00366792534e9280f4b62f26e61	It's funny, a few years ago I fantasized about a similar application that would process a large database and make recipes with combined ingredients.
f4137e3e3a957322d02ffc828b52d334102ec9c8	I even wrote a short story about a person with two educations: a programmer and a cook who wrote it.
f79abc15ccffbb7876633294bf8eafe59ad36563	A sample of the pen, I decided not to show it to anyone.
a752b79d8ae1ed5fc096e5ec51ae28ac893d2986	The future is coming on our heels.
cfc6fa2ca262981542434906fe66a3eb7ef65e3a	m08pvv
5212ec4f7d3d172d67bf505ee5f2b43a9ce70248	July 10, 2014 at 10: 00
c580f69e8ec51d3c42d9b8f74236fd37f5a4ce85	We are looking forward to new recipes that are good and different.
912fe878a3bf768dfc10a0613856bb475f19b950	I hope that there is not just a check "cabbage and meat are combined in borscht so they are combined", but a deeper analysis will be: the interaction of substances with each other, their interaction with taste buds, clever chemical reactions in a frying pan and in a saucepan (with a verified temperature regime and so on).
c93051f57684192405077225b1e5a8272c9a9136	It would be great to see how from common products, through specific cooking and combination, to get a taste that will lead to an indescribable taste enjoyment.
a73abc156a41247663d187c94491ab4858567c3b	It is a pity that the body will demand more sweets — it will be necessary to compensate or restrain somehow.
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5097aad23e525af21739fd7f8e293842860a6fad	The Open Xchange platform.
6f77cf49b7a1371f3d7d9c2a923902abb91de7ea	Quick overview and installation
2a3e68a48177698f9152a57fcf152ab523dba97f	* Collective Work Systems: Part 3.2.
6b6187c03e5e79efff10ba04ed021dbdba5c4f9d	The Open Xchange Platform.
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066d9319966fa1e6fa0cfb5e8733350783d1bd44	Honda has improved the control of the power plant of the Formula 1 car with the help of IBM Watson IoT 14
4d01743e987e7f0700d71aefc2314402a86bf0d3	IBM Watson helps the US Air Force automate the public procurement process 14
9407a99630cb4ae020e17b77e7a0fec554618600	IBM uses World Community Grid Resources to Fight Tuberculosis 8
f60dd036c92cad86f9cc6b66be49fb8ce1c0683f	Guiding Eyes transfers data to the IBM Cloud to improve the quality of care for blind people 2
3a2e897c1a1de7cf26b6248993ef62fffafe8670	A supercomputer based on a TrueNorth chip with an energy consumption of 2.5 W has been created in the USA.
ed4ff9bcac71347a91493ca3887ee5c8ca26031c	IBM is working to strengthen the information protection of "connected" cars 2
595e18c11f13c8d08920b7ff74d8f56341551d6d	IBM's cognitive service recognizes photos and tells you what is depicted in the pictures.
239568edd37de80de46ff87a24fd9f023dfd5349	IBM and Hilton have developed a concierge robot based on the Watson 2 cognitive system
95fe7c6f817e0bc1ccfdbc84fa013f3b74df8613	IBM has released a new generation of data storage system — Storwize v5000 Gen2 3
e725f9b0434630a3998010da1f1beed7a772676a	IBM Watson understands a person's emotions and responds by knowing what the user feels.
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3a0461dd982dd18ccd9d3ec867026e848c3b3651	Superscalar stack processor: optimization 0
7f0b11313ca4e960365b3d4c37538cb54ec9d6f0	CO (Carbon monoxide) detector.
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c9aa36dae1caadfac15265835f0b6a44849ef276	Home / Supercomputer Chef Watson from IBM 06.07.2015
9c8eb75fec550f494b660fec14347c3db5aea9c1	The focus is on a new supercomputer from IBM: Chef Watson.
1b147a51dbd6de7d1467f2bf7a5d6912cbbcb5f7	But donot ask Watson for advice on what to cook with a sea urchin.
46d5aba29afcb64f2dc1380ca3914659d31d3271	In addition to food, Watson can be used in the future to detect drugs, invent perfumes, or decorate a house.
06a43bc43b9b318240a61666dc139fb971ea7635	Being a supercomputer, there is no doubt that Watson can be used in other industries.
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db6373b2dc391e3f552caa7106a863b789d55f4d	Recipes from the supercomputer chef Watson
16eb7d2d3d0f283088e578f26a1637d3f023e6b2	IBM Chef Watson: A Metaphor for Discovery
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b853734f16e586bfb4ee2e10de688bc4e0f40990	The most" smart " supercomputer — IBM Watson will publish a collection with its own bizarre recipes.
eec96a0a74ddb9cf8cd790b141c4304fac020739	Chef Watson is able to learn about new recipes, types of dishes and their components, understand a person's taste preferences, and then rearrange this information in such a way as to create unique combinations from a piquant combination of ingredients.
0428d4922dd9e0f4a31cbbcbd147fa5eb3443cd7	When the artificial intelligence was " fed " enough data (about nutrients, nutritional value, the interaction of flavors and chemicals, people's cultural preferences, etc.), he began to come up with recipes, and the chefs from the culinary institute helped to translate his ideas into real dishes.
ff281e8b1363d77859fe552476749d23aeee26f0	There is a Vietnamese apple kebab on the CDPV.
a1420fe7530d2b1d9b9d9fed2af7367d69d3e144	On Flickr there is an album with photos of ready made food and with several recipes.
6ee658610c1bf4b2dfc6939532fa42de121364a2	And if you donot know what to drink, then Watson recommends a Hoof–n–Honey Ale cocktail made of IPA (Indian pale ale), burgundy, turned into foam and veal broth.
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2d8243a2c0e464492c9d563c4f92c56ae3421bcc	See also
92a65c19d8ec41bf8cd62d3d0a849290dada24c0	Chicken in sour cream sauce
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187058139d892167c3ac8d2616c79327258020af	at one time I was married to such a Watson. she cooked amazingly, but once or twice a year she was forced to create unique combinations of spicy compounds of ingredients. like, sprats with avocado or raspberries with onion sauce.
c99b5394113109854bd28308e891b36bd86826d9	I'm lying, of course, but the sources were still zaboristy. we laughed merrily and flushed it down the toilet.
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bd307a3ec329e10a2cff8fb87480823da114f8f4	13
144dc8535d8cdd89cf52cf3dd1f64b7e11a67fc3	Stork: raspberry sauce with caramelized onions is a great combination
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fe0ffc6a40faeb280dfe9ce415e0068fd13202ab	Mercutio: What am I saying?
2617abdfa1c3818e192c72eb6bb2884832094681	I cried and lowered, lowered and cried.
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0824f36d97aa2926a1d694f55459a4629067cac8	Mercutio: you will not commit any crime for the sake of preserving peace in the family.
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571b99954ae86f013d5ffa710485f725ad9ccc50	How does the Matrix know what the taste of oatmeal is?
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3cc99961559228ce8a5161016cfb59a53c6876af	how do you know what taste of oatmeal I feel — just try it!
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516e1c73eee4cc8eaeb1d183a9958270980c5bf2	IBM Watson
6d3307a2700606deecd08ec25663c32eb622ef00	Material from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
d0e677091ad57367da57ab8bdddeb9fc7e54603c	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on October 23, 2014; checks require 16 edits.
def0aa5411f5bf77f7f7d54dc8a02638bd5069c6	Go to: navigation, Search
3425a8a41bb25dfb7f024b7aab2c75ca39d175df	This term has other meanings, see Watson.
9ad989ac5b7132eff50e7fd149963c14e91a572b	Watson demo console at the exhibition
656021f0b192bab484a5f22a08ba5e45b7f3a6bc	IBM Watson is an IBM supercomputer equipped with a question and answer artificial intelligence system, created by a group of researchers led by David Ferucci.
4f9be057f0ea5d2ba72fd2c810e8d7b9aa98b469	Content
f84198be7c650a9092203bf05441a8ee5efb6d6c	1 Participation in "Jeopardy!"
968a226f2eba2ca4d49d33a4df9b5588f4ec5e72	2 Platform 3 The future of the project 4 Notes 5 References
5853906fad43afc6a2cd15ffd287378a53dd8f67	Participation in "Jeopardy!"
13c117adef500e81a35d0c0ed76e8408b64fd0c6	[edit / edit wiki text]
171a880720e3343de16490777cc478c7ea972432	In February 2011, the supercomputer took part in the TV show Jeopardy!
12eb0402857675fc1a1fbfbe0decc4cb485103a9	(the Russian equivalent is "Own Game") [3].
ba7a558bb75c8d915b2c396147f15a52bea0cc2d	Platform[edit / edit wiki text]
e048e2caf1cb64731ef2160b4fe6551b91e1b887	Watson consists of 90 IBM p750 servers, each of which is equipped with four eight core POWER7 architecture processors.
b481beaf117053d2070d67d248984277bc216134	The total amount of RAM is more than 15 terabytes.
67e9838837307e97b057a07f341548a6e0cfb3c5	The system had access to 200 million pages of structured and unstructured information with a volume of 4 terabytes[4], including the full text of Wikipedia.
77e3d6585540cd772b9a29e540a55182c2287633	During the game, Watson did not have access to the Internet.
109e7b2d5898a5a26c2f4ae7a0a2a9ce13fb0536	The future of the project[edit / edit wiki text]
a513b982c6a6d600e6ed0ead4d20ce2c6d97d9c6	IBM, together with Nuance Communications (a manufacturer of speech recognition tools), as well as a number of other companies, such as New York Genome Center (personalized clinical solutions based on individual gene variation), Truven Health Analytics (cloud health data libraries), Insilico Medicine (search for optimal drugs for personal therapy), Under Armour (development of personal wellness plans), Mayo Clinic (diagnostics and clinical solutions, distribution of patients into treatment groups), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (oncology), iDavatars (virtual medical assistant), Arch Health Partners (hypertension control), Medtronic (developments for helping diabetics, cardiovascular diseases) has developed and continues to develop a product aimed at helping in the diagnosis and treatment of patients[5][6][7][8][9]. A computer, using Big Data processing technologies, will help in a matter of minutes to extract optimal solutions from the endless sea of information about individual medical histories and ways of their treatment, as well as from a huge number of scientific articles and issue them in the form of a report.
607c24feb588b5c90f5549ee822185645a2486fe	The possibilities of using it in other areas, such as the assessment of insurance policy or energy efficiency, are also being considered.
35b753bcda260031e31090ba7dfd13b2f4ec8ad7	Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
3ae3c56b566b63a2a3ffcac3d9eb52bdb554ffb1	↑ Smartest Machine on Earth Retrieved 14 February 2011.
26cb803df116e4ac3766e250a3695f12e7bfcf60	↑ Mike Hale.
23001ad3084f173d9d5cbf827c7529e85cad6d77	Actors and Their Roles for $300, HAL?
db788045754beff8d968e7137452f21cec1e2051	HAL!, The New York Times (February 8, 2011).
0a71089fba30da3c0c182e8440dc8f0cec1aced0	IBM IBM supercomputer won the American players in "Their Game" (Rus.), Lenta.ru (January 14, 2011).
438e25613809be8dea72b2650fdc818c8082b6b0	Verified on February 18, 2011.
6c591f10c22bd789fd86e28eb0d9606b736e3763	↑ PCWorld: IBM Watson Vanquishes Human Jeopardy Foes ↑ Introducing IBM Watson Health ↑ Healthy, productive lives begin with the individual at the center ↑ Predictive Alert From IBM Watson Health And Medtronic Warns Of Hypoglycemic Attacks ↑ IBM’s Watson Will Give Personalized Suggestions For Cancer Patients ↑ IBM to Collaborate with Nuance to Apply IBM’s «Watson» Analytics Technology to Healthcare
0baa909bb87bd34f0ea319a7cc5bf7ed1ecb907b	Links[edit / edit wiki text]
0825d5df2a56c472136147bd5b618480b147fd79	To improve this information technology article, is it desirable?:
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91c6526128a4e51602e35f116c6ea90585c56af5	Update the article, update the data.
73990eba98b61990b8390a6d72103e2222e8d656	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM Watson&oldid=76872894"
30ad21c02d3ed8cd1bf9d848d92d96e5265e4322	Category: IBM supercomputers
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0c0b3ce402fa844e68dadc0340f55353ea0c9419	Meal
a72968f15546e9778979128464f3066c4a55d4f5	Chef vs computer: real chefs cook according to recipes from artificial intelligence
663d20675ccc1493ebecc4af852e1f3084827361	July 8,
597521edb5af33b7618180ff6c8de8bac948f4f4	Text: Anastasia Novikova,
6632d72ede0b592e8e5a621c170462a6c8992fb4	photo: Alexander Dogaev;
dbcf8ce2ffc01cd290e599df830477562e7e7365	Maria Sauch
c48233c8747d5ba5c990e5977f7d783239ad9e3e	Can a computer program come up with a dish of incongruous ingredients, and most importantly, is it possible to eat it?
2f5f5c6b1da57bdf8acbb84a500dfc5ac2625349	Three Moscow chefs and the editor of RBC Style participated in the experiment, preparing and tasting dishes according to a recipe from a computer.
7de6343706e6534ef18b963438dc5cb84cedca26	The reason for the gastronomic experiment was the appearance at the end of June of the web version of Chef Watson, which is open to everyone who wants to cook, a culinary application for everyone who likes to cook.
8940f5a857fbd3d54c7eb04a5b7d22e3d8820404	The project was launched by IBM together with the publication Bon Appétit.
bb0d2830f02734629b1b7a4592f00e50f660f182	This culinary service understands food at the molecular level, helps users to choose the ingredients that match each other and is even able to make a recipe from products that do not match at first glance.
4811e50b7cea231a9204fc0a00dd0cb7028f461e	However, the creators honestly say that they are ready to accept any advice from users, and fans of cooking should still rely on their experience and taste, measuring the amount of pepper and salt.
4811b667dae1945d823f1d65131fab7c255732af	Dmitry Shurshakov
15cb80c02515f8449db5baeacb8fafe1dc594945	(chef of the Muesli restaurant):
2bbe7add919bacb69f202d9df2cc05f3b179db22	"It turned out to be such a typical Texas food"
1a4da5e854e685fc71835eb75699dcc18f806bae	But they donot go with chicken.
5067f38798a5c071b5165b78ae3acc2382244362	"I used to treat them well.
eb8290bd2b5140b7cf6c1385e0976fea543e394f	There is one professional Foodpiring service, which was made by very competent guys.
af7495727f522ada8fc06cea056a6ace0f1ce19a	This service gives combinations, not recipes.
c2f2ee4544101384f075478c5f2e7bd5eb1a4bca	And then you yourself think about what you should turn the product into, what structure, texture, and so on it should be.
cada10c478b4c20536fd795b6d838d80195dfffa	And there is also a well known book "The Bible of Taste", a huge thick book published in English, I also have it.
cbaba2704402bc30a2a66e45f7d25ee12b975609	It also indicates what is combined with what.
cec2972642db01e73b6a4e468ec142ad03943bca	Just list the products in alphabetical order."
b2d94ee3c02205be7db9832d26f1f199f89d9b40	"It turned out to be a typical Texas food.
9c83dd6045150f5e7ba5dab6e3211d6765171130	However, they would have added some corn or beans here.
397c41d2d8d595b0215d4659ab1058d51323b34a	When I first read the recipe, I immediately realized that it was all created by Americans.
7d236cc2ed0a269c32ea465d8af34ded8fa83356	Because only they can use such combinations.
f37a9142c143e8bc21e1597de48d46b8807c0499	It's like in an advertisement where a blindfolded person is led into a room and sprinkled with flavoring on a dish.
880f97cf6e973cbfcfe57e4139362b9f72742675	He opens his eyes, and there is garbage.
b6a813779607a5331c03b60bd66d25df715c848f	Here it's the same thing: I threw it, I did it, I mixed it.
41815536976c834e98245d17c651f8095882e094	This is my personal feeling from the way the recipe is compiled.
6d21f1e76b6b96baccf5f85c830f12e49b897273	If someone wants to cook according to it, go ahead."
1d1ff28db056aa77acc38398c30e7d30daeb24b7	A piece of chicken, abundantly filled with "gravy", turns out to taste sour and spicy at the same time.
9a7b47848628885817c0e0623750afbee7a73676	— Wonot you be offended if I donot finish eating?
8feaa49a3c14a0ea58bcb4daf0a2d880888a9900	- Yes, for God's sake, I wonot be offended.
57db0a415f8c4e2811852c24e574ea04013942e3	We were setting up an experiment, and we were not preparing to eat.
31d789e8111ac66497da82aae61b78cbeec41ca4	If you're going to cook this for a guy, it's better to add corn.
25652b76459111434f33c0b0c4faa1a59b9265ae	— Yes, this dish is such that he will run away.
ee58885b24100ac68d57ed2a81860e1d9c939cf1	- How do you know, maybe he'll like it.
6607a2fe3fa25e3237c55590675c5f6cf0836d86	If it is from South America, for example.
fdda9a01d61ec46fc062f44a79cd82a0d373e11a	Ilya Zakharov
abe42a05d04efbb82c86f96e5d3d61c6a9712437	(chef of Zodiac restaurant):
3e755460b954c8280dca260dfd3c4c2be18dbb5a	"Bring the dish to mind — and at least enter it in the menu"
7c555fb73cc0b31c427c81a88db5d666e7c25930	We entrusted Ilya Zakharov, the chef of the pan Asian Zodiac restaurant, with another dish.
d25b84b5b95caf0172dbbcb6053793a33dbeb39e	"This is to completely evaporate the alcohol and eliminate the unpleasant aftertaste," explains Zakharov.
b366b2bbed49890c9a8d892df6b236ee43533080	"The main secret here is to stir to knock out the paste from the rice.
a00161b8301acc270796b8ed4b59384986ded613	And then the risotto will turn out to be airy, " Ilya comments.
d01938add3933e6b0d7c017e07efdb600fdf1e4e	Chef Watson does not specify such nuances.
9f3376e1dae8d8cf7008d9c67da6bb8017bfe041	Zakharov also chooses the color of the serving plate himself.
299f7dcdda9d2241804f60bf05e347800c2773af	He asks the black one to make the cranberry sauce look contrasting.
beb019d678853f724da115775bc6210ed9e5ed5a	First, he puts the risotto, sliced tuna, jamon and physalis on top.
0ff6cd28fe2857f6e9ce5ada96737c8a9b48bb55	"Computer intelligence cannot identify the ideal ingredients, it was all hammered into the program by a person.
94795e72b89aa609720d70afa0f49746d3bfd09d	He understands which products are best combined with each other.
c2017d92f05869b99a826be55323867489ed1bb0	If there are more than seven or eight bright ingredients in a dish, it can be thrown into the trash."
a9289926b0cb2155f42dd37f5605792e93b0c3cc	The prepared dish looks appetizing.
963dc3ee49eb9b194df4e1244ed0530bf40d260e	And the taste does not disappoint either.
4edc340e3dc55805c14c64dc8cfab7ba85425e23	I ask Ilya if he did not cheat and did not add something from himself to the recipe?
3350f814389a10ae2872096dcefb92bc9380a7c8	"No.
fef308e225f4dfb9f845218fc15cd8702c9bc610	I didnot even replace some berries with others.
5538ea1ce53c56f834154e5aabf0103dbda933f3	But if I cooked it a second time, I would gel the cranberries, and make the risotto more airy.
d25c95f630f680f268c1021997c748525a5a20c3	And then at least enter it in the menu, " says Zakharov.
f680122418f0a8c5f847e29e806b862c599ab235	— And what is the cost of such a dish?
9f36d05e537349a8a8f8cec40ebc3ba1640d9f79	— It all depends on the tuna and rice.
51b95a068b3692c19762d893fa3c093db6efd99c	- Approximately how much would it be possible to enter in the menu?
437559e80e80f3dd41ae99de6aa5aeb254c18d02	— To bring profit to the restaurant, about 2000 rubles.
8da4a8f71c5df57479e745ac48d8e531f7640137	If you remove the jamon, it will cost 1250, and if you take the tuna cheap, you can serve it for 850.
f1413d44c528e7c8bbdbf772bd17935339d1d08e	Anton Kovalkov
cb6ccf4b02973c664bb16d4659e27081fe8ec8ea	(chef of the Fahrenheit restaurant):
73c0dff8e588a4cf8a0b00e2d59fe5fbbf9580ce	"No, this is not the dish that I have dreamed of trying all my life"
cba3d42c8080fe9a91ccc828c2accce926317c95	We came to the third participant of our gastronomic experiment for dessert.
f5ad46f8e46de842c8cc04a158ede77b5db89dde	We decided to entrust the chef of the Fahrenheit restaurant Anton Kovalkov, who is very successfully experimenting with modern Russian cuisine, with chili ice cream.
1e29f8b4317e46b35d6e9508000b02901c83a225	Moreover, in addition to hot pepper, the recipe compiled by Chef Watson includes garlic and lager.
0bf1324758126101245f000888625b279b9d77bd	And grapes and coconut milk turned out to be the most harmless thing that could be added to a couple of ice cream balls.
8260b366c9e1d376c162e8e9cf8305a63fe36e1d	"In general, the service is cool.
a739415927939b2c7ee48f9e65385d34f92447e9	I wouldnot use it myself, but it's a good idea.
6004db1061d714448efeb184dce1aa020c15b9cf	But this recipe was stuffed with complete nonsense.
3e981653e4270182d2b0545807bdbeaa54a03f1e	What will come out of this, we'll see now, " Kovalkov concludes and begins to cook.
75a7fb390df1b394a63e661e5263d196abbe8565	To make something edible out of "nonsense", the chef decides to cook two versions of ice cream sauce at once: one strictly according to a computer recipe, and the second according to his own culinary logic.
10c6c1ef42a6a2f8311e452b98dcb08eeb9c98f8	"There is no feeling that someone mixed these ingredients consciously.
075fdf03d69962277dfdc61fb3a1a52af1b094cd	On the contrary, I just poked, barely realizing that I was combining it — " Kovalkov shares his impressions of the recipe.
7897acfc56bb291af2fb6f49e77ed0b067d34703	— Based on the ingredients, I would first evaporate the beer to leave only its taste and remove the alcohol completely, and then add grapes.
4d917284360419ea6a78be772dec26402bbbe5da	Then the coconut milk would not curdle.
c858b2a90514e3fd3f282daed58786f3c45dbba7	And in the recipe, you need to mix everything at once."
226c16588560c982565bb2c25ad45e6ef5bd25df	Anton's own version of the sauce turned out to be lighter and homogeneous in consistency.
2d001dcb6626ab4ad6c0ae7a8e2c4595984d0a84	And it looks more appetizing.
adeb397fbc7516cf6aa06f4813273467d6f7edd1	"Now it remains to put a spoonful of ice cream and pour the sauce over it.
122e6fd11bb112e2bfa0513ccd34eb4453e2a56a	Bams!
8680f000d42987aafede07b4d23afcab2f5e131d	Well, you can try it, " smiles Kovalkov.
aab91efd33547831d6dae454c27ac8f171d068cc	Let's move on to the tasting.
6748d041f61aef1bb158c13604e31c588684ec68	Anton tries it first.
21edc481a01488bfcca0617d44cc4d33c95fa3f2	According to him, the aftertaste is terrible.
54bde069e3fa3964540e779a33ee13efe5723f50	"But in principle, the experiment was a success.
369566ed6880e24e0eef9d5b3eee1a915f923077	You need to look and think, and not blindly follow the instructions.
fe23dd4a0f80401a9b658f933f4fd4be45840605	Maybe this service is worth using if you are looking for some unusual combination," Anton summarizes.
fc883d5722d9b030eac95aa4764ea81925894829	Ilya Zakharov,
0d453cd4c86f4940ac59852bdcc8ad99cb41186f	Anton Kovalkov,
a9d732923d3f8d56de1119eb9d1763e810bf2c38	experiment,
4329966d171d7e86dde446ef9729e877256c088e	Dmitry Shurshakov,
227a05af68bff7635ef6a65f47f5a6864938cfb1	Chef Watson
82da67b211249624f24f3c7db5642a5112c9446f	Facebook
63665ea8dbf1f2c7af56156eb86d1eec2082443c	Vkontakte
f77562ae0f3df5f61f357418891b85a82b5f1b10	Google+
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ade8e5750dc653354b9eec80b9478d07cd62fadf	Elena Olegovna Serova (born April 22, 1976, Vozdvizhenka village, Ussuriysky City District of Primorsky Krai) is a Russian cosmonaut test pilot of the Gagarin Research Institute of the Central Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
e86396c4e5314a881d6bbf423cc70339f6f5637c	The second Russian woman, after Elena Kondakova (the fourth-taking into account the USSR), who made a space flight.
234a28037bd4c6711d9d16a29d9c90c297d46b31	In 2016, she was awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation.
5ca10c88e7ad07c2c0dc60ddc7c287217aea60b8	Elena Kuznetsova was born on April 22, 1976 in the family of a serviceman.
dd241db21fbd448e55ec96a079097a0807ae3cfd	Due to the official circumstances of the father, the family repeatedly changed their place of residence.
7d12519886052949544ac904866bc3f2976e06f7	In 1993, she graduated from Secondary School No. 99 of the Western Group of Troops in Grossenhain, Germany.
371cf6a446f818978febd7d05a4e25b6747da4d1	In March 2001, she graduated from the Aerospace Faculty of the Ordzhonikidze Moscow Aviation Institute (MAI) with the qualification of "engineer".
c19ddeb0471f53a40af96a6f5b07fb29eceb0a81	In 2003, she received a second higher education at the Moscow State Academy of Instrument Engineering and Informatics (MGAPI), majoring in economics.
4eab82dd2cf5bb676895d50876b0865a321b2fa4	She is married to Mark Serov, a former test cosmonaut of RSC Energia, and has a daughter: Elena Markovna Serova (born 23.01.2004).
11d564205afd8357a6602330f45de2e46a4ec8dd	On February 7, 2014, at the opening ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympic Games in Sochi, she had the honor to raise the flag of the Russian Federation as part of a group of legendary cosmonauts of the Soviet Union and Russia led by Sergey Krikalev[1].
2868130d54b955d5c4a8bad5be8563097935bf85	Before joining the cosmonaut squad, she worked as an engineer of the 2nd category of RSC Energia and in the Mission Control Center.
5237d7d62499c92c80283d7415561ff9416d6af7	In December 2006, she was enrolled in the cosmonaut squad of RSC Energia "set of 2006" [2] as a candidate for test cosmonauts.
ec037ece4d0cb0bd9e1419c1c0feacc627d1b6c7	In 2009, Serova was awarded the qualification "test cosmonaut" of RSC Energia.
21787c2dc1ab359423b428e039085f5ba3dbd90a	Since 2011, Elena has become a test cosmonaut of the Roscosmos cosmonaut squad.
040ea99fccdd382ed94c7ab8fa2b4030e3218706	On December 15, 2011, by the decision of the Interdepartmental Commission, Serova was appointed a flight engineer to the main crew of the Soyuz TMA 14M[3].
d13d557f66ccf8bebb6add2578877a1d7f98a2bc	From January 2012 to March 2014, she was trained as part of the backup crew of ISS 39/40.
1b22f1808cc8ada9562f18aeb9b32b8e2342cb5f	On March 24, 2014, at a meeting of the State Commission in Baikonur, she was approved as a flight engineer of the 1st backup crew of the Soyuz TMA 12M.
e9c4b88df174acb9e79c21d75aaf9bead1d0ba23	On March 26, 2014, during the launch of the Soyuz TMA 12M TPC, she was a stand-in for flight engineer 1 of the ship's crew.
8e4c3debe7fb53fb417690533d15bca57a3b4119	She was preparing for a space flight as part of the main crew of ISS 41/42 as a flight engineer of the ISS, and a flight engineer of the Soyuz TMA M spacecraft.
42bf9135ed1e353e12b10caab21de02a2497e2f2	On September 24, 2014, at a meeting of the State Commission for Conducting Flight Tests of Manned Space Complexes, she was approved as a flight engineer of the 1st main crew of the Soyuz TMA 14M TPC.
2ffb6e3d49cb47a2f762a52f7ccd4eebc4355bd3	On September 26, 2014, she started as a flight engineer of the 1st manned Soyuz TMA 14M spacecraft.
db1e0644495c22b9779dc452e67f657c6ad8bc5e	On the same day, 5 hours and 46 minutes after the launch and successful docking of the ship with the ISS, she joined the 41st and 42nd main expeditions as a flight engineer, becoming the fourth Russian woman (taking into account the USSR) who visited space after a seventeen-year break, and the first of them — on the ISS[4][5].
1cc5e70f1f0a978c31eff5815898049b9f889717	On March 12, 2015, as part of the crew of the Soyuz TMA 14M spacecraft, she returned safely from the expedition.
00719cd5a9510227d73d5cc2a99f373d7304fce4	On September 23, 2016, by order of the head of the CPC, she was dismissed from the post of an instructor of a test cosmonaut of the 2nd class and dismissed from the CPC in connection with her election as a deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation.
9169472123389fdda8668b319d84bef9620c861c	A woman who has set herself the goal of becoming an astronaut is obliged to be as professional as men in nothing, while remaining a good hostess, a loving wife and a sensitive mother.
649146a9cd092f4f8f30690626a0cfa91184c51f	This opinion was expressed in an interview with the special correspondent of RIA Novosti Alexander Kovalev by the only representative of the fair sex in the current squad of cosmonauts of Roscosmos, Elena Serova.
d52b48f67bcc9d014dc29044f5c8984a2c4c3528	By the decision of the interdepartmental commission, on December 15, 2011, I was appointed a flight engineer to the main crew of the Soyuz TMA spacecraft, whose launch under the ISS 41/42 (ISS 40S) program is scheduled for September 2014.
b4211824b032aefa964dc7b734276d7b9eb57fa9	And on December 21, 2011, the head of the Federal Space Agency, Vladimir Alexandrovich Popovkin, officially announced my appointment to this crew.
a5dbe41cee401e84a04733b21e32e410195fd4aa	At this stage of my training, I have been approved for the crew, while some of my male colleagues are still waiting for their "finest hour".
9e44940717fba3536f35e9ef0fdaaed443ed83ab	This can hardly be called discrimination.
cd8d39c15a1eb61e24f3fd78094475b9b6679198	Rather, on the contrary , this indicates the modern views of the leadership on the participation of women specialists for the effective solution of professional tasks.
003332958f6c75e460aa530ebdc697810e64da86	As for me, I can say the following: the burden on a woman is incredible, since she must be both a professional at work, and a good hostess, wife, mother.
f0d633976b4d641111e9bdf99e327bdee7a7efc3	However, this should not affect the professional qualities.
3fc88391d7e79902d10a1d397f3ad72249df5b19	Now the program of flight and experiments is at the stage of formation and detailing.
7034593f518998e509454c7bbb42ee7694392072	I am interested in all areas of scientific experiments conducted on board the ISS.
9b7a079ab82c8dae044115d3d996b8a0b72f6ef6	Among them, for example, "Biotrek" (space biotechnology) - the study of the correlation between changes in genetic properties, productivity of recombinant strains in microgravity and the impact of heavy charged particles of cosmic radiation on them.
c822e7f5436ffb60621180685731c892367b2aaa	"Molniya gamma" (direction-geophysics and near-Earth outer space) - the study of atmospheric gamma-ray flashes and optical radiation in conditions of thunderstorm activity, as well as a number of other experiments.
90cc8bb733f31e1c6ad1eaa74663394ea0aca46f	I will be setting up for a six-month job (smiles).
79c7964a277ca2d4cb965cb8b9e7ce96d1bb750d	But seriously, as I have already mentioned, there are now several ways to communicate with your loved ones as part of the psychological support of the ISS crews.
f59ddd9ea507ed2b2e8555fb8b904b92f51e25d2	Weekly video conferences and the possibility of communicating by phone allow astronauts to experience less acutely the lack of communication with their relatives.
8a982841a20b444cab55c92e5f81138d4fd4fd78	I will not disclose all the "appearances" and "passwords".
4d0e28e3905f636aa65ee00062f1cc37f5f4a138	My daughter has a father, as well as grandparents.
d99442eb66726377117b7114eb5b332be43bde72	It is also necessary to mention the possibility of daily cellular communication with your family, which will allow you to be aware of all events, including the success of your daughter at school.
35b3eef287a9f54bca375b09b9912612b803c505	She understands that studying at school is her "job" and that a mother in orbit will also be proud of her daughter.
7a58d3f355836019374ac0a4efeb5c4946b11fd9	I will immediately explain why the flight of Elena Serova, from my point of view, is almost a feat.
2bcfe4d88790fe70ccd4fa6854025e4ce988c260	Yes, I know the opinions of ordinary people - well, another woman flew, what's wrong with that?
ff42f18f1059407e00c05c30361bbb9e6e66c1de	American women went on semi-annual expeditions to the Mir space station, and they worked on the ISS more than once.
62eb9f662177ed4a3b3f5a9b6b6dbbad2c537192	And our Elena Kondakova spent six months in orbit.
5655799dccc6a1e4a74daccd1f94148a3aa87855	If only it were as easy for a woman to get into the cosmonaut squad (and then get assigned to the crew) as it is for American women.
bc03022d9fe7b000ff45d0eb7a1dab44064836f9	I am familiar with Irina Bayanovna Solovyova - the understudy of Valentina Tereshkova.
e32471fd877e3b338d49f3c84ccc8987393838a1	I met with Zhanna Dmitrievna Yerkina and Tatyana Dmitrievna Kuznetsova - they were also selected for the first women's group of cosmonauts.
47ae0af4f4417fc674bfb77b4a574ab6e1dddfbf	I know the fate of Valentina Leonidovna Ponomareva from the same, first squad…
14619c9fd1409d6dfce2cc0004fede8172b005ea	I can also tell you about two wonderful, very beautiful women doctors Larisa Pozharskaya and Elena Dobrokvashina, with whom I had the honor to be acquainted.
6bd12b02576c6b94a99ae79b0802953853ab3ec7	In the 80s of the last century, they were preparing for a flight to the Salyut station, and then to Mir.
a50bea13a639d66f867827bd82e1b8b3dd11a121	More than ten years...
2a3a43f0a88d284c82c5bf1c6663fc35f2d9ae7b	And again - flights are canceled, the group is disbanded.
c3dd7f4553911f65d2175f7957c65bdbdc516978	"He was expelled from the cosmonaut squad... in connection with the transition to another job...".
f31025cb0cc45a24dcf1af8ab318c8664219f6de	Men in a similar situation broke down.
a63db4cbd9f6955da16c3b6994398a43a4e42a97	What was it like for young women who, for the sake of a great goal, pushed their families into the background.
11ab10688028492a7a2dca1b97aa7706d1675366	Many even did not dare to have children.
52c044aeff927784b2c77960698886bab18ccb86	And the charming Nadia Kuzhelnaya!
098e0f447e1555df8665403da6c2f26bc6217891	She joined the cosmonaut squad in 1994, was assigned to the crews several times.
b0a936c964f592369246b1954dfeb19a27287157	I remember how she ran to training with a one-month-old daughter in her arms.
000b29e901367f5388331815ffba3d65f7058c2f	Until 2001, Nadezhda was waiting for her turn to come.
ba27b2bac8c9df6c3e8e537e059f255ff028081e	Experts will tell me - but Svetlana Savitskaya and Elena Kondakova flew.
deaa67e766d80cf08c6be439cbe6c307b0633934	Yes, they have excellent training.
8b936b7582fba3de0f213e144c4183a69f17684d	Svetlana is an experienced test pilot, Elena is an excellent engineer.
9b398a2616c4736aa7e6ecee06713343e6933199	But, how many times have those who did not fly complained to me: would Savitskaya have waited for two flights if her father had not been an air marshal?
1d684013b0d1aaba3e80afc65fae433289ced762	And how would Elena Kondakova's biography have developed if her husband had not been the famous cosmonaut, deputy general designer of the rocket and space corporation Energia Valery Ryumin?
5d35dab0c58520265c4e6eefe816ab17845f8b09	A flightless cosmonaut, as it appears in the encyclopedias...
848c55cd4e84dc8ff6c31fd97a29af623918ad07	There is nothing sadder than this phrase.
fd6a60c530d1ab08364822674db1bbbea0e29d08	Therefore, I am very happy for Lena Serova.
b761f558373abd12c1277c96845d66f9b7676180	There is no "strong hand" behind it.
ca3d7436ac0c628e205b936455d5a8f525d6bd15	Except for her husband Mark - they joined the cosmonaut squad together.
3417a7810c740ad26bd1c47f129033d6229fd2bf	Everything that Elena has achieved and what Mark will still achieve is the result of their joint hard work.
cb809385e1a37bd5b41d6aebcc81f14b8bafeadc	Even from a short conversation, it seemed to me that this is a family where each other is a mountain.
0b89bed7c285f16186dea0af0666de7e24862d92	And it is precisely such a bundle, where one is the rear of the other, that achieves the peaks.
86f12ca8d414eaf7d6a23f036b5b1e09d78c7ac4	In this case, the vertices are stellar.
79e2e327c39f5ba531e89094399f0846acd5228f	My first teacher, Vera Sergeevna Vorobyova, was very wise and kind.
238d48922dc281c707709f56d6ed5d4db138000b	She told us about all the events taking place in cosmonautics.
b6a6e7b3ddd39fa26d41e78d3f7c70a35190b310	Lena says that it was then that she decided to become an engineer whose life will be connected with the sky.
774d440a6b182870412590f985fe71e79ce3de15	Then Lena followed her father, an Air Force officer, went to the GDR, to the Western Group of Troops.
8a7e89a012a7f21c80e1d11653f0b4c2bfe194a2	It was not possible to intercept Serova in Zvezdnoye before leaving for Baikonur.
a8a6c99a3a90d41884b49ac688e1d2ed5d6d4fce	But she answered all the questions punctually by e-mail.
f62e40fb0eccb23be4df2c4e7642724bcf273a4b	Despite the fact that every minute counts at the cosmodrome on pre-flight days.
cebcac8f1198175a61ccc0528f1270e0e4cde093	And this is also her character: commitment, I gave my word-keep it.
3c3925018acf074e657bf51f3641d01c55642df7	I know that Nadezhda is a hard worker and a great clever woman.
dd47d317dab155af33d587f85368d0086c8f8a84	And I counted on God, on myself and my loved ones, who helped me and supported me.
c3916777a92e5c9c0be56a6ce16a5a54dfca363b	I mean my family, my relatives.
c7a585ad446ffe3301755fbed4c371820fe54531	I am very grateful to Mark Serov: in the conditions of a wild pre-start time pressure, he coordinated our correspondence and we were able to communicate with Lena.
7e790f45b3843bf3d181e3eb725de7cf4f669d7a	At the same time, Mark himself flew to Baikonur, or, as the cosmonauts say, to the landfill, before his wife.
1e43e9d48c5ccd1603f9f2a66bc9f7fc73215e05	He was preparing the ship on which she was to fly into space.
f89911962741991ff28c548be34e867977630a69	His position is called as follows: head of the flight test department of the rocket and space corporation Energia.
34e694417bd0c463bee702fe216a80307c7da846	In simple terms, Mark Serov is teaching a new Russian spacecraft to fly.
3b41729f200b86a582eab67db8daaff4e67c39f0	Life on the International Space Station (ISS) is scheduled by the minute by the specialists of the Mission Control Center: rise - at 6 o'clock GMT, a communication session with the Earth, or, as the astronauts say, "morning press conference", breakfast, and then-a busy work schedule: experiments, scheduled work on the station, equipment maintenance, meals, mandatory two hours of daily physical education…
644175f16d470fc3796398b93d89f5db01e83661	After the purposeful girl was enrolled in the squad as a candidate for cosmonauts, two years of daily painstaking work and serious physical exertion began.
3881a95c5ab6f4bafa07950709b1ba84f2098e2d	Every day from 9 am to 6 pm is planned every minute: the study of all theoretical and practical aspects of the work of the station and the spacecraft, in-depth study of emergency situations, training on special simulators at the Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City, at least four times a week - two hours of physical activity and a whole set of extreme activities: parachute jumps, survival in the desert and in winter conditions, flights by planes and helicopters, sea training, climbing on board a helicopter from water, staying in weightlessness...
7f35a1fe6a08d6ccbf8b476a4d948c1b34b7ea31	In 2009, Elena and her teammates passed the state exam and received the qualification of "test cosmonaut".
72f1c0ec95f0b18a9263654339e4efdb578d7178	And then?
c60256a78dec8efe3f95d5a7173f780394ba7968	Then everything was repeated: the next two years of intensive training under the supervision of doctors and training in groups, now as crew members – first a backup, then the main one.
2346a5f7ed6b0d1685ff963c76d567074698302e	Of course, astronauts also have free time.
4c349fb5a93fac01ddd4951e36d3ccca6a11aa3f	All holidays – Russian, American, European or Japanese (there are representatives of different countries in the team) - are declared days off on the ISS.
dfa9c733fddd236d05553a891fadbf4da06ccdf2	Many astronauts are fond of photographing the Earth.
2a083c10566d133fdc0ac0ff41ea94f6dcc8b996	"Our planet is very big!
6fc61f72f32370d8aa47f4c421d9970e7111cc4e	Much more than we were told.
97479c362379e9b46b9b9639f98d9a36ebabd09b	Incredibly beautiful, you can shoot it endlessly, and the frames are never repeated.
a2f9459b075690f0aa7858574552b20ca42ae0b1	At first, it is not always clear what kind of places are in the lens, because we are flying very fast, but then, looking at the contours, pictures, you will recognize the country, the city…
1ba93352f228d7aa744dce61bd11b5fea1aac2cf	It's very exciting," Elena herself also brought terabytes of photos from the expedition, which you can look at for hours without getting tired of being surprised by the wonders of the Universe.
3d6fd3d07bad882e586d0b79644112a243a7899a	In space, the lives of people and the fate of the station directly depend on how quickly and effectively the team works.
d8e68933837e1b396ce8d46c16fd60c9e0d24437	Great attention is paid to working out algorithms of actions in case of emergency situations during preparation, but reality always takes you by surprise.
49d33e1ba61b65b01201cee97201383a4744611f	The first emergency in the expedition occurred during the flight on the Soyuz spacecraft: the left solar battery did not open after the launch.
e944faadf3d39175ef2a9503fb51dde28c0f7ca7	According to Elena, this was not a critical situation, in any case, there would have been enough energy resources to fly to the ISS and successfully dock.
b9faf655847d5712338a7111cfd2b34f3d3c163a	But still, the problem made everyone nervous, especially the specialists on Earth.
8939a737e7d826f3fa0c51e3f63c7f6d4c50e4e0	Surprisingly, when docking with the station, the battery suddenly opened.
8464d80d49696e66b74ea413c3951e12067923c4	However, on board the expedition crew was destined to face one of the most dangerous scenarios, which, under unfavorable circumstances, could even lead to the loss of the entire station and an emergency descent of the crew to Earth.
26be22e3a6289e668dae296ce9e3f758f717f3c5	"In the American segment, there was a leak of ammonia, which is used as a coolant in the circuit of the temperature control system.
8d456f73d2fa3872cc64821dc7436791e8961870	Ammonia is very toxic even in small doses.
480779da9a04da3b0d23a1db66fc3f975ef58e3a	We worked out a similar situation on simulators and managed to react quickly: we put on gas masks, blocked the American segment and waited for recommendations from the Ground.
042df087306a568b0d17b35ecc5391926fd0078b	The problem is that the station cannot operate fully due to only one segment - only in a complex: all systems are integrated.
04665fa4d7ac767fc72327455fb1abba3adf399f	If the leak was critical, we would have lost the station.
f1388d43e783ed682bda80567c70398acd5a3752	NASA specialists worked very clearly and competently, blocking the contour and letting it go along a detour, and as a result everything worked out: the samples were clean, the atmosphere was uncontaminated.
ab98fcadec0828241053e262f655e7717c2ec65f	We are all very lucky, " says Elena about the incident.
83d43c1560ead8bdc24b6e68b8453b4c71ffba4d	Recently, there has been a lot of talk that Russia should withdraw from cooperation on the ISS.
6f0e20b883e472c6162a9a7d94304e7ca450799c	Do you think that the work in orbit is better done by an international crew or in the circle of compatriots?
c6939ddb422a796e5510bcf82abf8184171f8a07	Is it worth completing such a powerful international project?
ebe4209ad82df3b7b50f3aaa5904e60569fb937c	After all, the work of representatives of different countries in space is also an exchange of experience and cultural exchange.
86553eae6eae8a969c8b307525b3c1fba89d8f58	We are not talking about the completion of international cooperation, but about the fact that each machine has its own service life.
4971eaa26282ea0c74722a424c0c03a7cf1affdb	Many people are now wondering why the Mir station stopped working.
25b0f07ad3f9ba69de057f5e25cdef3dedc75950	Yes, because the station had to be repaired non-stop, it worked much longer than planned.
060e5f59b005f666fb30b4eb2dc6274b36c01f8f	The Mir station allowed us to accumulate invaluable experience, thanks to which our specialists and scientists created the ISS station.
a91d4be94c241ace1152357bcac037aec0b03e21	We can provide emergency medical care in the same way as on Earth.
12a01750935858cd13ef2b2ce45cbd3fa9e45806	This is what we are taught in the preparation process.
a2dac1f30b684e7f7afd0ca65a1183251b4a6a9e	There are no medical specialists here at the station.
b8afe6e837bba7b1de3043dfde9d40e5bdb874cc	Therefore, we restore our skills on board the ISS with a certain frequency.
33cd21911daa5c48d8edab2c991dfc2b8a2b2447	As for weightlessness, everything is provided in order to correctly fix yourself and the victim at such moments.
021236d680b1645fd083c3dc7ed96794b1ae2764	For example, with the help of special belts, if we are talking about indirect heart massage.
98e4bca3954edfa360afb673387f006dbb8046c3	In other cases, we fix ourselves by catching our feet on the handrails, if we need to take a blood test or do an ECG.
81d3e14f10f8c5ba099b3a23cd397ebb1f7e82f6	I was very pleased with the domestic film about Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin.
025a46f5d2b797f64e0972448c87d087687e55de	I wish there were more such films that inspire, teach us and our children what qualities you need to have in order to become a real person.
fe3ed777fb5c4e024ce4bef905407faa2ddcdc33	I also love science fiction films that were shot back in Soviet times.
733fa12e796498adf606534975b5a8c22e945f03	As for the foreign film industry, I think that there are not so many high-quality products in terms of spirituality and morality now.
10a8028d4eecefb570dca13b48185edf9607221b	There will be several sessions of amateur radio communication with schoolchildren.
e182d7f5be71f48c1ae8e5198043ea3745ee2174	This is a great opportunity for the guys to learn more about the work and life of astronauts on board the station, ask questions and get comprehensive answers.
5f9740b47564d97021da5be48a6d8e27aece4db1	In addition, educational films will be shot as part of the "Great Beginning"project.
52503e32c57f2c2ac6e9af032850d31ed85f2bff	Our crew will tell you about the purpose of some experiments and demonstrate how they are implemented in zero gravity.
bf5b9e7baa9464b3cdedc4801fa6241328844008	The opportunity to realize the intellectual and physical component in yourself one hundred percent.
0a33a203e33127037e2afacfa94f91228840b2e4	I get great pleasure from my work.
70f6b8d8d8cb320c08c08b61a04db19737249dee	The profession of an astronaut involves working with complex and specialized equipment.
781a69db59c62f55804bab6fe597d4c307c921ce	You need to be able to quickly and competently analyze any situation to solve the most difficult tasks.
96b7f6a8015c765aa52f0fee56b9820c97f09a07	You need to keep huge amounts of information in your head.
e39fba8578026fb73d40182e526e943e219a386d	But I know that this is very important information, so it is easy to digest.
00b0f2ea7471dafa522d843dd449d4f361d00ba3	We had a desert survival program.
fdfc2bdc5628cc06c99dedbc1435886dd7bbfa20	I have gained invaluable experience of survival in almost any extreme conditions.
8a8642c02ac145a5bafb1198593aa07d1b5b51e3	Now, for example, I know that in the desert you can get water even from a camel's thorn.
4b1a683a495d1af1a125c3fb6737092bc6fb3660	The top of any career is going on a well-deserved rest.
42659e86a6f87c0d023c45880b31cc84f86ab512	And for an astronaut, as for any pilot who is in love with the sky, it is very important to fly as long as possible and more often.
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f11ee2a749b045e7fce66720c619502e74325b8c	Cosmonaut Serova: I must be a professional, a loving wife and mother 14: 2406.03.2012 17571122
e767d4f9744c72b7edd8102bca1cc5fd2ee828fc	© Photo: provided by Elena Serova
a3b362af3289388ca5a2ee1496d9a6a1a44f17a5	Its first flight to the International Space Station (ISS) is scheduled for September 2014.
b3e2dd0d6f44a754b60ae15b6927f9d95099e786	- Your flight is planned for the second half of 2014 together with Dmitry Kondratiev.
5e2913ff7269bf3c4d921ea3783ce4e20de182be	Is the main crew officially included in the program, and will there be any changes, in your opinion?
f1dc9f4f8a42a00ded657d8f0f7115468a292325	- By the decision of the interdepartmental commission, on December 15, 2011, I was appointed a flight engineer to the main crew of the Soyuz TMA spacecraft, whose launch under the ISS 41/42 (ISS 40S) program is scheduled for September 2014.
af0127a65163c507338f66dab86385910efe5066	Your browser does not support this video format.
0f068c09b4b559f576890bc88d22aa4b9c3a6cdd	© RIA Novosti/Aurora.
2ed04088e087032b6899c2cddb4fe51fd9761ef0	Sergey Razbakov, Mikhail Chuprasov
a8ee666171e322407fa4ea8a8c75969812222345	A female cosmonaut Serova is preparing for a flight on simulators and in a centrifuge
f3b18af1e4b029dc7c8542dbbeccbb234bc5a37c	- Is there currently a problem of discrimination in decision making against female astronauts by male managers, or is it far fetched?
42db0087449860c7d66e7faa3b074a99a5b1702c	- At this stage of my training, I have been approved for the crew, while some of my male colleagues are still waiting for their "finest hour".
3e0d4da045f464bead8d6ce042824751ecd13c45	- Do you have a chance to fly to the station later with your husband, cosmonaut Mark Serov?
00644229a3c15abe6b9344ce5b88164b1dcf7739	Do you want this, or do you have enough of it at home?
0748b957edd609cd97185ec09f598b78850714ef	- I think that I have no right to discuss such topics.
1c7fabd4713f538a4acd1114eb08dbfbc7d1e874	An expedition to the ISS is not a fun, romantic walk, but a difficult and, once again, a responsible task.
0baee77148f480282a2aaa2ac93422ea8ff56aaa	I love and respect my husband very much.
43678d74290c9983ccf6bb983b4c5331cb1e8edb	He is a highly qualified specialist, an interesting personality, as well as a loving and caring father and husband, whom you can always rely on.
4ef4389356f167ffbd0b477095979a457732510c	- And how does your husband look at your six month flight with another man?
a32603fc8ae1554bd812f71a12f1f270b6404801	- As if on a big business trip with a work colleague.
7c29d58658cedb763106363c60b0dc6461fdff84	- Why do you personally need a space flight?
529f7a13ccd106beb21342f4f7146f7c822ab5b0	What are your priorities?
f4bcb23f31ad25386c9d5391faa6d85face3d263	- This is my job and my professional choice.
54367f5b6c86c306334a4c6044c915320ac098d0	Among the priority tasks, it is necessary to note the successful implementation of the program and the improvement of their professional level.
d2bb44a24384d513f41f83e8e4fe91f20864fd3e	- Are the details of the upcoming flight program known?
7f3b7d1ea17073c09c1d5e861de751d5039d3687	What experiments would you highlight that are interesting for you personally?
bfcfd16506c765b59235a712b87f9b8e05c82c60	- Now the program of flight and experiments is at the stage of formation and detailing.
f85a2726777145cbda7145e2c7da640ce7174460	"Molniya gamma" (direction geophysics and near Earth outer space) - the study of atmospheric gamma ray flashes and optical radiation in conditions of thunderstorm activity, as well as a number of other experiments.
38ae9af87a0a3cfdefcfeb3d8e08eacf9177b37a	- Do you have to work in outer space?
60c289a1b2464df7ad2cf5ff2ec0e5e38b7cbad0	- I have not been officially informed about this, but all cosmonauts are required to undergo training in standard operations of VCD (extravehicular activity).
5e054d19d5117835064dcbebda794716dbfefccb	- How do you feel, knowing that you will be able to fly into orbit after a long male hegemony of Russian cosmonauts?
f27a5926b9c3a1a0376a9bfff020db5d7ca17674	- A great responsibility.
71fd782e226bc8120d27191d350af856c50af0e5	- How do you plan to manage in orbit without cosmetics and items that are necessary for a woman?
c770cfcf6b6feaf8b356a0a81fe9c3c10a0696c4	- As far as I know, a limited number of personal items are allowed on board, so I donot see any special problems about this.
46b83e4247797638765d04b7621184b03402b3eb	- Now there are various means of communication with the Earth on the ISS.
7154fdd226b93424ece37cf851a71ea9ce1ac9fb	If they didnot exist, and you didnot know what was wrong with your daughter and husband for six months, would you agree to the flight?
eaa83a67441a68087740f525b4445398019cb052	- Yes, because I love them immensely and trust them.
abaebd1bcad46d61a8d382dbf81f8d1475de2840	- How will you adjust to a six month separation from your family?
360071642106a39e09148bb597ecf1a3856c5b46	- I will be setting up for a six month job (smiles).
82ab9a10e07b33e85927a0c7572079c9c885fb5e	- Who will your daughter, who will be 11 years old during the flight, stay with during the flight?
07ff81c34b05a67d6c2ead0c168e5f081e2354f8	Do you think she will be proud to say at school that her mother is now on the International Space Station?
72f78648a81e69f360519af7d865fc7bba9cad3f	- I will not disclose all the "appearances" and "passwords".
2968da6d2681776e701ca565a4bee1a192ebb55a	- A wonderful spring holiday is approaching on March 8.
e5af899db5b6c87d9dfb194c367bc4a58b5d36d0	How are you planning to celebrate?
62bdcd26d1fbbdb4913a00f7999a9238b61f83a6	- In the circle of my family, among my relatives and people close to me.
0a68123df02168d15f7fa2da7da7ab1aa37ac711	I am more than sure that all men in Russia will congratulate their colleagues, their wives, daughters and mothers on this wonderful spring holiday.
45c4d6e744ac6b316343729f117e7d705680dfbf	- What would be the most desirable gift for you on March 8?
52261e15be3fdb51b632639b451d9143798395ef	- Let it remain my little secret.
6e28ec3a9c05e449ba1706a979767402dac56606	- What would you wish to the women applicants who have applied within the framework of the new Roscosmos recruitment?
05a8fb84138e191007b41d4e54682ca0a096fbf3	- I would like to wish all applicants for the title of "candidate for cosmonauts" a successful and successful completion of the selection stage for the squadron.
05a8ea5382b9fd885261bb3eed0527d1d3b07262	122
a979ef10cc6f6a36df6b8a323307ee3bb2e2db9c	+
b3d9386ecb05a6b49db776d291ebb318283c8c47	Cosmonaut Serova: I must be a professional, a loving wife and mother 14: 24 06/03/2012 A woman who has set herself the goal of becoming an astronaut is obliged to be in no way inferior to men in professionalism, while remaining a good hostess, a loving wife and a sensitive mother.
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a2e40165cc52eaea58288c691069689987a874df	OrangeCrash78 It's nice to read an interview with an intelligent person.
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b4b3a63c07c1621f4127db0722c4355cc115fc8e	16:47 06.03.2012 0
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fc8790924f5527265653e9f0dfb33e338410bf1e	Cosmonaut Elena Serova: "People often greatly underestimate themselves"
cf96280ce391ee45f6283fbb04a140fc8108fb89	Article from the newspaper: 22/03/2016
c315d8302005de079a2a168290f2dbf9d4f79044	Test cosmonaut Elena SEROVA tells AIF in Belarus about her 167 days in space, a difficult but fascinating path to cosmonautics and dangerous force majeure in orbit.
e3e30811c1199be10310d4b1b3b56832bfcf960b	Life on the International Space Station (ISS) is scheduled by the minute by the specialists of the Mission Control Center: rise - at 6 o'clock GMT, a communication session with the Earth, or, as the astronauts say, "morning press conference", breakfast, and then a busy work schedule: experiments, scheduled work on the station, equipment maintenance, meals, mandatory two hours of daily physical education… How are weekdays and holidays on the ISS?
d3a23b46bae42664857d3c4c6f79145e95d0efbd	How do astronauts manage to find a common language in an international team and not go crazy for many months in a confined space?
a0ef8c24cc2a03093e0707f5143666c228d803c0	And what to do if an emergency situation happens?
27b85576bbf961d608b7741aaaf1c702f705da7f	Russian test cosmonaut Elena SEROVA tells AIF in Belarus about her 167 days in space, a difficult but fascinating path to cosmonautics and dangerous force majeure in orbit.
defeb8d7fb3213fc892592f8b6385df8349c369b	"It's not the gods who burn pots"
47bb6cff6a298de210279ec8027eb46ba8357a9b	The countdown for test cosmonaut and flight engineer Elena Serova, who together with cosmonaut Alexander Samokutyaev and astronaut Barry Wilmore went on the Soyuz spacecraft to the ISS, began on September 26, 2014.
eeb6b81ad5bd5a1fd7b7e52e17164dcb94fe3b0b	She spent 167 days, 5 hours and 49 minutes on a space trip, becoming the fourth woman from Russia and the USSR in space.
31ac8e26058f8b7f183bd09cae6a9a127fbe9483	Three, two, one… Let's go!
68c8161dbcbd87e6904c936565c9b6322ba1d5f7	Elena admits that she has not dreamed of being an astronaut since childhood: it seemed like something unattainable, fantastic.
e8d8f78976a97759f210896d529c1396de927f19	But the interest in astronomy, space, exact sciences, medical research was born at school.
33f2f12e228eb2f690f4fde327c9a71fe5473022	Elena was born in 1976 in a small village in the Ussuri district of Primorsky Krai, and graduated from high school in a military town in Grossenhain (Germany).
b7f4bb54711fb64abd190af4554970ec31594d41	"The first teacher played a big role in my choice of profession.
90d58fdcdcb438e286aeafe837d94a5c8e0a88e6	At school, we were told a lot about cosmonautics.
08cf60c43917bb102d27ca9a1077f8fc00bdfdbe	I really fell in love with astronomy and everything related to space.
f25e864b1db8bfb0625a5bf9f71b210096862703	I was looking for interesting newspaper clippings, carefully collected them.
17b108a72152845312447ef81e998d991f5ca7fc	By graduation, I already knew for sure that I would enter the aerospace faculty of the Moscow Aviation Institute.
04604218031830a763ed221dad0565b36cc62e06	Everything worked out.
a9d5ab7a3156746890db79b66ae588df751a0102	And after graduation, I came to work as a specialist in the aerospace corporation "Energia" of the Mission Control Center (MCC).
37c18a3ba9208cfa0638d9effd4e18f5059dc178	It was very cool to plunge into the atmosphere, to touch the dream, " Elena recalls.
dd02e62c9710f36827b686f295e574db2610bacd	How to become an astronaut?
5617298bfa255f1090bf5b334d381072b6f57d45	One day, they announced the recruitment of cosmonauts to the squadron.
667b5c441e44bfef486b705350fa9603efd5152d	"I applied, because it's not the gods who burn pots!
fa7be065f08561ca3754398ae67204e4fb4f3b01	As an engineer, I had a lot of knowledge, I knew all the systems perfectly well and thought that it would be most difficult to pass medical tests, " says Elena.
b3778ade36bac4cf59e5377e880133a2aed0c694	The medical part is not just a medical examination of all specialists, but also a whole series of special studies checking the vestibular apparatus on the Cook chair, a pressure chamber, lifting to a height of 5 and 10 thousand meters, a centrifuge with overloads of 4-8...
b8adbb6928a44fefea69c796488cc8881552bd8f	And also exams in ballistics, the history of cosmonautics, knowledge of ship systems, conversations with specialists...
76620604a5987938bc25c2119156ae4c884fc828	It's difficult, but everything is possible.
b453ddf57542101d70cf2888879d4ec42ba97fe3	Every day from 9 am to 6 pm is planned every minute: the study of all theoretical and practical aspects of the work of the station and the spacecraft, in depth study of emergency situations, training on special simulators at the Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City, at least four times a week - two hours of physical activity and a whole set of extreme activities: parachute jumps, survival in the desert and in winter conditions, flights by planes and helicopters, sea training, climbing on board a helicopter from water, staying in weightlessness...
35685c81ced7c7710af4e84e0d11910599bd14f2	"When I found out that I was going to fly to the ISS, my first feelings were: again, there is a hard work ahead.
e3d4ac69b161c2a13f51f0d342397292dbb66236	It wasnot easy as it was, but I knew that I needed to concentrate even more on preparing.
54bcba51a0de5a02627eb2d908466fd046d45896	But at the same time, I have never had despair, " says Elena.
b0e6b46914783eddb3a3762c5fe31b07ad16949f	– I am a reasonable person, I always know where I am going and why, I weigh everything.
e964218288fcd44e66d6c9e2a9ecef86554e0ec7	There were no excessive tests.
1911acebaed7f670cc0bd73cde58c7342cbc53ca	A lot depends on the psychological mood: it seems to some that the forces have run out, but you can not doubt your abilities and capabilities.
b64f3ca0cf31906e0465f101c23776f7ebf3812d	People often underestimate themselves very much."
03cefd56e64fc277953326bc834d2de922d6760f	Elena Serova and Barry Wilmore
2de4f9981437fd4b85de8e4c594783a28453ffcf	Life on schedule
d8f5106f6e3a621218c2d21c03979cf8e33f7b7a	The schedule of astronauts on the ISS is fully planned by the specialists of the MCC, where a whole department is engaged in this.
e818580c1e8d0ded910fb4cd8060f6610946ae7c	"This is life according to a schedule – when we get up, when we brush our teeth, when we eat, when we conduct experiments, when we rest.
f0d37c4068fc9229d651019e35140927a4b791e3	Physical education for astronauts every day for at least 2 hours is a necessary condition for health.
42fbb09f69ab53effb2e7b5a038421b98a2ac41c	Even weekends are completely scheduled by the minute, " says Elena and gives an example: at 6 am, wake up at 13-14 hours – lunch, at 19 – dinner, at 22 or a little later – lights out.
0f97ae82ac21ab06f104ed7d9a7ce3f6e6b9e6e2	During the morning and evening communication sessions with the MCC, the astronauts report on their condition, well being, pressure on board, tasks for the day, talk about the work done and make plans for future days.
f42f13abaaa21168c699147e506a21be9eb3d4a1	"It happens that we do not detect any block at a given location during the maintenance of the station's systems or it is impossible to complete any of the planned tasks.
4d9a7ec644c911bad3501379cc1e965ca3db52c0	All problems are solved together with specialists on the Ground, " Elena emphasizes.
65a67874da0e625804066306915dd1c27f87520f	At first, it is not always clear what kind of places are in the lens, because we are flying very fast, but then, looking at the contours, pictures, you will recognize the country, the city… It's very exciting," Elena herself also brought terabytes of photos from the expedition, which you can look at for hours without getting tired of being surprised by the wonders of the Universe.
cea9db1963917f717dbd8ba4ae766189b0e1be17	The station has a small library and an impressive selection of films that crew members usually watch in the evening during dinner.
5e9ff74a609ac5637e095eff1c71e847915d31f2	"On Fridays, we have a tradition: we gather alternately in the national segments of the ISS, watch a movie, discuss it, just talk.
ac50dc07e9c2b2759ba0b50537bcf94bd35335f9	There is a guitar and a flute on board, many guys play perfectly.
9800873f92f9884f4554879c5b7fae890e9100c7	By the way, the sound in space is exactly the same as on Earth," Elena Serova notes.
2de8686d48df7995cc09027aa376c4039ceca853	Problems with understanding, in particular, language barriers, are minimized on the ISS: all astronauts, regardless of citizenship, speak both English and Russian quite fluently, and also – which is absolutely necessary for work they know in detail all the systems of all the modules of the ISS.
7fea457d044b76b9492b1566325041996c2350dc	Pre flight training of all crews necessarily includes internships in the USA, Japan and Europe.
862e0a8e71ab36111731fb4aa5396a43483a7b2e	"Surprisingly, when I arrived at the station, I was covered with deja vu the feeling that I had been there before.
493521bc5db7bcff981071328225190b6c2ccf8e	When I was a child, I often had dreams in which I flew.
a11055b13afc6cc6263cf9bd9c771acabe226f57	So, the sensations in space are exactly the same as in those children's dreams," Elena shares her impressions.
1ddb467b57c5934900da5f3e791fb463d5689fd7	Force majeure and nostalgia
875d25660f295ec4735de9a41c73a75cb004fe4f	At such moments, the team becomes truly cohesive, because literally everything depends on mutual understanding and coherence of actions.
b9c3ba29cf1ebfddedacaadb6288d57ca5f66ea2	How do astronauts manage to maintain mental balance, because they are in a fairly close, confined space together with the same people for six months or more?
d76bfabbde1a5de9e2e020c6b98b3f8e03230156	Elena Serova says that this has not become a serious psychological problem for her: "There are no random people in space.
1ce1de79a9fc3bd32cda342edf6802e33d648980	It is very important to build relationships with friends correctly from the very beginning – to respect the personal space of another person, to be able to smooth out corners, to emphasize respect for colleagues.
af5573a6950e44215e07a3f1888ae9296f3c7383	Everything went very smoothly for us, we were constantly busy, and in our free time we tried to have an interesting time, celebrated the New Year (we decorated the Christmas tree and glued it to the wall), birthdays, gave each other gifts.
65a097498746ff8b0b2070493b45f60146c19a01	Everything is like ordinary people."
261fd2fb6fd4e6ac406d2926190cc6eb0102a9bd	Unless the feasts are not similar to those on earth.
2f7c9324ff8498120d880359f08019151ef3134f	By the way, it turns out that astronauts have not eaten from tubes for a long time: they were replaced by canned food and special bags with pipes.
aa424fcd563a3966a9d7e8338b09281f5ae4b0b2	Of course, space food cannot be compared with homemade borscht, but it is full fledged, nutritious and quite tasty.
892114b095201105d96c0c150e719fbd74f4bc65	Of course, there are not enough relatives and friends, but modern technologies (IP telephony, video conferences on weekends, the Internet) help to cope with nostalgia, says Elena: "It would be nice if you could go to your friends, see your relatives - and quickly return to the station...
c0c930af707b787a41a02631287712106600dedf	And on Earth we all miss the space house, I want to fly to visit.
32aa2af3106b538ebe876e7aa5d0cc709bd06938	The station becomes a native place."
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9f7e0d3bc917c54a5817deb04db968a3545f72d0	New on AIF.by
a2ed6008161ecf81ab3fdead28ef887b68b5e791	Serova, Elena Olegovna
80a63dd0b475038125ea2b8d2c3baf6366a85c5e	The stable version was tested on October 19, 2016.
e4bcbf4ce2df3055fc8694cb2fd7bb63f67742b4	There are unchecked changes in templates or files.
33f84d5e94836bc74fba1b2258d9347acf899de4	Elena Olegovna Serova
e5dbe1099093cbb0546b88dd236da1cffd17bbb0	Country: Russia Russia
f83f1b6b322ecee39cc35b214c6aaf3826993cdb	Expeditions: Soyuz TMA 14M ISS 41/ISS 42
11ea8ec64adac223ab49f35ab66e7bcc1c2b904c	Date of birth: April 22, 1976 (1976-04-22) (40 years old)
2cc66cd0ae7781875a2ea0f8cc2496eeaaa54fce	Place of birth: Vozdvizhenka village, Primorsky Krai, RSFSR, USSR
ab9ad1c9606de6d680e31cb79c0c3bfc55592fb8	Awards:
efb9c9ddc2b3197674a518d5d1dfdc25f5040d48	Call sign: Tarkhany 2
8b6c475cfe3c0f1b83d439bd5c1b49e8e8b0d185	Elena Olegovna Serova on Wikimedia Commons
7f93cf60e428e892916e4ced5b7af8b96d839509	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Serova.
7cf1ff95fc425fc2faee17da331b7c9ba17ab12f	The second Russian woman, after Elena Kondakova (the fourth taking into account the USSR), who made a space flight.
bd6df694f265eb8e75c95a3838d090b5d6b2b489	1 Personal Data and education 2 Preparation for space flights 3 Space Flight 4 Awards 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References
124297517d3af05d75e559dfd8f47d14c0c379af	Personal data and education[edit / edit wiki text]
3477589c8e5dc080a5ad0be93aece8ddf0b70fdd	In 1993, she graduated from Secondary School No.
420fb7f4e3ce286ee256c7e61c7cf17fb252cb76	99 of the Western Group of Troops in Grossenhain, Germany.
380d23b597086b1d7cbef5417036aee33c38f7e3	Preparing for space flights[edit / edit wiki text]
a3c53b1f3dfb083c7b781e4233f67c625ddbc8ce	The crew of the Soyuz TMA 14M spacecraft before launch, September 25, 2014
bab50418a2c219dd18b72350fa0c9074aa185d7e	Elena Serova on board the ISS.
67bc0698744f333a5322c2957c2cdbb52f378da0	Presentation of the star of the Hero of the Russian Federation and the honorary title "Pilot Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation",
29476aaa1abfb1be0dee7bd2aa42d4da6dd01ec3	March 10, 2016.
12d1c330a0d4feb40ca5dd866a4a52e4abbf3864	On March 26, 2014, during the launch of the Soyuz TMA 12M TPC, she was a stand in for flight engineer 1 of the ship's crew.
66d52bc47c293c13fd8965960fa3a64e659a5546	Space flight[edit / edit wiki text]
7864c95aad5895d53e4adac18d32af20d37bace8	On the same day, 5 hours and 46 minutes after the launch and successful docking of the ship with the ISS, she joined the 41st and 42nd main expeditions as a flight engineer, becoming the fourth Russian woman (taking into account the USSR) who visited space after a seventeen year break, and the first of them — on the ISS[4][5]. On March 12, 2015, as part of the crew of the Soyuz TMA 14M spacecraft, she returned safely from the expedition.
f121818706db507e44b880c263665fe423823dc7	Awards[edit / edit wiki text]
64910faa07c3b48b1e67e418feb6a229ff1b63e7	Hero of the Russian Federation (February 15, 2016) - for courage and heroism shown during a long term space flight on the International Space Station[6].
dd5482f1821ce589116eac26d19ebaae99d34612	Pilot Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation (February 15, 2016) - for courage and heroism shown during a long term space flight on the International Space Station[6].
5e34346e368281e28aea9e78330f1b0126b5173b	See also[edit / edit wiki text]
fb39f3ec16b85a78cfece8978d1b5f9dbe12adc5	Tereshkova, Valentina Vladimirovna Savitskaya, Svetlana Evgenyevna Kondakova, Elena Vladimirovna
a01c9479dc1749005ca7fe27f4f1b53d6b3193c2	↑ The opening ceremony of the XXII Winter Olympic Games began in Sochi ↑ Set of 2006 ↑ Elena Olegovna Serova.
7d5d36417af9adf3ed27c87a0f4d6aa26683aa41	The ASTROnote Space Encyclopedia.
0b2bb4fdb67e9e5156190a683b14fda9f421f0ae	Verified on October 31, 2014.
7389d83c7c0c27f4afe9bb1c19d2620157e61cfe	Союз The Soyuz spacecraft with an international crew launched to the ISS from Baikonur ↑ Kosmos Women ↑ 1 2 Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No.
e8fe4c64a12b9508afab334ef6ec0eb7e93381ee	59 of 15.02.2016 "On awarding State awards of the Russian Federation"
a764730bbe3c6a7165385a088042f1550e887611	Anton Bocharov.
e6a13c5d812d1a150a75e27faade5efcd7f357e3	Serova, Elena Olegovna.
dbf6e676c6b45961c0943398b4138f8bb9439a7b	The website "Heroes of the Country".
4a8eea3833d8a2074a70cee98aa9c18f5a62c61d	Verified on February 24, 2016.
d2219d45db87b92025074b8f4a4c65572bac8973	Serova Elena Olegovna Serova Elena Olegovna Cosmonaut Serova: I must be a professional, a loving wife and mother "Faith, hope, love of Elena Serova".
fdc0f82e4b644296eb92203d0571c8029d6cad63	A documentary film of the Roscosmos TV studio. 2014 Cosmonaut Elena Serova: "People often greatly underestimate themselves"
f38b6ef6047cc246107066883d35a40b0b7696f9	Cosmonaut pilots of the Russian Federation
3cb75b652845693225a44bf47372c853eaf77063	1990s
d44b80bd9eae20c91afc6931511f34454dddc3cf	1992: Kaleri • 1993: Avdeev, Poleshchuk • 1994: Malenchenko, Musabaev, Tsibliev, Usachev • 1995: Budarin, Dezhurov, Kondakova • 1996: Gidzenko, Onufrienko • 1997: Korzun • 1998: Baturin, Vinogradov, Lazutkin, Sharipov • 1999: Padalka, Tokarev • 2000: Zaletin
5eb8cda1f8c5f80a2b7554ffddd4087a54b1a9c5	2000s
956e414ddda623903969a5850ad144e291cd9166	2001: Morukov • 2002: Kozeev, Lonchakov • 2003: Tyurin, Yurchikhin • 2004: Treshchev • 2005: Shargin • 2008: Kotov • 2009: S. Volkov, Kononenko • 2010: R. Romanenko, Suraev
535252846a3ff894448597290678f6e94561e609	two thousand tenth
2ff1858486a847bdc96008806cddedff8de4f3a4	2011: Skripochka, Kornienko, Skvortsov • 2012: Kondratyev, Borisenko, Samokutyaev • 2013: Ivanishin, Shkaplerov • 2014: Novitsky, Revin, Tarelkin • 2015: Ryazansky • 2016: Artemyev, Serova, Misurkin
1a795886c5c38c414ffea676c29883b5860be3b9	Soviet cosmonaut pilots
63b90151a57d8ab7316be45802040e7ef931339a	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serova, _Elena Olegovna&oldid=81422933"
f02eaab0a08107b0cf3bea4ea4651fb4d3aa1c80	Categories: Personalities alphabetically Born on April 22 Born in 1976 Born in Primorsky Krai Heroes of the Russian Federation Pilots cosmonauts of the Russian Federation Cosmonauts of Russia Graduates of the Moscow Aviation Institute Women cosmonauts Personalities:Korolev Deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the VII convocation
eab6167b2ad7675734670e0c71e6765efbbd96d0	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Wikipedia:Biographies of contemporaries
f3a8a7c67054249213452540499b1604adc7567e	Links Here Related Edits Special Pages Permalink Page Information Wikidata element Quote Page
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e33f86e6bc5b68c3d797898201cf34c92ceae7dd	Komsomolskaya Pravda
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fb7c047d96cd1a1eb17dc284363fb11a3eef5b4c	News 24
c51c3585ff74415d95107e63595300323eb0d4d7	26 Sep 20142016-08-24T02:37:06+03:00
fc074d501302eb2b93e2554793fcaf50b3bf7291	36
98efa9677ee22c4129ee791baa8f34a86c8e38d3	Alexander MILKUSAa
6977f2c96096282820fc233c2d37f76ad081fe11	The first Russian woman on the ISS, Elena Serova: My daughter sent a hare with me
d87fb42eb4cd855613553f27b9e9b8e473805ccb	Shortly before that, the participant of the flight answered the questions of our correspondent [photo, video, infographic, exclusive "KP"]
374a6837c0bf177f5928a832ae62aa151dc45016	Today, the fourth female professional cosmonaut in the history of Russian cosmonautics launched to the ISS
4d25c58d6bad3b3a4a07e63cffca07b86079041e	American women went on semi annual expeditions to the Mir space station, and they worked on the ISS more than once.
2a6bb9cae9dbe8fd485d790f52ba61225025738e	I know the fate of Valentina Leonidovna Ponomareva from the same, first squad… ..
f7974d2cae890a3569289324665f8d031568efa5	Seven years!
35fbded084ce8a1cb0dd91219ba8b21916598ff2	They had been preparing for the flight for seven years.
1f3409ddc2539ceac1488bf40c99f097949af73d	The most difficult.
ffbcfc980b462a8563d7dae8a057fdce97811181	The female crew had to spend two weeks in orbit in a tiny ball - the Voskhod ship - and even go into outer space.
25d5289f3da1bb8206e0ee032e6821ab68282abf	And then the program was closed.
9be17a9679b7b4a36f001b87c24ad7f02bb74f75	Once and no.
dc591ef3a28eb586ba001025a6bef8133cf232ae	They are not needed...
0119cdd3f02db6d695643f192cd536d5f75a926c	At the fitting of the spacesuit.
e78da8726b88e9b8f6f773e3d8740789586f18df	Photo of the CPC
eaa92b14ca688f5c8e3df7c72732065c5c61bb2c	I remember how she ran to training with a one month old daughter in her arms.
35667e75427e6034de81d05969192ee08a1577e9	At a training session in the American segment in Houston.
049d7ab40ae84bc1d6d3660587b34ce114fd7e63	Photo by NASA.
a23661a2744339ad6d992fe4a5494dfaaabe0c85	Far Eastern crew
0ce2aa84d218d79241699b12cc875b31d707aac5	Lena was born in 1976.
3b9b999575b6b5cc5bb1fdc254590883f01dd8e9	She grew up, as she wrote to me, at a military airfield in the Far Eastern Vozdvizhenka, near Ussuriysk.
08f761d6eb93ec3ae816ca459716f28f2a5182f1	"This is my Homeland."
95032178426e4f7d03c232284dc58122b9b6764c	That's right - with a capital letter.
74a48c2080fc2776a4120bc534ee97ef36717d73	« My first teacher, Vera Sergeevna Vorobyova, was very wise and kind.
54d436199af72e41207663dbcfb69616e9ea3455	We knew all the cosmonaut pilots, "the Ussuri newspaper "Kommunar" quotes the memories of a fellow countryman, whose journalists helped KP to find a child's photo of Lena.
334ed6ec9511b98831c57aa1ba9e30a166549dba	In this children's photo, Lena is the third from the left in the bottom row.
0e76f5e0f6a3152e4bb740806a3a983290e669d2	Photo from the archive of the newspaper "Kommunar".
8c5763589ca05c74ba4c1738e75d52fdffbb0167	These lessons have sunk into the soul of a ten year old girl.
2b35b51996c4573729b59feb00fdf3620205705d	Already from Baikonur, Lena wrote to me:
520c45c95f41c699053fb8018ec321de34edd5d2	- I saw on TV: paratroopers recently trained at the Vozdvizhenka base.
bd365994c627303f2a8967a675520d9170be1d4c	This was very inspiring and pleased...
f63fb07fd4c461232f0d06feaf305203b1a97ced	- Why?
52bc07de43c05303bf9915203cfaae8df43ef211	I asked.
1b925d57421ce9b19618915f6bee3eef7b64630d	- Because I saw my native airfield, hangars.
e65de14e73557e197f6ed2f79de68d4711b079a3	Once there was a long range aviation, until everything was destroyed.
c203d8f4d87f655e24d6b4dddf130567cb916cd9	And now there are training sessions again.
c09f87155400f46a331d641502c8e2f4ffbfbacd	This is the hope for the revival of the glory of our country.
ce6f492de6da4dfec13492f52f73948a73c27527	Coincidence: the commander of its space crew, Alexander Samokutyaev, served in the 1st Air Army in the Cremovo garrison in the 90s - very close to Vozdvizhenka.
cac67842ae2b26cab8ff2392af0480396bf2358c	The commander of the ship is Alexander Samokutyaev.
52ddec3ace8f7062825c808c5f71f7e2af3a5eb8	Photo of the CPC.
ca7bbfe5a89cbe751051baa0a9d5d259936b295d	In 1993, Lena graduated from the school of the Western Group of Troops, and then, as she dreamed, she entered the aerospace faculty of the Moscow Aviation Institute.
cfe83b9591a0a6c193958fed6fadf7906433907f	She became a test engineer.
455b9a59e4590efe7cb710d17a502542a421d1e8	There she also met her future husband Mark Serov.
91e1c64d3f59a7d88ae66379db6dd1a31a09aff4	Together we came to work in the Main Operational Control Group of the Mission Control Center in Korolev, near Moscow.
7a3f353fecd63ed95a172b1d8b520b3464253d2c	In 2003, Mark was enlisted in the cosmonaut squad.
2fc8658e6b061d29c3c086fa8bb0ac312f60aead	In 2006 - Elena.
5c6f3d3d5ecc8b0d90ee6cfeaa52e4cbd1e7247b	Eight years of training.
44a5f150f734011396f0faf0b16e53ebbf9e9197	I think only with Lenin's character it was possible to withstand this.
0fc3c02ad30d9314c71093cd3922d52fd1106b28	Cabin with a view of the Ground
53cf228ad685896ffe66172a7a3da4524628b31f	… It was not possible to intercept Serova in Zvezdnoye before leaving for Baikonur.
9ee9a0017ce3e38cdb72ad87cc88d3b923a56bfb	But she answered all the questions punctually by e mail.
9a2c599ee4a42e1a31f25991d02cc5e2c1b28c82	Despite the fact that every minute counts at the cosmodrome on pre flight days.
66c50ca7ac197c731fddb0506aaa0ddc18236f8a	And this is also her character: commitment, I gave my word keep it.
aba6a7d33b52b651620cbc6551ee8c3880a71c53	- Lena, in all the photos you are with a bunch of hair tightly pulled back on the back of your head, and in a strict pantsuit.
e6c013680ed48a8c6d1fef10ecf29a808a3133d4	Is this an image, a business style?
43a4bab3007a4c655676986ca899745c2d896579	American women come to training even in dresses...
4a11d91d8621d433ce5256b036503d06eac6a7ae	- I collect my hair in a bun, because it's so convenient.
11ba823c7cd9484dbee28fca60ede371e98e3f41	We always wear the uniform according to the regulations.
021b80d37695eeaef7f5b50b3860aaeb37379c6c	- What is your favorite style of clothing?
deb3dbd2c1b1d3d1a28f58e914021b1f5cb91502	- Sporty or semi sporty, but the profession requires a strict, neat style.
6dde33979bbb83e442a984bc8e9aa64f1dfb3087	- I think you were wearing a pantsuit when we met in Zvezdny, too...
89338de3e71e15f382bfcfccf3c6b43d1288cd63	- Most likely, yes.
04d6832bf9a23d6c519db7f84de79ef6db878e0b	Or in a flight suit, as required by training on simulators.
64e90caaaa0e4c8c0af1da4ab2c769986ae96650	- Which discipline during the general space training was the easiest for you, and which was the hardest?
e501b0790596475148f973f7f6522a1dfeb27554	- It is difficult to say, because during the training in the squadron, cosmonauts pass a huge, without exaggeration, number of exams and tests, not to mention special trainings.
d22964d2ac8320db9f8290831f721f9f50d1d1bd	- You know the story of Nadia Kuzhelnaya, which, in my opinion, was simply lost by men.
eca787fea75c1eb7c454c50590c380378af95607	But they still stubbornly fought their way into the squad and into the flight.
e3f20def115ad68863d3226a5c0051bdbde4380c	What did you expect?
ef6f2b6c626504f00dd0dfdf429b3e8c1d59030b	What gave me confidence that I would be able to fly?
0ccb325b3018ea7bf0e0998bb5481057d9ab5c07	- I know that Nadezhda is a hard worker and a great clever woman.
a0f6035800d362992c26c8ee159154f132eb2fdf	- Your daughter will soon be 12 years old.
c2c76d446106a638f2d92265adc9a643506eecc2	Who will help your family and her while Mom is on a long business trip?
d5a9b243fedc9d7c1064915807cc5a1ed0934902	- Alyonka is already an adult girl.
1ba105f86a257b33d0cfe5c2fec8370967517d49	Nevertheless, my mother and my sister will help my spouse.
b45307565e9921d7aa2d100aed9fcf9d132d25a6	The Serov family.
f2c43540e810b0a531e37718c203add49d5bcc6a	The photo was taken 6 years ago. From the archive of Mark Serov.
ab5e0aa4a884c41aeeca6f6c9581d090cbba6e1c	- Usually children give astronauts a talisman for flight.
305f76b308c413fab08f2776e2e894f8908818ff	What did your daughter give you?
3e6a2f2cb6ce168fdf610189a31f6f88c1ab2996	- An Olympic hare and sewed a ribbon with a Russian tricolor in the form of a bow on his chest.
4ef16f77b288ad35b4cd7cb309e8cf25d2d25f30	BY THE WAY
d19c83f1abdd74d2749a9b60380711a00cf1f8cc	Let me remind you: the Soyuz TMA 14M crew also takes toy leopards and Amur tigers into orbit with them.
49889b56e6f45f1e7c188b1064e248e581ccda18	On the eve of the International Tiger Day, Roscosmos, together with the Amur Tiger and Far Eastern Leopards organizations, are holding an environmental campaign to attract the international community to the problem of preserving the population of rare animal species.
11ffd1850bfa4e87b080a3a11cec02bee236c8b7	- If it's not a secret, what is so important that you take on board in your personal belongings?
01c8f70431a59f9d703dc946e7fba5339e72143e	I was told that Sally Wright took a lot of cosmetics with her.
96532622e4a9e932b2af137134dd9185167c55a8	- It's not a secret.
1efb120918d3569b7e90cad48bcf667bc9097c3e	I take only what is allowed: letters, photos of relatives and friends, a few things dear to me and, of course, gifts for the New Year for the guys.
45ca1bd5ecac42e057af4c675231a00f48c0e2c3	But what exactly is a mystery.
0088ee5438dd8f61539e3a39cc49899a3c4949d3	In total, we are allowed to take no more than a kilogram of personal belongings.
7f6f6df47e4374c83e32d115d1135508e801c226	- What experiments that you will have to conduct on the ISS, do you consider the most important and the most interesting?
5380e5f8e433c213b822305a2daa2ab79e4247bb	- All the experiments on board the ISS - and we will have to conduct more than 50 of them - are priceless.
880fe8a92f9874e52140c776270b59bccd944074	They can not be divided into important and not so important.
cde88edaf95de718c62b9f7c829d83bd71ef3e14	Unfortunately, only a few people now understand the full significance of the scientific work carried out by astronauts at the station.
40081c3efb5f72a1e17a0163dcc0a435335bd7aa	But when you show a simple man in the street shots in which plasma takes the form of DNA at a certain temperature or tell them that living bacteria have been found on the porthole in outer space that live only in the Barents Sea, their perception of the world changes greatly.
bd696f9721ab411d281aa85826d67c975b7bf0df	One of the experiments to be carried out by cosmonaut Serova: plasma in weightlessness for some reason copies the structure of human DNA.
ab19236c71a9c57d5f5daadf5055d4f6b104e9d9	How does this work out?
e3cae9545c507ade6d7ca0dd833a525a1667c0e2	- Usually men give up the most comfortable cabin to a lady.
31630b473b6fa94a8df7174275165a3a54f03036	Three Russians will work on the ISS.
db418200e17c32a54bb30d9f663656ce67dac4cf	Two cabins are located in the Russian segment, the third is rented in the American one.
a3b667345c0bbde98b7cb4ef06052a784117f04a	Whose territory is your cabin on?
e2eba610e05f59f28bf54533915a111647676616	- No, I will have a chic cabin with a view of the Earth in the Russian segment.
c69a965a969081b6df2288cc2a34847889947a87	Mark was preparing a ship for his wife
60683dacc87fa45939f1f93beabd738450ce90a3	And he builds - for himself
597a728334f626f276be70baea6988e51c8a3774	I am very grateful to Mark Serov: in the conditions of a wild pre start time pressure, he coordinated our correspondence and we were able to communicate with Lena.
91a5536509b1a6f5b40b1fbd0c24f41fbc0acb18	Fitting a spacesuit.
3b1f25a45dbce252bd494a9d74563c6326425245	- I am the leading test cosmonaut of a promising transport ship, - he explained in an interview published in the latest issue of the magazine "Cosmonautics News".
4d7200fd5354ef0f36e900e0f473fbc769669c35	- What does this mean?
68e8a97fe4a1b8a8921e71fa25b1fc2b4f6104d0	Here is a direct analogy with the test pilot of the design bureau: the layout of workplaces and habitable compartments, the development of instructions for actions in an emergency situation, requirements for flight equipment.
4794aec18f27517d8889093060ac9a309d948f79	Even questions of technical aesthetics.
9e31ec332acd9fb0e479d8f229fecfdcc6f1656a	I have been participating in the project since the very idea.
faff61d23de43d268803e71b320dcdfde569d70e	And I hope that I will be the one to lift the ship into space.
0ddbd2f072a920e2987034469e5f80eacada5b2d	FROM THE "KP"DOSSIER
8481b5f5e061d81e34b9ee4f3a373713eb60138a	The Russian manned Soyuz spacecraft, which launched at night from Baikonur, successfully docked to the ISS .
e9f2a516a12d61ebedb6ec2ccbb1219f1eb8e4c2	The new crew is already at the station.
c61d8c228b292a5261dfb607fabe406e5f7f6029	For the first time in 17 years, our compatriot will work in orbit.
308d12dc05f7d187c124d03c1f0374d77e1a8134	Cosmonaut Elena Serova, along with colleagues Alexander Samokutyaev and NASA astronaut Barry Wilmore, will spend 170 days on the ISS.
a5493ad4956b469e78fe07e35d3ef668853b3a39	Today, the only reliable means of delivering astronauts to the International Station is the Russian Soyuz spacecraft.
9e6680261ea7caaf82fb0d01c2f0e17c9cf43132	But in Russia, as in the United States, a new generation of ships is being developed.
0097be1612a6437ae095e96e8d3b495b5e7dacc3	In fact, they will become the basis of large starships that will cruise to the Moon and Mars.
431b8b7fc895778331dada5e5927b8fe57c327b4	So far, the Russian project does not have a proper name, only the name of the project is a promising transport ship of a new generation.
a44dccfa0f9eacc0a082db07ff41ea5f3e355eb0	The tests should begin in 2018.
547a8d739fa7604c956623b86b7984917b26617f	Barry Wilmore.
95890bf434473d24bd65e8155190257e6d691e5a	A NASA astronaut.
27479e42fd42edcfa3bad1e383906e474ee494ab	CREW
83e67b28c9729385586457eb4ee8b2e6b4c7ae2b	The Soyuz TMA 14M flight is the fortieth flight of a Russian spacecraft to the International Space Station.
747f72e182de16856e47b41cbe8ebefa2627aa52	The crew commander is Alexander Samokutyaev, flight engineers are Elena Serova and NASA astronaut Barry Wilmore.
dd822f86a9d863a2290ada790a99c7a5979fe8e8	They will have to work in orbit for 168 days.
632bf47f52601f6a507850810aa40ba5f00e5640	Photo: Dmitry POLUKHIN
aa6b72cdb94e253cd8fab380c1ad4d94d63fa819	THE FIRST SELFIE
d4c2a5193ba1216c02ff2f140920c99297030094	At about 9 am Moscow time, the hatches separating the International Space Station and the Soyuz TMA 14M spacecraft opened.
564847a0daf7d1bd25fb04be421826b30b4bf338	The newcomers flew into their space home.
92b4a7bb29d3122e536cb2244653e1cbb50ddc65	Now there are six people in orbit Maxim Suraev, Gregory Weisman and Alexander Gerst ("grandfathers"), Alexander Samokutyaev, Elena Serova and Barry Wilmore ("recruits").
5e9f7242f90588d2aeae644838d8b5ff0870d5c1	When everyone gathered in the Russian service module, Maxim Suraev took his first selfie!
561c93d4db843f3b064cc366ed09671eef259d39	The first selfie of the new crew
2545989a050467477ac52f135227af914644a6f6	SEE ALSO
daf43171e61d69f15fb8784cabfd3d1005039f2b	While someone is talking in social networks about how to "get out of this country", she puts on a spacesuit with a tricolor
1e516887255fa0a39d751009753343bdec867ce9	The second day does not let go of the news about the flight to the ISS of the beautiful Elena Serova.
a7cd106bd12cde0c5bedd80ce850879dbd3366ba	I watched TV stories, read her interviews.
aa5964c26d2be45618a6b02d9348cf76c2bb1938	And I still couldnot understand why I was hooked on it.
3e45957d29437051c5d68c1badf14d5620efede1	And then I realized.
593a8330cd8591fdcccb5e703a6218765b840b17	This is news in its pure, classic form.
3669fd7e9af4f949b9ad7263ca7bf47bd07751c6	About the flight, about the preparation, about the overload, about some special swimsuits that Elena ordered for herself and which she will wear there, in zero gravity.
7b64abfc6896d3db57e738bd76a3d4776fe6b6b3	There are no rotten arguments about how we will now live without parmesan and mussels.
afd298cb7c2d739e45967292619e230d8de6e2cc	There are no sofa troops who tear their shirt on their chest and have already drowned everyone in blood and concrete.
16fd50676b3f1ae1588d793002e5ad1debd95a82	I was tired, trying to understand this unbridled joy: "and we said, the cargo will go 200".
952b7eff3f3a4fe670303a4826cb56fed1c7548b	It's fucked up terribly (read more)
5d25eceeb3d7b6dec2667c7154b7a0414e14f377	To share:
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9029123df32eb5d8ddee81d85b0fd2f5c07845ff	All the news and interesting stories are in our Telegram channel
135bd8dd827eb19ac0b967d9d3dc40b8245fad73	ALL COMMENTS 36
3fa45544882dadd6efcd3fc7cb6816dd63f1d130	TODAY IS 16: 40
ee96de512a7a00ca55757a108460aca0f05605f9	The head of the Ministry of Transport will answer the questions of Komsomolka"
859fcb14c49bcfbda6d5f77df398f7aa32e24901	The meeting will be held as part of the "Hour with the Minister" in the Public Chamber [collecting questions from readers]
f06dc079f744a2851f30d5e19bdf6706b33094e4	TODAY 16: 33
cf8d7a948f88c2e66d8ce20ed3d539ebfb3d2c9c	The sister of the Taganrog programmer detained in Spain asks to save her brother
cf9ac92935ae9df2eadfe4170c353c6dbc65497b	If Stanislav Lisov, whom the FBI accuses of hacking attacks, is extradited to the United States, he may repeat the fate of Konstantin Yaroshenko
9c60af986c623c99f204b331c14007b86d441981	TODAY 15: 55
210f629501f595b6df8ffa8ca75e033c13f1daeb	In social networks, "death groups" have become active again"
995046d8de722368b48a7d9babcd42b4a6fafb2e	Experts believe that children are deliberately pushed to suicide by specially trained adults
be310a8007a037ecb576525177c23771a0867b9a	Today 15: 40 How a little boy sent three innocent adults to prison
ced6de56ebd647a8e991893ac1214103e666d56d	And now his mother demands half a million more from the convicts for moral harm
ad512e433e6c52029efc993a188b5738ecdb6012	Today, at 13: 05, the bailiff, in order to withdraw the car from the debtor, seduced him on social networks
a733a3ef9e1f778825020a2fb3e755357ccbef98	The employee came up with such a clever scheme that the guy himself wrote to her in Vkontakte
548bbf67e6605140afb5793d0e72d8fc7607c55a	January 19, 2017 15: 10 How Sergey Korolev saved the planet from a nuclear war
cc3c62afa6f1f81a25e49114d680c2b10b045bd9	This year our country celebrates the 110th anniversary of the birth of the famous designer [audio]
e6af8e5e3ce9a117bc8bf81a47aad20bd0833cda	Today, at 13: 07, a banner with the Motherland calling for collecting scrap metal angered the residents of Tver
76da06287687cff821ed9489cc8df2dfe91f195c	The antimonopoly authorities agreed with the citizens
3575c9093d0f343c37c98d40ec734b34831a130d	Today, at 14: 11, the waiter returned the forgotten bag with 4 million rubles to the businessman
b354c19a43233992b5e9302a7da94b96fc589c20	The client thanked the restaurant employee with 20 thousand
685be1795c0a22aa6cba8e7007c90ece1de07639	Today, at 13:00, Sochi rescuers took a video of an American bomber found in the sea
0162e851ad459321b6e8975b888b73dd53ee445e	The plane crashed into the water during the Great Patriotic War [video]
dd6d8ac246cc0e28b466f44c613e0a2699bfe6bd	Today, 12: 50, Ramzan Kadyrov tested his sons for knowledge of the Russian language
5ccd7e5919ef26cab68136fdabfd066eee64b368	The guys coped with the tasks with dignity [video]
99ff5dfe6253b1ab36e530326ccb08908cad42bb	Today, 12: 42 Moscow Anti aircraft Missile Production Plant will receive tax benefits
9cb52f427ea734170c3282be8a21bdb90f84a2eb	Sergey Sobyanin announced the assignment of the status of an industrial complex to Avangard
a4a3847d49c6719970ddc548662d1a8d8d4ba97b	Today, at 11: 25 In Vyborg, the girl could not go on the only bus, because the driver did not have change
7b6d43f2f3a12cd7caf783a83ccfdfde5dcbc698	12 year old schoolgirl had to leave the salon [video]
bc3f335ff1ef510edc0a51a45d448ea3a4227841	Today 12: 40 Who is fortifying Russia?
ea06e3f34fdd1049e375e53f6518612d2bc1a346	Stavropol Territory presented its achievements in the upper house of the Russian Parliament
b35270f2b01c0f948079d30f15f76f3c2f72db1e	Today, 11: 13, a foster family from Omsk, from which the biological mother takes her daughter: We will not give Masha away without a trial!
a6cc573b73b9f717468f5e412d45e51f5917c93b	The Weitz couple, who have been raising a girl for 8 years, intend to fight for her
a7ad2d52d0df9ad9eab4cf1584aae421b87fe51c	Today 0: 19 We will find people to whom cosmonaut Komarov did not send postcards!
1dca386ead47d7cf84293aea8d88c377bfd8b5d3	This year marks the 50th anniversary of the death of the man who piloted the first Soyuz
aa064d44be1516c2fadc7d0035b4c5f5e3075133	Today, at 10: 00, a deputy whose 15 year old daughter was found on a sex services website: "If this is a political order, then I can be proud of it"
34cef6d135a31a16089110a37585aafc542aaaf6	The people's deputy told KP Yekaterinburg about who is behind the sex scandal, how he will punish his daughter for this and why he will not let the schoolgirl be tested on a polygraph
4d428df377df26c3a3dd66679a75950c2b4a3c86	Today 7: 00 The main thing for the night: The Russian army can abandon the Tu 154, and the Americans do not want to recognize Trump as president
421a390f4caac1a72608677c901660c572d6c7bd	Peskov assured that Russia will not be blamed for cyber attacks on its servers by foreign governments
570a81ab7449d06ee628dec70b040738b0f969ba	Today, at 11: 00 In Yaroslavl, Yevgeny Urlashov was found guilty of taking a bribe
1f93453ab78c0077e1f4258011ee1fb7e97921f4	The court upheld the decision of the previous instance [online broadcast]
00a3f9af7243d9e5dcba16af6da3ab73ebe2b8b1	January 19, 2017 19:54 The ice hole does not wash away sins, but it can lead to God
512aa8e481f2d2f35455601503a4ad425f2c824a	Our columnist believes that there is a special meaning in the folk fun - swimming in an ice hole
ac9f768263f121f549b68e2f483eb3ae6d0c125a	Today 7: 27 "Robber of the century" Shurman is looking for a job for 30-40 thousand rubles
241845f735494d09d35d65edc15df56a332ca165	In 2009, he took out 250 million from Sberbank
6f0cb1c535509d3e8b101d5d0cd0ebcda96d63db	Today 1: 39 Yuri Luzhkov: "Yes, my buckwheat is not state owned.
e63bb8078100b82eaa01c2215ef8659f1bcd5fb8	She smells like honey"
82712eb80b56669d8e831df64e93872d637af447	The ex mayor of Moscow, and now a farmer, finally sent our correspondent an earned bag of buckwheat.
cccb83cbbb87241b084a913d59289dd2583ba12f	But it turned out 210 grams is not enough...
3744dfa2867572bced2cb10814014350dee6199b	[audio]
77c6509f30deb86e37d130c5e389b25057ad5d67	January 19, 2017 22: 51 During the search for the Tu 154 "black boxes", an American military aircraft was found
75b5957e63454ddd4ef98b2e67371db16658e04c	He disappeared in the Black Sea during the Great Patriotic War, along with powerful aerial bombs [photos, video]
37bc7d16aa025e82a61740b59bf8eccb91bae6e9	January 19, 2017 19: 10 Mikhail Gorbachev was summoned for questioning
0443dcb6a30b9e8a2b3ac18d12689cd604d28a02	Lithuania intends to find out from him the circumstances of the Vilnius events in January 1991
1c075ef3c5843c9b1d314d297096d30d94cb28ab	January 19, 2017 15: 10 The biological mother, who has seen her daughter a couple of times, takes her away from the foster family
d4bb34b77cefbb72e7e45bee5b5713e655ffe3e1	When the girl found out about this, she had a tantrum
aeb226da77d34f581d681945b8b9badda5e89848	Russia:x
b343ada8e70bb29c87905f8fc5917bf1e59cd81f	19:23 When Clinton arrived at Trump's inauguration 19:12Tramp hugged Obama at a meeting in the White House 19:01shuvalov called Chubais ' words about the "atmosphere of horror" at the forum in Davos 18:40IN the suburbs of Paris, an explosion occurred 18:28SHIPULIN won the individual race at the World Cup 18:15Obama left the White House, leaving a letter to Trump 18:02THE explosion in Lyubertsy occurred due to welding work 17:58IN Tbilisi passes the congress of Mikhail Saakashvili's Party "United People's Movement" 17:46The time of the clash with the IG* in northern Syria, five Turkish soldiers were killed 17:34The ruins of an avalanche covered hotel in Italy found two more survivors 17:33Medvedev approved the plan to support the economy for 2017 17:11Russia will expand the naval support point in Tartus 17:03Peskov said that Moscow does not feel the horror that Chubais spoke about at the forum in Davos 16:55The Kremlin denied that Putin intends to support Fortova at the presidential elections of the Russian Academy of Sciences 16:48Peskov: Moscow positively assesses the negotiations on the Syrian settlement in Astana 16:36The Kremlin commented on media reports about the upcoming "change of government"
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55500525d653d526120d54f34112249a351b419b	News In the Crimean zoo has denied the death of a human from the bite of the tiger 14:30 U.S. Scientists: 45 percent of men infected with a virus, conductive to cancer 14:30 Russia has found a mysterious meteorites age 466 million years ago 14:27 the Expert from the United States explained why they should fear the missiles "Caliber" 14:18 Bryansk officers of the traffic police brought 10 cases of bribery 14:14 In Belgium, the police lived in suites for the state account 14:09 Economists predicted the decline of the dollar to 57 rubles 14:04 Two seized from Moscow family children will move to St. Petersburg 14:04 Foundation Dr. Lisa will bring on the treatment of 14 children of Donbass 14:02 Flying to Sochi plane due to faulty returned to Vnukovo 14:00 Ivanovo brides forcibly bred with foreign men 13:58 Swede Roy Andersson movie "the Book of one thousand and one nights" 13:55 Medvedev: Import from Armenia to Russia grew 70% 13:52 the UN has calculated how much will cost the world Syrian refugees 13:48 In Kabardino Balkaria in the dump found the body of a newborn boy 13:44 Deputies will assist you in creating bills 13:42 Found the instigators of the riot in Voronezh colony 13:42 Penza sentenced former police officer, preying on the dead 13:40 media: Abbington cast Martin Freeman because of his affair with a colleague 13:36 Injured when shooting on the ring was the wife of businessman Lerner 13:34 Vladimir Putin will meet with Jordan's king 13:27 Demise of the Mayan civilization was linked with politics 13:25 Chinese club appealed to the "Zenit" on the possible transfer Dziuba 13:19 In the Kremlin commented on the rest of officials 13:18 the Estate of the spouse of the President of Estonia fell under the ban 13:12
76d640b51b2c17e8f6fa8cb5fa5f6a4eb76137ef	• • •
36199c66cf3b4a3d67b48beace327fc92d957caf	Power Economy In the Regions In the World Incidents Society Sports Culture All categories
58e7064c7e5f12ba344b822c9e37d85306e0c56f	Documents Special Projects
a074195eb8bd97fe8da3a11dde2ebf80de5ee75b	Our publications are the Russian Newspaper RG nedelya Rodina Thematic applications Soyuz Bibliotechka ...
ce36a9edb4f394764cacd1f80409778554b39554	12+
8921f4538a75638d3bac6be3c21513e272e221fe	The virtuoso aerobatics of the "Terminators" was caught on video
e2047ed45fe3d740156cf9f25e509012c9c76c43	Ask the president of the Free Economic Society Sergey Bodrunov a question
232c7cc2ab39ab5e49093975fefe831ca8f713a7	RG will tell about the open air archaeological museum in the Kremlin
667f11dbb69974550365de80d0c31fbe5352fbeb	26.09.2014 01: 00 Category: Society
d8dc64831c8232f2df9fffa522b8c2ae7fbf8a88	Space women
60ed46cc20f656f8d62d3dc071be224b106a675d	Text: Natalia Yachmennikova
bc3d0d0c474e007a15393c92757411810e43ba70	Rossiyskaya Gazeta Federal Issue No. 6492 (220)
436eb5f148a314213f1ae1a38b260b328e011cbf	The first Russian woman is flying to the International Space Station
0d4821b34ee4b8c9ad4f81defb9a52dafc5d75e4	When this issue of " RG " was signed in print, the Soyuz TMA 14M manned spacecraft was already "under steam" at the Baikonur cosmodrome.
53d60e158a8991bbcf636fa6750480d27b566372	The countdown was running: the launch was at 00.25 Moscow time.
a4739d2960aa37553f5ac3bc71c694b50441041f	There is an international crew on board, two Russians and an American.
64f7726ee74e04f31a4022ef579608f44103c912	But the most important thing is that flight engineer Elena Serova is flying to work in zero gravity in the same team with Alexander Samokutyaev and Barry Wilmore.
9542370924d11ae8f59ec35ab2cf9f793ed44f08	After a 17 year break, a Russian woman is finally flying into space!
abc07a841ddd5a407a725796dcb9be310631a283	read also Valentina Tereshkova: I read Nekrasov's poems on the flight
86367366eb99ad53796d23afc0c64a75befb127b	An excellent professional, a clever woman her male colleagues speak about her.
903ab12e35ad36936d15f8d94b3d39996fef7df6	And they add: and also a beauty.
964a996ad129f97d294463d806ebb7900c6a9011	Elena is not just the fourth female cosmonaut in the country, who will share all the hardships of a difficult, albeit in the literal sense of the word, stellar life on a par with them.
a65db3d459db2e90d71424e8a21dcfb8478315bd	She will be the first Russian woman to cross the threshold of the ISS and register at the station for 170 days.
7fe5e39d191fb4c979bed7997952657fb86b90fb	On the eve of the start, Elena Serova gave an exclusive interview to the correspondent of "RG".
330d9f5a2d821f344a821b9a1e26a75ad39c5428	Elena, the Russians have not flown into orbit for the last seventeen years.
09585007423c287f6539a0e1e8f2eb34b33b4e62	Is it true that Svetlana Savitskaya, the first female cosmonaut who went into outer space, told you: "Hold on, they can put sticks in the wheels until the last!"?
4401f3ba617be45cc119ce063cde6c3ab1f88fc0	Elena Serova: Yes, it's true.
1538b7fd9d93ec1e15d235cfb6aed508ef790f03	Svetlana Evgenyevna told me to "hold on to the last".
6b132e0c06b3788390d5c7c81bcf37c7c00282d9	And I am very grateful to her for her moral support.
9ed807ef9c0aafc5439a769c8c89019ad4c75a24	Have you met Valentina Tereshkova?
2ee95eb2d1ae7ee145d51d18e6735ff7898418df	What is her parting word?
c3ed3988e75c913c9447983704d8f077d1f65f89	Elena Serova: Valentina Vladimirovna came to see off our crew at the Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City.
75eaf152de541d4dd6e09e851ef0ebce2b3b215d	She wished us a successful start, good work at the station and an easy landing.
e42bb68e05dbc819bd86975afb759a97e1224c90	Do you have a "personal" call sign?
e1de7beb05da3c0efb370ca04b8dbde5d979c6cc	Or is it the same as for the entire crew?
509f9a756a351d0d88177af7f9255261d32d70d4	Elena Serova: Yes, I have my own call sign.
1f0952878e0306cafcdfbda15c23daa626d9e50a	But our crew has the call sign of the commander "Tarkhany", and I will work with the call sign "Tarkhany 2".
daebe4a00b529db284c95da5225731fe6d1cca27	This is the law.
f935bd4c40fc19a4321e97d3a65676634228120c	What is the most interesting thing for you in the flight program?
e7cf25c1f2f5efe86341ec29fdbcb6e0d2a48842	interesting facts 4 obstacles that Valentina Tereshkova overcame on the way to space
d024f33ca624d9ea694722add587151ba6b316e3	Elena Serova: Everything is insanely interesting to me.
ba4377dd9ee5f253ebc6ad4e39aada929064b1e8	The crew has a large scientific program - 59 experiments.
a6030bf7d5bebc8afb07e99a7ee73ba3cb6d2267	It is difficult to distinguish anything.
2e70b8c831c5be4ff67002366a22d9c83d46cd3e	For example, very important studies on the influence of microgravity on the human body.
2db7052a7b2aa49661302d8ae2672429c8845b82	Their results will be extremely useful when planning missions to other planets.
a01fa6f21d6363b48fe3cfb29a15bf0b9f8a61f8	We will monitor the dynamics of the radiation situation on the flight path and in the compartments of the station.
ee6315e433c5137e328a00ba2153e84273212a39	In particular, the accumulation of dose in the spherical and anthropomorphic phantoms, which are located inside and outside the station.
89d0ed26f9c2724b7484a30f89e2e34fbfe9367c	In general, I am not afraid to say that there are simply unique biotechnological and geophysical experiments ahead.
c920ac783423973f7f2471ae9631216879cb3a6c	Will you keep your blog or diary in orbit?
8dc1199d1222e870858a213178715a897b31b400	Elena Serova: Absolutely.
5cd9534c6cbdf91b5eccd031a6850f112c0f6436	Both.
b2f20bff942ff362de18ed8f2b823b253e995345	Have any special elements of psychological support been developed for a female cosmonaut?
5daca89503498474f8535e3f639e51ff84777d5c	Elena Serova: There is no such profession - a woman cosmonaut.
d3c9389451860414aeb2fad4568cf639d180d5ed	There is a profession of a test cosmonaut.
09160e77038b5e61732ade9616781bba11ebe1d4	The selection for cosmonauts is very strict.
74a7bdbec705f78e1d526b59dce94309c1a29d1c	Certain abilities must be laid down so that we can carry out the flight program qualitatively.
e042a3ce08a72d3cf6c5ae31424bd4635d24e4dd	And the floor has nothing to do with it at all.
01d79a9d8d35b65076a2d810e327c2577b114ff2	earlier on the topic, Roscosmos allowed women to participate in the final selection of cosmonauts
cd551edb454fd6e41106c48715a7a4472ea9ea42	And the "elements of psychological support" are the same for all crew members.
d7f6f7bb2dfb1bd132ab495f0c03bda316f7e34d	These are regular video conferences with relatives, communication with friends and family via IP telephony.
cb7ebb9effff79c58902dd065a63e86424dc0c54	This means watching your favorite movies on board and reading interesting books in your free time.
c4750f7a882cc7d0a3d8bd283cc215af0bda0e3e	For example, I really like Russian science fiction.
88acb6dbe59052889f8ce57f87b115ea8cd41ae2	Are there any plans to conduct a lesson from space for schoolchildren?
c4e94ae8ba97cf0be43fa562221ff377baada605	Elena Serova: There will be several sessions of amateur radio communication with schoolchildren.
a05a151407877b13783be29d50687dd2af167211	Will you have a spacewalk?
47fda9475896a908700d8a93119718c2b89be656	Elena Serova: No.
19858884277fd793a4a96003b5b8f41caae14fa6	The flight program does not provide such an opportunity for me.
12092ac3e98fe41b713f92aba9ef7f487f50f498	I know that an astronaut can take 1 kg of "personal" cargo with him to the station.
e14a7a805536391ceca23ecd3092e3acd8a74f7b	What did you take?
6d4bfaff95c8a5ccdf9d68df1c69cdd6288fe606	Elena Serova: I think I have even less.
58ad2f9d27868f3f492ca151a7deec6f888fe00b	I took mostly photos, various notes, gifts for other astronauts.
8ff487e0ef1a75e9b5b84c3e30b8f4f9c954b6c8	You have been preparing for this flight for eight years, training.
5b067771db82fbcf11b2a1bb05b5800bb3b1079e	Is it very difficult to wait for your finest hour?
357cb3e750c197906d907456c0ec39a426bddf5e	interesting facts India has launched its space probe into the orbit of the Red Planet
012172aae68ec5d3c86ab64c15ec8bf22915fcae	Elena Serova: Yes, indeed, many years have passed since the beginning of training in the cosmonaut squadron.
210d27cce3edef93407d0e51efdab1a8240d5d94	But when you work, putting all your strength and soul into your work, time flies very quickly.
98df0d86994702398af15fd1db4fb12920d4f88f	Some cosmonauts say that the most difficult thing in space training is training for survival.
7c190981eb0e99a0a9ebc45b48b350295cd007ab	Others are the struggle with sleep in the sign language chamber and changing into a spacesuit in the descent capsule, when it seems impossible to move...
acee6422e4ee78fedf02c5041de9ce5912091179	And what was the most difficult for you?
b4cbfb335227e5501f4d16c75c3f865cb0f31f2f	Elena Serova: I always say this: any job canot be easy.
a52534d79690a711c3b4cbe361fe92b590a590ae	To achieve the best result, it is necessary to constantly work on yourself, overcome yourself.
d1370fc73e8cee2433fd312ece472561dce3c756	This is the most difficult test.
132f778c1fe0a19fea389517c47e3189b865ff4a	You have two degrees: an engineer and an economist.
977dc72865aab19c00b445a703116bafb8a40766	And now you are an astronaut.
087013d1561ee21a68e948693e5616c429ed6134	What attracts you most in your work?
f0df7fba7a6629a35db33de07da7f0ed3ce92c84	Engineering background?
edb057478f77d4f7cf234d8ef937b913d016fe58	Mathematical clarity?
617c8d6f2474f28555a318282e6fecf26c394a12	An opportunity to test yourself for endurance in extreme conditions?
395538d1983beb673619efc2310694adf74f65ff	Elena Serova: The opportunity to realize the intellectual and physical component in yourself one hundred percent.
7123aae412309b923edfac7db8f2c1ab9c75ba05	More than 50 American women and only three Russians visited the orbit.
0d5df7dda0e9556224b1672ce6f17a8a73e2cd43	You will be the fourth.
29204f50c61978e06c2ce0ebc95c2df6272757df	Are you worried?
ddca31092781a3708640fc414453b164df2bc004	Are you proud?
830bc46a550cca13f833e677f5fe04684f0871e8	Elena Serova: The fact is that there was not a single Russian woman on board the ISS.
e87c0fc4ebb178059eef628f9f4b83185c09aa60	And I am very grateful to God that I will live and work on board the International Space Station.
36317ec7e2404377ff0baa79facb8bb426bd3ca5	Is space flight the pinnacle of an astronaut's career?
9f5fbcc00741b429f49c237e369a7f1bd9624d10	Elena Serova: The top of any career is going on a well deserved rest.
af25ae0557cceeb923099957d2f5715e6edbe5b0	They say that space couturiers have sewn very beautiful space clothes for you.
763cbe38c90e18dede9d3fbc876a99301d6bcace	Tell us what is included in your "star" wardrobe.
76d3509890e265e408eddd8f31e361740bb9f258	Elena Serova: Yes, indeed, the Falcon spacesuit, which is always sewn individually for each cosmonaut, is just perfect.
90518a7bec60c629a64bbd606f61a8f442a8eea3	I personally experienced it for two hours in the pressure chamber and did not feel any discomfort.
7aeb13393f719c29a46d02fcd1c2a9cea05e1da8	According to the current regulations, this procedure is performed by every cosmonaut.
24cbb3d65b155d526374db2eb609c3c3f34bb06a	Perhaps this is the most stylish "suit" of my star wardrobe.
f7fac50837f28b6f5449747f87fcd1af5cc52ffc	see also
d9e351e94829b836278d55e084234c0ae8412f28	Roscosmos will begin full scale exploration of the Moon in the late 2020s
3a519794c1d9c5eebd58a28e04f3d23094f4da27	You have long hair.
2ce09687433111a2b9d4d01e98f1a44d468f7c61	How will you take care of them at the station, where there is not only a shower, but also "free" water?
e9c98a3f334e049286b24166a28950ad00bc6027	Elena Serova: Just like my American astronaut colleagues.
9d4dfe23814a9208d48df20e53fb11d144d625bd	They even made a five minute training film, which clearly gives an idea of how to perform this procedure for long hair quickly and efficiently.
50b79ce59cadc7b93cc1b46eb30e1918e29c0856	Do you think a woman will be included in the first crew that will fly to Mars?
a4d8ec3ff55fd41101d0915eaaf58863da4b427e	Elena Serova: There is a great saying: a person assumes, but God disposes.
ffe53deae36b5698039729dc5b20402f81f1e7cc	We'll wait and see.
946ecbf05edff90816cce48d1a5275a6f266f3db	What they talk about in the space kitchen
04af98c3045a46856d7fbe46cc928cf2d205253b	The crew of the Soyuz TMA 14M spacecraft after fitting the spacesuits: everything is fine!
5d0930e1ea9c057aa41b2874941277165b2a0dd5	And the mood, too.
db78c799408d4995c43e4161cb88ea159ba9b4ef	Photo: RIA Novosti www.ria.ru.
683f515265725eea4dc770ce960b3470f9c34277	Elena, your husband is also an astronaut.
f9f8acb9966b9ae57aa945a48b222ff9d7d4ae51	In the space family, what are the most conversations about in the evenings in the kitchen?
cce60909ea05e9c38e890b9cacc7935c94005a4d	About new ships, about the child's marks, about the rent?..
31c44a6f7f70bb2f03b0b88ace1643ec72b696d5	Elena Serova: Yes, a little about everything.
7b2829c86a464b4292dd54b9a0ccefec917cbb92	There is no need to think that we have any special conversations.
32412ab2cbd7659aa25eac58d9c26ce3c6b2902d	We discuss the past working day, plan weekends, pay for utilities, etc. We live, work, solve everyday problems.
6712347b1fa272d9cb0abcac3446e976047632c2	Everything is like everyone else.
d9eeafdc4b55735e1540a9c7948d55d4a75d65b0	Admit it, have you dreamed of flying into space with your husband?
a2eda86d06b023b5b206854047b40fe820f2d083	Elena Serova: It's a very good idea, but a flight into space is not a pleasure trip.
fd0e820d4cb01b423c236c9e2e45478dd66d9b37	Astronauts literally risk their lives every day.
7434a1113952d51dc49aa8e10b2a271d70fffa29	Working in space is a daily hard work, a huge responsibility.
f76717bd86e9761e86232e3dc98acde2e8050eae	Your daughter, who is also called Lena, is eleven years old.
7999d8382e1137b61cf48667a599f6a64fd1c599	What did she tell you before the flight?
60f1e15de47beebd7beb2584faaa6b65be1f91a7	see also Rogozin: Russia will be able to establish the production of microelectronics for space
4851ba1cecb02cb7076a4f3241cfae5fbfb21756	Elena Serova: She is a very wise girl for her age, with a wonderful sense of humor.
a9e2e4f660201e0a8796fa8f59860e60f22cbbd6	And she told me the same thing that she has been saying since she was very young: "Mommy, I love you very, very much!"
5627ca1df0325221fecfa8f9c5088a852c4d3225	Are you a strict mother?
55f51c672b52d43ab96eaeda2d31d425cfe19991	Do you have some kind of program for raising your daughter?
70a3785600e9decd2a14f514a51d9e7fb7b29735	Or how will it go?
e1742694b698a9b345be5f86b3d5cda144dfaf1a	Elena Serova: I believe that it is impossible to control a child.
04e04287eb9fc341f111a267eb7ffef9fd922679	You need to be friends with him and talk to him, support him in difficult times.
db417cd19b71bed0ed62e25e6feef9c019050b51	Often, the parents ' own selfishness does not allow them to understand elementary things: the child needs to be able to hear, consider the potential in him and help him to reveal it.
86cbe775729abdb8d93b845d3f82e94c7262d4b8	What do you do in your free time?
ca73563fc786dbeb87db3e4658f75459823894e1	Elena Serova: I have very little free time.
8c594ec9586d487f4acfcbb6840da91ca0c63662	I like to read popular science literature, for example, the magazine "Science and Life".
61dfb14ee4a5e5509135cb0f89551cbca1d2e93b	Watch various popular science documentaries.
8241b7dd8b2ec34113f7edcc18399d85860f8290	I am fond of astronomy, history, archeology.
43720d5afb1a3382a90f8d60460d5f7517fe95be	I generally like everything informative and new.
279cffa14834b32edcc80bf4b3699658c1dedb64	The world does not stand still, science is moving forward, making more and more new discoveries.
32cb8ba54fd9ec879e9858177b7c171b2e86edaa	And I am interested every time to discover the world in which I live, to learn more about the history of the Earth.
680016fc19de349e5262ab4ed6ba3ef3550770f3	He who knows his past knows his future.
d00e4293a703300bd602b8341ffad6be1d0853e3	direct speech
6e28e827ec26c31a5b9e2ad2092bd3f825d2513c	Oleg Ostapenko, Head of Roscosmos:
bcac74798c24b45ed9bc1727eb5a8c77de564935	- There is no division into female and male cosmonautics.
ce704a674adf8c0497543e784e4939a796f61210	There is just a manned cosmonautics.
522435ebb414f0447408b8474bc6db018990f647	Maybe some subjective element played a role here.
1bc259936b997e2f3e6def10b152882a0cbade34	I donot see any problems.
861d103f79bff30543775c611b9c4fe26d7ad4c9	There are enough capable girls in Russia.
34474ff0706779935862ca611c98745fd0f5df39	The doors to the cosmonaut squad are open.
e52e5e6cd50ef4de30d8a4fafbbfab41180cc200	Welcome!
12ec059ae239b7a5476dce1999ba1c9169865547	Who flew
b67497982577156b771f829d0dd5bc380642f998	They say that at one time the Americans voluntarily gave us the palm of superiority in women's cosmonautics.
cd48bdbac82c9f1098e73679be3f274027578e80	Back in 1960, the outstanding pilot Gerry Cobb was the first to pass the initial barrier of space tests, but in July 1961, NASA closed the women's flight training program.
c26ea08e2eee3d6dc3d6b75edd3b8bcf8340eb56	But now American women are flying with might and main: more than fifty astronauts worked in orbit.
d9e3a47ea07c1aa9c825091d20a50923abc3a147	But over the past more than half a century, only three women have been in space.
3aaa44dfb3872fb0f040c1c773cdbcd89e24d6cf	But, of course, what!
95388241af3c113e268f1c56fdec18b6b8e07f0e	The first female cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova
347b53adf1b06a46012c13d9fb7290d3814b4a22	Valentina Tereshkova became the world's first female cosmonaut.
043268d8e17fb8f6d7f0f4f5e2aef2633820498d	She made her space flight on June 16, 1963 on the Vostok 6 spacecraft.
101f25da22c589ea5ac7606d3eb90a50be514b8b	It lasted almost three days.
b99c41caa45ebe4face065117fc3c7c286f84738	During the start, Valentina uttered the famous phrase: "Hey, sky!
c085e9d10ae33c057a3554fb354619d178196f61	Take off your hat!"
4de8f2c10e563d990a21588659a5ef9371ec3d10	Svetlana Savitskaya was welding and soldering in outer space.
51834c3a368ae296d76fbcc7cfb0c6403f9c587e	Svetlana Savitskaya was the first woman to work in orbit twice, in 1982 and 1984.
2877b5691395164c7983108c8ee5a0a773720cd6	She is the first representative of the fair sex in the world who went into outer space.
82dbf397d35dbdf11dbb0a5ea43008929e6f7328	Savitskaya, together with cosmonaut Vladimir Dzhanibekov, carried out the first cutting, welding and soldering works outside the station, which are of great applied importance for the development of cosmonautics.
bf33b8273d8879293ba87d246c9045ac823c6792	Elena Kondakova became the first star " centenarian..
5e895ecd839df2da985f6e518c7fff0f56fc50dc	Twice, in 1994 and 1997, Elena Kondakova flew: she spent 178 days in weightlessness and became the first star "long lived".
01579afeb8cbb8df60e2d7d8e2874e0f95ac82e5	And the second time she flew as a specialist on the American ship "Atlantis".
bae21ba4e4dcb7fa07b290d81efe2999897263a8	Elena Serova joined the cosmonaut squad in 2006.
7e01ea7be6f6f04835fb45bbd3f40e51af14d9cf	Before her, Nadezhda Kuzhelnaya had been preparing for the flight for ten years, but she was forced to say goodbye to space, having never worked in orbit.
1357666b519cc44c7b9e5d78f37079c7966e289f	And in total, 16 women were preparing for a space flight in the country.
c1f2eff8f496ed64083a5c749f7d8c85adab3948	On a par with men, without indulgences.
09625fbde4da4675c6f713c7eeeddf6a55952052	As, however, it is now.
c428522d5409b17d7ad4d5b243e46f2db5e1fe0d	Among the current candidates for cosmonauts, there is also one girl - Anna Kikina.
448115131b01e26f2207bd6168160688232cc2e0	Show comments
2ea20df363ba697d953d12e6122178716201f6c5	Soyuz launches In Samara will replace the engine of the Soyuz U launch vehicle 13.01.2017 The drawing of a resident of Yekaterinburg will become the emblem of the mission to the ISS 22.12.2016 Roscosmos will refuse to use Soyuz U rockets in 2017 05.12.2016 The Progress MS 04 truck will be launched to the ISS on December 1 01.12.2016
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e89919c8ec95e031b80b58bcb18233398d6a405f	Cosmonaut Elena Serova: we will celebrate the New Year 16 times 10: 3012.12.2014 (updated: 14: 20 12.12.2014) 03212190
358b5cc8bfd848fb5fcf86302bdd274573b4372a	© Photo: provided by the press service of Roscosmos
5f349bee2303c208133f6b92ba9ec9332f58e51e	RIA Novosti correspondent Ekaterina Zgirovskaya had the opportunity to take an "interview from space", in which cosmonaut of the Federal Space Agency of the Russian Federation Elena Serova told how the first half of the expedition went, how the ISS is preparing for the New Year and what is important for international cooperation in space.
bab1a218e5de19d8fcedc2257152349bc384d9c2	At the end of September, a female cosmonaut, Elena Serova, went to the International Space Station for the first time in the history of the new Russia.
79f42e07e2556ff2b54bf3777b05184becfe4443	The crew of the expedition, which included Elena, planned to perform more than 50 experiments in orbit during their six month space trip.
f62251a475f28b9f91320b542d4bc5fd429bb48b	© Photo: provided by the press service of the Federal Space Agency of Russia
15b7e1c68a806296a88122a2a0031fc3fc40fb26	Russian cosmonauts Elena Serova and Anton Shkaplerov on board the ISS
caa72b27bcacbfce5a670546b4f3bacf3201431a	- Elena, the New Year is coming very soon, you will celebrate it on the ISS.
7c06f1abce1cbfa1b26f497891f2316699dbcfcf	How do you plan to spend it, because in space you can celebrate a holiday during all the days that the New Year is walking on Earth?
4189b18a2d4f9436673ee0d0b6cbab4e7c72a939	- Just like on Earth, with a Christmas tree and gifts, as well as a delicious festive table.
2bb2a1d6206cf5c8798aa5d1b5fb18546ec8f78a	We will celebrate the New Year 16 times!
457a88dedb606d4ca66f6f8a5e989736f3ab6b16	— At the pre flight press conference, you said that a Christmas tree would be sent to the ISS and you would dress it up with special space decorations that are stored at the station.
80924078d0a730aa84cc576029a4198a7037ef7a	What are these special orbital toys?
ce53dee7203837b55a9dccb685965cc2afe41a74	— These are ordinary toys, only they are not glass, but soft.
c64db981b14f7d447f1d5759671c5a4a57144a68	— What is the most important gift you are waiting for for the New Year?
24dac5bc4a4c4174ae8caeabc1090229bebde879	A gift from my daughter?
f4fb98c44b5091738b24eacd67d6c1d1a69a0b74	From her husband?
be9574a3cced18f72afdfc7063430b97444ba620	— I never expect gifts.
f71eda99ff7ad3e28d80aad2fbfcc1000e6bbfef	I like to make them myself.
f9b0bfa0e2113f8ac1110b49f081d2c6b7e7d229	Before the flight, I carefully chose gifts for everyone who is currently on board the ISS.
35a8c805d292b218341ecdb3ff133e9b69737052	And the most important gift for me will be joyful and happy faces for Christmas and New Year.
934eae4216584b2e37db3023a668067b25a87974	— You have completed half of your space mission.
929094a9c1055fc5811e7f3fe70557d9d6557cc8	How do you assess its results at this stage?
d77a7c0537fd8ffca30bcbf73684788769b967e5	Is everything going according to plan?
6842ba36d0f77992ac478601d4284c26cdfbec34	- Absolutely correct.
208ef40659c08f747212d7874545bbd8e2b4aa3c	Everything is going according to the flight program.
a2a0a1d665d71e80cd22de0a552bd8d64f55191f	We work with full dedication.
01473588275e999498863a8a5e718dab687ef1f2	And the results will be evaluated by specialists on Earth when we return home.
9081e227c2f2463b5fe36b419abe8f58d996122d	— How is your experiment on shooting the Earth's surface with the coordinate reference "VIZIR", developed by domestic specialists, going?
f3b5c8351e58a27fa0c4af308504b833139793b4	What is its peculiarity?
506fad11f920f8b99720a18125d03fd4a19ceabb	How does this happen?
c18387ebe7e05fa781bbb552267431612d809ca3	— This is a unique experiment.
277ecb124b456e31af7368bab8a937f178f8e997	Its peculiarity is that I can take a picture of any object on Earth and specialists will know the coordinates of this object absolutely accurately.
5013878275c0a709e3329a0fb319ec3502900cd4	Or another task.
071c17762d1833158897eff857c543431183d7fe	You need to remove a hard to recognize object, but you know its coordinates.
39c33ac49764932d6d28a91cc624c8a8c85e3fcd	The voice system leads me to him.
280fcaccf7a289961cf6fec44074ba45e4685767	I can, without looking at the lens, perform the most accurate photography of absolutely any object.
d6c518a5df188e3b4992cf9949fafd20606f9c70	— Are you not upset that you were not given the task of going into outer space?
682e1d5445b5e332f13953b6517936dd710c6633	— I never get upset.
f4cadbc65ac861ca8813ce834299a7714c8a810a	As they say, man suggests, and God disposes.
16d74eff0ce6b7675fafbc7418d4be6d772743a7	— Recently, there has been a lot of talk that Russia should withdraw from cooperation on the ISS.
76ce3af7aa65dae73bff0bc6463bf5d355c67637	Yes, because the station had to be repaired non stop, it worked much longer than planned.
eb0e3c77963915613598269a0d56b9245498c0c2	She has worked herself out.
7a07b65b70419ca0965e92426dfc0aa17201a0d7	If you have a car that is breathing hard, what will you do?
86add502df2e56e3b529884c3a9cdf26349c43a6	That's right, buy another one that you can drive and that will meet the safety criteria.
10d539e96d3801eac12a6a05597c06250c6e7a01	And I also want to recall the words of the cat Matroskin from the cartoon "Prostokvashino": "Joint work for my benefit unites".
a0aea70eb790ee1e290ea395fcd4fa4956705da0	— It was also recently reported that Russia will create its own domestic orbital station.
4dd07999ad9b9127f78b7464ff32874fd5272c59	In your opinion, is it necessary for each space power to have its own "embassy"in space?
e91d1e5044c6fdfd99f7467dd9dc5077b06490ad	— I really hope that in the future there will be no borders in space, as there are now at the ISS station.
78a308789c7f077b3020cbffc37ed93ddc5bbf24	— If after this expedition you have another opportunity to go into orbit, whether it is the ISS or the Russian national Comic station, will you fly?
125aecce8e95b65b0ce81d977b48366668cff19f	- Yes, this is my job.
933ab360feeba29a4eeb89a939391a659b426cb6	- In the spring, the crew of cosmonauts and astronauts will go to the ISS on an annual flight.
57329cfd6ce31ad5fa7077c6a397a965a7b4a17e	Would you agree to such a long business trip?
d41daa7e9764026ab755be260fd915d2b178248e	- I think so.
3be98bac0d4d51d0aca6ffdecdcf8dae52293194	I feel great here.
8e8ab0d1cb0cb699a9da2a532f4a12bd8bddf0fa	There is an opportunity to constantly communicate with family and friends.
7d4e00437dad2cdbb454514badb66fee7d4371d3	I even manage to do parenting on the phone.
2888eef3d97ad260b00cbf38687423ada73d0783	I have a family that I can rely on.
c7f51d7e8ff5d27019399b1551eefa6578bd6bdd	And time runs very fast, because we are constantly busy with work.
48e10c502bbc38afafc8592d838b30dfb0b453b2	— How do you feel about the idea of space tourism?
86f6d1bc5bbfb9e9785bef41c5989cd4573deffe	Is it useful?
01107f5b81c4c692a1683b08836f72b5cc7093e5	What is its main advantage?
d0113a7619ee0f0bfb6f22e074b726667be4d961	— If this project is in demand, and also brings income to the treasury, why not.
ecc6fb14d3d1cd98a4c1c2a23992044119b866c9	— Next year, the famous singer Sarah Brightman will go to the ISS for a week as a tourist.
8f5416681e9279c6821089b53d99b8ed5ee40b41	Will a flight on a spaceship to the ISS, for example, affect her vocal abilities, because this is a great stress for the body?
604e300917167ae56d5a4f625a8b21e9ada47f43	— My flight did not affect my vocal data: I did not sing better.
9009ecdab80fe876343486ceaf25a0612d2387cb	— If you had the opportunity to conduct a tour of the ISS for a tourist, where would you start?
a019c5328867e0ba6ce2a3805b7930ccbae5d3c8	— I would treat you to a bag of tea, and we would enjoy the views from the porthole together.
8600cdfca737ec61a88e904d161d36d9df7a529a	— What can I do for a traveler after visiting the station?
3377d3f4470778225f0072f6a3a66723c4297139	After all, a week long tour is quite a long time.
a8cdc37a7beb202031aba4a46912c27da56cbc1f	What tasks can be defined for a tourist on the ISS?
25c42c1d9bee4a3575dd96cc21cca72e0a89d853	— All tourists, as a rule, have their own program, which they try to fulfill in this short period of time.
d5d65d6cc083c2b711d16d0040d4b2a7296af02c	They are not flying to the station for the sake of idle curiosity.
b9418f3db0579b47e54c76f684ef01e2d26a7748	Many of them conducted their own experiments and experiments.
0ea6ccc5cee30bc084a0ca691b998e8a36a6b5f3	— In your blog on the Roscosmos website, you wrote that you can provide first aid on the ISS – take blood, take an ECG, judging by the photo, and also do an indirect heart massage.
c5125b6ccc62a1a731a8bb5a8464476e45601fe5	How does it all happen in zero gravity?
deee0e8f527e99a7b58411c0d3fd1fffae403bec	— We can provide emergency medical care in the same way as on Earth.
ad4be9c777d5079a80c3f6bbd908d0a4471ba1f8	— Does blogging and sending photos and videos to Earth require some special "space Internet"?
e21860bf37328b97ebb0ddd904694c78e4a7b382	How does it work?
3e16b799fa6fb1fd70a29db56981df29529043db	Do files reach the Ground quickly?
623f940b8d0d222d1bf4e29b57c3807418a3ff3a	How do video conferences take place from orbit?
f7765598c13c9080332a5234355d5d4778984f97	— Firstly, the possibility of video conferences and sending letters is possible only when we have a connection with the Earth.
8eb8e100c231a642f99212a87819d57f24440263	This is a special communication channel.
90aef9075217fadcf14a6e926821941379423523	The Earth gets all our information pretty quickly.
340057a31642b4a2d5cc3accf7ae59c94bed143f	Secondly, as for the organization of video conferences, if we are talking about private conferences, they are organized by the Earth.
9d08fd788f8f862e8fa8352e4d390be1c6c48a8b	To do this, we need to open a special program on the computer and install a mini camera on it.
40ef5d8218fbf9ddc6261209cab04db7a95ee62c	If we organize a large video conference, we take one of the professional video cameras and organize its connection to the special equipment that is on board.
71390b0efc2e4450c523409ca5df2bf0bd0ecfc3	— In your blog, you told a wonderful story about a sprouted apple seed at the station.
d1d4bfe07812abd053a42c3d2717853a234ac556	How does a tree grow?
282fd8a8974c644c47dd2e0510996031694e0118	Would you like to plant, for example, a space lemon?
8a9665fc9d59d7fa23b3813d831154d65fabfd1b	Or something exotic, like avocado?
e7bcc32ee14d9770b7c06f33ee917609cd0252b7	- Surprisingly, it grows only with the help of water and sunlight.
0b1a995997933613715960f10d38d61545e68ea4	I sometimes "walk" him at the porthole.
1f51d9388eaf768d1e731320185425d80dd48809	You gave me a wonderful idea about the lemon.
222aa80a8871c453c56fcff6d3c7a1d28e87d8c3	We have a lemon.
c27dd9ba07e7f54b558ca598e00fa9e2a16a9fe4	I'll try to germinate it.
e9ce894c4d6ba6e0b80c4a6edda68269be87d630	They donot supply us with avocados.
73f98b0aacdaf9a475e8f15d7b75e56a06188374	— It is known that in zero gravity, a person's body lengthens – he grows.
ec4ab1d35c4ea31308f57a45ce8f6c3322ce93ce	And how are things with such an urgent problem for a woman as weight – is there a chance to lose weight in space or vice versa?
73c99177ecf9893cb7aa3d0d7b1ee32927d3fe14	— It all depends on how the cosmonaut does sports during the expedition.
c1d250d71e6bf2356aa16d166072ab782f170bed	I, for example, have lost a lot of weight.
a863090de3e17ddaad567a43831307e99f403548	And many cosmonauts and astronauts return to Earth very built up.
2524a90e21663ab6d2742f9792dadfcb834800b5	After all, our health directly depends on physical activity.
0ae0d87d09935f12e3439beb21f0f21649e1729f	I mean the loss of calcium and the state of the cardiovascular system.
2bd59865376a0d9291dadb8e1a5305ceb57b7c66	In zero gravity, the heart does not need to drive the blood with such force as on Earth, if you do not force it to work at full power.
83dfa034994f165f8fd4114e6de216e801460775	The vessels begin to get lazy.
eb275028b68e38f5f656de29bcee916c9ec1ee39	Calcium is actively excreted from the body.
890c8ec339e9877a6020457d5f996323fbb5a026	Imagine what will happen to such an astronaut when he lands.
0f0754e3872caff099951307c5e381dc225f48be	Intensive daily physical activity is necessary to return to good physical shape.
7355bc026130a89df433cea8ca95458965043f95	This is the key to our health.
96493a32bf36e3c28a900da4a60af52a7ef81fdd	— Recently there was information that a law may be adopted that in a few years it will be possible to work in Russia only in the specialty.
970ee1223609085a876a232d4f9042b3b958f1b5	You are an engineer and economist by education, but in fact you are an astronaut.
28ffebed11b487c61168bea12af67e4053e89d4a	Isnot it a shame that with this outcome of affairs, many people may lose the opportunity to find a romantic profession, because not everyone comes to cosmonauts right from school?
203c4dd325360b0f339c8488f54a6fb116715266	— I'm not offended.
15ca1d7e6259de72dba71abac7e50156a53a7dfc	I work by profession.
52fcaee23631063c49abd196a280abf252a9e72b	I graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute, the Aerospace Faculty.
12f1090216d602f323979bd8892f70b9c7e05838	Nevertheless, I believe that there should always be a choice.
0c01bd53f9c924f123c8bbc1da2d8c6ee6bd6c8c	And not only engineers work in space, but also scientists from various fields of science and medicine.
c6e23a92f7754251ff8b5e949f44f73492f07fb7	The knowledge that astronauts possess is simply colossal.
383dcd58b92e9a0518d1884968784e639626fb39	These are universal people.
d929fcc65dbff3ea919001703478fb917fd55a8f	Here, most likely, the ability to quickly learn and memorize huge amounts of information is important.
e2c1695eda11eb4e640fb990b893a2ffc6dd38b2	Everything depends on the person.
3929e4ce1e651d608a74ace689c65e9342565d16	And it makes no sense to put such restrictions.
1da35ecdc1796f4ab5a50e4db0880d75062f3941	For example, one of the MAI graduates works well at the Institute of Biomedical Problems (Institute of Biomedical Problems – ed.), bringing benefits to his country.
a83ec72e0bdda3fb2e80de97cc1382c88fce298a	— What is the situation with security in space?
1aac883769509d58e0064511639bb21050229621	Over the past year, the Aerospace Defense Forces have warned six times about dangerous approaches of the ISS with space objects.
f7a46aeef8514c1cdfc85c8e489c83d406020b08	What should I do in the event of such an incident?
c44d6507697f587f22aeba2de0fc342c9bea88a0	— It's very simple.
2a6241a77dc70052c2136183cece7dc21c08e59a	Specialists on Earth track all space debris and space objects that may collide with the station, and if we are in danger, ballistics specialists calculate the trajectory of these objects and the parameters of the orbit change necessary to divert the station from a collision with them.
1a8dda66c9cf9cce0281b4ad5994bd9ae90c17e0	— How should you react if you see something foreign approaching the module through the window of the station?
4c70f705677bd99cb21681957855845b7478d64e	- Calm and reasonable.
59094eefe22a0bbeee42a6a2a298719991ba44bb	— For the first time, two women from different space federations gathered on the ISS (previously, only American women were couples).
729fe886ba5e80a530eb8ce0800ff1ce232a4075	How do you spend your leisure time together, interact?
5bb567c86b076e9f094a9e04308807f27fa86d40	Is there no easy competition?
4e2312b5d0e58ba2001c0b3abc8aceadbee11816	Is it possible to make friends with two girls in space?
c9115d4490c960260f77bb2f10785676988c02d9	— We work here, and we are not engaged in competition, just like our male colleagues.
dd0a37fefb07972ea3714d9a995a9008c2d9f1a0	First of all, we cooperate.
743b89f48abdc914800d9476829ae9442f93404d	The atmosphere here is very friendly.
59dc13bf79017eaaeb365a0f0287e2aeb24748ee	Every Friday evening we organize joint dinners, discuss something, joke, laugh, remember different stories from life.
6254a896b735e98c94e6682e1ce8621376c5bd01	— How do you feel about the fact that many films about space have appeared again recently: "Gravity", "Interstellar", "Gagarin the first in space" and others.
1c3384f0c443589006f6daf1227d3c842d10f2a1	A number of them tell about real events, a kind of artistic historical chronicle, and some of them are pure fiction.
d5e3e1b9fa711d68b6b5b048d3317c46f345156a	But people watch these fantastic films about space and think that everything is really like that.
2086bf085780e3724b7ccd959a29af88ba207257	— I was very pleased with the domestic film about Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin.
ef7665e9ee1693e03e42ea24d8b2ec606839202b	As for the foreign film industry, I think that there are not so many high quality products in terms of spirituality and morality now.
79dcdc6767a738e68a8d92260985056a74951df1	Any movie should teach something, instruct, and not just "tickle" the nerves under popcorn.
8d1268b41019c201a66c05a85a2651dee8bdbfde	— We started with the fact that the New Year is coming soon, and I would like to end the conversation on the same joyful note.
a189e1d5ec71fe8edba9f1ea9d57a0d5e8bdfaa3	What would you wish Earthlings in the new year?
ae8fbc182670ea66c3b425085df3926a73905d8c	- Love for one's neighbor, happiness and well being.
8e9651aa3b9c9b8ef59668eab49836f800c7cc00	RIA Novosti expresses its gratitude for the assistance in conducting an interview with the head of the press service of Roscosmos, Irina Zubareva.
3a2dc677d8e85ac856541744e288d504882feb36	190
52c1bd55f7226b7c52a240b2c420c1e55480b479	Cosmonaut Elena Serova: we will celebrate the New Year 16 times 10: 30 12/12/2014 RIA Novosti correspondent Ekaterina Zgirovskaya had the opportunity to take an "interview from space", in which cosmonaut of the Federal Space Agency of the Russian Federation Elena Serova told how the first half of the expedition went, how the ISS is preparing for the New Year and why international cooperation in space is important.
faac291f230bce57a4b628a5fb1ffcccd19eab6f	Interview #Elena Serova #International Space Station #Russia
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93b4431721bf8bfd84f5046849dd90d9b628fb2c	Roman Romanenko was born on August 9, 1971 in the city of Shchelkovo, Moscow region, in the family of the future pilot cosmonaut twice Hero of the Soviet Union Yuri Viktorovich Romanenko and a music school teacher Alevtina Ivanovna Frolova.
dff036727dc81c8870f80aec1b802bd9e5558bc2	In 1986, he graduated from the 8th grade of the V. M. Komarov Secondary School in Zvezdny Gorodok.
74a6a57793f0a5460d30ed426c2460bba4775cf3	From 1986 to 1988, he studied at the Leningrad Suvorov Military School.
6e5f593eb0dbee2b4c326f0c5357ef9c40c65f82	In 1992, he graduated from the Chernihiv Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots (VVAUL) named after the Lenin Komsomol, majoring in "Command tactical fighter aviation".
a5cbd02f0e97b8c915bfe5b1d7b5e8a14caf73f4	By the decision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of December 1, 1999, he was awarded the qualification of a test cosmonaut.
6bbe14c353b1e599547e07dfb678c97d5789af0e	He made his first flight into space as a commander of the Soyuz TMA15 spacecraft and a flight engineer of the 20th and 21st main expeditions to the ISS from May 27 to December 1, 2009.
040b2acba1a55355f174e34e1c62de23f0fca6b4	The flight duration was 187 days, 20 hours, 40 minutes, 41 seconds.
77c5c3e0a4d58942c7312909e0bca2cf32b2e18c	By the orders of the Minister of Defense and the head of the FSBI CPC, since August 1, 2009, he was transferred from the liquidated detachment of the RGNII CPC to the detachment of the FSBI CPC.
9d0481c48b353c11c244dd2ea7ad757e0c50e0be	By Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 449 of April 12, 2010, for the courage and heroism shown during the space flight on the International Space Station, the test cosmonaut - commander of the cosmonaut detachment of the Gagarin Scientific Research Test Cosmonaut Training Center, Colonel Roman Romanenko, was awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation with the award of a special distinction - the Gold Star medal.
57a869d0bc02b3b8a5895b590ed357b2ebe0906d	Colonel, pilot cosmonaut of the Russian Federation, military pilot of the 3rd class.
9bc3e3790205b02523ac5d75295dedf238a3ed71	He was awarded the Order" For Services to the Fatherland "of the 4th degree, medals, including "For Merits in Space Exploration", as well as the Order of the Crown of the Commander degree.
6da9664f65f6b762b8a2be1557009e3e68b918bf	On July 28, 1997, by the decision of the GMWC, he was recommended for enrollment in the cosmonaut squad of the RGNII CPC.
1257413f6acc9c6ed2a1882aaf538cbe220325b1	On December 26, 1997, by order of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, he was enrolled as a candidate for test cosmonauts in the cosmonaut squad of the RGNII CPC.
161aa4e12c328a1fc9fb65b69bc1d83ff979de2a	From January 16, 1998 to November 26, 1999, he underwent general space training (OKP).
b36d28a91b9f4dc52a955b4fdcd71efa92db7066	On December 1, 1999, by the decision of the MVCC, he was awarded the qualification of a test cosmonaut.
0ab0525dcfaa9177af343cfc0e6b3642d07ec179	Since January 5, 2000, he has been training under the ISS program as part of a group of cosmonauts.
a7df6f6c22b363ffff92974d7e1d34ab88495a7c	On February 21, 2002, by the decision of the Multilateral Commission on Crew Operations - MCOP (Multiteral Crew Operation Panel), he was included in the backup crew of the 9th main expedition to the ISS (ISS 9d: Alexander Poleshchuk, Roman Romanenko, Daniel Taney) as a pilot.
da3818c196d1e3a74ba7e80882f82a7d9c3496b0	On March 20, 2002, this appointment was confirmed by the decision of the Interdepartmental Commission for the Selection of Astronauts (IAC).
7448c6281b6c94459aa17a09bcac95079c91c6c1	In April 2002, he began preparing for the flight as part of the ISS 9 backup crew as an ISS flight engineer and commander of the Soyuz TMA spacecraft for launch on the shuttle.
c7fe389d6d970273d858a5ede90caaafa4b7f536	However, in February 2003, after the Columbia shuttle disaster, the training was stopped, the crews were reorganized.
5755575b72f0e8f294877d0c5093863c2bfdf736	From February 2003 to February 2005, he was preparing as a flight engineer as part of the backup crew of the ISS 11 for the launch on the shuttle.
a4476a783687901449e395c3287e0d5837717771	At the end of July 2005, he was included in the mixed group of cosmonauts, designated "ISS 15/16/17", from which the crews of the 15th, 16th and 17th expeditions to the ISS will be formed.
5b9eb35f9ea6b28f1f52e6532962ba13528c3f1f	On August 15, 2005, he began training as part of this group at the RGNII CPC.
2ecd3a7c5ed8efea5e3c5aed86c3fac2ddc2b6d4	It was previously assumed that he would be included in the backup crew of ISS 17 as a commander of the TC and a flight engineer of the ISS.
e483fb3ba0d104dd5aa41349407556ee66894185	From January 23 to January 25, 2006, as the commander of the conditional crew, together with Mikhail Kornienko and Garrett Reizman (USA), he participated in a two-day exam on the ability to survive in a deserted area in the event of an emergency landing of the lander.
b0193fef6b62c695ac55b68d4dc8758453443004	The exam was held in a forest near Moscow.
d2147905fee7998531e18297e374b60fe5cb72de	In May 2006, by the decision of Roscosmos, CPC and RSC Energia, he was provisionally appointed as a commander of the TC and a flight engineer of the ISS to the backup crew of ISS 15, together with Mikhail Kornienko and Garrett Reisman (USA).
41422dbb28fa18ee926c652fe8f96e75a552df78	At the same time, he began to undergo training since February 2006.
28d30501697b13db17e3b830e55d2ef18df9b780	In the period from May 26 to June 2, 2006, he was trained in Sevastopol (Ukraine) to work in the event of an emergency landing of the lander on the water as part of a conditional crew together with Mikhail Kornienko and Daisuke Enomoto (Japan).
5002a339e7608c5eb70c7eb8e62bed0d1b809c11	In early June 2006, Roscosmos and NASA finally formed the crews of the 15th main expedition to the ISS.
c03f3ae72d932d99568197c42f89b56c83817a67	The backup crew included Roman Romanenko, Mikhail Kornienko and Gregory Shamitov (USA).
a90bd0f0d2558652a917f1053f5d13c60eeb689c	In August 2007, he was provisionally assigned to the main crew of the 21st expedition to the ISS (ISS 21, until July 2008 was designated as ISS 20A) and began training.
b0dac80e297605e3b1c5dbe7007224757f407f56	According to the plans, the main crew should start on the Soyuz TMA 16 spacecraft in September 2009.
303a928fb478c97a826b9a88a473d4a6daf29c49	However, in July 2008, there were reports about his appointment to the main crew of the 20th expedition to the ISS (ISS 20, until July 2008 was designated as ISS 19B) and the commander of the Soyuz TMA 15 spacecraft, which is scheduled to launch in May 2009.
4fd93965ec1b67826d440799d374fb7efce7c592	On September 21, 2008, this appointment was confirmed in the ISS flight plan published by the Roscosmos press service.
fe454b62dcc3c8b99b1090f38b2b42e94386c91e	On November 21, 2008, his appointment was officially confirmed by NASA (press release No. 08-306) when the ISS 20 - ISS 26 crew compositions were announced.
bff8ef3d7df3122026f9f1a5648209660bca90f1	In Roscosmos, I expected to go further for promotion, it was time to give way to young people.
0e0e4ec72db78b38a55aeeb73252d1aa5893ee3c	I got a call in the evening, I had just arrived from vacation, I was putting the car in the garage.
bc9008866206241cd0d892b8747acc4d046b2a07	They asked me to make a decision and call back at any time.
cd63ede04097c5096615279c71a019dbce4aec36	The governor was waiting for an answer.
1dea0b0463b9c9101d2d58494f2e3b9a581184a4	At first I thought that they were joking, because there was already an Amur deputy from United Russia in the State Duma.
738e80de08c8ff3f155fc897a238ad121f18a0c4	Everyone was involved, the head of Roscosmos, Igor Komarov, called me, said: "Come on."
c10770ea741c5829ae13673f3de08d55c74a651f	I talked to familiar deputies and made a decision in the morning.
cdcedfabc918c1b34339a84b0a621ceec2e9108a	Within 5 days, it was necessary to terminate the contract with the cosmonaut training center.
b811600874d12e43f76843f220d07a0b94995ea8	I come and say, " I'm quitting."
d95ec3d15d1ac69ef3ae06825294b8e509e5e27c	Colleagues to me: "Come on, don't make us laugh."
76d28a73ef00906e3244d3ac36f47ed3681f08d8	There were 11 months left to finalize it in the State Duma before her re-election, and then no one promised anything.
cb9c3d0b2df10eec790e256ad3e87ac0de73a4a0	Of course, I would like to run again from the Amur Region.
915e5b45c15284937875801f6d7c4d7ff60e0d58	I seem to be just starting to enter this role, but there are results.
c5ed233e4fc24ec153c1327621cce2eb42edb867	If I fail in the State Duma, I have the right to return back to Roscosmos and make my next flight, if there are not enough fighters.
75fc444107cd9988f7b47b1021b5d8c079950ee6	But to do this, I will need to pass a lot of medical tests and about 30 exams.
125c7880f9903356092028f3fd2245d4ad744ef2	I can do other work in Roscosmos, but I would like, of course, not to stop, to stay in touch with the Amur Region.
9ec9352a91478e51ea770afdd66d6d5ba0f6cbad	Yes, indeed, in two months I managed to promote the law on renaming Uglegorsk to Tsiolkovsky, as they say, I made him "legs".
ab91ec8c8e78c363895371f8f3b3f3049de41adc	He would have walked around the offices of the authorities for at least another year.
312e2abf1b076b2dfb1fab8819edc1896323cda2	Usually, if a law is allowed to take its course, it takes from a year to three years to adopt it due to bureaucratic delays.
089c579807fb29b833ecbfea75076b4ab3345ce3	My region asked me to do this, and I myself wanted to speed up the process.
d05a0f273de6407e46e305138c604a777f1ec1bf	When I was in space in 2013, on the eve of April 12, we were told that President Vladimir Putin was coming to the Vostochny Cosmodrome, he would get in touch with you.
57f8fc40106547cc301c6e8a1ad306741b1694bd	Such a fuss began: they started calling us day and night, checking the quality of communication between Vostochny and the ISS.
ec6b9231db4112260df1621745e3005da109c875	Everything went well.
06009e1caf58a01ca93d83e06162eb0014897fb1	They woke us up at night, asked us to smile, we quickly got dressed, and the president said: "Advise us, we want to call the city Tsiolkovsky."
5b204c14511ed38061d1bd3e6b4bbd4082292bcb	I think: "Wow, to advise the president."
f49eccc0db65b006f007fce9209cca626880c594	We talked for about 20 minutes, and of course we supported the proposal.
ca1ba8d0b9b5a3f4df504e0bd6dd9dab8419a210	You know, flexible people are selected for astronauts.
b4d0f3fe20389e55712b0628fe96601874c54c96	We are going through a powerful professional selection and, in principle, we are ready to easily change from one direction to another, since there is a multi-sided work in space.
7564ede819a5c09e7714dfef9429408c3fdcc63a	We can be geographers, scientists, operators, pilots, and doctors.
c065114ccd7ec0ab66f0955dbb3ba27c7b2af98a	Of course, it takes time to understand any activity.
a64b4cb02d11092025c13908ef708001c836e7ab	By the way, I don't sleep in the State Duma (laughs), I'm really interested there.
e025994ef9a3c2ad56438497f3963709712bf0d9	This includes communicating with the old army, learning from experience.
1180590b8b794e5640a573a925eeb0917ee4c4cd	I'm still reeling on the mustache, accumulating information, it's a whole school.
1fd4bcc7022d84e5d5cb1e72980450b32f250056	The author is Fyodor Vladimirsky.
a1c153fc82c0875e37d951d9dfd6311bda37a03b	The main characters are Russian cosmonaut Maxim Suraev and American astronaut Jeffrey Williams.
d43abb676b796f12a22538c1d43ea90e25a7270c	Roman Romanenko appears in the script as Maxim Suraev's partner in the Russian segment of the ISS — Roman Romale.
9e628ebe69749fe27d0fab8486150279fa5874f2	According to the scenario, the astronauts confront religious fanatics who seized the Mission Control Center in Houston and launched an intercontinental ballistic missile with a nuclear warhead to unleash a nuclear war on Earth.
6f19f7cf10a77985246744dc98318cae117de91f	For the first time, the script was published on the website of the popular science magazine "Propaganda".
2495225d9fdb604ae708c8bc83783ef2535d2aa1	Roman Romanenko is one of the heroes of the books by Lena De Vinne (the wife of the European Space Agency astronaut from Belgium Frank De Vinne, with whom Roman Romanenko made his first space flight on May 27-December 1, 2009), " The Diary of the cosmonaut's wife. 3, 2, 1... let's go!".
1d3d242cbbbeedc029160418fe8012aaf8d1910a	The book was first written by the author in English, translated into Flemish and French, and only later published in Russian in the author's retelling (Astrel publishing house).
03489c0a06864578aee96e5ef6262c40b2064479	The book describes the life of the crew of the 20-21 expedition of the ISS Romanenko De Vinne Thirsk during the preparation for the space flight, during the flight and after the return.
676d9832ac89f21ff581089639a4f4fbd11888de	During the second flight of Roman Romanenko, Lena De Vinne wrote a children's book " My Dad is an astronaut.
f2124d3c4686e414fdea165e2bca91efde7f8aef	The ABVGDeyki series, in which Klepa asks Roman to take him into space with him, was released immediately after the launch .
b764230d4ec600102512debf052c10d7e8fff5e6	Roman Romanenko's daughter Nastya performs a song in it together with the clown Klepa .
64b38b64c899443c7d949d4c8fdbdbdf2ce54f51	41-year-old Hero of the Russian Federation Roman Romanenko became the first Russian cosmonaut who, while on board the space station, performed and recorded a song-composition from the repertoire of Mukhtar Khordaev, a singer and friend of Romanenko.
18941901156cb4d38e8120f9b141b8866b59be45	The clip was shot directly on board the International Space Station, where Roman was part of an expedition of astronauts that lasted from December last year to May 2013.
06236a7e89bc1b8c207a3932962a68408b5b1285	The members of this recently completed mission arrived safely on the Soyuz TMA 07M spacecraft, landing in the steppes of Kazakhstan.
623a0c549738df15a7dd9119f5517f8e2fca4ea4	Upon arrival home, Romanenko said that one day, resting and being in a good mood, he decided to support his long-time friend Mukhtar Khordaev.
3bfd65bd7a561fef4660fe09c564851af00c4b50	Therefore, he took a guitar, which was also used by astronauts from other countries on board the ISS before him, and recorded a cover version of Khordaev's song.
099bed1fac2a9a552acf6be5a8d11ca166fb5c22	However, despite the fact that this recording was the first video clip recorded by a Russian cosmonaut from the ISS, a similar case has already taken place in the world practice, when Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield presented a cover version of David Bowie's hit Space Oddity.
4438fe627f2f23d3e31aaef54d275a1d6fc1550b	The video in which Hadfield moved around the ISS with a guitar and sang has gained more than one and a half million views on Youtube.
7e64aeac662ac9740f84c2b06100f65e54ccc7f8	Khordaev, having learned about the broad gesture of his friend, said that he was touched and grateful to Roman for his support.
c470b8d215fb0a759c1a465df19aaf1e81aaac94	At first, I didn't really think about who to be.
1fd216b8ea0cf528187738f5aa569aaaa6c570e2	The decision came after an excursion with my father to the gym of the Cosmonaut Training Center.
755c44996d63b714776c842e28a4841623854b91	I, a sixth-grader, was seated on a swivel chair.
374900e6e9684d4b19fcee21853f8d42f8c8ee88	They spun it, I remember how it should be, but at least for me, "nausea is not in one eye".
f426839cab5b190fa15f3b4dc54d072199885348	And then the doctor said in surprise: "Yes, you can be sent into space even now!
5e5247e75b2e64b4d469ab351f34b5bb7fc35a83	Such a vestibular apparatus is not given to everyone by nature."
ce9763f31689d239fab2bb611340fc66dec0e668	Well, I decided to become an astronaut.
ba0e9a8a33244cf0e29f0607f1d03b3b4ed41ba0	And my father advised me.
c1d9f8cf0f4adbe72462ba416ffcbbb75a2b0c53	He says that since he has adopted my genes, follow in my footsteps and go.
b0c921748609f45a5b6f354787088c3cdf6813cc	In the 8th grade, I went to the Leningrad Suvorov School, and then to the Chernihiv Higher Military School of Pilots, which many cosmonauts, including my father, graduated from a long time ago.
80961e07318834fad80240a06a3838a56717fcc8	It used to be that everyone was infected with real patriotism, the profession of an astronaut was considered prestigious.
f411aebe3e674cd6b17382914b12ce9577024e1c	And, most importantly, young cosmonauts were in demand.
8ca189bb3872f2113fc4c9554bff43e65cda24fa	In my father's time, beginners "went" into orbit after 3-4 years of training.
cd5376d806ffc65cd4b9f2ec1acff4f046d89ce0	I haven't been able to get into space for 10 years!
80de73967c9d9e0cf7c97573b74c37b80ca17ac5	I am already ashamed in front of my family and friends.
30a74b93851f87b6a781e099d767f49a1d57a67c	They will also think that I simply do not reach the set bar.
1ee7b1de885f77525d4a8564ca1d63106427bb32	Although compared to my other colleagues, I am still in a better position.
118bb55bf037aee97d6276aee7618f0191c1e907	Three times I was appointed an understudy, and once I was even planned to be the main crew.
b55f355924d10785586d83c8a711ce3e6ce0e36c	But-I didn't fly.
01736ec23d1882254c38478525f8fbce76f311a0	The times are like this now: commercial interest often comes to the fore.
9a64e7e2ef531aa2479af14fd20bdef0dd972382	Space tourists pay a lot of money, so they are put on the flight instead of new astronauts.
5b7a3f8d43b5ebf563ca06f26fad1a438f21be65	In general, I do not want my son to wait for his finest hour for decades, it is better to let him learn another profession during this time.
bedbffbb19cf173b06783d9ab33eea5e975705ce	But I myself do not lose hope, at any moment tell me to fly — and I am already ready.
cb01ec9154967b419df20e31ebc92400640a0324	My generation is probably. the generation of the last romantics, who at all costs achieve their goals.
85ff30a49b7e3a6cbd956566bf8d230b9a2606e3	Moreover, having flown to the orbital station, I plan to try to join the lunar crew in the future.
5e701a083a6ac558ccb8762b0189ed72a15bcb8d	A paradoxical situation occurred in the life of cosmonaut Roman Romanenko.
183720e656b19f8c3205aaca9a38c466c9f46c0f	The hero of Russia, who devoted his whole life to working in the space field, is kicked out of his office apartment.
b07357b96ba401ae9b2f523d3dfc1cd57ea79596	However, on the Land that he temporarily left, his family was touched by quite mundane problems.
621899aae3a2436bd7fa87dcfde954b4fa837209	The relatives of the cosmonaut were announced that they needed to leave their two-room office apartment in Zvezdny Gorodok (Moscow region).
0ee41e5a937497c18114f0bdf4924125de0c4e59	Roman lives there with his wife and two children — an 18-year-old son and a 9-year-old daughter.
2d27c6fe05d088b9519f2abf51a27280da4379f4	The family of the Hero of Russia can lose their housing because of the military reform, according to which if you are an astronaut, then you are not a military man.
5e3e99a16f0af6559d1c190719cdad718f43bedf	At the beginning of the year, Roman Romanenko and other cosmonauts were told that if they wanted to stay in the detachment of the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center (CPC), they needed to retire from military aviation.
f39fc1633494bd8ba2a59a999b7e85b94a72822e	It was difficult for the cosmonauts to understand such measures, since many, including Romanenko, gave their whole lives to military service.
376639b60f8eb10c019a7a32d03d411650d2ea92	It soon became clear that the matter would not end simply with a report on dismissal from the armed forces.
e5c3d48df8809c08231d03dcc575a7eb15f1f061	The fact is that when leaving the armed forces, cosmonauts are deprived of the right to live in a service apartment.
d11e109d05900efc1b17dca6489c0b3f46869e9d	Of course, the law stipulates that the Ministry of Defense is obliged to provide other residential premises.
04f3cdfc8687ab7f0a98272d8f3daede9ebc5a2d	However, the existence of a law does not mean its implementation.
7c338a55ca179f8d26d3bf4dd9c10d1c92060662	The most difficult thing in the work of an astronaut is to prepare for the flight, pass a huge number of exams, know English well, have excellent physical training.
447331e564ee2bcc206383d1832ffa20bf3eedc6	Each of us has understudies — the second crew, which is being prepared in parallel with the main one.
630d177cd3b3a7fc66882898832e81c75242748b	In two and a half years, the main crew and the backup crew are appointed, and we begin to prepare for the flight in the same way.
534bab463348f4bfe3e1839c9cbfd383f4c3b3a9	And two days before the start, the State Commission determines which crew is flying.
8020e824a435000535051d5e2808b3c795a1846f	Then the second crew, which remains on the Ground, waits for its flight for another six months.
553f16a7c7077c80b7810a53e3cab842c432aa3b	I wrote an application to the cosmonautics squad in 1997.
d100e2e649fca332194dfa38e1ca5e3de89a3a43	Then the application was written by 200 people.
eab769b0c421704ff7d39ee91395b0eefeed3c9f	Of these, 15 reached the star city, only 11 people got there.
afa683593e0851ea47cc42bd23179ceb6f9416e6	For two years I went to school, studied general space sciences — astrophysics, navigation, space ballistics.
9e543dac0a65ee3c64b24dbd1f1b8a203110a799	I made my first flight in 2009.
52943716eff7a3d0a17ba03de070cebdd58490c5	That is, only in the 11th year after submitting the application, I flew into space.
bde70c93acff118c980e069c0d1cea75e3e0c70a	Until that time, I was constantly on alert in order to make a flight.
624389dd097b1cad0846b7d81d54019df69fb401	Three times I was part of the backup cast.
15d36b9aa1a4799c78f9bcf85dd95c1a81335372	But I believe that if there is a dream, a goal, then 11 years is not the time for its fulfillment.
9d8b5c9ebdf7a2a24f23b18db64787d5481d8794	It is very expensive when you realize that you have achieved what you dreamed of.
178df4eca3457810d27ee52fee69a8ecf3c0028e	You fly up to the station — a snow-white giant that glitters and shines in the rays of the sun.
7697aaa82c0cd3971d13d1732dbf0433cda3af56	And you realize that you have arrived at the place where you will live for the next six months.
3ff77bde468d6ef9dbbd93e2cc25211288ca56ee	Regional socio political newspaper Fresh issue: No.
b99c109a3ad21b1baf65581cbcd54db510c4c0be	3 (28470) dated January 13, 2017 Has been published since February 24, 1918
9d267f8ecec874d60fbb506d73a97acd21b58a7d	January 15, 2017, Sunday Blagoveshchensk Gismeteo
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ba8fb66bdb7d237ea20ec3126e888e24c90f92c7	Deputy and cosmonaut Roman Romanenko:" I go to work by train " Hero of Russia visited the AP 04.02.2016, 07: 15The cosmonaut who goes to work in the State Duma by train and never sleeps at meetings, visited the Amurskaya Pravda.
a22516782fba1044e3262f352c61292d069142b0	The Hero of Russia Roman Romanenko has been mastering a new profession of a deputy for three months.
41de1fb94ffcff2cfc33f3a6112a382accb27a5f	He has been representing the Amur region in the lower house of parliament since his predecessor changed his deputy seat to a senatorial one in the fall.
ebe227aa003cfba92dc922e91cab08186c502585	At the beginning of the week, Roman Romanenko talked with the Blagoveshchensk residents in the reception of United Russia, the next day he went to a meeting with residents of the city of Tsiolkovsky, which was recently renamed Uglegorsk.
5e36c0929fc6a1c246222ab84d473c5bc54b6646	Yesterday I held a meeting with schoolchildren students of aerospace classes of the Amur capital.
883aaaca11b62cea3316af5b3f24de6257626384	How the cosmonaut was given the transition to the State Duma, how he communicated with Putin in orbit, what place sports now occupies in life and what Roman Romanenko thinks about films about space, read in our interview.
a2e46adb192dddb3f921498056d180346897f480	— The invitation to become a deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation was a big surprise, a thunderbolt out of a clear sky?
30f5d4e5a651b387685937271e38924601f92c11	- That's right, it was.
82d5ad100dcd68f6520da48d77bcab6281a0dcc9	Colleagues to me: "Come on, donot make us laugh."
d403c3c4b02f346b5122c3360f5a89fe0624b3e8	There were 11 months left to finalize it in the State Duma before her re election, and then no one promised anything.
d76ac0ba8f274262603ebe6a197e94bb45369b9c	The classic question that schoolchildren ask Roman Romanenko at meetings is: do aliens exist?
98f2cb5b20d34b31be4f3347f1a85bc43675ac89	— You helped to rename Uglegorsk to Tsiolkovsky, tell us this story.
0a6e9a92c620a0239133c93c0feaa3d3f6cf6b84	— Yes, indeed, in two months I managed to promote the law on renaming Uglegorsk to Tsiolkovsky, as they say, I made him "legs".
c775519f1b30b74d30ea53de9a3db0e456f7ed0f	This was recorded in the protocol, and everything went from there.
4037005126175f2a1a25e9d0ede4d74b8eb9cc68	— What other results have been achieved in the deputy field in three months?
84fc23479364adfa6a10f30d06256842ca020583	— I have already held receptions several times both in Uglegorsk and in Blagoveshchensk.
94d1770ad654ab19ae2dd5ef6d77b5e80db6aa06	I managed to launch about 12 procedures for citizens ' appeals.
66e7c025af4fb17073d1c908ccacb783c040e60c	One thing, by the way, is connected with the construction of the Vostochny cosmodrome — there Dalspetsstroy did not fulfill its obligations to the company that supplied computer equipment, buying everything for its own money.
5aea08647444d5e4cb7141c00a5ff5c73e631d4b	They appealed to all authorities to no avail and came to me.
5961fd70e5b393878d4fd4744ec72a94a7fbfd1c	I handed over the documents to the Prosecutor General's Office of Russia, the process began.
49b7e580800dd621eb34527cbf4a52d12d6b66b2	The authorities have already replied that they are starting to work on this issue.
0ca3b6674b3ab04e5a1169e6f873d085f596451f	Also, residents raised the issue of communication in Uglegorsk.
b7a6965d21bc47d4638f4c5c3dfe3b6ed9f07146	It's terrible there, I felt it on myself.
c2e252f86ba791b3240213130bdd4c9982a3fea7	Everyone almost cried and asked me to help.
e74f4d81f89128eac95cef737ffd7cc1d868cde7	There are no complaints right now, but I will definitely check if the issue has been resolved.
369ccf21bd62311024bb376ccd54f03e83122d43	There were also serious problems with the Russian Post there: it did not work, because there was no money for servicing postmen.
156f8a4474ae198fe992a75a760315b5dde364b9	We had conversations with representatives of the Russian Post, everything seems to be moving in the right direction, but time is needed.
f370a7eaa9aad9ef5704ade1115381b4914963c5	— Arenot you bored in the State Duma after cosmonautics?
7864d01f5ae0349d4a83936d6dea48d09e3f970d	— You know, flexible people are selected for astronauts.
8fff65500ec5ea771db32a24e9b3c08d2d50445b	We are going through a powerful professional selection and, in principle, we are ready to easily change from one direction to another, since there is a multi sided work in space.
903568d3125c5dff28b16e562b17f214e3a1d160	By the way, I donot sleep in the State Duma (laughs), I'm really interested there.
9ac1ef01f76acd38a148b3eacdacdb34d575e7a3	He spoke from the podium three times.
d81a9e4de4ed0d590f6bca1b4c273e1110347877	Roman Romanenko has fellow cosmonauts in the lower house of parliament: State Duma deputies Valentina Tereshkova and Svetlana Savitskaya.
291d85deec840dd1d717385409ca7e8e171a3f7a	These are the first and second female astronauts in history.
fbcd9c28da7cb46976cab0c4e06f4c2ea3fc5ad1	At one time, cosmonaut Yuri Baturin was a deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation.
c2a35003818969b80122b524130410054a5fe2da	— How busy is your schedule, do you have enough time for family, for rest?
a23ed3da369bf78bbd17714fc57eab69afa4e3e9	— Over time, there is a lot of tension now.
d48f4dd79383a90c1019b493d144edde62e17a44	I live in Star City, I go to work by train, I leave at seven in the morning — at nine thirty on the spot.
4ff7ab83cad256a93d03a2d9a8fe8b0f3966917e	At around half past six in the evening, I go home by official car and get there about three hours.
e8912cd0ec1361785a4ec9d112c6dc8072445cb4	I start doing some of the work on the train on the way to the State Duma, returning home, I also work, for example, with letters.
7848bdf1b8a9936e85673d2e46f396fb8275a2d0	There is almost the same amount of time left to communicate with the family now, because the load was the same at Roscosmos.
3104e039c60f9bc707ae355394337a5bae8a4e25	There are business trips twice a month, in addition to the fact that all cosmonauts constantly go abroad — America, Japan, Canada, Europe, where joint crew training takes place.
a252de5bdf9666e1a4135f41e81bb9e714f97351	Plus, there are a lot of invitations to speak somewhere, to participate in events.
cdf95cad7750dd166a5b2b37a3b4d83fd3d98979	Therefore, it is the same for the family.
c0cc3b250ff707243adb0348fbba8a8c693d1569	But the weekend is mine.
4006bcd4f4b795c104b05f2c5ad36c0b968337b9	- Do you follow the criminal cases at the cosmodrome and the construction of the Vostochny?
d01a8402c06c2f4a5f055a01259d251aabd22646	— I donot follow criminal cases closely, but I am aware that everything is not very good there.
709ae806455d18de8b07b88c1cc3d95bb9f4074a	I saw the construction of the cosmodrome at the stage when there were flags in the field, and then, after the flight into space, I arrived and was surprised — work was already underway in the launch complex shaft.
363d379890e287642b8705a50240d8de655cbce7	In general, the result was global, but not everything is going smoothly.
b863e43eb8cff83b6b0a82896ddc0965bf4768d2	Comparing it with Baikonur, I can say that I like how compact everything was done, like at the Kourou cosmodrome in South America.
820cf7c112efa9fd5edbb1e84dda37e6c375aeb7	That's cool.
37664ead3c397f7ecc8aef5e7da8fa1ddb65ed2e	- Do you miss space?
b7a40782b1a6b3cf27fb5b7c313aa11c069f2a48	- It's better not to remember.
41706c8c3a687c6d53476efeba1c72bcacc5f7be	Sometimes, in the evening, I will go to YouTube to watch the launch of a spacecraft.
ddf6511f03359753de9d158042ee52dd0df0d7ea	I sit for an hour, two it's interesting.
3e01a1c6e68389215fad01e114ad0e1ce8b1a088	The first impressions of the flight will never be forgotten.
4b10b010eaf0008b080af5071ae4d78535dbfbbc	Imagine: you fly at night, you fly beyond the Urals, from the west.
8dd562330465debd1e8f10e04dda0adaf05440a4	Silence, solid night, there is nothing.
e8a26c5798b1bb7d83f8af9a6d071e2bb354bbdb	You fly to Vladivostok — and everything bright begins there.
faacbea68d6d5d6a6926a5dda7d291e3954ce0b6	A bunch of ships, they shine searchlights, Japan.
a093f530eceb463f2e91b0ce30b6447a40061c9a	And during the day, a forest can be seen in the Amur region.
4673fdbca52b3a2a86a918b9e663b1a5726c71a7	And the rivers are powerful, of course, Zeyu and Amur it's such a beauty!
7749aca02707634c601299a643d751a218d4c6c2	I DREAM ABOUT SWIMMING
67226bbc9dde156eab76f2ffa99990438168b5bc	— You are not preparing for a flight into space, but you still remain cheerful and fit, what place does sports occupy in life now?
363e183066292cba73b9b408fe49ff221402bb3a	— There is no free time, and there is not enough time for sports.
381a2c5c45123fabac7bed499e3214b55003fe50	I even dream that I'm swimming in the pool.
893e58174a9489f1a5b33b552c33a40c91ca65c2	When I was in space, where it was difficult with water, I also dreamed.
92b36c7ab04539661f34e2df20dba36d11a96c57	There, if they asked me what I wanted, I immediately answered: dumplings and swim.
8609d0da0a40f2b04edcef98b92c21a03be60aa0	Sometimes I find time to swim in the pool in Star City.
4ba9d8e8f41bdcc5a6d717b9c1fdf5dc5766637b	Even if an astronaut leaves for another job, he always has the right to come and work out with the current astronauts in the gym.
021c06d212711437d53392cd912c2701bdeb4975	There are my skis and skates there, in the summer you can ride a bike or play lawn tennis.
41be350ab29533bcb59b5fb23d7dae6b9f531e5c	This is a happiness for me, because the sport has now gone to the side.
6e2279afb7e9d5acdf127242414db5e9d82cfe68	I donot follow a diet, I just try to eat less, I always leave the table with a feeling of slight hunger.
1aa1f01a3b9518f9d7cd2ed56db7548bcf28ec83	I try not to eat sweets, now after the holidays it's time to fast a little.
90cd9d503bde2d7b913014a130578e03eaf137d7	VOSTOCHNY IS PREPARING FOR LAUNCH
1dac18359839765c0c6925a7d365ffa216ded9b5	Roman Romanenko plans to participate in the first unpiloted launch of an aircraft from the Vostochny cosmodrome.
fa734c95a233fa8211ed76e4060fe69db2521d70	It is scheduled for April 25 this year.
1a413fa0db6c1e407339fb5d1db7f9bf360a89c2	"I definitely plan to come, I will try to do everything for this,"he said.
08d093061474838b688902a410cc238feff911e2	When asked whether this launch will take place in principle, the cosmonaut noted: "It was the same with the first flight into space: no one believed in it, but everything really happened."
ec1c9ecfd6f3200510ae449056e49c85ea8751c0	By the way, while the first manned launch from Vostochny was scheduled for 2018, Roman Yuryevich wanted to become the first cosmonaut to fly from the Amur cosmodrome.
8e57c7f82434f56fefab3577f81a08ff5ffadf5e	But after the transfer of the flight to 2021-2023, it is not a fact that it will be possible to do this.
676f81bf15407b38e2e85e58f48bd6adf968ca0a	"Perhaps by that time I will no longer be up to it," Roman Romanenko suggested.
867b4f8d556810aad937b5ca1d1ed8788e6ba5a2	"GRAVITY" ACCURATELY CONVEYED THE COSMONAUT'S STATE OF MIND
13376a869f4633b51f6bcb07ae38ef6dcd084f00	We couldnot help but ask cosmonaut Roman Romanenko if he liked the sensational films about space.
85e73be042fa0d6a03c4cc2efcc1a9c93f8c40c8	"In the plane, it turned out to partially see the "Martian".
f5da21f5f32cb9526fea78802d8949baf7715cc5	I looked for an hour and twenty, and then fell asleep, it seemed to me somehow tedious.
b7dd49541751e70348058c5c3c3f3df9c4114630	"Interstellar" started watching, but also fell asleep.
e4c9b7d757220e5c8db0a8c20b7890aba83fceda	Tedious monologues.
60e9a03e62c9059e64988af7fb58983ae15cd695	They say it's a good movie, but I havenot finished watching it.
590ab2ab9d5d81a3beb4b657d5e462a239a23475	I like action more, like in real life.
427abb6737d2e6803decb04c2fc6584e585aa30a	I really liked the movie "Gravity".
5e87706e4c70158b207ea139b62ab1fdec35eff2	I watched 3D in the cinema.
a9de48b7d82a08e784593488853e29acfed70a2d	From the point of view of how everything was presented, computer graphics, this beauty is great.
849bd3d6952951f932065a7eb89cfdc8123e8084	The state of mind of the cosmonaut, the astronaut during the spacewalk was clearly conveyed, this is directly one to one.
650a651723346c5f2fec458b5c2c223eb93dfde7	And here is this view of the Earth, when it flies and the terminator flies, the night begins on the Ground, the lights turn on… Everything is exactly the same.
015a883662460100e30c1142712baf331fdfbefa	Such a buzz — and silence, " Roman Yuryevich admits.
b216dbff4386f67d4f16fbe2d63f4e29d170f681	However, there were some mistakes in "Gravity".
7061402e0c5cf43b60a3d43ae50b61190ab3977e	"It is clear that this is a feature film, but, for example, it is impossible for all stations to fly in the same orbit," the cosmonaut notes.
c4b13a5aaf94fb0e17af7c443364200eb8904d90	Also, in fact, the fragments of the satellite could not fly to the station, because it and the satellite are in different, disjoint orbits.
9d2bb0cdfef5d4d0ef9dfcb22f0dc3f35866fb73	Varvara Nosyreva
8db2a051a0e780fc613090505416468441529574	Amurskaya pravda from 04.02.2016
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6ee61ce0ea5c1c136836428d9192d2e23ce0b8c9	Materials on the topic Roman Romanenko is in second place in terms of income among Far Eastern State Duma deputies 16.04.2016, 17:52Valentina Tereshkova: "Alexey Leonov and I will meet Cosmonautics Day at the Vostochny Cosmodrome"10.04.2016, 12:22The 55th anniversary of the first flight into space Amur schools will hold Gagarin lessons 28.03.2016, 14:00Deputat and cosmonaut Roman Romanenko will help Amur residents solve problems with housing and health01.02.2016, 13:01Cosmonaut and deputy Roman Romanenko: "I hope to justify the trust of Amur residents"28.10.2015, 12:46Alexander Kozlov congratulated Roman Romanenko on obtaining the status of a State Duma deputy from the Amur Region15.10.2015, 10:50Cosmonaut Roman Romanenko became a State Duma deputy from the Amur region14.10.2015, 20:20Cosmonaut Romanenko took a selfie with students and told them about zombi29.01.2015, 19:26Cosmonaut Roman Romanenko will meet with schoolchildren and students of the Amur capital29.01.2015, 18:08the Falcon suit was delivered to the museum of the Vostochny Cosmodrome in Uglegorsk07.01.2015, 10:55
25911d48e023cd10fc08d378641ee620f5e39d86	Show more
00c36e721b67193e3157ee3c57ec1be9d2a7071d	Picture of the daypopular reasoning A resident of Amur from the colony tried to sell drugs for half a million rubles Today, 20:00 Community buses for group transportation of children will become mandatory in half a year, 18:33 A community of the Blagoveshchensk inspector of the Federal Penitentiary Service was fined for handing over a SIM card for a telephone to a convict Today, 17:08 A community resident of Tynda received a year of restriction of freedom for a call about mining his apartment today, 15:28 Community scientists of the Far Eastern Federal District invented an immunostimulator from sea cucumbers Today, 14:00society of Belogorsky Tatyans will be allowed to go to the ice rink for free on their day Today, 13:03society Horoscope for January 13: Virgo is waiting for a pleasant and useful surprise, and Libra is at risk of losing money 13.01.2017, 00:35soviet in Blagoveshchensk urgently landed a plane flying to Thailand Yesterday, 18:19society Horoscope for January 15: Taurus is useful for a day off, and Lions will feel today, 00:42soviet What rules have changed in Russia since the New Year: review of AP09.01.2017, 07:29economics Two Amur brothers hitchhiked from Rostov to Heihe in 12 days10.01.2017, 13:30 People "Viking", which is not forbidden 12.01.2017, 10:24communities of the Amur region will appear colored containers for separate collection of household garbage 09.01.2017, 12:47COMMUNITY Belogorsk will go to social networks to strengthen feedback with residents 10.01.2017, 08:52The director of BSPU — about the prospects of the only pedagogical university in the Far East09.01.2017, 09:22The President took a Free pencil 12.01.2017, 14:32The power To read all the news Opinion of Andrey Mitrofanov
fae96511105d8b291de294d0205685504bd00b6f	"Viking", which can not be banned, few people remember that" Viking "is essentially an entertaining movie, although even the most important Russian viewer noted that"this is not a documentary film".
e13f36f40090dbedacaaccdf3ed5ba56031a1a73	12.01.2017, 10:24 11
c4af03c44be6fb405c90c683025eaf76f02d97cd	The authorities in Blagoveshchensk congratulated the employees of the Prosecutor's Office.
9284b438121d601b09f0af4ac1874e18ea782e00	Residents of the Amur region are trying to get a free hectare in parks and squares on Press Day!
30c61f3986f2a2dc507488f0d2467d4961a965f5	Congratulations to the Amur governor and the speaker of the regional Legislative assembly, the President took a Free pencil on the Day of the Prosecutor's Office!
4377f15aa8165d368fe86b3440310a705e491269	Congratulations of the Amur governor and the speaker of the regional Legislative Assembly
0ae865fea8dff0069de1d250a5e32aaa71eb1a6e	RubricsBlastbUsinesScommuniTyexcessioneConomicacOsmodromiNterviewCrasota and Zdoroviepomozhem together with a thin council of animal life contests and excisesvestseducationinformationsupportsadditional questions about the Programafishaamurskaya osenvideofotoreportage the AP@ap kitchen brazier"At first we flew normally, and then the children started crying": in Blagoveshchensk, an emergency charter landed, flying to Thailand https://t.co/9jXmyJW63i
a86bd6d68671aed7423ca3c8999d4da22c2ed344	© 2002-2014 "Amurskaya Pravda".
df5253792f14c3e2c30cfed56accd081dad633e6	The use of materials without the written consent of the editorial board is prohibited but. novostiap@gmail.com 126 Kalinin St., Blagoveshchensk, 675025.
d2c6ce4f524f5b01ead3da8e982c12c54404c4e2	Advertising service: Tel. / Fax: (4162) 222-891, 35-22-81 reklama@ampravda.ru Design — Leonid Balanev Development Dmitry Maksimov
408eecc700c807ffada6d4039ea4901d171150cc	Roman Yuryevich Romanenko
f45a6d8b24959cd3d93d59a6b7c929ca13748516	another photo
31f287fd4b9641bc10d79dbfdceb538bcbb4c3c3	Roman Yuriyevich Romanenko
2dad45dfe9cff52e08380cf348b9db0d0f90eecf	Serial number 498 (103)
8ea360edab4364192ed178c8199080da3de42cda	Number of flights -
26ed08e4e86cdee3ff9eae56cb64b546c01dcdcd	Duration of flights: .
4731a2e52648f143785fec2db474d6145307e447	Number of spacewalks -
a4cbf5cb8d6ae8cb488f89e8a9fc72e8691a22d6	Duration of work in outer space -
0a544c39c998ed3c6226997d140366d494c4d24c	Status Pilot cosmonaut of the Russian Federation, detachment of the FSBI CPC
7c84ce0cbfd69f99fa86600a0e4ec2630aac2310	Date and place of birth: Born on August 9, 1971 in the city of Shchelkovo, Moscow region, RSFSR.
bd475102e0af1f0333a1081985a5dfaa83be6823	Education and scientific titles: In 1986, he graduated from the 8th grade of the V. M. Komarov Secondary School in Zvezdny Gorodok.
07a5471ead43e0a3869ccd55aebf379d4bb67848	In 1986-1988, he studied at the Leningrad Suvorov Military School.
1dbbc3852b496b071a9d95af578ce1bc819a2789	Military service: From August 29 to November 1992, he served as an engineer of the information processing laboratory of the control and recording equipment department.
d9984f225d27f39faf27bee64379c1e7d7226522	From November 20, 1992, before enrolling in the cosmonaut squadron, he served as an assistant to the commander of the ship of the aviation detachment of the aviation squadron of the 70th separate test training special purpose aviation regiment named after V. S. Seregin of the 1st Research Institute of the CPC.
cb47ead9f913861c0a749e6aaea9d201d596aed3	By order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation in May July 2012, he was dismissed from the Armed Forces to the reserve.
6cc2ec63389feac55c19c59ff6f00529c213e108	Military rank: Lieutenant (1992.08.29).
2de89b7e301990bbd79b9cc09edc139b28aca04f	Senior Lieutenant (1994.08.29).
da7ad858de540a678a474c03b0e84a98c949dbeb	Captain (1996.08.29). Major (1999.08.29).
d244cf4f82b80f118fc3235dedfd823ce20dae38	Lieutenant Colonel.
ad984f646c4de846a549565ebe282d251f9b5ede	Colonel (2009.12.30, since May July 2012 - in reserve).
67e11f97a1efb139c20300e30e5bcf1a48ec52d6	Service in the cosmonaut squad: Since July 2001, he has been a representative of the RGNII CPC at the Johnson Space Center.
3529dc47643a69ad3930bdf333cd52d20ef1c52d	He was the commander of the group of cosmonauts of the FSBI CPC.
dde26887ca5c574bb0dd39304c3ffc1a8e1fc16d	On August 27, 2012, he was appointed deputy commander of the cosmonaut detachment of the Gagarin Research Institute of the Central Research Institute.
8ac00d2b669668f44ece32cbd5d8d2e150d93b02	After his release on November 5, 2014 from the post of instructor of the test cosmonaut, he remained as deputy commander of the cosmonaut squad of the CPC.
7749d360034d398c75c71168d7c3d6d5e3fa4a28	On October 12, 2015, by order of the head of the CPC, he was dismissed from the post of deputy commander of the cosmonaut squad and dismissed from the CPC in connection with the transition to work in the State Duma.
bde465378d4a3a4395d43eabf6ec710d1a558196	Space training: On July 28, 1997, by the decision of the GMWC, he was recommended for enrollment in the cosmonaut squad of the RGNII CPC.
eccdb6fbcc9e7bf8504c030a45ab6a94d059f7f0	From January 23 to January 25, 2006, as the commander of the conditional crew, together with Mikhail Kornienko and Garrett Reizman (USA), he participated in a two day exam on the ability to survive in a deserted area in the event of an emergency landing of the lander.
ff6bd71af0bf4b0ee88589bf2d433f9b9660757d	The first flight
cf89e83978a3f8931d5826cdd18146ac814c8d13	He was launched on May 27, 2009 as the commander of the Soyuz TMA 15 spacecraft, flight engineer of the 20th and 21st main ISS expeditions
68b67f82711efd1983aa764c51ee2393b0da0f53	together with flight engineer 1 KK Frank de Vinne and flight engineer 2 KK Robert Thirsk.
c6e7b30243affc83d91f300275ec36ac460f0871	On May 29, 2009, the ship successfully docked with the ISS.
807e5c4e755a359e13d51b6184376a5e6a36a9e2	On December 1, 2009, the Soyuz TMA 15 spacecraft undocked from the ISS and made a successful landing on the same day.
e31ed7ae4626d8942115167978d35e63adbbd438	The duration of the flight was .
8b84a45abe45762b7439e869cdead7330e62cf9f	On January 16, 2010, there were reports about his appointment to the backup crew of the ISS 31/32 expedition (starting on the Soyuz 30 spacecraft in March 2012).
b5045e23532d4e318f9fc9ba53bc16c472fa6a8c	On February 18, 2010, there were reports about his appointment to the main crew of the ISS expedition 34/35 (starting on the Soyuz 33 spacecraft in November 2012).
2cf0399c48dbfbd92d3f94567c325037ade07924	At the meeting of the Interdepartmental Commission for the Selection of Cosmonauts and Their Appointment to the Manned Spacecraft and Stations on April 26, 2010, he was certified as a cosmonaut of the detachment of the Gagarin Research Institute of the Central Research Institute of the Gagarin Space Center.
3a445bc9476b578d33779a6b8166f1755a8fc31e	In the ISS crew flight plan released by NASA on June 2, 2010, until 2013, it was reported that Oleg Novitsky replaced him in the ISS 31/32 backup crew, and he himself was assigned to the backup crew of the ISS 32/33 expedition (starting on the Soyuz 31 spacecraft in May 2012).
dd22429a1f8f4d1eca2b5cf79c3e65a6790677e4	On September 2, 2010, NASA press release No.
2e022aebe902a4c1fc1d0ef95b6c528e9e14481c	10-209 confirmed his appointment to the main crew of the ISS expedition 34/35, which will launch on the Soyuz 33 spacecraft in November 2012.
23addf7ce6d2d4dc85f443f3775ef1578b3a3de2	In January 2011, he took part in survival training in a forest near Moscow as part of a conditional crew together with Thomas Mashburn and Denis Matveev.
2b001bbe05ab2f59b60c149e25f5b31bd3b2f8c6	On June 19, 2012, at the Cosmonaut Training Center, together with Chris Hadfield, Thomas Marshburn, he passed a pre flight examination training on the TDK 7ST simulator (the Soyuz TMA simulator).
c39a74e24aa94dd0db26caea45718ac876502d4d	On June 20, 2012, the crew passed an examination training on the Russian segment of the ISS.
d0356e6a80781fcd0359392a33caeefb38549015	For both training sessions, the crew received a rating of "5.0".
04d738c235776354a6fb79f6284e1a0038c708a0	On June 22, 2012, he was approved by the Interdepartmental Commission as the commander of the backup crew of the Soyuz TMA 05M spacecraft.
0ba214b651c49047a772d0b2643b2e46c02f49fb	On July 13, 2012, at a meeting of the State Commission at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, he was approved as the commander of the backup crew.
4eacc966a01cf8530ec9ff0e8e77468a614fb85f	On July 15, 2012, during the launch of the Soyuz TMA 05M TPC, he was the understudy of the ship's commander.
9f0478ffa04a39538e883ac2efbdfa16346f1c08	On November 27 and 28, 2012, the Cosmonaut Training Center, together with Chris Hadfield and Thomas Marshburn, passed pre flight examination training on the Russian segment of the ISS and on the TDK 7ST simulator (Soyuz TMA simulator).
72b64b15c58af5e3e56bfb7478823e5ed6babaeb	For both training sessions, the crew received a rating of "4.9".
7125e2d62e47971ec8afc10947432898b0f3a8c4	On November 29, 2012, he was approved by the Interdepartmental Commission as the commander of the main crew of the Soyuz TMA 07M spacecraft.
76d310678cc490ade6d901f5b3b680668d69e355	On December 18, 2012, at a meeting of the State Commission at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, he was approved as the commander of the main crew.
88332c21b43ef0967b1c7ec462c8602a687c5ccd	The second flight
7ca5702d99887adfc38af9e55bd28ba2eea6db24	He was launched on December 19, 2012 as the commander of the Soyuz TMA 07M spacecraft, flight engineer of the 34th and 35th main ISS expeditions together with flight engineer 1 KK Chris Hadfield and flight engineer 2 KK Thomas Marshburn.
4a7ea6a52eb15c142832fa307bb6cf60d52b7421	On December 21, 2012, at 14:08:44 UTC (17:08:44 Moscow time MCC), the ship successfully docked with the ISS.
8ec7f4235b5fc04d3a5bfa50af03b62031a43eba	During the flight, together with the crew commander of the Soyuz TMA 08M spacecraft, Pavel Vinogradov, he made one spacewalk:
5772279a604f05a375c41b60ef386c866a57d747	2013.04.19 duration .
47ecd579494775557f7e5dabfc6802330af9b95f	The spacewalk began at 14: 03 UTC (17:03 Moscow time).
51c8bc030d7b431af5e1a2977c3ec5ba87cf1056	During the exit, the cosmonauts installed equipment for the Stage 1 Situation experiment, replaced the targets of the videometer with the Zvezda CM on the ISS, dismantled the Biorisk MSN equipment container with the Pier spacecraft and the first panel of the Endurance experiment with the Search MIM 2, which accidentally floated away from Vinogradov into space.
d7f37b962459a621e712459741fd9af140ea3e5b	At 20:40 UTC (23:40 Moscow time), the exit was completed.
600d604a85bab64235544d8eb1bd4dd3d947a8d5	On May 13, 2013, at 23:07:54 UTC (02:07:54 Moscow time MCC), the Soyuz TMA 07M spacecraft undocked from the International Space Station.
760f20fd73f3108e619fdbf9fcf43b391a013f03	On May 14, 2013, at 02: 30: 50 UTC (05: 30: 50 Moscow time MCC), the Soyuz TMA 07M lander landed 149 kilometers southeast of the city of Dzhezkazgan, the Republic of Kazakhstan.
8f7c8b40bb58ea063e4f061237b13929874c14ef	The day after returning to Earth and arriving in Star City, he took part in an experiment to test a manual controlled descent from orbit to the surface of Mars on a CF 18 centrifuge to assess the possibility of landing on the surface of the planet in manual mode after a six month space flight.
0c8897da20526eea268470b2eda62da982bda240	On the fourth day after landing, he took part in an experiment to work out typical operations for going to Mars and working in a spacesuit on the surface of this planet as part of the study of the capabilities of astronauts to perform operator activities after a long space flight.
6c353aa70075656d90ac9d4a4b0f4c360a091c03	The purpose of the experiment was to evaluate the possibility of cosmonauts performing operations to prepare the spacesuit systems and the airlock complex for extravehicular activity, control the spacesuit systems and other equipment during the airlock and VCD, as well as testing individual typical operations on the surface of the planet and obtaining experimental data on the quality of operations performed by astronauts.
3bc4261589fd77aa7b80d67feb40c7869a160b29	The cosmonaut's movement and performance of individual operations on the surface of the planet were solved in simulated conditions of reduced gravity with a simulated gravity on the surface of Mars 0.38 of the gravity on the surface of the Earth.
bb07785ba9f25d2d93793280efead4e2d9949ff9	For this purpose, a special simulator "Exit 2" with an active silo compensating dewatering system was used, designed for astronauts to work out the processes of airlocking in standard Orlan MK spacesuits.
007ec725075682f7b1138f67913a77477619fff1	During the experiment, standard operations related to reaching the surface of the planet were worked out: control of the spacesuit systems and other equipment during the airlock; moving the astronaut on the surface of the planet; lifting and descending the ladder; performing the docking of electrical connectors; installing and removing antennas.
a88a24c3b2500412aef4c741d451c7cd741eeb6b	The results of the experiment showed the possibility of carrying out operator activities by astronauts on the surface of the planet after performing a six month flight in zero gravity.
da514c761d35f7ce170435b1623490b0227b9c7f	On February 20, 2014, at a meeting of the Main Medical Commission, he was declared temporarily unfit for training for a period of 6 months.
702db9330668cd7180222772b674a51ccd2ef567	On April 22, 2014, following the results of the examination of his medical report at the meeting of the Main Medical Commission, he was again not allowed to participate in special training.
787f3a0cb36a317def33e1bbbcf5a46a14285a2b	By the order of the head of the CPC dated November 5, 2014, he was dismissed from the post of instructor of the test cosmonaut.
ffdb81c5c00c83e36ad807fce09ba8ba5743897d	Class: A military pilot of the 3rd class (1994.02.17) Mastered the L 39, Tu 134 aircraft.
17128183c5e3b45a467f6bf94ef88700ce8ef25f	He has a total flight time of about 800 hours.
d364f186ac8c6f78b083e042b69b273e8db996fb	Cosmonaut of the 3rd class (24.05.2011).
102b7e2d612433bf4004504deaaaccdf7c8cdbf9	Socio political activity: On September 24, 2011, at the XII Congress of the United Russia Party, he was approved as a candidate for deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the VI convocation from the Amur Region (included in the regional list for the Moscow Region under number 2).
e06a72d5b329141950c7ef2d6ca8a7c48299541a	Following the results of the elections on December 4, 2011, he was not elected as a deputy.
35ceea1046a409521663480a51a727bd5bc18e09	But on October 14, 2015, the Central Election Commission of Russia registered a State Duma deputy from the United Russia party instead of a deputy who left to work in the Federation Council.
8b1167827c35d0a433c006b3551d5e298569e24e	In May 2016, he took part in the primaries of the United Russia party, was nominated on the list (Orenburg Region) and took 1st place (58.47% of the votes).
620f26f558ffea60cde099c94f52caa28cab6b4d	On September 18, 2016, he was elected a deputy of the State Duma of the VII convocation.
d78de40933ab341443f642568d256ff1dfee86fe	He was nominated from the United Russia party in the federal electoral district.
bdcacf47ec9a964a799814a193fc8a3b6d9b9fd0	Honorary titles: Hero of the Russian Federation (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 12, 2010).
0070bb10e2b84f10d2adcd7bbadbff244cf92a45	Pilot cosmonaut of the Russian Federation (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 12, 2010).
026f40ce7cc6ced4f8b8021c0463fdeb483abae9	Awards: Awarded the Gold Star Medal of the Hero of the Russian Federation (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 449 of April 12, 2010), the Order "For Services to the Fatherland" of the IV degree (2015), the Medal "For Merits in Space Exploration" (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 436 of April 12, 2011), the Air Force Insignia "For Merits", has the medals of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation "For Military Valor" of the I and II degrees, "For Distinction in military Service" of the I, II, III degrees, "For service in the Air Force", the honorary badge "50 years of Space era", the badge of the Governor of the Moscow region "For military service".
9f4882b861e99ff171021ebe3392a17f2b15357d	Awards of foreign countries: Awarded the Order of the Crown of the degree of Commander (Belgium).
30fd0c00122680e889e36e5e47268b02cddb2a30	Marital status Father - Yuri Viktorovich Romanenko, b.
180c59007f55ec25a41966f85239c2101af24413	01.08.1944, pilot cosmonaut of the USSR.
00f74c2225c68f0a773b25a00940db95f89ba982	Mother Romanenko (Frolova) Alevtina Ivanovna, b.
cd8a4929b13084c3c7f4a4782eafb02608ee5bea	10.10.1950, music school teacher.
9a2ce10fca447a02825afbc93d5b1faf2c519f27	Brother Artem Yuryevich Romanenko, b.
31a6d06fc4f9f34125c24f0217c475f0c497a4c2	17.05.1977. Wife Romanenko (Danilevskaya) Yulia Leonidovna, b.
90557fab8d2974ac8be719c28fb808e28dc66f91	07.07.1971, economist and accountant.
ce179e7aa2f26ee406736027382df623e161c7cb	Son - Maxim Romanenko, b.
17f135c8be43fd62bc4afdacccd678dc3910dc2d	22.01.1994. Daughter Anastasia Romanovna, born in 2003
88467ee764739fc7a8567901e8d2fb8dd4b9b8ee	My hobbies Are Music, hiking, downhill skiing, sailing, auto work, spearfishing.
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f92eda4f7d2833098ae2a3deeea81efdd94e85bb	Society > Life
4bd30c5026d653f9038f69dc328ac7cf72e051be	A homeless hero.
190c5b1cbd9b332061b1f13cc0ef910906eee765	Cosmonaut Roman Romanenko is deprived of housing
912e5f8efd54ad06ebc18f945d2556d301dfd9c1	December 24, 17: 57
282e88b2efa11498f307b01f30b92d032f670348	9 votes
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c7e02c95fe85052fcadf9745a5f1d0358088d936	Like
541a75e4a940576ac60252798f2ee894866f262c	Did you like the material? click ↓
070ba02daa833ae1cd3929c15866502cbd14bd27	It was interesting!
c1fa461330b5b5c44ade1598571eccdc3311bef5	Sent by Natalia Grebneva
bd936850c739d3f423399d897fa3a28b40603340	Roman Romanenko.
a6837793c7b8db8ceb9a074397fa48ae92f85751	Photo: Dmitry Lovetsky/POOL AP
960e118f16f825d901230446e0efd1ec5b01462f	Roman Romanenko is a colonel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, a Hero of Russia, a conqueror of space in the second generation: his father was also a famous cosmonaut.
0d22f67e2d27b54c70e1d6537be3b2f6caecb8d1	In July 2008, Roman Romanenko was appointed to the main crew of the 20th expedition to the ISS as the commander of the Soyuz TMA 15 spacecraft, on which he went to the ISS on May 27, 2009.
2ab1485f3756128a437be3485fcaaa8062c2dfee	He spent more than 187 days in orbit.
355aaeea8c5d005e3bea96ed985345f3300533d0	And here is a new watch — on December 19, he flew into space for the second time, but this time as the commander of the Soyuz TMA 07M spacecraft.
78dda8dbd3ffccca096858de6eae6aa09a56c3c6	The relatives of the cosmonaut were announced that they needed to leave their two room office apartment in Zvezdny Gorodok (Moscow region).
586391efdd4aefe572da47e765f60d3cfb9564d4	Roman lives there with his wife and two children — an 18 year old son and a 9 year old daughter.
3f2ba6cd71d0beb3b8a66022e22589338454e280	However, reform is reform… As a result, Romanenko chose the CPC.
ee68327dd637844dd9cd936a0bf12b89d2917aea	In 2011, we got in line for an apartment in Moscow.
9fda227493640b223eaf2c8541bc4cb589bcdf4c	But so far, no encouraging news.
c81c846e95892489a7fd854874fc2baaf1dba124	Frankly, we are very tired of all this hassle.
b68c540ba17f288b92224510ad04a440dd14a0ad	After all, the service one needs to be released, and where can we go?
4fe331fcb1f5b117c9909e7e1b338bc718457bfd	Bitterly, it's a shame…
620bdfa51f67dca5533afc295b500f5512cc2b07	Yulia Romanenko, the cosmonaut's wife, portamur.ru
b22ac4acdcf19aa2e5ebfe3105adc2bf816de046	Link to the quote
ca47f331e44771bf0539d7e5f5e010692fafc4f3	At the same time, the Hero of Russia did not get his own housing for his entire life.
dfd5022377b567246eb45bfa6c75ecfc30fadf6d	Roman Romanenko's family, in fact, has nowhere to live.
354eb6514790c6117e9d9bd19bb1687cc24218a8	This is Russia, lol.
4ec689026a29b0596853f527749da40fb26d1d13	Dodik, from the discussion portamur.ru
a313c42dbc61f24bc424a44139e897066a8155e3	Photo: Grigory Sysoev/RIA Novosti
0c2d43d219fba2cdcb922c3eb95f6169ff722116	Trying to achieve justice, friends and supporters of the cosmonaut write letters to various authorities.
9982e75c1b8b5d99e4509048f5c536d8b3a32f65	We appealed to the Main Military Prosecutor's Office with a request to check the Department of Housing Construction of the Ministry of Defense.
967a3465d0e5592acf22dea01c6f5b1387939bdd	Because, according to our operational information, there is housing, but it is distributed among people close to the Minister of Defense, bypassing the existing queue.
3a99a0778862ea0a8f609721b82cacbfa66e4353	Let's see what the chief military prosecutor will answer us.
61bfbc201c44907e9809497ece2c44b3991e953e	Denis Voronenkov, State Duma deputy, "Rosbalt"
d545f4560616020de07d5f65f4e947af6cf4458d	Training one astronaut costs millions of dollars.
4b8ab6f1fd5d7149eaca5a150ac879a7042cdd12	If no one needs space…
22ae2e7600e0723e6f35de45ff7b009c5d996410	Sea Lion, from the discussion on forum.rosbalt.ru
004dad24b8e39735ccae041cf8bbe7f8aba1d853	Despite everything, friends and acquaintances believe that the situation will be resolved and Roman will have somewhere to fly.
8315a2e0d5274324169b4f089bf6f59704a1efae	Expert opinion
3a5509f56003d7ed214c160da1f852cfc01d1c4d	Yuri Tarlavin
75a460e441a217695ea28706279339ace8530154	chairman of the Primorsky Trade Union of Military Personnel, SmartNews
8728cf4b3f5d9cb649c2702cdc3951e32269bdaf	— In general, this position of the Ministry of Defense is nonsense.
3b450b08d669b0a6c41d7df961aa079f949cc41d	Moreover, the mayor of Zvezdny is the hero cosmonaut Volkov.
5925956d0bd73c48b1d5835fbec1b3d1dfb0685a	The situation needs to be understood, because the dismissal simply cannot take place until the housing issue is resolved.
9004f5feba5fc96451c498d3edfe7461a0f4d634	Without providing housing, the Ministry of Defense cannot dismiss an active serviceman.
2419fad22566ae1d9ea3533b69b131c3a157fe04	The Agency is obliged to fulfill the terms of the contract and the Housing Code.
114cc6c67e1d2f1af4d7a8d0f4f4fcd5bb0a3390	Romanenko is obliged to provide housing wherever he wishes, or to re register official housing in the Star City as permanent.
a366baf57094f7b38a390e0f86f425de775207c8	It is noteworthy that this is the second scandal related to the cosmonaut.
873362b8165144b86906fb503d994b8f5304ed0e	Before that, former Defense Minister Anatoly Serdyukov refused to sign Romanenko's submission to the title of Hero of Russia.
a3a82917d8b09b4d52f2685f6d43e9306980313f	The official's motivation was surprisingly cynical: they say that space flights have long ceased to be a feat, but have become an everyday thing.
4a7991aed89594178ff079a76fbb1a533e7b144f	However, then Romanenko's supporters complained to Vladimir Putin, after which the military made a positive decision on awarding in a matter of days.
bc17c1f0179a888f2a7e8389f67d4f2cf5cf4531	Video
301b0f20e0dbbe01e77d367fd7c3a43f0fe2b46a	19.12.2012. Launch of the Soyuz FG rocket with the Soyuz TMA 07M transport manned spacecraft.
525c1aad0d1e206e04da4a752fa494b2440f5050	The crew commander is Roman Romanenko
ff746b2a1e588cff35870606e3ff8ce7aa32667c	Sent by Anatoly Gubarev
a346a64222bce4797915d08f293eade77309aa67	Free Shooter
7f68922faca9ca94606b98af7ac20a074617e048	In fact, this is not the first scandal with the attitude of the authorities to representatives of unique professions.
f42e567b0ca599fe67207378ac9818f0d672d18f	There was a case, in the new Russia, there was no place for test pilots of the extra class in the list of pensions when registering pensions.
f18eda7d3994ae0c8f194a82ac0c4adddce1439e	There were some factory and military testers, but such as Pugachev, Kvochur, Tolboev and many others, who often flew not even on airplanes, but literally on "stools with wings and an engine", who tested the very first, still raw models, teaching airplanes to fly and risking their lives every second, simply forgot.
e6ce63c0d57ef72bfeaddd4974545cbb04288ac7	Then they offered to equate it with factory testers…
9cca0c68ba4153122618ff951a6a6603e6d8e014	The fact that many of them simply do not live to retire, the legislators did not care.
fda064167a7033069a19247a1ef924429a3d0dc1	The cynicism of our officials is shocking: "And we didnot send you there", "I knew what I was doing" and "Write letters"…
5fda23d62015b99fb2a9f86b38bcdf2bdf7609c8	Author
fa3bfe977d1ecf582247064fba71c7cb0d0ff805	Maxim Belousov
cc7778286bfd6e6f55e441720874a3a4d7684f65	We worked on the article
a847c270b0909439ae460ebc7c3e3cdbdfb49a43	Denis Narylnev, Anatoly Gubarev, Natalia Grebneva
3a8c0b10d166ab6fc3488810dd9b461e7b1f23a1	Topics:
6aa247c35c75d3c974c61336b09be4a6ac47d131	housing space Ministry of Defense
77fa31c5b199a616fa611024b103d7e6345c25fa	11 comments on the material.
ba90f925ca656c6b9f07c40a1f2fa838d8f008d5	Show the marked editorsall
2c53bd12577425271dac9ebde65d4a93a9e92a4d	Artem Karpenko December 24, 2012, 20: 42
762f14f69de08226082e9ebb53b5c54aa74e2aee	There are a lot of such cases.
05d9d8539a6247bba63ddd075f8ad364c149d323	At first they are proud, and then – when a person has completed his term no one needs him.
65bdfb047dbec832bb262c52aa0e2c74eeda7664	In Russia, this is the order of things.
c536e1c08df34a16baf99cde0df7ed5b304ec3ee	Roman Kravchuk December 24, 2012, 20: 48
9da22688747c9d00d09b31227e3a8bc90729b59d	"Russia needs cosmonauts!"
05b9f90c00cb228c59bff0a64c90022e78590c8d	Aha, now we see how you need them...
fb5e2f4ed0f91605b455fd144bb5eb77d02c0220	Maxim Averin December 24, 2012, 20: 53
398e32bf6950ba3525e1bb8a3c96b3098c0cb599	A person is a working material.
9e4e631c6e46142aa8f6b8fde2136bb323c03e13	Served in the trash.
7aab83524b984bc51447402a10c0ea91a686a581	Who will be surprised by this?
50c4c03ecfe0446b3f56da7a67ef74f662772dce	haha hahaha December 24, 2012, 22: 28
2bbdbc9b5dcbf34d33886a7ef1b3d28d49cdd6e0	He can only be pitied!!!!!.
78c9f2f92bf3e73d6a3af00511060072d39577df	He knew what he was doing.
64109a8ab2c7c10ef9491ee7b9efbd1757ec2a14	Man, demand your own, donot touch someone else's.
69a2145b4862727ad95d6d20939854023e521a04	Noted by the editors
65367aa09a2b4102305c76e1deb89a0e3aa3625d	Anatoly Gubarev December 25, 2012, 01: 17, Changed: December 25, 2012, 08: 56
1bc33cedb20570629aca5becb07f53cb3e675910	There were some factory and military testers, but such as Pugachev, Kvochur, Tolboev and many others, who often flew not even on airplanes, but literally on "stools with wings and an engine", who tested the very first, still raw models, teaching planes to fly and risking their lives every second, simply forgot.
fb815e38c80fdcefc6ced8b92991d39cccd09201	Then they offered to equate it with factory testers...
96f57cebfe3b6f58b9fc1fb38eb79ffd9ad2f938	The cynicism of our officials is shocking: "And we didnot send you there", "I knew what I was doing" and "Write letters"...
b0c720feebcab17595acdd877c375525b528e439	Vladimir Dotsenko December 25, 2012, 08: 50
0b95dbdbb9c5e5862ac245ea5850b7e1784940a7	Previously, under Stalin, it was possible to complain to Kalinin and in many cases they were sorted out (my grandfather was released two years later).
f449dd366155532df52b2d7e304dc700ed36bd0d	So now we need to make an authoritative service that would deal with these complaints, and not unsubscribes and races in a circle.
5a95b40aa4eeab0fe6ff8311ea9dae4a69e0b123	True, today's Russia's military and pros are no longer needed by anyone, such personalities as the Serdyukovs and Vasilievs are held in high esteem (they are entitled to apartments and no one is going to take them away)
9961cce73c93fb10f06f4381b6bc6b1fb78843e9	Marta Uzlova December 25, 2012, 14: 11
ed2547bb133af0fd788249e2c6c724e83c70d5f7	Indeed, the man himself knew what he was going for.
8b2af90a100a4b1a4bfa1fe413061f2355b3807f	He knew what country he lived in.
e497103cab0c56fcfc269a6a9e4bcfaf76ead6ea	In fact, everyone knows this, but every time in such situations they pretend that this is a novelty for them.
be110131f918ca2e28cb1c342c77c38fad4f1ed5	So before you do anything, you need to think a thousand times — is it worth it?
1eb154cae2237b46bfc7e9c179416f00c308fead	Of course, this is wrong, of course, we must fight against it...
06c4343ccd12b924fbab2e9e50e1702ff9b76161	BUT!
8188c52713b08bda2d032ef8ca2c96a5a1dfa3fb	The fact remains.
a2ad0fa7b69d5af039bff89f05c8dd160b902b46	Gennady Loginov December 25, 2012, 16: 48
742035f69bb519e8495b893e3c757e5aa6e2ceaf	The level of development of cosmonautics is one of the criteria of a modern advanced power.
2aeb67d3c774afa56d4cd6199b20974547d9f94b	And if the state is not going to provide everything necessary for those people whose work ensures the existence and development of this industry, in the end, problems will arise for the state itself.
b96b4131bb31035ebb8a40b93687521e9149e7bb	Gennady Bashlykov December 25, 2012, 18: 51
d28c88224267d14171fb4434a68080502723ffc0	Well, probably everyone deserves what they deserve.
281286072f8c07fd65172f1e11df916d9a81cb08	Romanenko probably also voted for our "favorite", who shouted "we won"into the microphone.
1b3ce003e83e31f27c94f53c6ab7828963c71b1c	And who did he defeat!!!!.
6b530251b464cb706ce5fcca0397148498ad7b01	Semyon Onoshkin December 25, 2012, 19: 55
47fb1c84431aabbdf5f5fd23d68f3c534e69a500	People, are you crazy at all?!
38d1a800652013cbd5daa0f2ef73d84ba48c0855	Representatives of such professions risk their lives, and you write such heresy...
114a013ec4643592b5420eeec13eb8561425f099	There are only a few like them.
a0c04cda9633468a198f062573a71cbd5b9ffe0c	If it wasnot for them, who knows, maybe we would still be living in caves now.
1394da9f2a01681076da44324f7acedc47dc0e20	Sergey Skala December 29, 2012, 23: 53
cc6bf31f8469ced11a4420057a8aed87d26b550b	THE FIRST MAN IN SPACE...
8b7f3d7d35f322bfba2382955853412632909859	Great day!!!
516c94e19bbc92d86417a520f92e698574dbc6e9	And I look LONGINGLY at the photo...
34c03f634a768fd1e732f265b5dd6cec5f6f5183	And it pops up in my head by chance,
3f4a8e95fd08a653865b77dd18a084e128344806	Gagarin's wife, that in the time of ice
37db821ec1000731428a1a43c3f4e6a442d1f926	I went to the polyclinic...
d792cbb7f07b943ec51308033a9df44e19238823	--she has a job there
d6ad76d1d6f5468b8a341d96f8b02fd4806cc250	And I met her at the checkpoint...--
4691a55cbc7a50e75510cca8d88a30ccc3a700bb	I ask for your pass!
e6a9fc04320a924f46c7c737432bb0389d9dd095	--
a09d0788cfae845b069d50c17b3bd9d4b025942e	Sorry, honey...-- No, I donot...--
8e4dd281247681be2819a4e476756e12d54888e3	They wonot discharge me in any way...
46c353f5ebdda3aa945ca0902eed198bf1a80e84	- I wonot get there myself...
10acaaab4b7cda872afb67a6db9ec14e039c674a	I work here, honey..., there's a passport somewhere...
b16a6de92e19635c413f72c61e96cae54836599a	Look in my purse...-- I canot find something
f54c5ba65a87d8a37679a957df23fbb77e8c87bc	I took out my passport...-- The CPC is not for passers by!
1354e77234814ffd6312fa163d769f0fc78ac95b	I opened it..., read it... read it again... and I was stunned...--
bc2fbd5be72c2e018bb979952d3cb0618b69b9e0	GAGARINA !!! His wife !!!-- chills on the skin..--
9b9a1b0c01a6117e81056c0f19687ae33e52ca7c	My God!
70dad7c75f36c6e4700ee6b8a31517dce031ff46	Where did I get my filthy face !
0fd560255d6835ea84eb831f2fc7a55d3f34e3cd	After all, this is the one... whose name did he fly with !!!
de14b40c86b6aac9b6407f93a3e076471d562b55	Of course I missed it...
88d3ea9b42234b4b00db31573214159c3828199e	BUT...it was so insulting
09d2cb6cb1a84601664b2da4846220c75ed0f8ce	And for our heroes...-- in general, for the country
f7d4d0edd6bbba13f6854e9385ea5eea0e964e0b	Have they really done so little in their lives,
057979af9f1c29e33993c15375f9a9667c28ec63	To wives... and their families were so humiliated by their country
dc6fcf7bd0e965900e1f86ad0639f4a9c912a673	I donot understand the rulers...
f4c14415f33be9f3bdf324883b42aca440c2b8f5	AND I DON'T UNDERSTAND !!!
80473d9d6093a96183de7146199114a471c984ba	New on the site
d73bdbbd92c7df85cda9864e85745e69aa1aa7f9	New article December 26
1d78d50fcd61f9ebe21cd52c40f60a38df614f32	New article
8391955bce3086c27d5430772294b32e50543584	The turnover of the StartTrack crowdinvesting platform increased 4.5 times in 2016
4ccd28ed9dca117a39cf1c81e851872c729b6369	In the permafrost.
61b515f1cc1a51711b2fb658b9abc228e52eb54f	Tomatoes are harvested in Yakutia
9bf8492f9ea9b2cccd6385ef99472605392a8a86	Humor and history.
d153a044fa3012bb45ab8351edc36551b1cf6a59	In the Crimea, the most polite driver was identified
488a33b0bb3daf1292a5321c77d6a90e2d6055b1	Read all articles →
fa16a21f668be45b2ca43053ac9c54278126dfba	Materials from the section
bb6d9161332a5e3aaafea046c7664de3967e90cc	December 29, 2016
eb7bd18b6697fd500c159c72826a2454b0e4d332	Cartoon characters will congratulate the passengers of the Moscow metro
69ef9b3280347f680efe00e3f4f21c2ad53e220a	December 12, 2016
f4025cffe3632c4831d524d378cd9f46457d7beb	06 December 2016
9380c2763a6dddec2c7fde6a692e6081ce72272f	Residents of Khakassia filmed the fall of a meteorite on video recorders
672201481afedc666213db668c0671ff2b354ad7	October 28, 2016
a282f0412a134d3ba19dbda49550469283f8273f	Russians have become 10 times less ill with the flu
b7c17feae30d917bab899a80f66df69cee5fe20a	© 2017 SMARTNEWS All rights reserved
2ee6c21c22e29b247c3b51ef8cc5e42e6e2df68a	License Agreement
95f8953345194345a3a4643dda7d288673fc43d0	About the Smartnews project Advertising on the website Vacancies Feedback
09113d93ea9868957e8c6ad1aa6c2a351f61a7d9	Editorial office address: 123056, Moscow, Bolshaya Gruzi nskaya, 61, p.
6f7133e8a167b0634f090ccaf3bb9452af99b204	1. Editorial office phone: +7 (495) 789-41-27
f30bd5d18f1d7fe63cace5d103224feb6b7ccaaa	Certificate of registration of the mass media EL No.
646ec5996b77dcda6f0fb4ff15907216e15a6b37	FS 77-55070
d491c3c4529fac5e8179d43378575039da26461d	December 29, 09: 00
468ff06b11207a913401a6a207abfbec7c9a748a	December 26, 16: 06
971dfa8278c90556febaf8f079835a1b98c5bf5b	A day of mourning for the victims of the Tu 154 disaster has been declared in Russia
3ca59c2ad1ffbd0c3b2510471aca34141238b9e3	December 26, 15: 48
3742fd12bd094ce2a82d548565deeb4a087864f5	December 22, 11: 50
62a08c1aeec53488bc827a4db47ae3399a8735e0	December 22, 11: 03
eb6c0e20c08597fe3b08e261079d146ec78ab537	Massive consequences.
f3065284ee0d87dede5c033fe960bf3d87456862	In Irkutsk, alcohol is checked and seized
d6ac9da1fc61c7d341d935f50b0949799f7768ad	December 20, 11: 24
6eb554a681a9c12bc27a498d9903cb04e03a1169	December 16, 15: 01
a2b723ded9ec426f3bf3b2a048ddca2991537743	December 12, 08: 21
33c4b1361a39f69bd3f1acd7e964fb53d2c11aa3	December 09, 17: 09
8dd2607467d182582323ee8e9c8578d2a9aaa753	December 06, 20: 54
b4672b4915675ad4a2ed0059a2afa27d25f8d841	Streets in Russian cities are named after Fidel Castro
653fc817571752ec122d8d8522945dafdfa3b8e1	December 06, 19: 12
9d86acfffee195a6e5af51cd1348760053b9467a	December 06, 17: 33
3eca56f2e1c5dcb18f18ebfe66e69c69f3b1eb87	Putin urged to protect the "purity of the judicial corps"
f737e758ca654538e1715d5475ba69afc78c7f9a	December 06, 11: 25
c3cb5730227d2a41430f935fa539e626c723e1a0	Budget cars.
b45fdbb2a5f7e6d729617db9f168c49ecf56af6b	All taxis in the Moscow region will be white
0426fd31ea791d3858a329cc441b5617e14935f7	December 05, 21: 06
53fb56442337290800c70d675163413d0dd905a8	A detail under the president.
f5f5e29b92d63587ee56a267baba859e1b28748e	Putin launched a new production at the plant
7475bdc23ac66659605b3944efce0c340e37c751	December 02, 09: 17
c38038ca19ab611482ec9a79f39cf9ec5cdd5e30	40 days without sun.
0a0bd77a453a27d56f3a4a1f5c63b24fc7a49617	The polar night has come to Murmansk
9e4529dc9876ab5c10e71e4e7be7580b26d0a0c2	Russian cities whose residents want to live longer are named
ff8d22516ed376ff9895ee7a80ee17e60dd0e2d8	November 15, 18: 05
d078536a9d5d7f90c0c8071ec31601bc0b9648da	A local greeting.
c40515bde37730dea4d5b755835d8ddce8478c03	In Perm, power lines appeared in the form of football players
babfb6cbe615c35e47cc2241e123c090215726a0	November 15, 17: 14
30a3c001f4655d56966ff09cb528466f3169738d	Man against electricity.
07a372b6596f8506b369de8777d2a27002032e2b	Residents of Samara had to push a trolleybus
400c808141b590e3d76ae2fb27ffbb7383e65f62	November 15, 12: 35
b08931d328688933f1d979c16ddecfab72ac85a4	Square meters.
2029a297fb6cedfa77cfe7c95adfe48ef1792d19	The government has increased funding for new housing in the regions
0b5acefe098261d35598c5629302ba4beeaa45c3	November 11, 17: 10
8eefc1f50c505a4900a194916ab107a7d9c441fa	A unique find.
6d1cb29f8c479a1d8f587413037b616b23678e11	A veteran from Vladimir bequeathed almost 2 million rubles to maternity hospitals
71c01f456cbb1d4fc008e7dd037d3450fe15188a	November 09, 12: 42
cb338be769aaf5b736187c85ff6d1e058ccedd62	Powerful ideas.
74591e5e9a422355cd5afb60349a66ddf28ed357	The board of shame for officials will appear in Simferopol
07772a7381e37f1d5baa3c825f1096eab9437ef8	November 08, 14: 30
9481098c7216782d2de175af2f634f26c030ba84	Tightening policy.
74687c9760c73757e32cdcf8cd28d8923ba539ca	The Ministry of Finance forces the regions to get rid of debts
a9f2e4a118553a35efc5f73f9e14baae33ace40c	October 31, 20: 30
dedc61c1f4508a03e28623e7df932c2f7d5b1222	Without blurring the values.
be8f635e1d74f3d6991351b69fe7323c73333cbc	Putin supported the introduction of the year of unity of the Russian nation
79912fe8b2adf2ca0579bdee981b282efec8067a	October 31, 17: 43
3d9ff37b26c2259c34677ea28a719ae0934093db	Cheap and online.
1a20588894cb68a0e90859d96adb9e6491f2b345	Tomsk scientists have learned how to diagnose depression and stress
9e4c892138b29c7774b6635c855e401404e508f3	October 27, 11: 46
d037ed882fb2f44c11e2e253b272687ff3815d94	Children's rights.
b850da92b2cd3831b1d5f67c60e4515b86be7c8c	Guardians and foster parents will be checked by the Investigative Committee
a0b1f44defd5133885c3c0cf7d302836f53e8168	October 27, 11: 31
54d0188a2cb8bc4548b26b791298b6c7938089bd	Operational road.
dab5c2923b365126d621c66edf3f343eef7d0d87	Radio broadcasting for drivers appeared on the roads of Siberia
a471da38ea769b7b4925d48eec21d10ac8bd114e	October 26, 18: 20
c4a41f3bde39a244cf8ba064dd4d1d9b2223eb07	Below the norm.
27d2dcb3dff08bd5b44e28475ea84ab7a3cd2240	Forecasters promise snowfall in Central Russia
56ad6c51db0da04eff6513a8a07dfccf09f4a8bc	October 25, 09: 06
dca00d6834bc9d91feb006c0b6483b0889206a14	The struggle for the family.
947d3f39f18b75c6ddb99a7aa9bfe930e63e3922	Russian regions will strengthen measures to reduce divorces
af05059dcaf2bbce30a02dc9eea4834a384a0a4e	October 21, 10: 52
6d4f04c3c82d68da00108b3f9113ca8e35debd85	Peter has overtaken Moscow.
90f36bff7983a41d3663ff6c36144d8dedeeb821	85% of Russians are dissatisfied with their salaries
f6b434278f7907f7a61cbaf50d652087eb07f7fb	October 20, 14: 44
a4c7cf90e96108c9ddbd5f9d0e9afc533acb8cf1	A minor child.
1f9e606f851871d3502242aa2a88680463b5a59d	The State Duma will prohibit calling children names made of numbers and swear words
28dfc8658afda25f7fc576be5127dfce05540158	October 19, 17: 21
1e490e057b305833b9139a08296c477f8f18b27a	Striped in the dark.
81c47f3e938dc27d7d08f8cba231348ad4552a15	In Vladivostok, they are looking for a tiger walking around the city
238c646becbbe523b3eb0f095f4ff1d35d46c175	October 19, 16: 08
95cd441d3dd5f9c93b0a8de3ec2ce08fefa64539	The penalty is out of season.
d3e674a3ce56c96b13406b89c19e7424fb722789	The State Duma may impose sanctions for the use of summer tires in winter
f2ee8e539be25e60014fd2001d5b93cb245d717a	Fraudsters have found a new way to steal money from ATMs
0f2bae35d14b7ab965baca7e63dd88a0281d215e	October 13, 13: 59
c0292f421236c2e2ebb0e12cb708eba951bda459	No matter how it turns out.
1e6304c0d9c8de09de33cece595096c7467253d4	Medvedev promised to fulfill all social obligations
c14be33f2b041fbe59667f78e8028603552f0245	October 10, 16: 16
08e84ea0fab49a0fc39bd972005cad5a66a7c4f7	Japanese footprints.
2d8ba25dab1a4d66b5a17315557a4d873e8be0db	An ancient Buddhist stone was found in the Kuril Islands
aabf286a0bcb495ff79e56f040b7fc4ca76c4f56	October 10, 16: 08
6f5a084a00fe14978f2e267e6fbc6aa8e5d7dd3f	An inviolable reserve.
edd52a5c8d30fabeaeccdb2f69aa9668b728fd74	In St. Petersburg, the norm of bread was approved in case of war
3c35078221643a5e2ac86423b568aa704b4bd306	October 07, 12: 24
912977aa5cafb609d53a09c6cce2b5fe42785fdf	Record size.
dd25f17567455c57580a06c1a5914ca3f7570e95	St. Petersburg builders received an international award for the bridge in Novosibirsk
4207952cac83b36351559550ae0f004cfb093edd	October 06, 17: 45
68d93f7a7f02c7bda829db63fdf17d8f8ae9b044	Gifts to the library.
d9d882da860cb024a8bc336aa66f1880ca7890c5	Putin will celebrate his birthday only with family and friends
a667bd598655fb0a22aff12baa54262ce74dc55c	October 06, 13: 23
5d7be5008307f2164d813a76e6cf6e6c33960ce4	Original potential.
ff719c2f85483f1438d6c9072721bbd73a2e3a94	8 most beautiful villages of Russia are named
515bd0550667a06fbcbd47cc3c914705ca645ab8	05 October 19: 55
f450941856c8b3d70943d3c3a93d8bf6aef11653	No danger until 21.
5b76e8dfea23a95c99a0163bfdaffc17a9f19673	The age of obtaining a driver's license may increase in Russia
9d003079a2b381633ea5b875e7873551eb9b160d	05 October 11: 20
b075ad0289a79f0f3955a9bfbe8ad9b8f42d96a6	Non child load.
67066624dd51a134b9cb3869a10366ae0c0b45b0	By the Teacher's Day in Russia, teachers ' salaries began to change
4a7e1685b16156be4ce72acd56813525a74246f5	October 04, 17: 36
1bb40263e04697dfd48de5e705e475d2fa362d5a	A message to the future.
c2951ea8378459b02345d88823d428fc3df5ce62	Murmansk celebrates its centennial anniversary
ae5865bad1b400203d7419e51dfe7eeba46036f4	October 03, 14: 51
eae29ae9f31192e7d0a7dcb39f27c42d36ac9cac	The increase in fines is 10 times.
d2eeffaee385f5adbbba2e14e1817f3e6ac2d38f	Since October 3, Russia has tightened the law on salary payments
6f962e154dbc255a49b356b55a64e6fbd4dbc94f	September 30, 16: 37
788ce9276b00900758fabf0667613a98330d1f14	Find out in person.
b9c9461fe18ec71c39283228641b04ae9988356a	Co founder of the company N Tech.
66efc402a0fbd8d91eae3a78d141af9bb8e466fe	Lab spoke about the future of neural networks
72b54e91ef61b708323523f05bcfd2c7c6089784	September 28, 10: 38
40ade60483fc0e4f73ce07cf13622b23ad0d1a41	Popular extreme sports.
b0b2689368be94299ef64f6a4e4e0922172e45c7	A resident of Perm celebrated her 80th anniversary with a parachute jump
b7c2fccf6e743e28560219a07ec6f86a1b5c1160	September 28, 10: 23
9dd999795b793997b803ae57d87aad41d2db7317	The status of a person.
e530848cdd5aaeec8103270565fb9f3fcbef84f2	The government cancels baby boxes, and the patriarch supported the ban on abortions
d2351fc7c5a66ef3801276d762ad59a5dd4ea384	Space news
748ed72ff34034124d4257f511773bae81a38842	About the project Informer Project Help Mobile version Partners Contacts TOP news Online store
21752f1348343faa2d027245724432f4bc097832	LOGIN REGISTRATION
89ba6d5a3f405bfdbbb7b47bc432c35b2f4770b5	SPACE NEWS ASTROPHOTO SPACE VIDEOS ARTICLES COMMUNICATION ARCHIVE EVENTS OF THE DAY
84e8c605e8fbc57dff1d81892a2e7958438a9aef	New astrophotos
f137146af881424367509621030fa3a75a1de8c2	Hubble observes the space megamaser 5
e878c8a65ecf8635a5ae86a8455642e5ae936bb7	2560
ddd58483c91fd6fb3cb25b37c79185ed07339636	Cassini flies past Pandora, the" chaotic " moon of Saturn 5
2ef94c5be6406817949fc2211a9cdf209bdd4a1b	1732
955adf5f953ac70107d5b5c1e45946f467c90ac2	A "festive" nebula shimmers inside the Milky Way satellite galaxy 5
8ab82852e205519ae0d845a140db3e52ed730581	2088
076dc369ed745e06b59acf5ecb88d94a6edf153a	View all Astrophoto Ads on the site
924ee47e7dd5352589da8f167c7db04de1823e53	Astrolab.ru
91b30b6be5dd2f38def5b8e394098fc18550d68c	AstroZona.ru
124a39161cead52247027c4b7bd295a2d45b4f9f	New video of the cosmos
ffd18e30a539ba17bea92b7c8d3e434ed0af9116	Schiaparelli's descent to Mars in real time
cb8119089aeba5752556c17f01a37385f413091e	27.10.2016
582b2f2037a08468f6eec8b90d25171c5475a4bb	5553
902ba3cda1883801594b6e1b452790cc53948fda	7
a0d961ce3112cf5957c7108c00f370f079812f11	Space Shuttle and Boeing 747
f5f46d6bb589205f5e9e285f3450913eac8cff61	15.07.2016
7dd7f82036974e55021f0715f185094a928cd55a	7045
ac3478d69a3c81fa62e60f5c3696165a4e5e6ac4	5
158897d1400170749b6ca1ba156aa00151ac7beb	NASA is deploying an inflatable module (Beam) to the ISS
6c87335426438240af608f79a5663221bcd7a67a	29.05.2016
d3595d406dcb93bc45581461a6ed3b55af28aee5	7710
aca2c5ea5782dc0448bb0c030933015faf6158ac	The third successful landing of the first stage of the FALCON 9
b449c1ba98846c62fa7ed0e90ad97c337be10b68	7096
9ae711914998b6007fb525fecca823451758c130	Do gravitational waves exist?
bf2e63b8e520e0bb4dfe1f462a07647930d354c5	27.02.2016
02694f8f1b00b1a6c7d27c99e9e729de39ada6ec	9522
e5713e69fc00b6dbc7f010880feb08d813a605b0	Watch all videos of the cosmos
de0db7bfc27dabc7c37833f9d55ae84f5360d180	Events of the day
719595e981e577fe8fb1521b612c61d7e0e2ca84	NEWS 15.01 View all space news
23395e11b4368286013037a71765504c230bf994	for this day
b1d53dd194a24c20a760ec41d139b8408e51f4cc	All events of the day New articles
5bc16607751920919a2ad52a9b511a7fb0e09c75	Planet 9: origin and main parameters
e6efbc78422bbe30ee75e11b7774aab629a70f1f	17.08.2016
343be067b4511f6db9e73f47d7fe92eb1b08feac	7056
85efbb55ee663d0f157705168cc4e16a2fb54c3c	Planet 9: the emergence of a hypothesis and alternative scenarios
f5d77ce88396b6c7a710a225c57c4e634884043a	6488
a6f26b02a615068b616e52d8818545d4db7133f4	"Mars 2020: NASA's New Mars Rover"
c9f12de33955fba476e877e2326d5b563bbdd637	14.08.2016
44bf9611a97b330a7aafa3dda231f3bc7e9b0fbf	6177
f8c61a3134e280436949828609d80c729a8043e0	The Juno Mission: Part II. Equipment of the device
9399c8a5e4e37cdc357bfbd4b3836b0ce060a084	19.07.2016
db345dc3a133114943ddd735c7ba48892fc57845	6049
082cf4a6e909131f787de40cd0f27a89947cc9e0	The Juno Mission: Part I. Goals and objectives
fc13c349533e339dbdb3464c391a2355779845c8	18.07.2016
2bafcab69af7cc122e0243be50dbbfcc3da9c224	6332
67c59ebe60098bb753a63d7376afa3f01d3df4ba	Space News " June 2013
968ad4c30c544d68c9860a4636f9b76355c2c8f5	Cosmonaut Roman Romanenko became the first Russian to shoot a video in space
14cc0a5b192f4e0fcf37685119347a70645d6c79	41 year old Hero of the Russian Federation Roman Romanenko became the first Russian cosmonaut who, while on board the space station, performed and recorded a song composition from the repertoire of Mukhtar Khordaev, a singer and friend of Romanenko.
6b83aa9c62bc4ecb94bda38c7c20152e4dbe4772	Upon arrival home, Romanenko said that one day, resting and being in a good mood, he decided to support his long time friend Mukhtar Khordaev.
3482f04d0b1ad91c3f572a0673a1c0483a73a416	03 June 2013 20:56:22 3252
51d8a20e81ff28c7b364fcf405c43851eeb307a9	elena82
f5cdf146696eac8367d3a9e7b3a125f8bad295f4	Not bad for an astronaut.
43aaf51001a257efb28c20ba4c372fae1655b3b3	03-06-2013
25ad83e2e25981f2f4a064b50c31dc5fadbd48be	Rating: +5
3625fe26b57dd5140ab5ad2797d14714cdc1774d	Virous69
6d9e4bbc91f1368e455de1b864396beb59e9d848	Someone from ESA managed to shoot a full length film on board the ISS.
e22bfa2816f85b361ec52da82e38274bca83b509	I wonder whose voice - over is there.
934cff835898e1eddcdc146051cdc9550f200d3d	thestorozhuk54
787baa51c98e635d58c10edf434f9e990155f8f8	Chris has a real clip, but Roman has a soulful one :).
73674e80ba10e7a64473343b324794042f895c2e	04-06-2013
b103c7c444f3df2170c1f52ce8976f29f3e494db	Masik48
0f0b40c742fb7e70241a828d16ef6c51cdd6bf61	Should the acoustics on board be better than on the ground?
65fe65c99c110761be1d0a57fa58818bd58f499e	Can I ask how, when every kilogram of cargo costs a lot of money, he dragged a guitar on board?
64a71c61b24a6300bf137c688856da4f17df0dc0	:-)
321a0806bc8eb13f61621b1ca70011b8a4675ce3	Bamper40
2d7befb9347e5c125a5e89ec3c7c0da23549f86d	Virous, it wasnot him who dragged it, she's a hundred years old at lunch
fd4870a10bd07da531ed1cd22057ae74e8d97aee	Was she born out of a vacuum there? :-D
d8ab75a1afa81d10a6de0d44cb0263f077bd68f9	There's something blue moving outside the window: - D
7391976bc6c732626cfee09905a78e55e90dc0ae	elena, do you also hear the voices of strangers?
586c82ccba7b51e14775bc257bb601fe315fed72	Only Roman's voice is on the recording, including the last word in English :)
3ff3ab6f2e2e54a34c801c2bb94ac4847e49bf55	The guitar is not fuel, not air and not products, it is brought once for many years.
a8eb8775a6f8779a46f669b14a2945d8c2e76f6e	The next stage: we will bring a piano there!
15a913425cfd6bc97aed19904b530b4aee5ceb78	Well, then exactly UFOs near the ISS will settle down!
a32b7b78ee3ffb88ed1205bdd5a51c58df065cb8	I made this conclusion because the timbre of the voice was different.
bbfbcb12c3c2439a8099921ac5297f9f1594f661	Compared to the soulfulness of the song.
26deb9d477e2f64ae7289d6d46733ad147affe00	Perhaps I misunderstood the English pronunciation.
edcd6f77805745bd8235790245a9045262a03cf8	Ivan61
4fedae4101e43fc5467c67a252f00ea1b6f7ec9c	Virous. well, not by bread alone... and when they give millions of dollars for some kind of daub, for some reason called art , is it normal?
21779a1c26b193ff6163231aed719641d50039dd	Novichok60
9ad6a6ad6c4598d23dbd812b24a18f4fbf2eb914	"The next stage: we will bring a piano there!"
aee066cc7400333f861efb284fe5ae2ab9c49c7e	It is necessary to plant bushes!
6b313646c7c3b3e00e441fa3e627f5a9ce71b1e9	05-06-2013
bc4b66308de8d13a622c575d377755f703522ccc	I just saw the ISS.
0b9ffa4e12a432c1439129bda79c4eae3cd8cc08	I'm amazed.
3085a4fe986b545dea90ed44849bf7c2b4e5a35d	I thought that I would not notice, but probably only a blind person will not notice this Venus.
e10edfb8b1ee2664cefa5f084839cc06064a92c7	The virus that's with you, sleep a little) they bring anything to the ISS.
b4440397977b175fd98f8d266e267e76d607dc50	What the astronauts will wish, but the main thing is not the overall type of piano:).
a9987835bda7a42e72629bde55e9f03307231ce9	Add your review
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c5bf2421a888416fd4764a14c4fac2b81b581605	Latest space news
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cd06e308a393f9fd83745e96d65d4b131919672e	SPACE NEWS ASTROPHOTO SPACE VIDEOS ARTICLES COMMUNICATION ARCHIVE EVENTS OF THE DAY INFORMER CONTACTS
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0939ff2973e0d0ca7806c5087095fa392d535bd1	AstroNews.ru
a891f9ba336b0e7dcf79eebd868a5132ffdb1830	I donot remember who sent me the file
c7aeb9531eed2e4bf1f28bff465295141c9d0380	"Russian Space" 2009 No.
f174d8d70b114ec6e2b7ec4c1dac4e6ae16e17ce	2, pp.
2d6a0abd3bde9da12778b5d20e3bbddf849012f1	72-74
bae53d0b0fcd92cd8e0078cb8fb0f9f7377b041a	He himself was fond of underwater hunting, sang the songs "Time Machines" in the doorways and was preparing to become an astronaut.
12ac8e2220a1386a3ebcca4502bd4771f53a2ae7	And the test cosmonaut Roman Romanenko is no longer preparing his 13 year old son for flights to the stars.
dde9ef8e5e3d058ccc1012ac69edf079f87d5609	Pitifully.
64fbc16a99b983c38395b25aa26e6138fa37118f	The cosmic dynasty may be interrupted...
b3914f1acfa6b72d14d88e1c6a9be23a085cf661	HE BLUSHED WITH PRIDE FOR HIS FATHER -
ce94187e73dbe86b21d20d17adf741a0a4f41134	- Roman, do you remember your father's first flight into space?
37f45c4fbf0ec72ef8c627e26ed04f960b423f0a	- I remember.
e1010d7ee3e6ec310ad7709cc8de7e877c31d590	It was 1977.
e14ccf28d3e28a035e3d02ec678d0a3a98021caa	A very bright year for our family.
d2dec368b633bf13f9cba3d8088ff89ca075d0d1	And the first flight of my father, and the birth of my younger brother Artem.
37291cfa87a0bec6d80db9926f743a6f4b1eef17	I was 6 years old then, I was already aware of everything.
750946fb1baadbee001cc99541cc21371405f073	However, both for me and for my mother, the news that my father flew into space was a surprise.
c7ad2e3fc405592d3d54e6c4a9397eb61e2aea68	Previously, they tried not to advertise rocket launches until the last moment.
1ff27a1d84ded8ead286cfc8b0df812c39f7123e	We only knew that in December 1977, our father was in the reserve, that is, an astronaut understudy.
39d11fd98a4f5986536eb27ffc0485785dfd0ff4	However, at the last moment, someone from the main team got sick, and the whole crew had to be changed.
121a061c4d7dc1b3f45ed7801389ceae657e8e3b	That's how Yuri Romanenko found himself for the first time in space.
80fc7f54a3205d44529b940e4c2a1a6f130d803e	And immediately set a record for the longest stay in orbit — 96 days.
dd4578d84633f34cecaaadf1c8504c70e20087d5	I've been waiting for my finest hour for decades
1e647475405d429e285a57d8ca6b7e2cca7abae7	— Were you proud of him, bragging to your peers?
946e51d0398d5c5353d5e1cc25d9f7e5b099d8e8	- I was proud, of course, but there was not much to brag to anyone.
d138a2265ca14b00dae4a15c9ff624534a27ea24	After all, in the Star City, in our 2nd "space" house and in the next 4 m, only the families of astronauts lived.
11af082cb56bcf628e6e47883825886bbdd88d25	I ran in the yard with the daughters of Leonov, with the sons of Kovalenko and Popov.
785e6b0d2a7cd30502441ef35f5a5705478e8e8c	For us, the flights of our fathers were something quite normal, ordinary.
2bd674f2d8a1181b85ee1a602380612a5ff43c60	Moreover, we were not particularly spoiled by their attention.
f99475d4768f7889d906e3a8d16c2c05445227ff	They were always on training, then on business trips, then in space.
aad066d4d9b8775fc450c56c14f0275e1840fb7a	When I got into the company of other children, for example, at a pioneer camp, on the contrary, I was very embarrassed when everyone found out who my father was.
586c3cbbaf92292974f69308da0565c24c743808	He used to visit me, and then he would put on a real show at the camp.
a185fe1fc5941ad87b4a523486284c26c4fcf0c8	Everyone surrounded him, took autographs.
7e02ddc5e083b8ad9af9138b100eadd8f3f8b28c	They literally carried me in their arms, which made me blush terribly.
3322c327c9aed4712638b5e2e86ecfc411df145a	The girls immediately began to hit the wedges.
f195cbae046e5f6cae7a348f44e7f2ffc55cd82a	The boys were divided into two groups: some were looking for friendship with me, others were teasing: "Well, son of an astronaut, you're rolling like cheese in butter!"
9f4d8f6253f7be1b1fa6ad4871ee7f17b6029bf0	— But you're not going to claim that you needed something, are you?
7ab71b63d870431e7d29783294159463488e5e59	"Almost nothing.
0b44117ffd22c02f60e58769d5f8b60804346140	We had a specialized store in the town, where only the families of astronauts were sold goods that were scarce at that time: jeans, sneakers - "botas", fanta, Coca Cola, cognac, Marlboro cigarettes...
50f0dee317817579636307685a251add80574818	Besides, after each flight of our fathers, we were removed from lessons and taken to the sea, to Cuba.
399b402af9d8815a9e727ecce916d21f165d26a4	Then everyone was jealous when in December and January we returned black as Negroes — only our palms sparkled.
6d5aa7eaa0111e50ac8042d15e18d75ba34f354a	— Did you keep up with your studies after such trips?
bf5e27b732212b1777a9284a44235f9a25db80de	"Sometimes.
49698fd9712b1f13f73d6ba0e9d8cfb8c4f9cd62	I had to catch up.
3837702a818afbf669fabb31773f63e2e2aa5ebc	— What were your favorite subjects?
5ed23ffb59f1c130fd3c50a1baa371fafde72323	- History, geography, singing, physical education... to be honest, I studied without much enthusiasm.
f64addd5a12458f26168e929a48f08b7453c1d59	I especially hated the literature lesson.
ad7767f7fa2bb98ba08a8d35bd004b670523b9b5	Although in my spare time I just read Belyaev's fiction.
26d7388b489ef95083a8562528511a225630a90f	CONDITIONS "CLOSE TO COSMIC"
ae689fbc0e501789c2c7fb97e7cc13167bcf7b5e	BUSINESS CARD
c3722eb6f612fb177c5b0c23c63a2a704a09e03b	Yuri Viktorovich Romanenko, born in 1944, retired colonel, pilot cosmonaut of the USSR, performed three space flights, for two of them in 1978 and 1980 he received the "Hero of the Soviet Union"award.
16f372dc8e6ae0f4f669840af4160d642aeaa030	Romanenko Roman Yuryevich, born in 1971, lieutenant colonel, member of the cosmonaut squad of the Gagarin Space Center.
cc5a55f8af2d63a2a65e5998b40b5fd82aaf8843	Before enlisting in the detachment, he served as a military pilot of the 70th separate test training aviation regiment of the Special purpose RGNII CPC.
4b7b0e40ea30e66fc5e61df105eb005b78eba052	He was part of the backup crews three times.
6c3c24189b7fcfbd96a73dbbbb26a84a1f0a393e	— Did your father punish you for "deuces"?
6e684dce35a697aac49c847f692dea8949f0a7cb	- Yes, Dad beat me with a belt, deprived me of watching my favorite movies until the weekend.
457d58335b9e9bb5dcd25f6ecec696e8234c988c	I suffered especially when the TV series "Seventeen Moments of Spring"was on.
659a64a739706fe89f5405a9704fdb9bec5c9d37	Even as a punishment, they were forced to cram English.
d216c78f7394b08be26860e2e61e1c968d4ea3cf	— Well, you say that the cosmonaut fathers practically did not deal with you...
db2021ef1fbb7d5d09b3a144c8e27f6f9df2d413	- My father really often went on business trips, but when he trained in Star City, he always paid attention to our upbringing.
ae6f65005a3bcdc13605b5c5787d89b9e43f9c6c	On the weekend, we didnot have any peace at all.
80e466fa74ac65a97d36078ad76612c136ba6362	Getting up at 6 am, charging.
25b34502a3214b70550b5a799854938755d9997c	Just had breakfast — all in the car.
b5969c5b7562292d9f19c0280e3aa1e919be3638	Our white "Volga" (then all cosmonauts had exclusively white or black "Volga") since the evening, it was equipped for a trip to the river.
23f1ef373572fad2c7b67d7d18b8681c6864ed36	"Fishing?"
6ddee36f7a95f5b9aa0d4946725f15add2d4c57b	- Not in the usual way.
b4f165b8400566c3e5ecde5a7fc23fd7cac8a626	My father infected me, my brother, and now my son with spearfishing.
bb06a6966988827bbd510fa8f0f1eb4b64c93680	This is when you dive into the water in equipment with a harpoon and track down the fish on its, so to speak, territory, in equal conditions with the victim.
ca640dc02d401739b8ca8d005df84744339e800e	We hunted both on our river Melezhe near Zvezdny, and on the seas.
e6c485bb270ee57a33723a980fe3ead77fb64109	I remember that in Cuba they even made stuffed animals from harpooned spiny fish.
3f18bc3168b022fe37e42b09cdea7627a26d6821	— In the transition age, many teenagers conflict with their parents.
14ebd1503c5bac8b33adb1f4bc872f8af56ce1f7	Have you ever had something similar?
659b243cfaf3bee05ab436776676bc8855fef588	— I felt the lack of understanding on the part of adults for the first time when I was forbidden to study music.
f4d72b4ae02c622f39ac4613ddd0fb13a3aeded7	My friends and I had our own rock band, but there was no place for rehearsals.
416f80a68ca2d845f9380e68ff6bb5286ee6837d	We would sneak into school after school and shout at the top of our voices the songs of the Beatles, Time Machines, Resurrection, Kuzmin.
73ad2e06a399d2fc860bec8f3fa8504ae388bac6	That's why we were chased by both teachers and parents.
eeb64a80263398ab0f04ca7bb76b649131729642	They scolded, gave bad grades on behavior.
fbf4400a8692a0e710623d1c62e279b9e1b89fe5	Sometimes, out of desperation, we had to move to the entrances and continue playing there.
a424cf3f890a9a94aca4a6df74bc3ea2dd169c50	— No, I didnot indulge in alcohol either at 14 or 15.
83db0acaee56982d34a471a1dee555bad732389e	Moreover, already in the 7th grade I decided on my future profession, I leaned on sports — I was engaged in tennis, swimming.
eca8cb875fd3f916154436591842f32a7c7317ae	WHY WOULD A SON NEED SUCH A FATE?
cb2d3bfe764351d6a687e0fa8d7bd437d8ef49fd	- Roman, did you want to become an astronaut yourself, or did your father recommend it?
5c00264fb7af0ca99821887eebb4c8b942212378	— At first, I didnot really think about who to be.
23b85c6d9835d6625e517c2db191c82d9b21b81e	I, a sixth grader, was seated on a swivel chair.
6f5ddd5f331c3a929bef083d45362ca4c40ab9b4	— So maybe now it's your son Maxim's turn to be guided along the same path, for the continuity of generations?
8f7273c3f23bed90146cc20238cbbb4607e076b4	— No, I donot want him to be an astronaut.
6e1c3fc4a7c27192db56007376e55cf58e02aae4	I havenot been able to get into space for 10 years!
50b48527732dce036a22b048460677af2e5f6fb6	But I didnot fly.
342de90d8aca13859dcc09ac4d22628e9f824ea0	— And what is your son doing now?
3ecf165b6af6873410ad27b0ab9285e978976f22	— He, like me once, plays rock in the school ensemble.
e95a18d383304624f349cd1f7a373700c091e9fd	However, thank God, they are not being driven now.
94c6df095f6d73dc91208b1de772e86788680954	On the contrary, everything is very well organized.
dd257721a24f87a544326473c771774c9028f5fb	The other day, for a good study, my wife and I even gave him a drum kit, because Maxim is our drummer.
32e90820e8b51189907d5f40ef7766ccc0b713f4	By the way, the current guys also sometimes sing songs of "Time Machines".
2047f11b03b4095c9f90ff8439dfe5189edcf4fb	But besides this, Maxim has another passion — a theater studio.
e85e32f2ac68e2fac0291af92d206b94857af95b	They even go on tour with the school troupe to other cities.
1b6d673396ad92cd50b2b8e29fe88f0123a5ac14	At his leisure, between classes and classes in school studios, the son plays computer games, writes music.
e62f0176d7a289174ef27823fc0bd55845a9d9ac	— And the youngest daughter?
3bb2f6cb5999c350dbc63a21b7d00b813635e98d	What hopes does it show?
7d06e9efac7649262a7cc1b6d52876fa7c32b7f5	— She is a very smart, sociable girl.
87cbf72718848c1e172855ad481f7defe3d70619	Both in the kindergarten and at home everything is under her control.
05efe671e7d7d9e9e826a3c216ea77e392bcc21e	Despite the 4 year old age, she already swims confidently with us — she learned to go to the sea.
c2dd45996c49e0735c5c22ed34a2508afe984627	But her energy sometimes creates difficulties.
8fc7b0f779d8da1881fb2421473077d63b6f7b61	For example, in the evening it will play out — you canot stop it, and then he canot sleep until one o'clock in the morning.
0d888e0c65eb0c026338b2f25508beb3d6cffd26	Sometimes you even slap her in the heat of the moment.
f17080a7806b76ed1357bef4942b315d4a788c4a	Then, however, I always regret it.
82d9aa2c889caf286f4f4c27db84e7f90bccb72f	"Well, that's what this little man did to you, that you beat her?"
0c7199c6f08ef7c963195bfb783bcdd36e7981d8	- I reproach myself.
12af375b0b530656dad37aad472af76642b5b780	— Does the wife also adhere to a strict parenting style?
a0af8527a25bd0dcc62792270ce822b943893b35	— No, she is a very gentle person, children can climb on her head, and she will not even raise her voice.
16c216b65f85fb897bd19c127d8cc62b6244ea7b	— So you have "good" and "evil" parents in your family?
dbf3897ea95fc6747924294b988c686cb8efeaf7	- Sort of — I took on a thankless mission.
efee68f8dc146602f5fcfcb86b1ad90f39f7927f	Someone needs to be punished.
26c48b3a7e4edde860cec22a89ffcecb248b1081	But despite the fact that I am sometimes strict with children, they still feel how much I love them "Daddy, my beloved, has come!"
6cddc62c04b84fc20af1c7448b108a74a6ebb088	- this is how Anastasia shouts when I come to the kindergarten for her, and this is incomparable happiness.
6e2ff562032048aef4b639ae1da32385902d37f4	Natalia Vedeneeva
5b7852b9588e581a355610db33183b90ad07c3af	Romanenko, Roman Yuryevich
b961fc4f196f03aa250b782049c437fa464770a4	The stable version was tested on October 12, 2016.
6102eebd875c90c21777ec21e2734d21033f25b2	Specialty: pilot cosmonaut
15e9f1676ab7873060328ebf8daf8b39f7d688e5	Expeditions: Soyuz TMA 15
b85476107b111ee97e9fa5f8ce9e3555ee792fdf	Date of birth: August 9, 1971 (1971-08-09) (45 years old)
448768530e58f1c5b4ea83b3068079741245bd82	Place of birth: Shchelkovo, Moscow region, RSFSR, USSR
16de054db66b4e54ed80a1d612f2b0b7be425db9	Roman Yuryevich Romanenko on Wikimedia Commons
30e4f2ef9fe242fb5e836ade93a9348aa0e19cbb	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Romanenko.
11d1c90fdff0f868515769d1a59ed8c341c61104	Roman Yuryevich Romanenko (born August 9, 1971) is a Russian cosmonaut, colonel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (30.12.2009), Hero of the Russian Federation (12.04.2010)[1]. On April 19, 2013, he made a spacewalk[2].
0e88b234aa6e9d24c115bab1c713ebaa40af3e3c	1 Biography 2 Awards 3 Roman Romanenko in fiction 4 Notes 5 References
fea3bcac3a98afb409f0eb09af658bf35c011d1a	Biography[edit / edit wiki text]
aa2a04ae1862aa4a597c6ef23a6d196def03c12a	He was born in the family of twice Hero of the Soviet Union cosmonaut Yuri Romanenko[3].
1fb6bd73d79ce179bff581323d95a0b6e7bdcf98	He graduated in 1988 from the Leningrad, now St. Petersburg Suvorov Military School[4], in 1992 he graduated from the Chernihiv Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots.
71aad2f659320b5dc743be80006f397f58983fe9	Then Roman Yuryevich served in the military until he was enrolled in the cosmonaut squad.
688e0d31d3bf55f754a4e8e772336b87aec7a25a	This happened on December 1, 1999, when he was awarded the qualification of a test cosmonaut.
2b2e2828a990240dea33e618be07cf6f737b7485	Prior to that, he underwent general space training from January 16, 1998 to November 26, 1999.[3] He served at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, after his transfer from the Ministry of Defense in August 2009 (during his stay in space), he was transferred to the newly created FSBI CPC.
45f52438d51ecebedb3d5571f6fe95cf2bd85ae9	Presentation of the Golden Star of the Hero Of Russia.
b28330c5a30a8f5c4ff82dd3f18c562f8d078628	Moscow, the Kremlin.
47ba77f9d97303fe8136c729c282b135adc34b41	May 6, 2010
73507b629671a1bb7f0bd5bd29918e0d7c69dca0	Award of the Order" For Services to the Fatherland " of the IV degree.
24da52b1f470cfeff6e86373c9ceef102c490519	Moscow, Kremlin, May 21, 2015
1811b1f3a05dd1030df50b6ec47f026a729e7e32	During his service, he mastered the L 39, Tu 134 aircraft, has a total flight time of about 800 hours.
7d2a3582a680cd5125981b292f52a590ce9816f4	He is qualified as a military pilot of the 3rd class[3].
76cdfeba120ed715ae3391cf8838196faa092fca	He was part of the backup crews three times: ISS 9, ISS 11 and ISS 15.
0d5b1c96e972ba60f8257dac20fc1dace1f60765	Finally, in July 2008, he was appointed to the main crew of the 20th expedition to the ISS as the commander of the Soyuz TMA 15 spacecraft, on which he and the rest of the crew went to the ISS on May 27, 2009.[3][5]
8f270986ed09d99fc8d5a107c7b906fef20de996	He returned to Earth on December 1, 2009.
e54acb3a6e586d073ecd159af27e6386f0d6cd25	On December 19, 2012, he flew into space for the second time as the commander of the Soyuz TMA 07M spacecraft.
6a52ddce191492e1e1c2fccf86c506fc1b5c93ae	The reason for this was the decision of the Main Medical Commission (MMC) of April 22, 2014 on the unfitness of Romanenko for special training for health reasons.
dfdc0c56425697232bca80c78eb305da34944f17	He remained at the post of deputy commander of the cosmonaut squad of the CPC.
b79d08462a0c7a59b087c79bbb139ebbb6355721	On October 12, 2015, by order of the head of the CPC, he was dismissed from the post of deputy commander of the cosmonaut squad and dismissed from the CPC in connection with the transition to work in the State Duma of the Russian Federation.
3dc2711d74683cb7996162cec2fba1bf19f32e78	Since October 14, 2015 Deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation from the United Russia party from the Amur Region[6].
1f2a256c73d312f18bfc2c032b46b16f2d055ca6	He is the third hereditary cosmonaut in the world (the first is Sergey Alexandrovich Volkov, the second is the space tourist Richard Garriot).
71e949528eab0e45b58ce8bbf47822b156b02857	On April 12, 2010, the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev signed a decree awarding the title of Hero of the Russian Federation and the honorary title "Pilot Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation" to the test cosmonaut — commander of the cosmonaut detachment group of the Federal State Budgetary institution "Scientific Research Test Center for Cosmonaut Training named after Yuri Gagarin" R. Yu.
d5152038f12b77b1692ec7a565729f7878fdfd1d	Romanenko.
4826a533184e7af753c52544a3211927e69c8d5d	The titles were awarded to Roman Romanenko for courage and heroism shown during a space flight on the International Space Station[7] The Order of Merit for the Fatherland of the IV degree[8] The Medal of Merit in Space Exploration (April 12, 2011) — for great merits in the field of research, development and use of outer space, long term conscientious work, active public activity[9];
01b06d4f49ab04fbf723a3e298b7c0320d24f115	Commander of the Order of the Crown (Belgium, 2011)[10]. Medals of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation: "For military valor" of the I and II degrees, "For distinction in military service" of the I, II, III degrees, "For service in the Air Force"; the badge of honor "50 years of the space age".
816be247fcb32712843f78dc45d7113e51b49e05	Roman Romanenko in works of fiction[edit / edit wiki text]
add97f208db1843eb65ba73fbf6d9e245817d9e0	"The Anxious Watch of Cosmonaut Suraev"[11] is a film script written in 2010 based on the blog of Maxim Suraev, which he led during his stay on the ISS.
6a9a40a157b8cb6b832362b325ff5be23c3986f5	Roman Romanenko is one of the heroes of the books by Lena De Vinne (the wife of the European Space Agency astronaut from Belgium Frank De Vinne, with whom Roman Romanenko made his first space flight on May 27 December 1, 2009), " The Diary of the cosmonaut's wife.
2405f12208e145975cc6103977151e0e97f697d2	3, 2, 1... let's go!".
4c880aa4e0ea771d0e5befc05951f15d2aa3220d	A true story about how Roman Romanenko and Klepa the clown flew into space" (Samokat publishing house).
583091becb6505914d925a70d578c41147558e58	In it, the hero of the Abvgdike program, Klepa the clown, goes into space with Roman Romanenko as a weightlessness sensor .
b75e80579c369701c2637fdb3d72d0e3d792573c	In flight, he becomes big, and Roman teaches him life on board the ISS.
b9f886bf68c1fa91dbb14f4de23c8c400721cbc3	↑ ROMANENKO Roman Yuryevich on the website of RSC Energia.
b821cac17f05b38ddc88c404ccd0db2b3069ac9a	Archived from the original source on June 9, 2012.
614a16aa7f34d447cbaa86a706831fd1355fa292	Космонав Cosmonauts Vinogradov and Romanenko completed their work in outer space, Cosmonautics News (20.04.2013).
fab399de40550b46fdf441872c7b98dfd7a0f6a7	↑ 1 2 3 4 Roman Yuryevich Romanenko in the "Space Encyclopedia".
c5b1bbf6f54f79e678e68a3ab48c577898ca89bf	↑ ROMANENKO Roman Yuryevich on the website of graduates of the Leningrad (St. Petersburg) Suvorov Military School".
f1482f6bb204622ee2c41a0aca75f2567c7c3c4c	Archived from the original source on August 26, 2011.
f1483e91a19bede4b4a67f79c5bf2297e7c53e23	Союз The Soyuz spacecraft launched to the ISS, <url> (May 27, 2009). едино United Russia cosmonaut Roman Romanenko became a deputy of the State Duma / Vesti.<url>, October 14, 2015 Указ Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 449 of April 12, 2010 "On awarding the title of Hero of the Russian Federation and the honorary title" Pilot Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation "Romanenko R. Yu."
791daa20e948da91bfa27c9927b104fdb94f9798	Награжд Awarded with state awards of the Russian Federation ↑ Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 436 of April 12, 2011 "On awarding the medal" For Merits in Space Exploration" "Российским Russian cosmonauts were awarded the highest award of Belgium ↑ The alarm watch of cosmonaut Suraev in the magazine "Propaganda"
e998b430abf388a5249eee03a42e8765c68d6f0c	Roman Yuryevich Romanenko's Cosmonautics portal on Wikimedia Commons?
de128f1aa82a2f94d1318c058a38cf03dc5ddd54	Romanenko, Roman Yuryevich.
63e9e94aa77db08b11a63e0caa79d89d4c74d809	Biographies of Soviet and Russian cosmonauts Romanenko R. Yu.
e67d40a71cda86ffb76fc8aa6737c5c127b6fcbb	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanenko, _Roman Yuryevich&oldid=81297562"
4b09e9f5b5e6e75025774e0f5a1015dfcd1343ee	Categories: Persons alphabetically Born on August 9 Heroes of the Russian Federation Born in 1971 Holders of the Order "For Services to the Fatherland" 4 degrees Awarded the medal "For Merits in Space Exploration" Awarded the medal "For Military Valor" (Ministry of Defense) 1 degree Awarded the medal "For Military Valor" (Ministry of Defense) 2 degrees Awarded the medal "For Distinction in Military Service" (Ministry of Defense) 1 degree Awarded the medal "For Distinction in Military Service" (Ministry of Defense) 2 degrees Awarded with the medal "For Distinction in Military Service" (Ministry of Defense) 3 degrees Awarded with the medal "For Service in the Air Force" Commanders of the Order of the Crown Pilots Cosmonauts of the Russian Federation Military pilots of the 3rd class Graduates of the Chernihiv Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots Cosmonauts of Russia Born in Shchelkov Personalities:Shchelkovo Graduates of SPbSVU Deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the VII convocation
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1c8d268f2360294509ae50e514bd326f0fc6d62e	Home People Pilot Pilot Cosmonaut Romanenko Roman Yuryevich
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7a9cee970c7157b58ae52445efc5f81706d2e32b	Member of the State Duma commission for reviewing federal budget expenditures aimed at ensuring national defense, national security and law enforcement activities.
c134fdb2950e12c99eb940599f361d382e6b9e0f	In the elections of September 18, 2016, Romanenko Roman Yuryevich was elected a Deputy of the State Duma of the VII convocation as part of the federal list of candidates nominated by the All Russian political party "United Russia".
bc145c1d7701b2ee5eb8453eb403511636f6b47a	Member of the United Russia faction.
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4f8233340001d35b35d2d5811aa0dd0d998f247b	Internet and mass media
7e8548c30fef17f02e9ba61afa6fce5d38cdc309	Economy
1db19285e43759d1b33c6464741a97e495e7a1ea	Culture
075be6a60b145b1ce1b874ce5a76b369cdd0b469	Various
c338277775a160bed9aca709740de3c7f1184eec	12: 15, April 12, 2015 |
55f21e37af5e8742143a8e69b2e15811d316de36	2547
651d6c0fb5954a269a797be520326fdc1a42377b	Cosmonaut Roman Romanenko: "I have been going to the dream of flying into space for 11 years"
ed6a43c6e3df7f46e5666e8365f4404a743eafe5	On Cosmonautics Day, we will tell you about life on the ISS and experiments in weightlessness
30becf5b8efe51149dcdb6586b380935e15020a6	Not so long ago, Russian cosmonaut Roman Romanenko came to Blagoveshchensk.
da8065c2db22ebc54dee34902ad98ca9dcab1aa2	He met with schoolchildren and students, told about life and work in space and even agreed to take a selfie with the guys.
a64a8bf0f20a0f46ace50c6e14e0fb2a7ef43537	About the ISS
eb603bd63377e49fab1f695bd43d549f18904d69	— Now a large international space station — the ISS is flying around the earth.
c48db73f8f3367a7b2591c902b57c6b6c732d861	It's really big — the size of a football field.
80faecaa4122244aa5abfd7cb8c5be12c90580f0	Inside it, residential premises and workplaces occupy an area of about 7-8 school buses.
445bbff236a9af863d97f42a19b976d2cb562cfe	There are six people permanently on the ISS.
f5e1001c49bb03c0811f3295e84fc15624d15249	Each new crew brings its own equipment, documents on new experiments.
dad7da25dcc033933f742569b8d6ce4f074e66f5	Here we study a person under the influence of cosmic factors — weightlessness, vacuum — and look at how the body behaves in space.
6eac49a54d0cc694cf3cd112dfcb36eef1e20c64	And we also carry out a lot of scientific experiments that are aimed at understanding whether a particular material, plant can serve or grow in space, whether they can be used to fly to other planets.
bc79276d125a9efc53d6fd2b65bbae0b47ecaa8e	The only main difference in space from terrestrial conditions is weightlessness.
cf2b852bd234ee34783c77c8b9279ba78ab54dcf	There is no gravity of the Earth on the ISS, and we fly there like birds.
8fc2dbff624e0d0ec45457a8e82229cdbb136e62	An astronaut, while flying in space, forgets how to walk.
2977988b0d2cfec3c3c208e1fbe9fc2cdf57d6b7	And when he returns to Earth six months later, having completed the space program, he is taught to walk again.
bb49f4246a374ce55ab0634d3ae8ff91635cd125	Initially, the international space Station was supposed to operate until 2020, but it has already been decided to extend its operation for five years.
eb60a157fdae9f9d7bd65b5dd6e74d1dcc21ead7	According to the technical expertise carried out by the astronauts, having studied the surface of the station, it was concluded that it could last longer.
93883f17e2b7f90fbf3c6952629632c4c390d1f8	In the future, we plan to build our own, Russian station.
841df97642f19972bdc39babab6cce09bb97e670	About space everyday life
3d5ebc1de027c87864470b6f392e57273dc2d084	— The speed of rotation of the ISS around the Earth is about eight kilometers per second.
bf51dd329552ecbbf16d68e6eda2a7fb0444504a	On average, we fly at an altitude of 400 kilometers above the Earth.
75bb32bbf3cd42c828563d9f169e726ee2274426	The station makes about 16 revolutions around the Earth per day.
4ebc9c6b611424a541b176cbe76c3e53379100e5	So we have sunrises and sunsets 16 times a day.
c87c6ba11f89eaa1afc546d185ceff87fd966b53	16 times alternately day and night.
7da972c14900ac20bd650de53196e4a91407cb86	Of course, it's unusual for beginners at first, but then you get used to it.
0924be35c3a4adc6932270fea97a9a7ed8d938e6	The cosmonaut lives according to the schedule.
c07f03cf6de477e006acc657526cf39b1cbd596b	Wake up at 8 am.
d9fdd9112684645644fded7c6b9d3440c1f10831	The day before, we study what we will do the next day, prepare the equipment.
62290235182560b99c5e54b07ca07e635bbc8856	The station is very large.
63fd8af9715b17f86263a2980911cee84226b2ac	All the equipment is hidden behind the panels.
bc982df1fccdfe90154da6ce1732fa252752282d	The equipment does not stand on tables, because in zero gravity everything immediately flies apart.
14c5ff0a415e02f1a619573933c6be32e740e157	The main task of the astronauts is to put everything in the right place, close it, fix the equipment.
de8f25f8f6bee5e6d793fc49a19018cc12a41cb1	Finding the necessary devices can be difficult.
b783760e6a30bddd46d61b4ce399f052e995c84a	We study the database in advance to find out where everything is.
471751d745cba46a1675c29f273300a22957cd4c	Then we scan the panels with a special device — so you can find out what lies behind each door.
c7875ea6ca8f220f7a0a41ad391d0436c8f8b074	And then, just before the experiment, we get the necessary equipment.
5cdcbd008a7419d8be5918b36de4264282bbdcc3	About experiments
4b17785322d847c83f86cf9dbf751113e847f664	— On average, the experiment lasts from 30 minutes to 8 hours.
456a8be3d34f4089d830ef1ac8cbe8895915f2ea	There are experiments that last the entire flight.
9eb5b8df3be66143ddb7c19eeabd2a5bc2953ad4	We fly to the ISS with seeds from Earth and grow various crops in space.
5fec21563252343c77ce8021ee8524d4029db1a5	They planted bananas, oranges, and barley.
f47d0a3a0344883469a09835121de376e78dfcd7	We even have our own greenhouse, and cameras constantly record all the growth processes.
dcc5faa8bea7cde7730c7d366e35bbb4fe55eea6	However, what has grown, we can not even try.
81d75a0bd047202f50fe3d15be4a5c0717e0954a	All plants are sent to Earth for study.
8274b232ccd150ee013d69961f951ceeb2360369	We freeze the grown fruits in cryogenic refrigerators.
0007d8ffcff94d3336973feb2eff5d0d70cdb6d1	The temperature inside it is minus 187 degrees.
b2c95df40322a2f750a82066c4af04a55b58f8b3	You need to be able to work with them, otherwise you can get serious burns.
977389a654c33669bf87b6860d24f8c62bc5fb94	About health
4400decf0993fbdffebf6d0b7df393ac8ff7120b	Perhaps the most terrible thing for astronauts is when we take each other's blood for analysis once every two weeks.
58b6e92f4a4e74a0340530b6e50d61a7a509779c	Then we freeze all this and lower it to the Ground.
84fc42c9d0a8b72f4b9b6864b738e3c42cf569a7	Scientists look at what happens to the body, to the blood, how the cosmonaut feels.
b38c640f37fe9abc671fef1c29830f5b5982b989	And they make a decision — can he continue the flight program or should he go down to Earth if his condition worsens.
516792a47dc795add8f99f8c68f3e789313d8f88	We arrive in space sterile.
8b4a9a3e0ebd56522b61dc0ce72b2a867f49930a	Two weeks before the flight, we stop contacting everyone on the Ground.
d9669afcf84e3b5d7dfeaf507236d64380938237	All communication is only through glass.
8ea960f508a68f6e5731e81bc90ee3231cb2e519	There are special rooms on Baikonur where we communicate through glass with journalists, guests who come to the start.
9fda71f07a94258f53dd4d707938ce3d24cf4988	All the time that it takes to prepare for the flight, we are accompanied by doctors.
17c00dc132dcf7f225bebdeae3f7e631bf05c3a3	At the same time, these two weeks you can not shake hands with anyone, you can not hug.
155f15c989be35d8a49a0642d794bce33cee1cc5	This is done in order not to bring the virus into space.
3c8b70858539c6552a2d7b74bc4ac0502cec7843	After all, there is a closed space on the ISS.
e98af8740c2c901537661dccd20c03d5e6c2eb31	If a virus gets to the station, everyone will get sick.
86b2c9830c1c36225a1b9e7e37c48de977a24ce4	This means that the program execution will be delayed.
01fa9342e98113f02c4852942be1b9feb9f38b05	One day, Americans flew to us and brought the flu to the station.
10e2b606bba1d0cee007985b9b9ed2e4be0f146a	We all got sick and did nothing for four days, just treated.
ea5870aaed52b5b4bb8840e9aac54a1b8bfa0851	About understudies
e4459dfacb7398146858e633566ae13e2efed16e	Before that, I was a military pilot.
9a06420748f4880b0070e88c351562d4da8326b7	He underwent various medical examinations for six months.
7a503bede98ac9f0ac10c178fac0c7f38595e913	Then he was enlisted in the squad.
a7ea47547de855abad161fa6e8a4fa52a7bf62a7	About the flight
3c6e1d537ecaf51ad94eddbd1b81ba42089cb68e	When you fly into space, there is no fear.
4d068c6c10a7d5dd309401949165f363b1f26ae4	You get into a rocket and first of all you try to convince yourself that this is not a simulator.
001167b243b58e86ccea7a7a433fd1ef87d19213	Because today we have such good simulators that completely simulate space flight, with the exception of weightlessness.
3d31f91cdc40b1a081a6f5a816a0bd6569bab997	You sit down, you still donot believe yourself, you think that you are just in the simulator.
e18d331338e92e085867cec8d3531263d3548173	But after you reach weightlessness, you realize that you are in space.
9f525cc33d850a4d0d9914313b93ecd0d4fff696	You fly up to the station — a snow white giant that glitters and shines in the rays of the sun.
8734df8c4efb5d7196bb6b5a851ec732575a03ed	You rejoice and admire this beauty.
412e80d818efc7dcd363dac3a2e0e7adf0063859	Blagoveshchensk schoolchildren took a selfie with cosmonaut Roman Romanenko
eb1bf76a055382f60bf6c2a3dd78809480c05e40	Roman Yuryevich Romanenko is a Russian cosmonaut, colonel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Hero of the Russian Federation.
52737a308e6cc2c59f743a8aeaf6d38ad8c1a7fe	He was born in the family of twice Hero of the Soviet Union cosmonaut Yuri Romanenko.
16fbee33c65c7cbd8d71bc2f22f4f150ad4971be	He graduated in 1988 from the Leningrad, now St. Petersburg Suvorov Military School, in 1992 he graduated from the Chernihiv Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots.
98db6725b056b3de2f35a9822093637968174bdf	He served at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center.
b14cace13f8ba4b3ce6742011eaeece3cef7afc2	He is qualified as a military pilot of the 3rd class.
76574294573077a9d56d7e87fe9540e3c298c027	Finally, in July 2008, he was appointed to the main crew of the 20th expedition to the ISS as the commander of the Soyuz TMA 15 spacecraft, on which he and the rest of the crew went to the ISS on May 27, 2009.
3bf2e4fed929a4adbc2045dca5b434f53ab639df	Roman Romanenko is the third hereditary cosmonaut in the world (the first is Sergey Alexandrovich Volkov, the second is the space tourist Richard Garriot).
266c544255b36bae9d80ebddb8b4a049da917e41	DID YOU FIND AN ERROR IN THE TEXT?
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000ea366c93d350b233f89ae0569b8dfe4fd226f	Howard Phillips Lovecraft (August 20, 1890, Providence, Rhode Island, USA-March 15, 1937, there) was an American writer, poet and journalist who wrote in the genres of horror, mystery and fantasy, combining them in an original style.
2ac93ea635f8e578ef79e481ce2ca2b1f27249a2	During Lovecraft's lifetime, his works were not very popular, but after his death they had a noticeable impact on the formation of modern popular culture.
8224f1c9bcd864117814f7cf26aba2ff9f10baeb	Perhaps the most important of Lovecraft's followers, both from the point of view of chronology and from the point of view of continuity, is August Derleth.
860e5f350732c412cffbe3d8e244e37a424e2f74	Despite the fact that many authors subsequently turned to the pantheon of cosmic gods created by Lovecraft, it was Derleth who became the creator and head of the Arkham House publishing house, which published the works of Lovecraft himself, Derleth and everyone who somehow came into contact with the worlds created by Lovecraft in their work.
6d0eb61b14d6142f6e27483dbc687f4f972f3172	Derleth was also quite successful as a writer, although he could not match the power of influence with his teacher.
7938098ee4b0dd4ce1ee6d3fa0567138be484227	However, he was a publishing genius — the books of the publishing house "Arkham House" of that period are now bibliographic rarities.
5f58da28760c11ab629ac30d7d00a8095d96cff8	In addition, it was a rare case when a publishing house was created for the creativity of a particular person.
f0b2899664db349b4f3e57039aa5b9f2d622a9c1	One of the creative heirs of Lovecraft is Stephen King.
a3fef702691c0c2ecebf9753980e4ae3f6c018b7	The most striking work in which Stephen King does not imitate the manner of narration by Howard Lovecraft, but pays tribute to the talent of the latter, is the story "Crouch End", adapted by the TNT film company in the collection of film novels "Nightmares and Fantasies of Stephen King".
55b4da3eab4333e4987cd783c3031833bb862709	In the works of King, traces of the influence of Lovecraft's work are clearly visible.
4a613673429746d3c046a2ee1887a38255e13f5e	Thus, the Novel " It " directly refers the reader to the cosmic horror that came from time immemorial.
9db251720b20eb33e8e1c9f933d6de5fb70cffa0	It should be noted, however, that King's horror can be quite clearly divided into three main parts: cosmic (Lovecraft), afterlife and scientific (Mary Shelley).
8beb49ed585f598858a2bfb52ed0076eabc94cc0	Among other things, the action of most of Stephen King's books takes place in small American towns, which is also characteristic of the works of Lovecraft, who believed that the most terrible things happen in quiet places.
e5027087f4ef02513b35939827bde8395030d2a0	His work is so unique that the works of Lovecraft stand out in a separate subgenre — the so-called Lovecraft horrors.
af7f0da608dc2c2927fa08ee8d0824afd82e3dee	Howard Phillips Lovecraft was born on August 20, 1890 in Providence, Rhode Island, and lived here almost all his life.
de76733fa1d4eefbce7a4e38071daa20d242e428	On the mother's side-Sarah Susan Phillips Lovecraft (Sarah Susan Phillips Lovecraft) – he was a direct descendant of the old Phillips family, up to the first settler George Phillips, who arrived in Massachusetts from England in 1630.
16e96354699d29690d25a67d9be9b551dec8aede	The writer's father, Winfield Scott Lovecraft, was a traveling salesman for a jewelry company.
86e1186ceee38eec36a1329ff90018eddd8e6532	When Lovecraft was only three years old, his father had a nervous breakdown during a business trip to Chicago.
e436c54882d997b870656d3db1acccc523fddeb1	Winfield Lovecraft was admitted to Butler Hospital, where he died five years later.
0fa0f395c70cdfc53edede7d768edf02431cb784	Today, there is almost no doubt that the cause of his illness and insanity was progressive paralysis caused by syphilis.
44a49dfc3b7843a7b6fd5e9e25e8cf0df0465313	After the death of his father, Howard was raised by his mother, two of his aunts and his grandfather, the industrialist Whipple Van Buren Phillips, who lived together in the family mansion at 454 Angel Street.
3d92da8723af94e5e4cb8cc457a3a675e47d14ee	And although it is unlikely that Lovecraft's early years can be called happy, this period (and especially the subsequent longing for him) largely shaped him as a person and as a writer.
6bd53fedee3e3685cfebab80c37c8abd84744418	Undoubtedly, the environment of the historical part of his native Providence had a huge impact on the aesthetic views of the future writer: a craving for the colonial past, ancient architecture, to the praise of which Lovecraft almost constantly turns in his work.
6b80a59359cc47c6637aac9b9ef38ecf877c4987	Lovecraft was a precocious child: he recited poetry at the age of two, read at the age of three, and began writing at the age of five or six.
1bb56f0ee5ebc3184966b4dc879e0b11799138a4	His first hobby was "The Arabian Nights", which he read at the age of five; it was at that time that he took the pseudonym "Abdul Alhazred", who later became the author of the mythical"Necronomicon".
6092d536eb3832544e021142fc23816cd8b669ae	But the following year, his Arab interests were overshadowed by the discovery of Greek mythology, which Lovecraft made thanks to Bulfinch's "Age of Myths" and children's versions of the Iliad and the Odyssey.
283cbd240edb0cd2adecefb18ca12d2797f1b854	Indeed, the earliest surviving literary work of Lovecraft is a paraphrase of The Odyssey.
057c57e4da15640f17445cb6e2c20bf47dab0fb8	But Lovecraft had already discovered supernatural literature by this time, and his first story, the unreleased "The Noble Spy", can be dated to the beginning of 1896.
b4c653c1002a3d8a4b8bf8dfa5fc9f5de95fe84d	His interest in the supernatural was nurtured by his grandfather, who entertained Lovecraft with improvised supernatural stories in the Gothic style.
973279284991fe3892fa7d987575de93c8aca7d6	Lovecraft was fascinated by fantastic since childhood, reading Grimm's fairy tales, the works of Jules Verne and, of course, Edgar Allan Poe, who had the greatest influence on the writer: Lovecraft's first "pen tests" in the field of the fantastic and the unknown were written mainly under the impression of Poe's stories.
3084e75a06aed66de449113ec550eee6eec4a36d	Lovecraft began studying at Hope High School in Providence, but, having poor health, which led to long periods of absence from school, he was forced to engage in self-education.
8a3570876eba37b0d7b58a83c179cde0b3d7d77d	He preferred the company of adults, rather than peers who did not like him because of his refined nature and precocious intelligence.
a1054eec5b9d147490e6817deb3559e5214a1c57	At the age of eight, he became interested in science, first chemistry, then astronomy.
5ea565a09c809c7f4610c98270c0ce7cac3dd927	He began publishing hectographic journals: "Scientific Newspaper" (1899-1907), and " Rhode Island Journal of Astronomy "(1903-07), which he distributed among friends.
77ebded67301f56c944af509b9ef48dcbbd34b84	Another hobby of Lovecraft was astronomy – and this is a key point in the formation of his worldview.
c4ba1526224fc98ec5cf769cb6749a6492ac2d02	Thanks to his studies in astronomy, the writer discovered "worlds of boundless spaces", the scale of the universe, which laid the foundation of his philosophy – "cosmic horror" and the simultaneous insignificance of humanity in front of him.
2e9d0af32532cd4918d1db6d0002be1b005d58b3	This is the main difference between Lovecraft and other horror and science fiction writers – there are not just some mysterious and powerful otherworldly forces in the world.
e607361eec903690ecf2a0831f213fc32824f38d	They, in fact, dominate it, and there is no need to talk about any "victory" over these forces: meeting them threatens at best with madness and terrible nightmares (frequent motives in Lovecraft's work).
ac2f1fe5001f2cf7cdb7960b9a6dc641d836895e	When he entered the high school on Hope Street, he found his teachers and peers close to him in spirit and encouraging, and made many friendly acquaintances with children of his own age.
c52c831277f37404dc2af825372e7d3a93a9ae63	Lovecraft's first appearance in print took place in 1906, when he wrote a letter related to astronomy to the Providence Sunday Magazine.
6a2db4a18424fb42ff91e72c268aa018130779f6	Soon after, he began writing a monthly astronomical column for the Pawtucket Valley Gleaner, a rural newspaper; later he wrote astronomical columns for the Providence Tribune(1906-08), the Providence Evening News(1914-18) and the Asheville Gazette News(1915).
eebc70d23ba07059a3bc1c67aa84133b0ea6f41e	In 1904, the death of Lovecraft's grandfather and the subsequent loss of his property due to poor management plunged the Lovecraft family into serious financial difficulties.
f6968f03a5dcccaec990bad618e78f5123028cff	Lovecraft and his mother had to move into a small apartment at 598 Angel Street from their luxurious Victorian house.
a7a5fa9951c8bf1e9080f6c4c0d2580ed40b3a28	Lovecraft was devastated by the loss of his birthplace, and probably thought about suicide more than once when he made long bicycle trips, looking wistfully at the dark waters of the Barrington River.
bb2b6a140c8c3964bc45373cf961a92108174804	However, in 1908, a year before graduation, Lovecraft suffered a nervous breakdown that forced him to leave school without a diploma without graduating.
b86eb1736240d16b6ad889ef93f4a418e80b8c91	This fact and the resulting failure in the entrance exams to Brown University caused a sense of shame for Lovecraft in later years, despite the fact that he was one of the most significant self-taught people of that time.
6f1bee49cc8bbb5435a90adbe58b6e13aada913d	From 1908 to 1913, Lovecraft practically did not leave the house, continuing to study astronomy and poetry.
c4405bade40b9ce67a653b3876878a7197d915d2	The exit from seclusion occurred in a very original way.
f49f128be6959d04605a52f15260dfe6360d1070	Reading a lot of old "cheap" magazines, among which was The Argosy, he came across the love stories of a certain Fred Jackson.
7c6cb8a5c28c51c9ed9a0ad0e3013906bc292b44	This prompted him to write an angry letter to the magazine.
22de7d397fbe7dca0847667ec93a34e69d7c9d3b	It was published in 1913 and caused a storm of protest from Jackson's admirers.
e71bcd33191046840623f8b5608797c719e70dc3	This led to a whole correspondence on the pages of the magazine, in which many people and authors were involved.
93f2f4b635bdf60c35e3d88b07bc3258211d8583	Among them was Edward F. Daas, president of the United Amateur Press Association (UAPA).
bcca553a57f6a4d869581c9aa397574e8e7836d6	It was an organization that included young authors from all over the country who wrote and published their own magazines.
1c248373fb6264f80b82b4cfdb271142364529d6	He offers Lovecraft to become a member of the UAPA.
04c01db10afdbf3949b3a48090190eda5251c59c	And in 1914, his proposal was accepted.
81dd8546bb797e5804e94dcc8b1d047a87b707a3	Lovecraft began publishing his own magazine, The Conservative (1915-23), in which he published his poetry, as well as articles and essays written specifically for this publication, and those that were sent to other magazines by him.
07610ee7dea28313c4eaf19d55829026e9e2c2d3	Lovecraft wrote fiction as a child ("The Beast in the Cave "(1905)," The Alchemist " (1908)), but later preferred poetry and essays to it.
797f7564889c4206bcb9fef366456339be09581e	He returned to this "frivolous" genre only in 1917 with the stories "Dagon", then "The Tomb".
ac0612d768c6e9516efd5ed8fdda8acc00b5f857	"Dagon" became his first published creation, appearing in 1923 in the magazine "Mysterious Stories" (Weird Tales).
dc883f3e662c46d92672814adb681d182adde1aa	The whole story is a suicide note from the person who saw Dagon.
8ec3ebf3932a448475f6e38c1eb2de2170ab96d0	Sailing in the rarely visited corners of the Pacific Ocean, his ship is captured by the Germans.
deecbd39832181d925e4e66c9e25b441c571bead	However, less than 5 days later, the narrator manages to escape in a small boat with enough food and water.
d1a8cd45d12ff9314154743a45834b498f900678	For several days he sails without encountering either ships or land.
b8a404b2fbf8dfeccf482997db7be12ddd656872	One night he has a nightmare, and when he wakes up, he finds himself drowning in a viscous, black swamp, quite far from his boat.
73616016b543f99426e7c98e1e8b212791d50914	Everything is littered with the bones of decomposed fish, and there is a terrible stench in the air.
575d5b3ef7ced7e4580e83b6bcdff122bfea991b	Apparently, this is an island formed when a section of the seabed was raised.
68063bafbe9cc7679228f4ffaa4b1db6cf394fcf	After three days, the swamp dries up, and he goes to an unknown goal.
ebb0df3f1d350adfa880eab820684e67ae191aec	In the distance, you can see a fairly high hill.
b9eeed410c8cff903e42a16598b407b7c0142916	The narrator goes to him.
28b87aa631d93395524b19bc1565e96eb44873bf	There is a gorge behind the hill, he goes down into it and sees there a strange pillar with an ancient, mysterious carving.
3aed1eb7eaf2fa0bd49291190fa023b2bfe95038	And suddenly, Dagon appears from the water column and wraps his arms around the pole.
7e8be843822d49bc4bd0ae9b3a43b03fc9750868	After that, the main character, not remembering himself, sails off the island in a boat, and being in a state of temporary insanity, sings terrible and incomprehensible chants.
8e6a82efe094744f7ef84308abcc7ad24de8b316	In the morning, an American ship finds him and takes him to San Francisco, where the main character regains consciousness.
e5e6f2f19d1b74139cc9a3ad4061ba9da02dece4	At the end of the story, the man is thrown out of the window, unable to bear the visions of Dagon and the terrible withdrawal from morphine, on which he became dependent, trying to forget that island and the Ancient God.
e83eb443e46c7f03a22a042cdbd3a044d662f4db	Then Lovecraft maintained a constant but weak flow of artistic works, and until 1922 poetry and essays remained the dominant form of his literary expression.
3cdbea90854572df00e3cdca31f856bf6bf0b60d	Lovecraft also became involved in an ever-growing network of correspondence with friends and colleagues, and eventually became one of the greatest and most prolific letter writers of the 20th century.
62fd106fd21b20577a038f10f11ce7d7da3d397b	Lovecraft's mother, due to the deterioration of her mental and physical condition, suffered a nervous breakdown in 1919 and was placed in the Butler Hospital, from where she, like her husband, never managed to get out alive.
22d0f79844389193f686809d886e141e0d3fce5d	Lovecraft was devastated by the loss of his mother, but managed to recover and a few weeks later attended the convention of amateur journalists in Boston on July 4, 1921.
2568330cb6baa4319a994e974160c4fea2d956fb	It was there that he first met the woman who later became his wife.
1826996fc0a16f9cda8a26666d400166acb2a744	Sonya Hart Green (s) was a Russian Jew and was seven years older than Lovecraft, but they both found each other very close in spirit, at least in the beginning.
6dce9a6829b760dd2293cc7f17ecd4a1008a7159	Following their first meeting, their friendship developed into a more romantic relationship, and they were married on March 3, 1924.
7f1598e41ba191a0dc455572c2bcaab70fb548b5	Lovecraft moved into Sonya's apartment in Brooklyn, and the future of the young couple seemed cloudless: Lovecraft was a confident writer, thanks to the fact that the famous magazine "Terrible Stories" ("Weird Tales"), founded in 1923, acquired several of his early works; Sonya sold hats and owned a profitable shop on Fifth Avenue in New York.
385f84c687fa56b6925157b5752c38ae58ce7ec4	But almost immediately, the couple got into trouble: the store went bankrupt, Lovecraft missed the chance to become the editor of the companion magazine "Terrible Stories" because they insisted on Lovecraft moving to Chicago, and Sonya's health failed, forcing her to spend some time in a psychiatric hospital in New Jersey.
c9e9b39be2bc8f85e62a7d2e514c70e09042b06c	Lovecraft tried to find a job, but few people wanted to hire a thirty-four-year-old with no work experience.
04bddb00956888adbcbc204e22ed44e96f13ed5d	On January 1, 1925, Sonya left for Cleveland to work there, and Lovecraft moved into a one-room apartment near the unhealthy Red Hook neighborhood of Brooklyn.
f7abff7d6f8607d466e151dec184d8f064fc3c96	Despite the fact that Lovecraft had many friends in New York - Frank Belknap Long, Reinhart Kleiner, Samuel Loveman, he was increasingly depressed by his isolation and the masses of" foreigners " in the area.
aa46f71270c5decb31c29debcc2f5c5e1e1110c8	His prose ceased to be nostalgic ("The Abandoned House" (1924), written in Providence), and became dull and misanthropic ("A Nightmare at Red Hook"(1924) and " He " (1924), which clearly show his feelings for New York).
97690ba50927fd2c55b161799b9b9f8f60c92368	In early 1926, Lovecraft decided to return to Providence, which he missed fiercely.
34c0894dc97750f49ca263c7dad3d931586b3734	But how did Sonya fit into these plans?
8635e5e4885a98c2591b48b44fe1c58eac8ffa91	Despite the fact that he continued to admit his love for her, he did not resist when his aunts prevented Sonya from coming to Providence to start working; they considered the marriage of their nephew and a merchant woman unacceptable.
12ba47a0ac9fe4320e3338723e7146554384aef3	However, this new life became a great test for Lovecraft, and after only two years they parted.
1b984eebf15c08861dd7ae14e46caa3a010f23d7	The urban metropolis of New York seemed unbearable to Lovecraft, and feelings of disgust for the city inspired him to write the story "The Horror at Red Hook".
535df4cf0dac4bf54230078f4651f83c404a003f	Returning to Providence, Lovecraft lived in a" large Victorian wooden house "at 10 Barnes Street until 1933 (this address is the address of the house of Dr. Willet in the story"The Case of Charles Dexter Ward").
02da399c70dcbc81ecf342899f7e00a766e4e139	He travels a lot in New England, visits Quebec, Philadelphia, Charleston, and still maintains an active correspondence.
c9568e25428990f71482a2586fb63ac5584d5e37	After returning to his hometown, Lovecraft concentrated exclusively on creativity, working all night and resting during the day with the shutters closed.
a88e918d02bc1d66011a2d654d2d5a530caf468e	This period is probably the most interesting and productive in the writer's life.
ebe95177550ceb698820eeaac2f93eb7752385a3	The most important works of Lovecraft (sometimes called "senior texts"), starting with" The Call of Cthulhu " (1926), were written at this time.
5459e956d1c28429f4f98af2187ae8cb57d7f820	The story "The Call of Cthulhu", written in 1926, reveals this idea.
901c673c4f30b19df8eb85137d9d6fb9379463a6	The plot of this story suggests that at certain times, when the constellations take a special position, some dark forces can influence sensitive people, sending them images of "Great Ancients", God-like aliens of extraterrestrial origin.
938dec7facb76a46f1540787ec5a436d9187bee4	These beings are in another dimension or on another vibrational level, and can enter this universe only through specific "open zones" or psychic gates – a concept fundamental in many occult traditions.
a741e5a48792d6fefab9df15a4f1b7a08268bae5	Cthulhu is the High Priest of the Ancients, buried in the sunken city of R'lyh, where he awaits the time of their return.
8dd3292ee0b917ce4d806393273dfd49d9515b72	He is depicted as a huge winged anthropoid with tentacles, consisting of a semi-viscous substance that can be reunited again after the obvious destruction at the end of the story.
903adb20d0c306118aa0d9cd00ca4c2a8b50eeb6	The narrative also testifies, using various archaeological and mythological sources, to the constant existence of a cult dedicated to the return of the Ancients; its servants can be found, ranging from the inhabitants of the South Seas to the Angakoks of Greenland and those who practice voodoo in the southern states of the United States.
98cc372dc1684b8e2c38bacfc2eb650fb3ebc378	Lovecraft also gives a brief description of the world after the arrival of the Great Ancients:
41ce54803a61df76fd4ad25bdbf9c5f6b8f06afa	"It will be easy to recognize this time, because then people will become like the Great Ancients – wild and free, on the other side of good and evil, they will abandon laws and morals, everyone will shout, kill and have fun."
d24bfc58f2ec40649118f12a40711f8e7e71be8a	After The Call of Cthulhu, Lovecraft wrote more than a dozen short stories containing the central core of the interconnected mythology that later became known as the" Myths of Cthulhu".
3ed33f977534e7a746aa8b42c16857a5cf415c56	In these stories, he describes various rituals that have existed since the primordial rule of the Ancients, and have been preserved to this day in esoteric grimoires like the "Necronomicon", with the help of which the ritual of evocation of extraterrestrial gods could be carried out.
b7af79b27238156a83495539dd83e926d42ee550	He was also prone to extremely vivid and lucid dreams, suffering from nightmares almost every night.
2dc9a4644d87a710299974f91d382e20e95c1321	In his childhood, he was visited in his dreams by creatures that he called "Night Mverzi".
75bf4f8af435c8ee14f140c094ee412a67e778e4	These faceless, bat-winged ghosts carried him to the high, pointed mountain peaks – an archetypal landscape that was called in his prose "the disgusting Lang plateau".
1d9da495f7442732ad58833a00a74c190672ea4b	The last two or three years of the author's life are especially difficult.
5e4e11becf20c6d2044b322a8253a1fc1c3a61c8	In 1932, one of his aunts, Miss Clark, died and Lovecraft moved to a room at 66 College Street in 1933 with his second aunt, Miss Gunwell.
5ae258028341d2fa63141ce45077e1e60af4f32d	After the suicide of Robert Howard, one of his closest pen pals, Lovecraft falls into depression.
c3befc36ddd3b435138fe01aaebc4f7c4e130fea	At the same time, the disease progresses, which will then be the cause of his death - intestinal cancer.
7c9b48598ff589cc5555fd406a6ad499ff156b90	In the winter of 1936-1937, the disease progresses so much that Lovecraft is admitted to the hospital (Jane Brown Memorial Hospital on March 10, 1937.
2fdc70b9e6e43c3df411555a5dd88882e5143cda	Where he dies five days later.
5dd7a952c2a5d07cbba31ecf114b7a794b8601f3	It seems that seeing his approaching death, Lovecraft imagined complete oblivion of his works: during his lifetime, not a single real book of his was published ( except for the story "The Shadow over Innsmouth"(1936) published by Raw), and his stories, essays and poems were scattered in countless amateur and cheap magazines.
1c73f0d982b3fb710a36de32a2a7f33f7b8e7bce	But the friendships established by Lovecraft mainly by correspondence helped him: August Derleth and Donald Wandray decided to save Lovecraft's stories by publishing a decent hardcover book, and founded the publishing house "Arkham House" for this purpose; they published "The Outsider and Other Stories" in 1939.
e42cb2c4a53b20290e2c59ada36a09eabe3f1b32	Arkham House printed many more volumes, and eventually they became available in hardcover and were translated into a dozen languages.
d5a89b41a084cd7c2a78939ec0f9a6ceb3a30fdd	Lovecraft was buried on March 18, 1937 in the family plot at the Swan Point Cemetery.
499e7ba6d9b62ceef5dca11d00023e5eac2bac6f	(Providence is the city in which he was born and, at the same time, providence).
82bea118a8a2913fe0712b453c13a11b8948753c	On a simple tombstone, in addition to the name, dates of birth and death, there is only one inscription - "I AM PROVIDENCE"...
1ae084922b08279c7effc97ce98afaf59807b48c	But, in any case, the phrase very accurately reflects the state of things - practically unknown during his lifetime, leading a calm, even reclusive lifestyle, after his death Lovecraft became a cult figure, overgrown with a huge amount of rumors and speculation.
bf92ae6917742e792131b342393c33fd7ff04a16	The reason for this is undoubtedly his work, previously appreciated only by a narrow circle of friends and fans, and now recognized as a classic and taken as a starting point for numerous subsequent sequels and imitations.
903d0b5f9e88721ec3ef139e954c9fc882102cda	Howard Phillips Lovecraft biography of the author
013f3266268fd278c241b924322e241056825753	NAVIGATION
90cd93337d15cb812b2796bc74e2ba558e9c7224	Home Action Movies Military Detectives Children's prose Home Drama Historical prose Classics Medicine Science Fiction Politics Adventure Psychology Novels Fairy tales Modern prose Thrillers Horror and Mysticism Fantasy Erotica Humorous prose
0e38a2ce1f970348a01d54788e4efa698dfcc5e1	Howard Phillips Lovecraft
032b95bfd63487db0a2259ada80c90eb5a7ad9a8	Howard Phillips Lovecraft (English: Howard Phillips Lovecraft).
587273beb1ec8414555876faa916ef7bae8b4073	In the 1920s, the American magazine of science fiction and horror "Supernatural Stories" began publishing stories by a then unknown author named G. F. Lovecraft.
8bd2940497691dffdb83011ff2635d65543525f7	And, as his collaboration with the magazine became permanent, these stories began to take the form of a consistent and integral mythology created from the literary realization of the author's dreams and intuitive impulses.
fd4a17bb0d219c7faac67f801d4b27811f84b4a7	Although outwardly he maintained a completely rational and skeptical view of the universe, his experience in the land of dreams allowed him to look at spaces and entities on the other side of the world of earthly reality, and behind his high sounding and verbose prose there is a vision and understanding of secret forces that are directly related to the Magical Tradition.
646109ebee13d02a2a9e2c867ec10e7936b318f9	Howard Phillips Lovecraft was born on August 20, 1890 in Providence, Rhode Island, at 454 Angell Street the home of his maternal grandfather, Whipple W. Phillips.
442b053f044d16c867ef8422100a0614aabe51b0	His parents, Winfield Scott Lovecraft and Sarah Susan Phillips, were of English descent, and throughout his life Lovecraft remained a keen Anglophile.
b00d88b0733b34fd67de64db3eae857b9486fcae	Winfield Lovecraft, a traveling salesman, spent a lot of time away from the family home, and as a result had almost no influence on the young Lovecraft.
a45340c5fe5c647d88907fa6a1f311e36cc74a6a	Three years after the birth of his son, he was placed in a psychiatric hospital, where he died in 1898 from "progressive paralysis of the mentally ill", the final stage of syphilis.
6083d3a62249432567b105274a6a83dcb79790c8	As a result, Lovecraft spent the rest of his formative years under the supervision of his mother and her two unmarried sisters, who completely protected him from the adversities and needs of everyday life, but at the same time they considered the boy extremely ugly in appearance, which they constantly told him about, causing the child heartache.
7e4be59834895298168ac9b0cb41c43aba2b48ba	Soon Lovecraft began to show clear signs of "otherness" - at the age of four, he could read fluently and spent hours in his grandfather's extensive library, studying volumes on history and mythology.
61a7d35b7dcef46ae36d599f68fa59da5072303d	His grandfather also introduced him to local folk stories and myths, which he later outlined in his memoirs of the imaginary New England landscapes of Arkham, Dunwich and Innsmouth.
e3dd287bea260635a8da0596473477566d25b9fc	Lovecraft began studying at Hope High School in Providence, but, having poor health, which led to long periods of absence from school, he was forced to engage in self education.
d5256abf301f576f1e472d3e6e9eebd9392ec3cb	Instead of joining in their youthful amusements, he developed his own inner world of imagination, trying to compose, and at the age of 15 he created his first short story "The Beast in the Cave".
2e7cad1aaadde7f155b2a44d14889d5e0b22f295	By 1914, he had submitted a number of articles to the United Amateur Printing Agency and local newspapers, the content of which ranged from astronomy and philosophy to occultism and the supernatural; his early works were devoted to similar topics.
e6b55a2586194ac4ddfc3f495a5ab38798c2b309	At this time, he also became interested in epistolary communication, which became one of the main amusements of his life.
69f01fc49b03173ebce55ac90b5e8804c58a9575	At the same time, he was associated with more than a hundred regular correspondents, and, in fact, his letters that have come down to us significantly exceed his fiction in volume (according to one estimate, the total number of letters written by Lovecraft exceeds 100,000).
de0d2afd9e04bdeb67fd0d8c33d0504eaf6ac23d	Nevertheless, it was only in 1917 that writing was taken seriously by Lovecraft.
458b1534fbf6db4af48c0e4185d4742bb4226750	The family was forced to leave the house on Angell Street due to financial difficulties, and Lovecraft soon found himself unable to earn a living.
b7da47c2463904bf168c7af1e385a0c370144fb3	(In fact, he spent the best part of his life in a state of financial need and half starvation, surviving on less than $ 15 a week).
514004e2f41a00ec42d9213560501cbc3019a57e	Both his mother's sanity and material conditions were rapidly declining.
2f4bf8d2654a9c5dfaaddaa91adfca47d3740f79	In 1919, his mother was admitted to the Butler Hospital, where she died in May 1921 after a long illness.
6af4411d1f4af6c6546d0b12d4a54b94452746ea	Lovecraft's short story "Dagon", written in 1917, was published in Supernatural Stories in October 1923, the year the magazine was published.
533d258288aea43304ef1c18eb6e5c204b10a8a1	In the same year, the writer made his first trip to New York to visit the poet Samuel Loveman and meet Sonya X. Green, also a member of an Amateur Printing Agency.
c9fda3b280313a7ede6abf370d42802a70218a8f	Since 1921, Lovecraft corresponded with Sonya, a woman several years older than him, and worked on correcting her own writings.
15fe73ebe77115695b434e62f8c95ec9708b0e31	After the breakup of his marriage, Lovecraft returned to Providence, where he lived as a semi hermit in the house of his aunt Ann Phillips Gamville.
5cc32d3ee7f26d7f421f0eb3c3976b877ab46e09	With the exception of trips to various parts of the country related to antiquarian research (including visits to Boston, Quebec, New Orleans and Philadelphia), and short trips within New England to explore ancient sites (like the prehistoric megaliths in Shutsbury, Massachusetts), he remained in Providence for the rest of his life.
5e86a0d65bcc44f01dcaff28440fe1c624a66716	When he went on long night wanderings, he dreamed of scenes from his childhood, when he wrote the first stories; a childhood that always fascinated an adult writer and caused nostalgia.
acc4b591f27486b8ec516c15491f8341c7f93fba	In winter, he rarely left the boundaries of the house because of a pathological fear of temperatures below 70?
3e1f4859645912b059cadd6b7227e77dd6bb4016	F. There is an anecdote telling about a case when he decided to leave the house at 30?
14630e28c5960ed336180ff6f3c496cdba9ec486	F and immediately fell down, needing resuscitation.
a40b0f38506ae1941e393fbcf811c9a43a149d02	He showed a clear aversion to the sea, suffered from terrible headaches, and his physical appearance showed signs of malnutrition.
8f1c94425976221d0ac707f5af54d10b10ad5c2e	These faceless, bat winged ghosts carried him to the high, pointed mountain peaks – an archetypal landscape that was called in his prose "the disgusting Lang plateau".
cc0907ce7c5ef6ae9696f79195586dc2969becde	And what happened during such nocturnal events, which gave rise to many of the most vivid images of Lovecraft, is often left on paper in a manner virtually identical to the manner of "automatic writing", which took place in the translation of his poem "Nyarlathotep" in prose.
0bf33d445d83a874bf6b9fc409062bcb548ae9b8	In a letter to Reinhardt Kleiner, dated December 4, 1921, he writes:
f54119f2218b9cbda967a73820959deecf970754	"Nyarlathotep is a nightmare, a genuine phantom of myself, who created the first paragraph, which was written before I was fully awake.
5049fe93c0a2ea6339db73380ba8925307f0fef9	I've been feeling terrible lately – whole weeks have passed without getting rid of headaches and dizziness, and for a long time three hours was the maximum limit of continuous work… To my constant misfortunes was added an unusual eye attack that prevented me from reading small print – a curious tension of nerves and muscles, to tell the truth, alarmed me.
889141d62542892a72aa8a87cb51076b6d5fec3c	And it went on for weeks.
6cf22ca39c1b7191a41f128d9e22d8e97a9f00e6	In the midst of this gloom came the nightmare of nightmares – the most realistic and terrible of those that I have often experienced since coming of age – whose absolute abomination and extremely oppressive atmosphere I was able, albeit imperfectly, to reflect in my written fantasy… Since I was falling into the abyss, I screamed heart rendingly, after which the vision disappeared.
4d93af1f180abb83536d4b92280269c55d66d52b	It was very painful for me (spasms in my forehead and ringing in my ears), but, obeying an unconscious impulse, I rushed to the light and began desperately recording what I saw, trying to maintain an atmosphere of unprecedented fright.
162e22659c5857bbd3647ca8db3b7cc149582466	When I woke up, I remembered all the events of the dream, but I completely lost the unbearable feeling of fear – the real feeling of the presence of a disgusting stranger.
2621011ff5a95dbc2c33979c808ae9364a69f75b	From what I just wrote down, the smallest part directly belonged to me, and after a while I stopped and poured water over my head.
8c851f7ada95b1f69238c5608b4b9ea8f4c06305	When I looked at the text I had written, I was surprised by its consistency.
070262576eed6568c47b89921733db6874c43fee	It consisted of one paragraph of the completed manuscript, later I changed only three words."
3b6afc52be577d02fa58927506c9cf3ce1fcf2ee	Lovecraft is an extremely curious case of the dissemination of" occult knowledge " through a dream, he was one of the few who could effectively write about the supernatural without consciously believing in the data that he transmitted.
cbc2ddae7e3bbab92fee3ce221f890299c343fa3	On the contrary, he categorically denied the possibility of the existence of occult phenomena, although he used their manifestations as a fictional device.
3a8492c69e7a4fb2d7f72432513b84e0b946fb68	However, this intellectual refutation, expressed in his letters and conversations with friends, contradicts the subjective confidence with which he described the things witnessed in his work (this is an indication of the dynamic dichotomy between the rational and intuitive aspects of his psyche).
d62c1ae6b1d3b5ccdd7b3e39381b7b7fae965a23	With the appearance of subsequent stories, a hidden model began to form in Lovecraft's work.
677e9af8385d02e35b2eeb345f31b7f6c71f1222	The plot of this story suggests that at certain times, when the constellations take a special position, some dark forces can influence sensitive people, sending them images of "Great Ancients", God like aliens of extraterrestrial origin.
a9d252464d3c508d931b1c268265303b6a8f3729	He is depicted as a huge winged anthropoid with tentacles, consisting of a semi viscous substance that can be reunited again after the obvious destruction at the end of the story.
0aff0f20b6e07b52b9778208e78ad76ae18fa690	Lovecraft also gives a brief description of the world after the arrival of the Great Ancients: "It will be easy to recognize this time, because then people will become like the Great Ancients – wild and free, on the other side of good and evil, they will abandon laws and morals, everyone will shout, kill and have fun."
d07cd3990d7150c322b2e336c40850c19c548978	There is a clear similarity between this passage and the teachings of many actual secret societies of the past, including the Assassins, Gnostics and Templars, but especially the" Law of Thelema", expounded by Lovecraft's contemporary Aleister Crowley.
73f8421edd5afb70ce4febca6cb45b58bdf072b4	The main difference is in the moral interpretation.
f432e4b16a1cd51e66cabbc6fa19187f28dd8f29	While Lovecraft considered the ancient gods to be the embodiment of evil, Crowley saw such a return of atavistic deities as an event completely consistent with the "sequence of Aeons".
0ad97cdb952e50e62d65f938af2d2a4a3367d799	In The Case of Charles Dexter Ward, by attributing a single source to many different branches of occult faith, Lovecraft hints that the true roots of the magical arts lie in the ritual veneration of entities that are beyond dimensions.
8fed9aebe5ca1327133fd41698572b100b9b037b	These ceremonies have been observed for centuries and have been misinterpreted in terms of black magic and devil worship.
57dbc03e7e1617f479d29f3592de4443a3754322	It should be noted here that Lovecraft never used the term "Cthulhu Myths", which was introduced by his protege August Derleth after the writer's death.
b0ee3c4c77ee653a7fc1ed63e98f8d8f8e0faeea	Cthulhu is just one representative of a whole pantheon of deities, which includes Yogi Sothoth, Azathoth, Nyarlathotep, Shub Niggurat and others.
1b4d5bf4c57bc996b2e07a0851baa75b90d10e28	The manifestations of these entities change from story to story.
03201f04c215cb151eaa51123db8acf028e680fb	Sometimes they are depicted as supernatural, while in other cases they appear as space aliens in a specific physical guise.
471700e10f760be0cb59d48e3c4fd06d138b632a	A certain exceptional deity can be mentioned in both ways within the same text.
c9492154e62d9cdbca9074cd73640a974026150f	Comparing the references to each of the deities in the stories of "Myths", it is possible to restore their relationship and hierarchy, to explore the relationship between the imaginary pantheon of Lovecraft and the religious mythological systems that existed in the past.
37c89ff3e94506e3f063597cba64f2129ab2aa5a	Basically, the gods of the Cthulhu Myths are divided into two groups – the Great Ancient and the Oldest Gods, of the latter, only Nodens has a name.
d2d73e1474430cf2696d6f11e9f920986da994ed	Between the Ultimate Chaos and the Physical World are Yogi Sothoth and Azathoth, who share power over lower deities, subhuman races and people.
873a639c347d3b7081b959fcbfa63a032e4a7b58	Yog Sothoth is the outer manifestation of the Primordial Chaos, the gate through which those who exist outside must enter.
1039fcea6aa40987db772cf54a43529da77532a5	In The Dunwich Horror, Lovecraft writes:
0e26d79aa00418f19aef84d3163c77ea93d29517	"The ancients were, the Ancients are, and the Ancients will be.
85db05ff2fd2b4c51cd8235ea877155a4a41d696	Not in the spaces that we know about, but between them.
531fe42e5430b8e699fbcc9ef8d8ff374fc19d6d	They go imperturbable and primordial, dimensionless and invisible to us.
89023b903c960b955b90a76cd872763ecfd2a392	Yogi Sothoth knows the gate.
8659e21ddf5219492b6cc923c002ecb771d0a321	Yogi Sothoth is the gate.
2a2c31efdcdf057ac792220e8411e943dea99d65	Yogi Sothoth is both the key and the guardian of the gate.
a973abf4b63decb7f9bc3bc58e9dc5bfec1bc453	The past, the present, the future, everything is in Yog Sothoth.
f743598ab7899cef4059cdb07f1d4c2d555ab23a	He knows where the Ancients came from in the past, and He knows where They will come from in the future."
cb56fe7ddde8de949dbe29f3414c1a3291687f21	The law of its existence is parallel to the concept of the universe described in Hindu and Eastern mysticism, unlimited being and essence, All in One and One in Everything.
3bf86d461e06e05110f5ba83feb6359df8874075	A specific physical form as such cannot be attributed to Yog Sothoth, although in "The Dunwich Horror" his brainchild from mating with Lavinia Whatley is compared to an octopus, a centipede or a spider.
eca3a964da1e136227ee9eeca2f43847470e3244	The evocation formula of Yogi Sothoth is given in the "Case of Charles Dexter Ward", where it forms part of the necromantic practices of the sorcerer Joseph Kerven.
e38ea65928296a1086b5dc274d8fa143e19924e5	The British occultist Kenneth Grant described Yogi Sothoth as the embodiment of " the highest and ultimate blasphemy in the form of the Aeon (yogi or yuga) Seta (Sotot = Set + Tot)".
c351deb0e30b61fa4c3ba84c79a45754c60de99a	On the Kabbalistic Tree of Life, Yogi Sothoth can be correlated with Da'at, the seventh (or "hidden") Sephirah, and identified with Horonzon, the Guardian of the Abyss, whom Crowley called "the very first and most deadly of the forces of evil", whose number is 333, the number of Chaos and Dispersion.
f0b4c14b9fadab6dbcbc210fe4a1d49bb95f118d	From the side of the elements, Yogi Sotota can be considered as an absolute manifestation of Fire; magically, it can be attributed to an active Spirit.
98082f3d86f004849f09234c5cf7e062b52ffc56	Its main location is the extreme South.
5b3448896b3ccd2780f9ca475b0102cfcc437dcb	Azathoth rules this universe:
985c00837a9e8a6ae97fb84da0a0f5e646d6ba71	"the blind god is an idiot… The Lord of All Things, surrounded by a horde of mad and amorphous dancers, lulled by the high and monotonous whistle of a demonic flute held by the paws of someone who cannot be named."
b8177339eb0f96d152fab21e26f38d8cbda3ebc0	While Yogi Sothoth encompasses the space of infinity, Azathoth symbolizes the opposite principle: he rules in the heart of Chaos, the central point of the universe, imbued with the influence of Yogi Sothoth.
d19d3a742f32872e1100521b9d886ac3f05546a6	Their relations can be represented as the agreement of infinite expansion and infinite compression.
e277a00e2fff041879572fbc5cd0e8a6886aa5f1	Speaking in physical terms, Azatot manifests itself as a colossal destructive energy inherent in an atomic particle that is released through nuclear fusion.
3797e472fb40e93970d2c7bd9886b4ceabc9ffe1	He is the complete opposite of creation, the extremely negative aspect of the Element of Fire.
29da982571b3b782acaa594e4841083f3c8e8087	Magically, it refers to a passive Spirit.
74433cf622e068b1c4d5d7a9cd536bae795fbe5f	The amorphous dancers who are subject to the idiot god Azathoth and accompany him at the throne of Chaos belong to the "Other Gods".
c2fb1bdffc776a853729f8a625c7058e553c80d0	Their soul and messenger is Nyarlathotep, the "Creeping Chaos", who is an intermediary between the Ancients and their human followers.
17aeaa7a132e6b3aa95aeea60224ab7c3d4e7a14	His avatar appears in the form of a black clad man with coal black skin, but, according to all other signs, belonging to the white race.
a39e083ad081e6083ed43de9d2b1f86a2b3af3c5	In this form, it is possible to identify the "Black Man of the Witches 'Sabbath" - an incarnation usually associated with Satan.
070757f6b2601f6f677c2c9eb6d6c6851699ca83	In the treatises on witchcraft of the seventeenth century, he is depicted as a being with a pitch black skin, wearing a long black priest's cassock and a conical hat – a description supported by the testimony of people both in Europe and in Lovecraft's New England.
6cc0368ae56add03cf838f0c90ef176d6f95f4e0	The physical appearance of Nyarlathotep is also strikingly similar to the appearance of that astral entity, Aivaz, who dictated to Aleister Crowley the text known as the "Book of the Law", thus marking the beginning of the Aeon of Horus.
2049e13b7260b2537a09e834f6783362119cb428	Crowley describes Aivaz as " a tall, dark man, about thirty years old, with the face of a savage lord and eyes covered with a veil so that their gaze does not destroy what they saw."
ab9e8c6d3c3a41fc5c9b6a9980d72c82ef3b593a	According to Grant, the cult of Aivaz "can be traced back to the period inspired by the eternal Draconian Tradition of Egypt, which lived in dark dynasties, whose monuments were filled with the ashes of opponents of the oldest cult."
5b63b5fe650f2b958163448e24fc43a82a2b0f9c	It is interesting to note that Lovecraft himself pointed out the connection of the worship of Nyarlathotep with "pre dynastic Egypt" in the prose poem of the same name.
f503e98598828cf75a5f00895aac15abd09bd8d9	The element of Nyarlathotep is the Ether, a means of communication in interstellar space (or, in Lovecraft's terminology, "Listening Emptiness").
0f196e5f3ed0631b601f9644114169d52ff031fc	Shub Niggurat – "The Black Goat of the Forests with the Legion of the Younger" - the name meaning the reproduction of creatures on Earth.
9c0d6216195d474d5dc432473f450074d404eb7b	He is the Horned God of the pagan agricultural communities of the ancient world, symbolizing abundance and sexual energy.
6c1eab968656b7e5b0cd54594f32e550c3541206	In Greek mythology, his archetype is Pan, a half human half goat.
32b42563a32d31997be328edf09384cd791b64b4	At the time of the change of paganism to Christianity, the image of Pan became a prototype for the Christian devil and was associated with the practice of Satanism, although the worship of the Horned God is at least a thousand years older than Christianity.
b7027f1ae4299deb568f4417cef4650181121cdc	In 1919, Aleister Crowley published a poem entitled "Hymn to Pan", awakening the flow of sexual energy, as is expected in ceremonial magic, and which he often incorporated into his own magical practice.
2ed370d43d91e4b7b0bef6bec91b10267fde2f29	The exclamation " Io, Pan!", the final poem corresponds to the exclamation " Ya!
850cda1f23d385ad05ba60011cd4575e8223aa85	Shub Niggurat!", which occurs in several stories of Lovecraft about the worship of a goat like god.
f8522f780bbca2f37edfd8d622b8d60082a8d1ed	This correspondence raises the question of Lovecraft's close acquaintance with Crowley's work.
22266882c1adefc8c46830a5e555f0bfe5547ca1	He could read "Equinox" (a collection of Crowley's essays) in the Harvard library, which received a copy in December 1917, where "Hymn to Pan" is the first composition.
65fec8a7baefb96dc049d32a8ba577dca09cf55c	However, apart from the occasional mention of Crowley in one of Lovecraft's letters identifying him with a character in Wakefield's story, it seems unlikely that Lovecraft knew anything more about the "Great Beast" than rumors about his reputation.
070be93da2e59639eb5795e07b60ceb01ed3ff0b	The element of the Niggurat Fur Coat is the Earth, symbolized by the sign of Taurus.
07f53aa6f2fed585c5065a0f101ee0fd1b37ecda	His place of residence is the North.
c5382cfa1886053f721cab140227abf8b56e7631	Hastur – "the voice of the Ancients" - is a deity of the element of Air or the vacuum of outer space.
daf6b601dcd3b33a3276648edfe66d72079400e7	On earth, the seat of Hastur is the East, and his sign is Aquarius.
56887cfa435e39b6758e0d374a9b01f50123a643	The god Dagon was taken by Lovecraft from the Hebrew texts, in which he appears as the god of the Philistines.
ca9654964eee8398b83caa7c9655d1ac9f5d33d0	In the "Myths" he is the Source of the Seas, the water equivalent of the Fur Coats of Niggurat, as well as the Lord of the amphibians of the Deep.
8466f17e1c1560af5ad7a6c9d2be8c77a5f3bd96	His element is Water, and his number is 777.
e1d79f742b89febf22674a33198e20935830c5d0	Cthulhu is referred to as the "High Priest of the Great Ancients".
301165c8a9d2a8311df64f31e88a5e9da1ae254c	His other names are "The One who will appear", "Lord of R'lyh" and "Lord of the Watery Abyss".
b9264787eccaaa47972c4b92c8bff458fbd27ee7	Cthulhu is the initiator of the dreams sent to mankind from the city of the crypt of R'lykha.
697b0f30f096ba0ebd8d91bfa347f55a43ffa664	The formula for addressing him is given by Lovecraft in a curious ritual phrase of non human origin, which is sung by fans of the cult of Cthulhu:
415c072dd8f233d0a01500137ded1811ff513f12	"P'nglui mglw'naf Cthulhu R'lyh vga'nagl ftagn."
d2a9ebca4bf5231bf2bea966c44d4f748320cb66	Cthulhu corresponds to the Abyss of the subconscious or the sleeping mind and is astrologically associated with the sign of Scorpio.
75c6f77ac9d5e7607bfe3d55c34f50dd3a72cdf2	In ceremonies, it refers to the West (Amenta or the Abode of the Dead in ancient Egyptian religion), its geographical location is R'lyh in the South Pacific Ocean (the exact coordinates can be found in the story "The Call of Cthulhu").
ee454c18abbba9ebc51a1e521a5c4c324b236e80	As already mentioned, Nodens is the only one of the Oldest Gods who has a name.
22618118c672809703670041718168e7dbdbcd5e	Lovecraft does not give any additional information about him.
322e98dc5ea72bdd6531494fff10b6e5c69b3308	The sign of the Most Ancient Gods was depicted in the form of a straight pentagram, in which a symbol having the shape of an eye is inscribed.
e5ac38fd594a6a5e314c0c106dd995126c3d4b6b	The rays of the pentagram symbolize the four elements plus the Spirit (the fifth or" hidden " element).
1edb154d6ad1c061632a7d978bd93c60ee184646	United, they balance the single element of the nature of the Ancients, hinting that the Oldest Gods may exist on a higher level.
cb44f1caab2449110d8bff15085dc86e9e67a00f	The " eye " implies the opening of the ajna chakra, or the Third Eye, symbolizing the ability of astral vision.
2b633b3babcba9757fc441d123b2c0cc4d6caa90	The entities described above are called "gods" because they are worshipped by innumerable hordes of other entities, both humans and inhumans.
f099adeec32db490f80444dc4c3e69a5082cb501	Among them are the "Oldest Races", those who inhabited the Earth in prehistoric times, and whose invisible presence is the reason for the existence of people.
0ba275c2fa3f39e9e65882b50d893a1517e985bc	The first of these races to visit Earth were the "Ancients" who descended from the stars and built a city of black stone in Antarctica.
1f6a2113b96122f36048e0943674337d0fe1ee14	They are depicted as creatures with a starfish shaped head, having tubular bodies covered with tentacles and cilia.
5fb5f2215e85db4474a1f24b4a666ae4d60a59c9	Their servants are brainless, protoplasmic "shoggots".
2a3a70ddc89dfffb7dff23de5bc41799b7ab8ca2	In the story "The Ridges of Madness" by Lovecraft op the outcome of the war between the Ancients and other extraterrestrial races at the dawn of time, including the offspring of Cthulhu (winged cephalopod creatures who built the sunken city of R'lyh).
30158a87d8593da88afba54683cfad987ccd6b85	The Deep sea creatures described by Lovecraft in The Shadow over Innsmouth are Dagon's semi - humanoid water servants.
3a411d952703727ce50151a795543da7ce4510b1	In the past, they dared to go out on the ground and copulated with humans, giving birth to degenerate offspring that possessed fish like physical features known as the" Innsmouth look", which appeared after the inhabitants of the New England port crossed with Deep Sea Ones.
6e7fbc1365214653820c9d44c341e363fa89af6f	The story "The Whisperer in the Dark" tells about the third group of non human creatures from the planet Yuggoth (or Pluto).
f09044adb196a24e950a58fd475cc010915919c4	They are essentially mushroom like crab like creatures that Lovecraft associates with the Mi Go, or Himalayan Bigfoot.
07cee346c60c376fb1f7f823a01098cd90493ab0	The last type that Lovecraft describes in detail is the "Great Race" that invaded Australia approximately 150,000 years ago. Unlike the other races mentioned above, it seems that this group was indigenous to Earth.
a3b5fdf76147a03c42b14b11f02102278e7dd9c0	They were cone shaped creatures, with their heads and organs attached to their sprawling limbs.
be85abfcc94e99537d32058615269a804d88855f	According to the story "Shadow from the Ever After", a Great Race capable of exchanging consciousness with any form of life, has accumulated extensive knowledge about the various cultures inhabiting the universe.
2cf895e78c0708c763b33191480e183e69342e34	Here the pantheon of non human entities ends.
5dca2f13a5abd8866cd963521938f0ba7f071bb7	The worship of the Great Ancients is continued on earth by secret societies, whose traditions and rituals preserve the hidden knowledge of these Ancient Races.
5e000a34ecc9b081202dc56becf86384dd9b0459	Lovecraft certifies three such cults: the "Cult of Cthulhu", the "Esoteric Order of Dagon", located in Innsmouth (actually in Newbariport, Massachusetts), and the "Sect of Star Wisdom".
a64c569ee6014832a465c0802452f5d50623562a	In The Wanderer of Darkness, Lovecraft describes how this latter sect held meetings in a church in Providence, where its followers communicated with the avatar of Nyarlathotep using an object known as the "Shining Trapezohedron".
4d6132660011df0353ecfba2990f9d5f6d5342c1	The name "Star Wisdom" again brings us back to Crowley and the " Argentum Astrum ", or "Order of the Silver Star", founded by him in 1907.
a46b5f8956e9c1f9e8e65be3d593aaebd3bb0ca8	The "Silver Star" symbolizes Sirius, from where the magical stream flows, whose representative on Earth is the essence of Aivaz.
70c8ca09fa9757a489ed82c3b44e00aeab161928	Another contemporary of Lovecraft, whose writings contain many similarities and correspondences with his works, is Elena Petrovna Blavatsky, a famous occultist, theosophist and author of the Secret Doctrine.
bcf498860fa05084006e7484b6a2fb5dc389ec3a	This extensive work is essentially an extended commentary on the "Book of Dzyan", a fragment of the " Mani Kumburm "(the sacred writings of the Jugarians, an ancient race that inhabited the mountainous regions of northern Tibet).
ea8149f9510b945805f4b2bf7cc9d7ea68ad94df	These texts begin to tell that the earth was once ruled by the aforementioned chaotic entities who crossed the abyss to come from another universe, simultaneously preceding the appearance of man, and continue to tell how they were expelled from this universe by the intervention of forces, allies of Order.
28c1a56cc9e7abce0bfe441b856737ce29cd7a13	This cosmic story, detailing the subsequent battles with other primordial life forms, shows obvious parallels with what is described in the Cthulhu Myths.
5e0222ccfc95ea790619319418c25406fef77742	In a letter dated March 25, 1933, Lovecraft writes:
a1424308b27d0400474e92fe9c68cd53a4c8b8f9	"the other day, my friend from New Orleans, E. Hoffman Price ... discovered an extremely picturesque cycle of myths about the early epochs of the earth, the lost continents of Kush (Atlantis) and Shalmali (Lemuria), about the population of the earth that arrived from other planets.
fa3331deaef816c6495fc1ea977fabb4d5fda53a	It talks about a secret book in some eastern shrine, fragments of which are older than the earth itself… Price assures me that this is genuine folklore and promises to send me more detailed information."
0d738356bcefb6737fd92576b3089639f76461ca	In another letter, Lovecraft discovers the identity of that secret book and the "Book of Dzyan" and identifies the eastern shrine with "Shambhala".
b31fa3aa71b06b389ff29fa525615e7cdfb095e2	Madame Blavatsky died on May 8, 1891 of kidney inflammation, the same disease that affected Lovecraft and was one of the reasons for his early death.
145626e8812817be009bc34005d70b7c5a176a2c	An explanation of many of the" occult "correspondences found in Lovecraft's work is given in Kenneth Grant's "Typhonian Trilogy".
5736caa36a46bdb60e3afc21723be1f341e0f1dd	He suggests that Lovecraft's grimoire "Necronomicon" really exists in Akasha, or in the space of Astral Light.
21c2d0c0af089ef3fb63a3567bb9e5c6a40e6080	This etheric repository surrounds the earth and retains in its structure the imprint of every event that has occurred since the formation of the planet.
fd0c549c4f191615ce363b59c6bcb23c9b499860	It can be accessed by people who have certain psychic abilities and perceive visions sent by someone else's will.
8c2447474df8930e0f34a321dfce568d31ced00d	Blavatsky wrote The Book of Dzyan, and Crowley wrote the Book of the Elements of Klipot under the influence of the Akashic Chronicles.
17cb792a6b80ffaa8e81f16f3868dd6d70c314b9	Could it be that Lovecraft was subconsciously given the "Book of Dead Names" from the same source?
327ce054b7be5dd72d94304795d435c521f57566	When creating the Cthulhu Myths, Lovecraft used a wide range of sources, from authentic occult tradition to literary materials related to it.
56abeb2bc55e8b466f00761a3a6ada63da934671	In his essay "Supernatural Horror in Literature", he mentions academic works such as Fraser's "Golden Bough" and Margaret Murray's book "The Witch Cult in Western Europe", as well as authentic grimoires such as" The Keys of Solomon"," The Book of Enoch " by John Dee, or "Liber Logaeth".
0444c947be0e69d22cdcb9178b2e0f2c5e91d453	He also studied the collection of medieval texts by Waite, "The Book of Black Magic and Treaties"," The Sacred Magic of Abram Melin the Wise "translated by MacGregor Mathers and" Wonders of the Invisible World " by Cotton Mathers about the events related to the witchcraft phenomena that occurred in 1692 in Salem.
9200e49003270fcdaf83d1f1cb7d037f12d2e1eb	The names of these books are reflected in the grimoires created by Lovecraft himself and other authors of the Cthulhu Myths: "De Vermis Misteriis" ("The Mysteries of the Worm"), "Pnakotic Manuscripts", "Les Cultes des Ghoules" ("Cults of Ghouls") and "The Book of Eibon".
969fca4354d6eb401aa60b4bfdef3f473a11b53d	However, the most significant of these fictional folios is Lovecraft's own creation, "Al Asif" by the mad Arab Abdul Al Hazred, or, to use his Latin name, "Necronomicon".
d1b68d723caa7cea444b508342047db3e8ae98fe	This name, which came to Lovecraft in a dream, translates as:
ed52b041dfaf923d74e17751ce26156f1bc88c9b	NEKROS – the corpse, NOMOS the law, EIKON the image.
49ea3fc74d0081dd9e1ba2bcde04394c4a8be378	Hence, " Image (or Description) The Law of the Dead."
fb653116cede118dffb5a13d30df04bbd35435bc	In a pamphlet entitled "Chronology of the Necronomicon", published in 1936, Lovecraft gives a supposed history of this pr?the cursed book.
98a9c781b7c28777e0baba5683c4f818d7492508	According to this essay, the original text was deciphered by the poet Alhazred in 730 BC in Damascus.
4352758ec06ed1d1dedc89abc68753afb91bf480	The name "Al Asif" refers to the nocturnal sounds of insects, according to Arab beliefs, considered the howling of demons.
699fa027ab015686737489b8251839fb3bfb8095	(According to the Kabbalistic numerology it is the number – 129, which means, among other things, "the space hungry creatures" and corresponds to the Egyptian word "and tem ", "destroy.")
4eb43c99a9272c29a8f04c54decf52840dc81d80	Alhazred've been alone for ten years in a huge desert of southern Arabia, Roba El - Ehaliyeh or "Empty Space" of the ancients, which was a rumor, it was inhabited by evil spirits.
74dbbb756f2ea90ddf7a3f8ae9a16639b48cbd89	He explored the ruins of Babylon and the underground tombs of Memphis, and also visited a certain forbidden city.
c582abee93464521602ca6043313407a0bf51271	Under the remains of an unnamed city in the desert, he found the chronicles of a race older than humanity, and recorded them in the "Asif".
333592f1c10833bdf4841c1388f757e2e98cea56	In 950 AD, the book was secretly translated into Greek by Theodore of Philetus from Constantinople under the name "Necronomicon", and in 1228 Olaus Wormius made a translation into Latin.
8838fba354e144e1926115c220237bef59234ee7	This translation was published twice – the first time in Gothic script in the 15th century in Germany, the second time in the 17th century in Spain.
8960a031091e1cf3766426147419cc74ce64c1a8	Shortly after the appearance of the Latin translation, the Necronomicon was banned by Pope Gregory IX , and no trace of the Greek copy remained after the burning of the library in Salem in 1692.
c875aa4e5f3adb837a108965f5e33336c97aee56	The translation made by Dee has never been printed and exists only in the form of restored fragments of the original manuscript.
15813b2e7cfec2518946712c202e61c94252c271	Of the two existing Latin texts, one is presumably kept in the British Museum, and the second is in the National Library in Paris.
2dff83669582d2ffc65169b01f886e1749d4b236	There is a 17th century edition in the Widener Library at Harvard.
3f31f8c87cc51b15cbff31399374d39ea6f091af	Other numerous copies of this book, banned by the authorities of most countries and all branches of organized religion, also probably exist.
6f9e9303d31af5da5d55f50c782795c15e8fc2d2	It is noteworthy to mention the name of Dee in connection with the" Necronomicon", since he was one of the few adepts of the magic of the past who could provide us with authentic facts of communication with non human entities.
e4bc270ed65c4f41240df7c323babd62209959b9	Dr. John Dee was an astrologer of Queen Elizabeth I, who collaborated with many seers and experts in spiritual vision, the most talented of whom was the Irishman Sir Edward Kelly.
36ce17ba6e3093a6d5b09f1b13253759e5fc6f95	With the help of the magic mirror of the Maya Indians, Kelly began to contact certain spirits, communicating through it a number of magical "appeals" or keys in a language called "Enochian".
8eabf27c8538c86b1cb86a8d53b524a455e1b35a	This language has been studied and analyzed by many historians, who confirm that it is really an authentic and consistent idiom, unlike any existing language.
4d89010085c0379d0d67a8df74fbe6e52ca2ef84	Even more surprising is that in the recently deciphered passages of the Book of Enoch, words were found that are very similar to the names of the Great Ancients from the Cthulhu Myths.
79050ff1e0f15e4f412b4d207fd81a30f3e49e98	Since 1930, Lovecraft has from time to time convinced those with whom he corresponded that as soon as he was going to stop composing, something forced him to continue creating new works.
0d70574558d92e4b9ce4f056606c109c5d969426	In 1935 (a year after the completion of his last story "The Shadow from the Ever After") he was diagnosed with a disease that was finally diagnosed in 1937 as intestinal cancer.
b166988f5087808c8d17fa6a898b70167ebbf834	By this time, the disease had spread to the whole body.
2aa67dd7a323a8816c254c7f02c0dd31e51137b4	Lovecraft was admitted to the Jane Brown Memorial Hospital , where he died on March 15, 1937 at the age of 46.
aec0ab22b2d5bcf634cedfd69fbfd3992d8af877	Three days later, he was buried in the family plot of the Swat Point Cemetery.
3cc9896f7b2ff9f39cad60fec56060fe171fc96d	After Lovecraft's death, the writer's friend August Derleth founded the publishing house Arkham House to save his work from the obscurity of cheap magazines, in which Lovecraft's stories first appeared, and in order to bring his writings to the attention of a wider audience.
f33277cd770bffd69a449f09e01e7bea2e7bbeb4	(During Lovecraft's entire life, only one of his stories," The Shadow over Innsmouth", appeared in book form, published in a small private publishing house.)
4f5ba68760078e60830a9b48c6d656faed199535	In 1939, Arkham House published the first collection of his short stories, "The Outsider and Others".
c23c7557638613e78667169420880ffe737c03f9	Since then, many authors have contributed to the growing chronicles of the Cthulhu Mythos, adding their own deities to the pantheon and adding new creepy tomes to the list of blasphemous grimoires.
4909036038209ebf2e14bc9adc736f76280d8e17	Many of these authors are people with whom Lovecraft personally corresponded: Clark Ashton Smith, Robert E. Howard, Frank Belknap Long, Robert Bloch and Derleth himself.
af98564f1b4f5889982d789058700f1efa0e4420	Later, elements of the Cthulhu Mythos were used in the works of Con Wilson, Ramsey Campbell and Brian Lumley.
a0e2eeaec1b5970bb554c3965aa3f562210a3ce3	"Myths" have also been borrowed for practical use by some modern magical and occult groups and organizations.
c2bb20747cde8113ae496a19ba7dac94eb426703	Anton La Vey, the head of the California based Church of Satan, published his book " Satanic Rituals "in 1972, in which he devoted an entire chapter to" the metaphysics of Lovecraft", including a detailed description of two Lovecraftian rituals," The Ceremony of the Nine Corners "and"Invocation to Cthulhu".
b5aad13c4ca11645d67f9e0344899a60f4b2ccc0	These rituals were reproduced in the original language of the Necronomicon and translated into English by La Vey's companion, the Satanist Michael Aquino.
4d7f084380c98db8253898cb0435ed4f2a79e663	Another group that uses Lovecraftian elements in their practice is the Cult of the Black Serpent or "La Couleuvre Noir", voodoo fans who combine left hand path rituals and archetypes from the Cthulhu Myths.
940d673e02aa162377b819a979af0c0c05709a82	Their leader, Michel Berthier one of the leaders of the Ordo Templi Orientis Antiqua and its offshoot, the Monastery of the Seven Rays - was initiated into the master of gnostic voodoo in Haiti in 1963.
8b5626adcc26d5e374f39ab1644841eb65b1c277	In the book" Shadow Cults", exploring modern voodoo, Kenneth Grant describes a ritual practiced in order to make contact with Deep Sea People on a deserted lake in Wisconsin:
711ec485c84a40c2a03b06859acd4d40bd9b7a98	"The cult of the Deep Sea thrives in a humid and cold atmosphere, in complete contrast to the fire and heat generated by the initial ceremonies, which include lycanthropic rituals that summon the inhabitants of the lake.
8581540de62d111ce7646390072454a090e8d94d	At this stage, the participants are actually immersed in icy water, where the transfer of sexual magical energy between the priests and priestesses takes place in the element of water."
0d737d243946bf91723b539b45d4f6baafdd53c1	With the help of this magical ritual, according to Berthier, it is possible to establish contact with these creatures, who "acquire an almost material essence".
5e31467021a2032ab5dab2d4bf2d37ea04b04177	Lovecraft has left us with a more than unsatisfactory explanation of the true origin of the Cthulhu Myths.
b3b80669edf8806fc85fb0a7ad54f532cea9b807	And this is probably of great value for those who are currently practicing the "Black Art".
9050fa12c8d8fba1a5a017d36da38cbdc160079a	A word to Kenneth Grant, the head of the Typhonian Society .
c21c70c85c5fd5b60107ff4724442fdb15e53f52	T . O .:
7bf5635316027fda4f3d2b6abaefb280e59b5860	"Lovecraft's great contribution to the occult is in demonstrating (indirectly, as it most likely was) the power to control dreams and be able to project into other dimensions, discovering the gates through which the true flow of magical consciousness flows (in the form of inspiration, intuition and visions)."
87e758486d3916a83abea2a46937fb2d5ca36d4d	Lovecraft's occult experience, hidden under the shell of fiction, testifies to the invasion of forces in full agreement with the archetypes and symbols in Blavatsky and Crowley, obtained during contact with "otherworldly" astral entities.
1ab9c4da5ac9c11d568a8303621402c20ffa12bc	He became the receiver and transmitter of hidden knowledge, although, in the case of Lovecraft, this process was more intuitive than conscious.
cd8068d5a2f6df864764cc448a63ee53c3f0c7de	The internal contradictions generated in this way could be the cause of the physical and mental characteristics of the writer; the reasons could also be
42580cff23216f22b1151369168f0b156a53ca99	Dagon (short story)
81a94a7312b381d0504b8e5ddcf6bf9778144d37	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on September 28, 2014; checks require 4 edits.
28c023f268541237aa1cc7e5decadf49e1be7f1d	This term has other meanings, see Dagon (meanings).
1bcb2fcac4b1632b7802d43351434e6f5163c37a	Dagon Dagon
64cb31ea8f1af77aa566aa30ecda2be98af305e3	Genre: Lovecraft horror
12c812c86cb0e58914fd8a19d21c95db36f54bf3	By Howard Phillips Lovecraft
0dd241bff16bcbdb17e011d18bccee841f1b47b0	Original language: English
788249b9bf27453b63553311735d3b1a7f5082fa	Date of writing: 1917
f80eaab3a72b1acea4e176d64c603736dfcb46cd	Date of first publication: November 1919
50a6ba489e0f68d2493ee36a3d4c26334d738139	The text of the work in Wikitek
9e49964c50119d5290835be7dcdd784dd50c22cc	"Dagon" (English Dagon) is a fantastic short story by Lovecraft, written in 1917.
9b82081b51c3eee36e4d6f2fdd265547a6ddc0d8	It refers to the author's early work.
d36e4d4ce631763fa1819db63f2b45ca8c5e099b	Plot[edit / edit wiki text]
724fbea4a00e0531e12aee3734a2c2a71dc1ed07	Dagon (film)
959c9dd4b19ef9f088f57fee1e8e555c690a5cf2	The works of Howard Phillips Lovecraft
871ba495934c592ff7dd624518c50ddadfd2aade	1897—1908
3eddb2e98aed4d39805bc16539688aadf8f377cf	The Noble Spy* (1897) · The Secret Cave (1898) · The Secret of the Cemetery (1898) · The Little Glass Bottle (1899) · The Haunted House* (1902) · The Secret of the Grave* (1902) · John, the Detective* (1902) · The Mysterious Ship (1902) · The Beast in the Cave (1905) · The Picture* (1907) · The Alchemist (1905)
05d7d92349db37f5f5f075e2fc518a0c73c7e37d	1910s
cb22dbfcf9dad52958bf21a70d487f50ef06949a	The tomb (1917) · Dagon (1917) · the Reminiscence of Dr. Samuel Johnson (1917) · Sweetheart Ermengarde (1917) · Polaris (1918) · the Mystery of Mardon Grange* (1918) · Beyond the wall of sleep (1919) Memory (1919) Old bugs (1919) · the Reincarnation of Juan Romero (1919) · the White ship (1919) · Avenging Rock over Sarnata (1919) · the testimony of Randolph Carter (1919)
2f4fd549cb6de72095696587414f205eaee21549	1920s
6ee17b98769b95e0211b67a97793ec937e570393	The Terrible Old Man (1920) · The Tree (1920) · The Cats of Ultar (1920) · The Temple (1920) · Some Facts about the late Arthur Jermyn and his Family (1920) · The Street (1920) · Life and Death* (1920) · Selefais (1920) · From Outside (1920) · Nyarlathotep (1920) · The Picture in the House (1920) · Oblivion (1921) · The Nameless City (1921) · The Search for Iranon (1921) · The Swamp of the Moon (1921) · The Outcast (1921) · Other Gods
0659d30770c7e41c7ccc43e2bea3a7075f27c13e	(1921 · * Music by Erich Zann
a1af9b6c3fb084691b369b5b379263aa115a70d6	(1921 · * Herbert West The Reanimator
f251f55d0ef4bb81b0bb53de8f1b1a53a5bf4656	(1922 · * Hypnos (1922) · What the Moon Brings (1922) · Azathoth (1922) · The Dog (1922) · Lurking Horror (1922) · Rats in the Walls (1923) · Unnamed (1923) · Festival (1923) · Deaf, Dumb and Blind (1924) · Abandoned House (1924) · The Horror at Red Hook (1925) · He (1925) · In the Crypt (1925) · The Descendant (1926) · Cold Air (1926) · The Model for Pickman (1926) · The Silver Key (1926) · The Mysterious House on the Misty Cliff (1926) · The Call of Cthulhu (1926) · The Somnambulistic Search for the Unknown Kadath (1927) · The Case of Charles Dexter Ward (1927) · Color from Other Worlds (1927) · A Very Old People (1927) · The Story of the Necronomicon (1927) · The Ibid (1928) · The Dunwich Horror (1928)
d34591acd82e8ebf456fa7f2a32ac9b2fbf5d7bc	1930s
b301ab736782a340b8a9c6feaf7d04b6d121a0a8	The Whisperer in the Dark
5b4850e413e4724d5687882d3396f5a9c03143f3	(1930 · * The Ridges of Madness (1931) · The Shadow over Innsmouth (1931) · Dreams in the Witch's House (1932) · The Creature on the Threshold (1933) · The Servant of Evil (1933) · The Book (1933) · Beyond Time (1935)
a1dd83c6906b45172bc6361e8e1be629862af3d2	*no film adaptations of Lovecraft's works have been preserved · Lovecraft's horrors · Portal:Lovecraft's Horrors
5b192e759a6c1edea4ea4e42b372fe2bd3110f99	The Myths of Cthulhu
fb4bd88321aea796236f7f05b1f32f5d3dc80682	Authors Howard Phillips Lovecraft * August Derleth · Frank Long · Robert Howard · Robert Bloch
989514237b44cabefa3970b23dc4992e647192b3	Places Arkham · Dunwich · Innsmouth · Y'han tlei · Land of Dreams · R'lyeh · Yaddit · Yuggoth · Yag
a66e4e5517e5a76999cc8e8e022fc5ac04356103	Creatures of Azathoth * Gatanoa · Hydra · Golgor · The Hounds of Tindal · Dagon · Yog Sothoth · Cthulhu · Nodens · Nyarlathotep · Ran Tegot · Tsathoggua · Shub Niggurat
ea8b8232bade5df6a0cd42c00363dd75978955e2	Races The Great Race of Yit · Deep sea · Ancient · Flying Polyps · Mi go · Descendants of Cthulhu · Elders · Shoggots
4daa80a9fc0ac4ca7f5a38661cc96e080b15dcf3	Personalities of Abdul Alhazred · Friedrich von Juntz
7feae9bf39628656d676a598693a4a98fd562573	Fictional books The Book of Eibon · Cults of Ghouls · People of the Monolith · Necronomicon · Pnakotic Manuscripts · Secret cults · Secrets of the Worm · Text of R'lyeh
7bc2a855de099b4062dc496366f17cb638eaaaa7	Main works The Dunwich Horror · The Call of Cthulhu · The Shadow Over Innsmouth · Beyond the Edge of Time · The Ridges of Madness · The Whisperer in the Dark
981708d512edbf925d135fc54dfba5d29c1de017	Lovecraft's Horrors · Portal:Lovecraft's Horrors
321fdcd0c1d3c7945d248a0080d17c57a9c8df7a	There is a portal in Wikipedia
6fe9751ccba9b63195d5e5345110a08e8a344303	"Lovecraft's horrors"
12fe3e43e4c1aa3cf0a7732d0087ea6635ebcbe7	This is the preparation of an article about Lovecraft's horrors.
a9dfdd4dafc674c4e5af5232d5851ddc731ee85b	You can help the project by completing it.
cc2c27efeec585e75c6120479fade7feec32673f	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dagon_ (short story)&oldid=79063759»
2d7737467310cc83772a37c8bfbd9f727c8cbb63	Categories: Literary works alphabetically Fantastic stories in English Stories of the USA Lovecraft horror Stories Howard Lovecraft Stories of 1919
9cb73bc659bbfa5c519bdce18c6c139445db7237	Hidden categories: Unfinished articles about Lovecraft's horrors Unfinished articles about literature
28e47912c70f23a520e8ebd080a7251246aef9ce	العربية Bulgarian Deutsch English Español Français Italiano Nederlands Slovenčina Svenska Ukrainka
fd87a1baacd4dff8402fb9c46089fd31adf343bd	Last modified on this page: 23: 32, June 18, 2016.
1ccab8b605fa18a6205bcbaa5668721298473a57	Written by Lovecraft |
e9a4d20209c095c9154f3488fbb24b1f0e18a55e	Written about Lovecraft |
b291beb8793f4f3308c463951165dad483715a6c	Application
34d9411a55e18b36e6cb7962fd6ff13ecc38fd8b	Howard Phillips Lovecraft:
7b48437d01a20ad3ae2a576a8cbe3f7250a383f7	the life of a gentleman from Providence.
b72e57b0b60bcac22d6660d08f73e9c15834bb57	Family portrait.
b474b4b8b6d1d11c343a7ec96cd18d11875acab8	Howard Phillips Lovecraft was born at 9 a.m. on August 20, 1890, at his family's home at 454 Angell Street ( at that time still 194 ) in Providence, Rhode Island.
cd5f00ef48099b93babbe70097cdad070fe45e7c	His mother was Sarah Susan Phillips Lovecraft, who could trace her ancestry back to the arrival of George Phillips in Massachusetts in 1630.
607c807e2e467d2e895ef8700c7cbda4677e592d	The father was Winfield Scott Lovecraft, a traveling merchant from Gorham & Co., Silversmiths, in Providence.
ca66c13ddcd8114344246697b5e1de8727725a33	When Lovecraft was three years old, his father had a nervous breakdown in a hotel room in Chicago and his father was brought back to Butler Hospital, where he spent 5 years before he died on July 19, 1898.
5952c0e0dc844d0042adf1c364fa40a29322461d	Lovecraft probably knew that his father was paralyzed and in a coma at that time, but the surviving evidence suggests that the cause of Lovecraft's father's death was semi paralysis.
67a181b1a666226a10310cf371715696eddef16b	With the death of his father, the burden of raising the boy fell on the shoulders of his mother, two aunts, and especially his grandfather, the wealthy industrialist Whipple Van Burren Phillips.
4b2204734b0260a200acf3bd2f818c6df059f170	As a boy, Lovecraft was lonely and often ill, and many of the illnesses were probably psychological.
c34b70e3abd38f828990d7ec07979eb809745370	He rarely attended the school on Slater Avenue, but he got a lot of information by reading.
3e2cf2da917214ca931c5be596839ee1b8c4b75e	This fact and the resulting failure in the entrance exams to Brown University caused a sense of shame for Lovecraft in later years, despite the fact that he was one of the most significant self taught people of that time.
c2f82d91daa19e5e8bfe8fe83e51e27240b1a5bd	In the period from 1908 to 1913, Lovecraft became a real hermit, barely escaping from insanity by following his astronomical interests and writing poetry.
63f8cebb0410de3f1a79976b8b2060fd3f9589b9	During this period, Lovecraft was in too close a relationship with her mother, who was still suffering from the trauma inflicted on her by her husband's illness and death; and the mother developed a pathological love hate relationship with her son.
c4f4c88c643856c7dfc471e4a2f8baff24d09dcd	Lovecraft escaped from his imprisonment in a rather strange way.
eb9749c2da50d2c003df5c4067955cf4f7571bb3	Since he had to read a lot of cheap magazines of that time, he was enraged by the tasteless love stories of some Fred Jackson in the Ship magazine, and wrote a letter attacking Jackson.
8aaeb0e81e8462369075f82d9c722e37e9c775c0	This letter was published in 1913 and caused a storm of expressions from the defenders of Jackson.
e49342794cc63a6d77acf3f2a3f2c7d9c5c35b6d	Lovecraft became embroiled in heated debates in the columns of readers ' letters of The Ship and related magazines, and Lovecraft's notes were almost always written in the manner of the rollicking heroic couplets of Dryden and Pope.
83f8af07bfcf9a83a20aec8fb01cb470bcbaf1f9	This confrontation was noticed by Edward F.Daas, president of the United Association of Amateur Writers (Yu Hey Pi Hey), a group of writers who published their own magazines.
cbc13f868825e0cd8c06a72aa44988f73a47d87d	Daas invited Lovecraft to join the U.
0efd759be1e64669d4de94875607fdb5679a9eeb	A. P. A., and Lovecraft did so in early 1914.
978116a75313586d7fe02e515d17ed9ee20e7c69	He published 13 issues of his own newspaper "The Conservative"(1915-23), poetry and essays in large quantities in other magazines.
7206630696678646e3e3106ebcbba0fc5bdafb03	Later, Lovecraft became president and official editor of the U.
8cd1e9ad01c93c6ee414a0996bd38e202771b21e	A. P. A., and was for a time president of the rival National Amateur Writers Association.
91977af98bd7ff5fd834772ed2c79c33cbe7f483	This experience must be saved Lovecraft pointless seclusion; as he once said, "In 1914, when a good hand of amateurism was stretched me, I was so close to the plant life, as it can be close to this as any animal...
ba941b55225975ba2bea42549582089425db530e	With the arrival of my life UTD I have been revived; received renewed sense of existence instead of feeling like an unnecessary burden, and found a sphere in which I could feel that my efforts are not completely meaningless.
3f5940a9810c452db20ebc8bcdb2b4af367e17e2	For the first time, I realized that my clumsy groping steps in art were something a little more than weak cries, lost in a world that does not listen to me."
af46b8fb9f1324845bf2d891bd7d51fe1da45026	Specifically among fans of Lovecraft resumed writing fiction, which he discontinued in 1908.
6cdc4396703f5838f36b2a34c644f99b11bac927	V. Paul cook and others, noting the makings of a good, shown by Lovecraft in such early works as "the Beast in the Cave"(1905) and "the Alchemist"(1908), has insisted that Lovecraft again took up art pen.
929f48c88ca00ebcd305e904ff52ae986b665fd5	Lovecraft followed this advice, and quickly wrote "The Crypt" and "Dagon" in the summer of 1917 .
8d9217ad63feb279ac85241119454ef9d45014aa	Lovecraft also became involved in an ever growing network of correspondence with friends and colleagues, and eventually became one of the greatest and most prolific letter writers of the 20th century.
dbf5f16c53166f80c7051552e232a91687854c63	Her death on May 24, 1921, however, was the result of an inept operation on the gallbladder.
9464b6a25a10ec65e2c0f91e75ecfb3dcc1c1884	Lovecraft visited Sonya at her apartment in Brooklyn in 1922, and the news of their wedding on March 3, 1924 was not a surprise to their friends, but it must have been very surprising to two of Lovecraft's aunts, Lillian D. Clark and Annie Phillips Gamwell, who learned the news from letters sent to them after the ceremony.
c331772168dad86a458ee478ace689eb2abcfd6d	Lovecraft moved into Sonya's apartment in Brooklyn, and the future of the young couple seemed cloudless: Lovecraft was a confident writer, thanks to the fact that the famous magazine "Terrible Stories" ("Weird Tales"), founded in 1923, acquired several of his early works;
6d32a292526cccc55ea00506e6476ac51b3660f0	Sonya sold hats and owned a profitable shop on Fifth Avenue in New York.
990707575bbad5d7751f672af4f15105a486dcbc	Lovecraft tried to find a job, but few people wanted to hire a thirty four year old with no work experience.
0634e03febb3daf85f4be5380015201b995241b7	On January 1, 1925, Sonya left for Cleveland to work there, and Lovecraft moved into a one room apartment near the unhealthy Red Hook neighborhood of Brooklyn.
1896307c494e3531118201a56e762b99b4e4f72f	It seems that no one knew the answer to this question, and least of all did Lovecraft himself know the answer.
75d99fe4f18016db350984f3c8bf8212d25f6da4	Their marriage, in fact, ended, and a divorce in 1929 was inevitable.
d64785f89bcd095cc95badb233335f1de02ffc50	"The Call of Cthulhu".
7aaa6bf24fb0adf7f8b4ab18668c75780f5ccb32	When Lovecraft returned to Providence on April 17, 1926, and settled at 10 Barnes Street north of Brown University, he did not bury himself as he did between 1908 and 1913; rather, on the contrary, the last 10 years of his life were the heyday of his person and as a writer.
7cfebe92bd94c1f6e8a53027b58c2254b107184a	His life was not full of important events - he traveled a lot to various ancient cities of the east coast
0e740cd8848ed7c78f1893677d654ca4cefbf839	( Quebec, New England, Philadelphia, Charleston, St. Augustine ), wrote his best works, such as"The Call of Cthulhu "(1926),"In the Mountains of Madness "(1931) and"The Shadow of Timelessness" (1934-35); he continued his correspondence, striking with its monstrous size - Lovecraft found his niche, the niche of a writer of supernatural literature from New England and a person who loves to write letters.
e8977965d16daa4a3c1787973946dd753279aeb8	He has nurtured the careers of many young writers
27b7b19623e86af06541df18f3cb56cf041c6df7	( August Derleth, Donald Wandray, Robert Bloch, Fritz Leiber ); he showed an interest in political and economic problems, during the Great Depression he supported Roosevelt and became a moderate socialist; he never tired of gaining knowledge in philosophy, literature, history and architecture.
dfa5c670ad791055876a4bedc630efc48b05306d	But the last two years of his life were difficult for Lovecraft.
9b271dd42781bfe2aa8754b65fb49dace4d3e6c0	In 1932, his beloved aunt Mrs. Clark died, and in the thirty third Lovecraft, along with his other aunt Mrs. Gamwell, moved to 66 College Street
e3e895d3d4961033562db6cdac6a3536e141b148	( now it is a house at 65 Prospect Street ). His later stories, long and complex, became difficult to sell, and in order to stay afloat, Lovecraft had to mostly revise and correct stories, poetry and non fiction works.
5320811a4efec2a2d20deb1eecf1d79ae8b1ec3f	In 1936, Robert Howard, one of Lovecraft's close pen pals, committed suicide,and this circumstance unsettled Lovecraft.
009f60db3d42a84b4bbc1f5b4eb3114e82bc0b1e	By this time, the disease that would later cause Lovecraft's death , bowel cancer, had reached a degree that could hardly be cured.
6707299b76ca1e9dc08a6228dccec824e987f895	Lovecraft tried to endure increasingly terrible pains in the winter of 36-37, but, in the end, on March 10, 1937, he was admitted to the Jane Brown Hospital, where he died five days later.
f7405f6d34ea335c866c0a731e2358ae8a02214a	He was buried on March 18 on a plot of land owned by the Phillips family in the Swan Point Cemetery.
eea0713646461d147456674c5d5b4bdf13d74f09	Today, more than a hundred years after his birth, his stories, essays, poetry and letters are widely available, and many scientists have explored the deep features of his work and thoughts.
c939bab00c8b44c0d4944fa8c63e82079f3f3c71	They still have many discoveries ahead of them, but even now we can say with confidence: thanks to the merits inherent in the works of Lovecraft and the zeal of all those who supported him, Lovecraft occupied a small but honorable niche in the corpus of American and world literature.
e8053a887247808bb7b0286030a5b1bd519c378b	S. T. Joshi.
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0934ba2f32c8c81783dc7be22bb94c3aad3bacc3	During his lifetime, almost unknown, Lovecraft later became a very controversial figure – from the point of view of evaluating both his life and his work.
68358ff510b8f88990e7ca259d2e7305fedec668	Few writers can boast of so many myths and misconceptions about themselves – it is interesting, at the same time, that the biography of Lovecraft is actually not particularly rich in "life events".
29b3a3e85ad5a716a063fbb9faf768ef9a384503	On the mother's side Sarah Susan Phillips Lovecraft (Sarah Susan Phillips Lovecraft) – he was a direct descendant of the old Phillips family, up to the first settler George Phillips, who arrived in Massachusetts from England in 1630.
50b1863c3019067bb5202e99e22f9153ce82e70c	It remains unknown whether the cause of his father's illness was subsequently known to Lovecraft himself.
09d5607315b69049c8e7c6c64194f8b437e519a7	Lovecraft showed extraordinary abilities from childhood, starting very early to read, write and compose poetry.
a57915673fefcee5f25fa45d766b681e2116e4ff	Due to his poor health, he often missed school (which he never finished) and spent long hours in the extensive library that belonged to his grandfather.
81448d77ff38a5310bd291a247a440e5946dc319	And this philosophy, which should not be forgotten, is devoid of any hope.
391e844dd054d77008e48368feab5a1a090578ef	In 1904, his grandfather, Whipple Phillips, died, which was a terrible shock for the young Lovecraft.
6d01285cc518c1e83ba90bf1f57d63415f27cb5a	The financial situation of his family was greatly shaken, and they had to move to a smaller house at 598 on the same Angel Street.
3a4df9f17c75db9aee856580c0db32979b64256a	Lovecraft, by his nature very much attached to the" place", was terribly worried, and all his subsequent life he sadly recalled the former house in which he spent short, but perhaps the happiest years of his life.
62009cd718d8dc7ca886bf0e1527f34945afef4f	All this led to the fact that in 1908, now Lovecraft himself has a nervous breakdown, which was further aggravated by a failed attempt to enter Brown University.
c2cc8c59cf9856eaf3b62686ba5a796ddc0e7645	However, it was during this period that Lovecraft not only wrote his first serious stories (of which only two have survived – "The Beast in the Cave" and "The Alchemist"), but also began to publish – in The Providence Sunday Journal, which published a brief letter from Lovecraft with a refutation of a local astrologer, as well as in The Pawtuxet Valley Gleaner and in The Providence Tribune, where he led a regular astronomical column.
e756bf5921e1dbcfd3927b3fc30db713056e54f4	Little is known about Lovecraft's life between 1908 and 1913.
2ef561cecbafc9ae16f4dc38926b9d16dc90f27d	After the "nervous breakdown" that happened to him, Lovecraft becomes a recluse and practically writes nothing.
ba262aa51e98d780d01f0d447e1e8a4151b383bb	His gradual resumption of contact with the outside world is primarily due to the movement of amateur journalists.
c65b92f7db676264afc84e08c3b0cff0cf11bb45	Lovecraft becomes first a member of their association, and then its president and editor in chief, becoming one of the most influential figures in this movement.
2dfe66bcd22ab0bf0ea87af4b6f5be7515589894	He began to write again, and in 1917 the stories "Dagon" and "The Crypt"were published.
927b2d1bb65b9d5dfb117e6891bb4b33946d758f	At the same time, Lovecraft's mother's condition was getting worse, and after a nervous attack in 1919, she finds herself in the same Butler Hospital where her husband once died.
47af7a8c446cd9f6cbff84262f58a0ef0af2abd2	In 1921, she died without ever coming out of there, from an unsuccessful operation on the gallbladder.
0b4258f62528f0c216be3e68a9b98a3a7b4b0bb4	By a strange coincidence, in the same 1921, Lovecraft met his future wife, Sonia Haft Greene, who was seven years older than him, at a meeting of the amateur press Association.
0cdf43f983fd22c90ce9cef3840439e25a4d02be	Three years later, they got married and settled with Sonya in Brooklyn.
0d077ba7806d62f963e77ee8d4099d73e5fb3720	But two years later, their marriage broke up by mutual consent – literature did not bring much income to Lovecraft, and he could not find a permanent job in New York (which is not surprising, given the almost complete lack of experience and formal education).
7215aca9c7cefe74bdb75cdeb06a7c21b03507db	In addition, New York, with its size and rhythm of life, began to depress the writer more and more (echoes of this can be seen, for example, in the story "A Nightmare in Red Hook").
c84884a0534636d4f12151f54f0f2fdd413cbb4e	Lovecraft's literary activity gradually expanded: in 1922, "Herbert West – The Reanimator" was published in the magazine "Home Brew" in the form of a small "series", and in 1923, Lovecraft began cooperation with the publication "Weird Tales" founded at the same time, which would later publish many of his works.
1326c33ea592e4c9ac031bb433ee254104145547	On April 17, 1926, Lovecraft returned to Providence and settled at 10 Barnes Street, north of Brown University.
2675cee43c1e019af0962291d9e028f4c2dadf1a	From this moment, perhaps the most interesting and creatively productive period of the writer's life begins.
4149cd9a7b0a41734e1f67f0ef879dec2985b253	He travels around New England, visits Quebec, Philadelphia, Charleston; he continues his incredibly active correspondence and promotes the formation of young writers (among them his friends Robert Bloch and Auguste Derleth).
f7b69296d0a39a2e571bdfbeeddcda83394f33ff	The most important works of Lovecraft (sometimes called "senior texts"), starting with "The Call of Cthulhu" (1926), were written precisely in the last decade of his life.
e1219f02af892131abf5b8e0bbed0f7464ca1f74	Lovecraft lived his last years at 66 College Street, where he moved in 1933.
2a34652c98fca51cb02f432844ad15dbdaf165e4	By 1936, bowel cancer – the disease that caused his death had worsened so much that soon, on March 10, 1937, the writer was admitted to Jane Brown Memorial Hospital, where he died five days later.
ae04c9c93e3597203e50c5adeb5ff83f434fa9a7	Lovecraft is buried in the Phillips family plot at Swan Point Cemetery in Providence.
62ce6d7d41a407d0b209c92b102e9851ccced49b	It is possible that before his death, Lovecraft, who did not print a single book and was published almost exclusively in cheap magazines, foresaw the complete oblivion of all his works.
c180723d8495873219901379e943e20c56ca9d28	But fortunately, thanks to his friends (especially Auguste Derleth), this was not the case.
9b702c5eaeb2610224b96bcc8ad7f77a943e5a90	In 1939, the newly formed publishing house Arkham House published the collection "The Outsider and Others" (The Outsider and Others), which included thirty six short stories and an essay "Supernatural horror in literature".
4c4f09f61352b1003620425f9ebd7f7fad52aa7d	Others followed him, and eventually Lovecraft's works began to be printed by many publishers and translated into foreign languages.
2b70f66bf27e5dbbbc8fd5e0277407f81b42f129	And today, Howard Phillips Lovecraft has long occupied a well deserved place in world literature.
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d438aa800a209736a5087381ac2b6c3684244e04	Life
4a7fdd8c17425252332ea0e89a35722b72d83135	Books
d01d900383e44b2374d80860d4d86b317de21077	Photo
5d20d0fee3b91643dd8d272ac33d01ca95179d82	References
9d529c7f7a79656fcb84f7d8da7b8abe5d61207f	I am providence...
819601f5892032a460fe17471db43d3009ae7c6d	The phrase in the title is the only thing, except for the name and dates, that is placed on Lovecraft's tombstone (Providence is the city in which he was born and, at the same time, providence).
5d43440ddbd0393b2dd4f7eea22cb9d4f6025234	It is not known whether this was his desire or the initiative of his colleagues.
50ece616f8b203a3e19799cb2c0dc5f502da480e	But before we go directly to creativity, let's try to put together all the few and scattered information that is available about the author's life itself.
cef2499c1da8debb3dcc862149de8917e7728a0b	Howard Phillips Lovecraft was born on August 20, 1890 in Providence, Rhode Island.
aab615a18130082239c43d78dc117449ea8d5440	His parents, mother Sarah Susan Phillips Lovecraft and father Winfield Scott Lovecraft, then lived at 454 (then 194) Angell Street.
8b57869e51eb788a92931ae8a6de7c48ea0477e4	When Howard was three years old, his father suffered a nervous breakdown while staying in a hotel in Chicago (he worked as a traveling salesman) and after that was placed in a hospital, where he spent five years, until his death on July 19, 1898.
4ddc1a7f7f7596eb1ba73b965bfb4b28afd2a9b7	After the death of his father, the boy was raised by his mother, two aunts and, especially, his grandfather - Whipple Van Buren Phillips.
ef1ab431eb6e5002e73e5915cb3ac3da212e0082	My grandfather had the most public library in the city (and maybe in the whole state) and this played an important role in shaping Howard's reading preferences.
8de049fffc28aa7193f6b7faabd1237f27899c86	He began to read and write himself at an early age (even earlier he began simply composing oral poems).
f140fd74af26c32f59df2dddfdbe81494fc0a772	And one of the first works that he noted as the most favorite and impressed him was "Fairy Tales of 1001 Nights" (Arabian Nights), which he read for the first time at the age of five.
2bbb16f99fda3cb4fe075583d0a650d8e1b7b8cb	It was from there that Abdul Alhazred was born, who later became the pseudonym of the author himself, and even later a character in his stories, the author of the Necronomicon.
61b16e460c2e6f37f3091a4e7297c239ecb7c5be	And it is to this book that Lovecraft owes the oriental motifs in his subsequent work.
d7ae0fd3733b6542fa003c2ba29314fd86b621c3	The author also loved the Greek myths, the Iliad and the Odyssey from childhood, the reflections of which we can also find later in his poetry and prose.
d7a449fb277d10e8f3a3e23aebd1a3823af366ce	From early childhood, Lovecraft was distinguished by poor health.
64234dbcba9ab74a6275ca9e3543b64afad3dc0a	Having practically no friends, he spent most of his time with his grandfather in the library.
73f909c778512cb2bbf91cdfd97af2aa7c7e30a8	But his interests were not limited to literature as a profession.
e6c62a6dd372e173fc121d744fbdfc5795181674	He was seriously engaged in chemistry, astronomy, history (especially the history of his native state and New England).
0114ad4edd04422e2fd6d143a8e02c2a1e908506	Even at school age, he began independently publishing newspapers and magazines dedicated to his scientific interests and research (The Scientific Gazette (1899-1907) and The Rhode Island Journal of Astronomy (1903-07)).
8e0f053c4c6532f17ec3f78607650a8613d2c882	They were distributed mainly among classmates and subsequent friends and colleagues.
448a2fa2686698bfb3d2952aee5f091ace1034c9	At Hope Street High School, his interests and research are approved by teachers who replace Howard with friends among his peers.
bab22a43b5382b140514e0e3ab31c575e8da8482	And in 1906, his article on astronomy was first published by The Providence Sunday Journal.
a3efddd6114289f25752722e44d62ee210650f50	Later, he became a regular columnist in The Pawtuxet Valley Gleaner, dedicated to astronomy.
55b6890e9e6893aeb35c6bcc64598785a8667343	And even later in such publications as The Providence Tribune (1906-08), The Providence Evening News (1914-18) and The Asheville (N. C.) Gazette News (1915).
2a14682f76f7fa513f15e30e550ea0fccaa98bc6	In 1904, Howard's grandfather died.
a279eba477b5c97acba997498f33cc409890c3f4	He and his mother, experiencing financial difficulties, are forced to leave the mansion in which they lived and move to a cramped apartment at 598 Angell Stirt.
e0a83969feebc7a645c3082780cc15d10cc2399e	Howard was very much worried about the loss of his home, where he was born and which was his native one.
c5398e952a8975ebc874031aca95538e33ea339b	In 1908, Howard himself has a nervous breakdown, which forces him to leave school without graduating.
0a8ed89e574a26da76a0144ded81404ff446de97	An attempt to enter Brown University ends in failure, which leads to an even more reclusive lifestyle of Lovecraft.
7b25871ba39a1720709de794394d712736d89712	A total of 13 issues of The Conservative are published.
d79202354246848f6fafed9a3f403ad73082b36e	Necronomicon Press will later reprint these issues, among other works of Lovecraft.
4a7ca1695006c98c13f20ac4b4273bbe42790e6e	Later, Lovecraft became the President and Editor in Chief of UAPA.
76195a5e4c7d72cdcd30064714cda781f8b56351	Having already had experience writing fiction earlier ("The Beast in the Cave" (1905) and "The Alchemist" (1908)) and now plunged into the world of amateur prose, Lovecraft again takes up the pen as a science fiction writer.
a0d136cca88130f835b9a9a359622301305ae602	For the first time since 1908.
553d9058549646e2a3f90caa9c7886e0ae07909f	In 1917, "The Tomb" and "Dagon"were successfully published.
2c52459446cca39c7c233bb324958c264df9ea04	Now the main occupation and hobby of the author is prose, poetry and journalism.
e55f66281f25dea0bbc65b140467df52b0be85b5	In 1919, a nervous attack already happens to Lovecraft's mother.
2475f74bc18beb6c73bc989e76769d1089fca411	And, just like his father, she is placed in a clinic, from where she does not leave until her death.
4d3fa0d78ddd7621b9ab3577bc00afbe165bec14	She died on May 24, 1921.
22062183d0a2140ab02b10630269209d1af84909	Lovecraft is very worried about the death of his mother, but a few weeks later a serious change occurs in his life - at a conference of amateur journalists in Boston on July 4, 1921, he meets a woman who will later become his wife.
8d5f72d4f569e3bb057d2235cd7ae1a1423da66f	It was Sonya Haft Green, a Russian born Jew, seven years older than Howard himself.
f462e361fed9961f12276de4598acf56cc43b7c5	From the first meeting, they find a lot in common in each other and Lovecraft often visits her in Brooklyn in 1922.
b8b2fc14f522802913ff357e2edf36bc47732dd8	Their relationship was not a secret, and therefore the announcement of the wedding on March 3, 1924 was not a surprise to their friends.
b491f22a3f18aaac47a6bd9e7e93f6c404bfc452	But it was a complete surprise for his aunts, whom he notified only in writing and then, after the wedding had already taken place.
169c817840e6ccee5792b41c2c7b6f698ae18c7a	Lovecraft moves to his wife in Brooklyn and things in their family are not so bad - he is already earning as a professional writer by publishing his early works in Weird Tales, and Sonya runs a quite prosperous hat shop on Fifth Avenue in New York.
9220b2f8b3bca602d08d515e7883cbba4ed360e0	But later the store goes bankrupt, and Lovecraft loses his job as an editor at Weird Tales.
3f2de226d63ed8cdc31c77ab6837b91c66cce715	In addition, Sonya's health is deteriorating and she is put in a New Jersey hospital.
cd2677b8894e70c5f241d4e3fa6ae4ccf80a1792	On January 1, 1925, Sonya left for Cleveland to start a business there, and Lovecraft moved into a one room apartment in one of the districts of Brooklyn, called Red Hook.
54e180b3c9e7854ad4b51065c726a3f167f5459b	Having many acquaintances in the city, he does not feel completely alien and abandoned.
2c8f132d3e64a44c708e1cdb9fd1cac6f3e09438	At this time, such things as "The Shunned House" (1924), "The Horror at Red Hook" and "He" (both also 1924) came out from his pen.
97918cc994563939e47d2e3261d954724d2be00f	In early 1926, Lovecraft plans to return to Providence, which he misses all this time.
3ef1efd6bef3a7920a1c09ad5cafdb9ec42f7e41	At the same moment, his marriage cracks and later (in 1929) breaks up completely.
d14f487aff046bab43b0b3ed267d317b788009cb	Returning to Providence on April 17, 1926, Lovecraft does not lead a hermit lifestyle, as it was in the period from 1908 to 1913.
98c618c2e4b27b5f03ac8e69b44ddefdc1f3da54	On the contrary, he travels a lot to ancient places (Quebec, New England, Philadelphia, Charleston, St. Augustine) and works fruitfully.
e3a725ee648cdc3fd2cc54887f19f27d83c4147e	During this time, he wrote some of his best works, including "The Call of Cthulhu "(1926)," At the Mountains of Madness "(1931)," The Shadow out of Time " (1934-35).
9a21814671edee5a7d885febd373565718a90001	At the same time, he maintains an extensive correspondence both with his old friends and with many young authors who owe their career in this field largely to Lovecraft (August Derleth, Donald Wandrei, Robert Bloch, Fritz Leiber).
02df2d2917b0e5a86b7054542e39e34b10cd8dcc	During this time, he wrote many articles on politics and economics, as well as on all those subjects that continued to interest him - from philosophy and literature to history and architecture.
88257c65041360f9367982100b8edfcf513a6d44	In the winter of 1936-1937, the disease progresses so much that Lovecraft is admitted to the hospital
bd74414db3d9d828ea8f93bff4ffdda783790126	(Jane Brown Memorial Hospital on March 10, 1937.
39b1bfaaf6df335a6d480b71ee1c73d61be7ed23	Home : About the author: Life
35769442a302931a3cdad80b920051c77c0f03ce	copyright © 2000-2002 Alex.
eae2f9ead294b601365bf3fb83609f7501124d92	Moshkov
75afbf128d163c5848866de986102fb6e84fbe09	web: www.lovecraft.ru
89e1967ac05adcb0af66d687b5b9b5958000f590	email: alex@moshkov.ru
7ab0f5ce64470eaee00a0230ece79af9367f04be	designed by Snake
4d23005059b17504fd3db19b2c08b2f30d59bab2	Lovecraft, Howard Phillips
f6b3c8b75f075dca6e0eeabbcb750e90d199154e	The style of this article is not encyclopedic or violates the norms of the Russian language.
5c136b530bc25f229735bc351c45a7e671a42641	The article should be corrected according to the stylistic rules of Wikipedia.
8400a26698e7f478db07002e02424077c44dcada	Howard Phillips Lovecraft Howard Phillips Lovecraft
8b1597741a0d531bfe1ad6c630bfce6d97d5c918	Lovecraft in 1934.
7db3c40620a2100d9347657fd13bbe6c93dc8522	Aliases: "The father of horror stories about ancient monsters", Grandpa Theobald (Grandpa Theobald)
1291ce9f2e2965f4a9435561fb01b051f65eca96	Date of birth: August 20 1890(1890-08-20)[1][2]
89dbf96ca2b140bee50d46ac3ea2bafc2c016b81	Place of birth: Providence
193964cbb6a28412914a7b3b1b778f4ee1174798	(Rhode Island, USA)
9dc145852e523dccdd07244af6bfdb9733264e26	Date of death: March 15 1937(1937-03-15)[1][2] (46 years)
ca142133294af6e549ad7792342b5aff150abad3	Place of death: Providence
75722e809f471e2c9b60b60ec1e52f6ada44804d	Citizenship (citizenship): USA
cc8d306c49677ef40c2b7f7ccca2cfcd6afe5dbc	Occupation: writer, poet, journalist
7c478978ac0657f96fb137de9eaf5c8a1fa356e8	Creative years: 1897-1908, 1917-1936
6852df59f9b7c7eb1ce6c96c7ae50db28c8c830f	Genre: Mystery, Lovecraft Horror, Fantasy, Gothic Novel
3027d60a364478c7f2e88e1a6618b53528d4dfc7	Language of works: English[3]
671048db110a3469e52979ba873e1f31f52b0adc	Signature:
c83eb5953ce0f4298a386f648f91b456268d5b57	Works in Wikitek Files on Wikimedia Commons
1fd70b1517d6d20315adbc6fc8909b39de2d2760	Howard Phillips Lovecraft (August 20, 1890, Providence, Rhode Island, USA March 15, 1937, there) was an American writer, poet and journalist who wrote in the genres of horror, mystery and fantasy, combining them in an original style.
0d959f6b9519719853366bbbef3751ef5bf3439c	His work is so unique that the works of Lovecraft stand out in a separate subgenre — the so called Lovecraft horrors.
63c2c7c8583a405a9e5f2c94cdcb0bc1c76b6263	1 Biography 2 Literary creativity 2.1 Predecessors 2.2 Followers 2.3 "Necronomicon" and other books in the works of Lovecraft 2.3.1 Real life books
0c10c2e3dee668cdb340b21d515a30056f83e3e2	2.4 Lovecraft's Works in Russia
3c1e0e47a24fdff0cd45e05335af9324ece0ba79	3 Works of Howard Lovecraft 4 Film Adaptations 5 Computer Games 6 Board Games 7 Notes 8 Literature 9 References
dce2af93bc94cf0c67433fe250bb19164b477422	Lovecraft was born in Providence (Rhode Island, USA).
d1e0a23fe84816257f91a598d90de1348a9f8bb7	He was the only child of Wilfrid Scott Lovecraft, a jewelry salesman, and Sarah Susan Phillips Lovecraft.
f73eec2a1ffdd5164cd7587332dff28d9ee0fa31	It is known that his ancestors lived in America since the days of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630).
49cef2a7f8167214eb6e0c662798cac12e483416	When Howard was two years old, Wilfrid was placed in a psychiatric hospital, where he remained for five years until his release on June 19, 1898.
8f4e345e7cd51e4e633816f5a52a47df465da189	[4]
cd141f0e8d65f692499eadfd92a05e5647dc34d6	Lovecraft at the age of 9-10 years.
b2f8bb167846f3f30b5db971e4bd8eb637bd4f38	Lovecraft was raised by his mother, two aunts and a grandfather (Whipple Van Buren Phillips), who sheltered the family of the future writer.
67ab146e8fa06a5ed5d9b51062b538e24c839316	Howard was a child prodigy he read poems by heart at the age of two, and from six he was already writing his own [4].
bcc93070f6be5ac40ab7fe28a0d24a51b264a643	Thanks to his grandfather, who had the largest library in the city[4], he got acquainted with classical literature.
e76189dc7a50e057cf2f6eb679e1060a7e0dc85e	In addition to the classics, he became interested in Gothic prose and Arabic fairy tales of the Thousand and One Nights.
028eede78caee92360f4b86961d56f15acf0cfbb	At the age of 6-8, Lovecraft wrote several short stories, most of which have not been preserved to this day.
fb5b2dc4f78369b5b643739e1c647d11258f2f86	At the age of 14, Lovecraft wrote his first serious work — "The Beast in the Cave".
b2a31bb6f9203164e5e92daab3ac39d5b51db8a3	Since childhood, Lovecraft had had nightmares, but he could not control them or wake up.
4da48398bce0b069d37b4598b68ef025eca248b7	Creatures with webbed wings, which he called "night monsters", lifted him into the air and carried him to the "vile Lang plateau".
b59d35c2bd0d7b1fda951297b0bf09e02a812c28	The writer used these experiences in his work.
bfef532f332ab0931895d579a7893fc0905f57f3	So, the story "Dagon" is one of these dreams.
153eaffc01448b29051fc0f4a94bc227398bde31	After waking up, Lovecraft's state was completely insane, but he found the strength to write down the dream.
03e4db2f262284789e4404c4467810307f74257f	Re reading it a few days later, he did not change anything.
1e8d2dd25b9780d2064ee8ff26c450966533dc9b	As a child, Lovecraft was often ill and went to school only at the age of eight, but a year later he was taken away from there.
02d6792b8f848e04dd1c97b6b1b5e59634a345d3	He read a lot, studied chemistry between the cases, wrote several works (reproduced them on the hectograph in a small edition) since 1899 ("Scientific Newspaper").
e1672471417cb59bb5307c271913474ccef45827	Four years later, he returned to school.
2f0e9a56e9b6c629de9d623fa3dc45c1b9ae2cfb	Whipple Van Buren Phillips died in 1904, after which the family became very poor and was forced to move to a smaller house on the same street.
a8cba6302de27959f5d8e08e6ccc40e1b179f164	Howard was saddened by the departure, and he even considered suicide.
a7de39e3e26e20735a75bf275c994a018f750b62	Because of a nervous breakdown that happened to him in 1908, he never finished school, which he was very ashamed of.
d5a38b64a9ff8a2299b8838d8177dbeee8887c1d	At the same time, Lovecraft began his correspondence, which eventually became one of the most voluminous in the XX century.
51a47f13f59d64b49cf9c12d5175798744f9c897	Among his correspondents were Forrest Ackerman, Robert Bloch and Robert Howard.
3c52fcd9f00730326bf776079fe1568b31249fa0	Sarah, Howard's mother, after a long period of hysteria and depression, went to the same hospital where her husband died, and died there on May 21, 1921.
7d09eab63489047787bd8e58b223b069922b4b27	She wrote to her son until her last days.
026cb6ea587b902d9b6a87ff5152503896809d96	In 1919-1923, Lovecraft actively wrote, having created more than 40 short stories over the years, including in co authorship.
6f8c910df89ecbbafd3c193eacd7e0cc317f9670	Soon, at a meeting of amateur journalists, Howard Lovecraft met Sonya Green, from a family of Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire, and who was seven years older than Lovecraft.
71849bd78979b3d9a88d7b099f1b2da04f3862a2	They married in 1924 and moved to Brooklyn, New York.
b5c60a3ab58558a6a4d89579fed3b0939fc9bbf8	After the quiet Providence, Lovecraft did not like New York life.
2ee999e0f268d802786fc812d8a9177826c5bbca	In many ways, his story "He"was autobiographical.
8ed8db1d56dcf69fd4de01cf43ac9a6f24a67c48	A few years later, the couple separated, although they did not formalize a divorce.
a7c2a3c298c863cdd7edd799b41ba10edd839711	Lovecraft returned to his hometown.
926bee3331e6087fe01cc23d938c8480f62e29d9	Because of the failed marriage, some biographers suggested that he was homosexual, but Green, on the contrary, called him "a wonderful lover" [5].
1989c14cf5b3b06b34faec58558184da123589be	A memorial plaque to Lovecraft in Providence.
ec0b164a87c9f3cef312fdc4c22089fa80b6671f	6].
517b087157055edc2af8632c0aebe3a142d73f70	Despite his success as a writer, Lovecraft was increasingly in need.
09029b1e8bc3e5799e892bf17ba414b8d461ad5b	He moved again, this time to a small house.
a81fdd6b6bceccb932d37ab9bae0a8811e4e89e6	The suicide of Robert Howard made a strong impression on him.
6c3b7025e47972d6a7641c81ea0a39dae0a2f687	In 1936, the writer was diagnosed with intestinal cancer, which caused exhaustion.
535930daca7d1dff0d3192726bef5d75acc32769	Howard Phillips Lovecraft died on March 15, 1937 in Providence.
d09871929896a33591bb2c14a81ff09ad43048f8	Literary creativity[edit / edit wiki text]
450f8fc8b92c9cd665c6c34c12d9e2d459b4c399	Predecessors[edit / edit wiki text]
50c72b5cf44b1c8fb72b232fa0872a5de930a2bc	Edgar Allan Poe, whose work influenced Lovecraft.
9467922a82b2e6498f52854d4b2c7c689a7905a9	Among the writers whose work influenced Lovecraft, as can be seen from his reviews in the essay "Supernatural Horror in Literature" and from the list provided by his biographer Sunand Joshi[7], first of all it is necessary to include: Edgar Allan Poe (the story "The Fall of the House of Escher"), Edward Dunsany, Arthur Machen (short stories from the novel "The Three Deceivers": "The Story of the White Powder", "The Story of the Black Seal" and the story "White People"), Algernon Blackwood (the story "Willows"), Ambrose Bierce ("The Death of Halpin Fraser"), Lafcadio Hearn, Robert Chambers (the short story "The Yellow Sign" from the novel "The King in Yellow"), Montague Rhodes James (the story "Count Magnus", also "Charming Runes").
22bd0fc44916b361ddb9391510320f6234ac07bc	Followers[edit / edit wiki text]
5012ffbb6bbc68087ae9ca0d455c604ed655b547	August Derleth
abb832127b9931f5767b8a54d2708fb77ba59271	Stephen King
4039254a0b8762eec5e59dc2ce176bb6bfe69fda	Lovecraft's work, which influenced the popular culture of the West, left an indelible mark on the work of countless writers who worked and are working in the genre of mysticism and horror.
e568c5234003c739a67047f02a0ddca5b8864fa8	"Necronomicon" and other books in the works of Lovecraft[edit / edit wiki text]
cdb7a8bd9f7358505485ab480f37ff3ad12fcccf	Necronomicon (the book was made by an admirer of Lovecraft).
57004eddb97d5275cc5f53bf480a3a654b282c63	Lovecraft usually referred to ancient books containing secrets that a person should not know.
020bd781263bf584fa4c720ec8fdf075e31e9605	Most of the references were fictional, but some occult works existed in reality.
77f29cb1fb902714debcab404a26c20c9af19107	The combination of fictional documents with real ones in one context allowed the former to seem real.
c78783412500b5579a9d5b44c45e55aecb936397	Lovecraft gave only general references to such books (mainly to inflate the atmosphere) and rarely made a detailed description.
3f44216dee42009af04659cf69df4fc0ed32ceeb	The most famous of these fictional manuscripts is his "Necronomicon", about which the writer spoke most of all.
d3cc9f09ffd8abf2536cb611a0509e0f32dc3fa1	His explanations about this text were so well thought out that many people still believe in the reality of this book, and this allows some to profit from the ignorance of others.
2b4a2a98443b88aa867305bb5773b3cea0a12f31	The Book of Eibon, Livre d’Eibon, or Liber Ivonis
8f49053e00ce0dee56139be3c091ae32ce3e362c	Invented by Clark Ashton Smith.
8f14fe59eb5e216a24da6b3cfcfaf46aaeeff480	Lovecraft referred to this book only a few times in his stories: "Dreams in the Witch's House", "The Creature on the Threshold", and "The Shadow from the Ever after".
b6c0866a32c4488c4dbeca1d11c6cfa812639136	In the last two years of his life, Lovecraft gave references to two "translations" of this book: "Livre d'eibon" ("The Diary of Alonzo Typer") and"Liber Ivonis"("Dwelling in Darkness").
5e08a9bf4c3b787d12144045183ac7de6004f892	In the story "The Stone Man", the book of Eibon serves as the main book of the Van Kauran family line of sorcerers, carefully hidden and inherited.
46e458f808cee9e086fa87df6ee592a9c52cad24	Judging by the description presented there, it is something like a collection of recipes — mostly magical, but also based on physics, chemistry and other ordinary sciences.
d304c5287e57004fd88d250f66247d7c2dbe9aa5	Cultes des Goules by the Comte d’Erlette
6a2a04f3faf8ffeb5f0e3eb732806136c4599206	The name can be translated as "Cults of ghouls".
a431335c1b81816a8cf38d77f3b8fc75a841ad88	The name of the author of this book was formed from the name of August Derleth, whose ancestors moved from France and whose surname was historically correctly spelled as D'Erlette.
c0f7bca26c74b1f9e6a512ace9f043d6c7204a2e	As in many similar cases, Lovecraft referred to this book only a few times: in the stories "The Shadow from the Ever after", "Lurking at the threshold" and "Dwelling in the Dark".
9cef77bae06b3b28c60f22d6e48313e01af901ef	De Vermis Mysteriis by Ludvig Prinn
bf1393182ab8f9ebc5ccb5e87924dbbc8e3577a8	The " Mysteries of the Worm "(in some translations — "Mysterious Worms") and their author Ludwig Prinn were invented by Robert Bloch, and the Latin title of the book" De Vermis Mysteriis " was invented by Lovecraft.
7b0ec041a3258e6700e0b36ee2ab70919d8111b0	He referred to it in the stories "The Shadow from the Ever after", "The Diary of Alonzo Typer", "The Only Heir" and "Dweller in Darkness".
027cf6b97d033eb0a9b493e2bcacdad0bdb6cce0	It is noteworthy that this book is mentioned by Stephen King in the story "The Lot of Jerusalem" and in the novel "Rebirth".
ef62c3519369821478df46df16b9f0d40f4f4cf0	The Eltdown Shards
98cd90e4a4336708bdf81b96d0afb1fd0caf6718	This work is the creation of the imagination of Richard F. Sirait, one of Lovecraft's correspondents.
2a773d1ade0701abf3905b6efdd0932ab7d84d51	Lovecraft briefly mentioned him in his works: "A Shadow from the Ever after" and "The Diary of Alonzo Typer".
325a6cbd240e78f11a48f72e290cfc62cac9f281	The Necronomicon or Al Azif of Abdul Alhazred
b5653febc65d7afd79aec7d8c7afaad9bc4e4fe5	Perhaps the most famous of Lovecraft's hoaxes.
6d7c5dd2d087690067e26eb87e82653a8f902d88	He gave references to the "Necronomicon", also known as" Al Asif", in 18 of his stories.
8e11521438d8089cd144cb379b890c8de9bd07f9	The real Arabic name of this manuscript was "Al Asif", which meant "the sound produced by nocturnal insects", which, according to the Arabs, was actually made by demons.
9b91382e5dc49dc89215e101438f95f302560b41	Abdul Alhazred, the mythical author of this book, lived in Damascus, where the "Necronomicon"was written.
3af4eb89f2278d3c461b279430bf95e219007d49	In 738 AD, he was publicly consumed by an invisible demon.
36d8d2ed953a009eb24ddcf19a6319a925bed092	"Al Asif" was translated into Greek by Theodore Philetus from Constantinople, who gave the manuscript the name "Necronomicon".
a7842a7a1c0c521aa4d24bb1a1e692409b22b686	According to Lovecraft's book "The History of the Necronomicon", Olaus Wormius translated the text into Latin in 1228.
8e7873d646ba450411dab78fb445c80ab29cc092	In 1232, shortly after the translation by Wormius, Pope Gregory IX banned both the Greek and Latin versions of the book.
5529e2689f3b0363809b7dc5e2273389b3d6e99b	Wormius notes that the original Arabic text was already lost by that time.
1bb852edb35da1c0e1035c701a07e021be0cbc96	Dr. John Dee translated it into English (XVI century), but only a few fragments of this version have survived to our time.
956601db844c9d05f85d25bd387439dddfd99f30	Currently, the Latin translation of the XV century is in the British Museum, the editions of the XVII century are in the National Library in Paris, the Harvard library, the University of Buenos Aires, and the fictional, Miskatonic University of Arkham.
22e1e1c9b6f21d803261bfb1e2b8ebd68108aff0	All these copies are carefully preserved.
dfde1a9512e880103d3fb9746321b1d92a28b683	The first time the "Necronomicon" is mentioned in the story "The Dog" (September 1922), although Abdul Alhazred, the author of this work, is mentioned earlier, in "The Nameless City" (January 1921).
419e36024d230d1e1e17322dd9046174a10a3036	It is here that the most famous saying from the "Necronomicon" is mentioned for the first time:
6777665d239438f43a07e5274bff545821cca8fc	That is not dead which can eternal lie,
073b2384c5935735459d829dd18404401297a370	And with strange aeons even death may die.
7670dd4d634ecd9a1315734f53285b0b0eed11ad	Perhaps the longest excerpt from the Necronomicon is found in the story "The Horror at Dunwich":
5dac51517548171353cd29e2bc9a1ebc9e0f835e	...one should not believe that man is the only and last ruler of the world.
ffdca7ebb1ee408d12c599e4d02fb47e7d9d9341	And its vital substance is not the only one existing on Earth.
1c274032a47a60162a11b12262007b3150121c80	The ancients were, the Ancients exist, the Ancients will always be.
42f24fa66986d81f0523a36daf68299415f01c7d	But not in the world we know, but between worlds.
d51985331cf5969fae40f7ab0bcec98ce98b2e3a	Original, strong and healthy.
7b2fdd426eae937b73d94d8cd06a8346cbc27e75	They are invisible to our eyes.
7008c8d4a39f7b44c1e6331fc3fed2c6a5d677f5	One Yogi Sothoth knows the entrance to this world.
ee5b5595422230ec76080f5069c21f850ade8b96	Yogi Sothoth is both the key and the guardian of this gate.
734fbf64d1b3479ebb8c49ec279dd3402d43a65b	The past, the present and the future are one in Yog Sothoth.
2f9760b87c77b89c5a4d93ec7b5467ff244ef16d	He knows the place where the Ancients made their way in the past, knows where They will pass into the future.
3fec14f75d103968505de59668d519657fbf735a	He knows their footprints on the Ground, which they leave, invisible.
e99ec99ba7dab3ae793e724a0466f3ce9242b5fd	By the smell alone, people recognize their presence, but their image is recognized in the appearance of those whom they have produced among the mortal children of men, from the appearance of a person to a form without substance.
3f1ffcd779674abc3f4566789c5146a63ed79cc4	Invisible, They circle the Earth, waiting for the right words of the Ritual.
0f7692c2a7f64f11273451189a3350ac19cefc15	Their voice sounds in the wind, the grass whispers about Their presence.
b99ab4c7f5dabd7f8ad1f717e7ce24c4ecacb3ae	They uproot forests, destroy cities, but no one sees the punishing Hand.
d5d0c8b0e31eacce89d6811d333e8d34053cd760	In the icy deserts, Kadaf knew them, and has man ever known Kadaf?
51b2ccc027d7788bca124af7ff7c91cd6b02d264	The ice in the north and the submerged islands in the oceans hide the stones on which the Seals are inscribed.
6f1b3c44323f7ec0247e806819aef4a12d4f63a3	Yogi Sothoth will open the doors before which the spheres close.
f85f59d8045526ad89d7bf2e3a3bbfec9c6ae60d	Man reigns where They once ruled.
52e7a1ff34c8e3cc7c25d3c6b04c88dcc07da8a1	But as winter comes after summer, and winter is replaced by spring, so They are waiting in the Wings!!!
4cff2c63492831dc88842648b12bc5f31ba7898c	The People of the Monolith by Justin Geoffrey
0f1de4696faa4cef343c8a6f217efa1442045601	The book and the author were invented by Robert Howard, but Lovecraft only once refers to them in the story "The Creature on the Threshold":
476da4357a72f35321604befe9909f08bb2dfc74	As time passed, I became interested in architecture and abandoned my plan to illustrate a book of demonic poems by Edward, however, our friendship did not suffer and did not become weaker.
bb4bf4ab402ee3c817c48f45e30d9592e053b950	The unusual genius of the young Derby received an amazing development, and in the eighteenth year of his life he released a collection of macabre lyrics under the title "Azatot and other horrors", which made a sensation.
f259deaf9b167e3a1ef33a30d364490d24d977e9	He was in a lively correspondence with the infamous Baudelaire poet Justin Jeffrey, the same one who wrote "The People of the Monolith" and in 1926 died screaming in a madhouse, shortly before visiting some sinister and notorious village in Hungary.
717e122a6684074236e150ec024bcfe397aab482	You can learn about Justin Jeffrey in the short story "The Black Stone" (1931) by Robert Howard.
fad85d6c570eed5bd57c6c912b110841251228e2	The Pnakotic Manuscripts (or Fragments)
3f3579118d2d15fe69e7c942605e7ab92c7cc78b	Another Lovecraft hoax.
885da8ebdc4defd16fb7def6193d3bb187f2c3f1	His "Pnakotic manuscripts" or " Fragments "(references in 11 works) are second only to the"Necronomicon" in terms of frequency of circulation.
db8532f5d2ae2d46df4a2a4e47c1b2d717d4645d	Lovecraft does not provide any details about the origin or content of these texts.
19a343eedee2e8c33f5e021290eb49f1648232e6	Most likely, these texts were written in the pre human period.
e84198da34abf5fde69986cf1b9e5f3787017646	Seven Cryptical Books of Hsan
0b61ab653b7c6db2d116d86bacd151066d89f115	Lovecraft only mentioned the books of Hsan in "Other Gods" and "The Somnambulistic Search for Kadaf the Unknown "both times, along with"Pnakotic Manuscripts".
1a9d95cff4c5e49920642f4b5a5063b6a46f7dfa	Unaussprechlichen Kulten, Black Book, or Nameless Cults by Friedrich von Junzt
871a7f800ea4729ec9f4842c04ad4b5f1a69ab39	Robert Howard first introduced " Unnamed Cults "in his short story" Children of the Night " (1931).
3a6b625868c74260228693d973ef8c8f30cbfec2	The following year, Lovecraft came up with a German name for these works, since von Juntz wrote the original in German.
aa719104a68bb54ab6e4c2fd2a73c295a531af71	This title, "Ungenennte Heidenthume", did not satisfy some of Lovecraft's correspondents.
ed7cd3f9aa259c63ed8c52beaf9f4fc17520d2ec	August Derleth changed it to "Unaussprechlichen Kulten", which became established (although in translation it meant" Unpronounceable cults", that is, cults whose name cannot be pronounced. "Die Unaussprechlichen Kulten" or "Unaussprechliche Kulten" would be more correct).
ae3091a7ecdfde673bf8bf38482d13a7e4732cb5	Although Lovecraft did not refer to this book more often than to others, he gives its publication history in the story "Out of Time":
aaa0294b9cc7fe85484807f143cbf236adf79dcf	In fact, any reader of the terrible "Nameless Cults" of von Juntz could at first glance establish an indisputable connection between them and the mysterious writings on the film.
7c456042cc9fb1645a5a078883560b5c90405c35	But at that time, few people knew this blasphemous work: its first edition was destroyed in Dusseldorf in 1839, in 1845 a translation by Bredwell appeared, and in 1909 a much abridged version was published.
5ea24b20f3c53ce6fd463a784c25837f3f51e01c	The" Black Book "of von Juntz is found in several stories by Robert Howard:" Children of the Night "(1931)," Black Stone "(1931)," The Creature on the Roof " (1932).
1d13cd9056971abe96f44fb15c9d720a659b900f	The last story presents the history of the writing and publication of this book.
cd8ea01775f0cc481851a2f75344396055585cf6	R’lyeh Text
9a3442d9607aba3ffe4b26c3685a6cb050ce7cb8	This text is mentioned by Lovecraft in the story "Lurking at the Threshold".
ae9887037323f872473d029ad08e2d38e81c9cb5	In the same story, a secondary indirect reference to this text is given through another fictional book by Professor Shrewsbury, "A Study of Myth Making among Primitive Peoples about the Last Day with Special mention of the R'lykh Text".
d1a6dcd91a0cc843f6614034a2f5e4533e908ee7	Real life books[edit / edit wiki text]
1574c13bc28e21055f73094daeadbb852e1cea1e	As mentioned above, many of the books that Lovecraft referred to in his works actually exist:
8931aa262eee46f098146ace2d5b349a3530aa28	Ars Magna et Ultima, Raymond Lully ("The Case of Charles Dexter Ward") The Story of Atlantis and The Lost Lemuria, W. Scott Elliot ("The Call of Cthulhu") The Book of Dzyan ("The Diary of Alonzo Typer" and "Dweller in Darkness") The Book of Thoth ("The Gates of the Silver Key") Clavis Alchemiae , Robert Fludd
42481772a4a21992769762ef336060cd03832e1f	("The Case of Charles Dexter Ward" Cryptomenysis Patefacta, John Falconer ("The Dunwich Horror") The Daemonolatreia, Remigius ("Festival" and "Horror in Dunwich") De Furtivis Literarum Notis, Giovanni Battista della Porta ("The Horror in Dunwich") The Golden Bough, Sir James George Frazer ("The Call of Cthulhu") De Lapide Philosophico, Johannes Trithemius ("The Case of Charles Dexter Ward") Description du Royaume de Congo et des Contrees environnantes, Filippo Pigafetta & Duarte Lopez ("A Picture in an old book") Historiarum, et observationum medicophysicarum, Centuriae IV, Petri Borelli (quoted without reference in The Case of Charles Dexter Ward) Key of Wisdom, Artephius ("The Case of Charles Dexter Ward") Kryptographik, Johann Ludwig Kluber ("The Horror in Dunwich") Liber Investigationis, Geber ("The Case of Charles Dexter Ward") Magnalia Christi Americana, Cotton Mather ("A Picture in the House" "Unnamed" "A Model for Pickman" and "The Case of Charles Dexter Ward") Poligraphia, Johannes Trithemius ("The Horror at Dunwich") Saducismus Triumphatus, Joseph Glanvil ("Festival") Thesaurus Chemicus, Roger Bacon ("The Case of Charles Dexter Ward") Traité des Chifferes ou Secrets d'escrire, Blaise de Vigenere ("The Horror at Dunwich") Turba Philosophorum, Guglielmo Grataroli ("The Case of Charles Dexter Ward") The Witch Cult in Western Europe, Dr. Margaret Murray ("A Nightmare in Red Hook" and "The Call of Cthulhu") Wonders of the Invisible World, Cotton Mather ("A Model for Pickman") Zohar ("The Case of Charles Dexter Ward")
e3c50c094ae9f95951812134ba6b8f5d2c9e4f68	Lovecraft's works in Russia[edit / edit wiki text]
650d1ca0257e79a1b4e2baf4d4437013c035d0ad	This section lacks links to information sources.
fbd4984f3b3716baee4ff3bca926d056d61bc81a	The information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and deleted.
c3f43d6e1f8072ac6ca2c1c9a1a3e356c90c1348	You can edit this article by adding links to authoritative sources.
a31768e7605310174efc0ea3fd1d6f3e12c20f0d	This mark was set on May 11, 2011.
0090aee9be33bf9d2d890fe23f4c2dad5503f7fe	The acquaintance of the Russian reader with the work of Lovecraft took place in 1991-1993.
2fc7fbaf0634ac8c091912101eb9bcc765f33b16	Two groups of enthusiasts played a key role in this:
cf0b5227ae88ffca2dab42066454a8820a079473	1. The writer Evgeny Golovin and the Moscow translator Valeria Bernatskaya prepared a 256 page collection of the writer's short stories for the publishing house "Terra Incognita" (1991).
3fa65886a3b01926576ea1b720ccdce3ebb55d22	2. A team of translators from Yekaterinburg, formed around the literary agency Kubin Ltd, prepared a complete 4 volume collection of Lovecraft's works for the Forum publishing house (1991-1993).
b2dbefdd3a9c29a224d6ca985264fe8d6e87292f	The group included Igor Bogdanov, Vasily Dorogokuplya, Fyodor Eremeev and Oleg Michkovsky.
309c8eb3e49ffe3021bd68272a5e29c2f81db1e2	In total, they published 12 books of Lovecraft in publishing houses in Moscow, Kiev, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod.
4283ef9974a3b4a4bbfaac387846b17f11738855	The same team is responsible for the publication of the 7 volume "Reader's Encyclopedia" and the creation of the publishing house "Comics Factory".
754c223b3da3debd11389ad2be08233395f4f56a	Currently, Lovecraft's collections are regularly reprinted in Russia by at least three major publishing houses — "Azbuka", "AST", "Eksmo".
9971a5c9abe349b7e7b43c4d86f878f061c703bc	In 2006, interest in Lovecraft's works in Russia was greatly fueled after the "Question to Putin" campaign, during which the President of Russia was asked questions pre selected by Internet voting.
527528331c74e792cbf393fe77cc2422a7630377	Unexpectedly, as a result of a flash mob, the comic question "How do you feel about the awakening of Cthulhu?"won the vote[8].
a6c135dd0b48b6f477b4feb1ca0ebbd584fa6c0d	After that, the image and name of Cthulhu began to be used much more often in the Runet.
ee7a08fbb0261b1e7ff5dc62a868498eb18c9d9c	The works of Howard Lovecraft[edit / edit wiki text]
057a74bade9316c77788017ba71746bf4dfcca70	Main article: Bibliography of H. F. Lovecraft
29e3ddb483c71abf2219120753ce242c92b60c88	This section is not completed.
15961bf1691a879689fefa9fbd7d0e326608f680	You will help the project by correcting and supplementing it.
40c37737444a57901e1f4451b987b92ce28c6f8c	The most famous and significant works:
182b8b573a1842fa117f65577a7beb3c0e12ffc2	Dagon (1917)
35afb251e1ca2868e699fe4757ea8bf14c34b807	Herbert West — the Reanimator (1922) The Feast (1925) The Somnambulistic Search for the Unknown Kadath (1927), another version of the name in Russian — "The Call of Kadaf the Unknown" Color from Other Worlds (1927) The Call of Cthulhu (1928) The Horror of Dunwich (1929) The Silver Key (1929) The Ridges of Madness (1931) The Shadow over Innsmouth (1931) The Whisperer in the Dark (1931) The Cats of Ultar (1920) The Case Charles Dexter Ward (1927) The Crypt (1917) The Lamp of Alhazred The Reincarnation of Juan Romero Music by Erich Zahn The Pickman Model
09b08eabf9ee2baab77cd6c1830fb7d2ef9656bb	Film adaptations[edit / edit wiki text]
d5655467e99ab82256874b82e7bffd6734646955	Several dozen films have been made based on the works of Lovecraft.
7f842c00d38227b6e4a7e9ac581376c994643a14	The most famous of them were created by directors Stuart Gordon and Brian Yuzna:
3938ee034bf5bf9e5120eeb23a16c85adffd6b4c	"The Enchanted Castle" / The Haunted Palace (1963) "Die, monster, die!"
c8ec7e3a45fd90577159b3bba4fef7d84405b9c1	/ Die Monster, Die!
f23cc3076b3f21202deeb33e430fd406aec8c223	(1965)[9] "the Dunwich Horror", The Dunwich Horror (1970) "Night gallery" (1972) evil dead / The Evil Dead (1981) "Reanimator" / Re Animator (1985) "the Real Ghostbusters: the Cult Katulu" (season 2 32 series) (31 Oct 1993)
824d892950c845f683da882de559fbfee9e60e5d	/ The Real Ghostbusters: The Collect Call of Cathulhu (1 season 28 episode) (27 October 1987)
d7fac76360c5f5e47a58dfa13a64472aac37910a	From outside / From Beyond (1986) "the Curse" / The Curse (1987) "Ineffable" / The Unnamable (1988) "the Bride of Reanimator" / Bride of Re Animator (1990) "the House of Cthulhu" / La Mansion de los Cthulhu (1990) "Resurrected" / The Resurrected (1991) book of the dead / Necronomicon (1993) "Ineffable 2" / The Unnamable II: The Statement of Randolph Carter (1993) "Necronomicon" (1994) "Hidden horror" / Lurking fear (1994) "the mouth of madness" In the Mouth of Madness (1995) "Hemoglobin"/Bleeders(1997) "Babylon 5: The Third Space" (1998) "Cold Air" (1999) Anime<< The Secret of the Necronomicon >> (1999) "Dagon" / Dagon (2001) "Justice League: The Threat from outside" (season 2, 41-42 episodes) / Justice League: The Terror Beyond (November 15, 2003) "The Return of the Reanimator" / Beyond Re Animator (2003) "Somnambulistic search for the unknown Kadat" / The Dream Quest of Unknown Kadath (2003) "The Call of Cthulhu" / The Call of Cthulhu (2005) "Dreams in the Witch House" / H. P. Lovecraft's Dreams in the Witch House (2005) "Other gods" (2006) "Beyond the wall of sleep" (2006) "Cold" (2007) "Cthulhu" / Cthulhu (2007) "Statement" / The Statement (2007) "Color from the Dark" / Color from the Dark (2008) "The Last Lovecraft: Relic of Cthulhu" / (2009) "Whisper in the Dark" (2009) "Mahani, you're wrong" (2009) "Horror in Dunwich" / The Dunwich Horror (2009)[10]
d5eca26c3ad7b503c937a819a0b2f7bc39fbddf5	"House of Re Animator" / House of Re Animator (2010) - the project is frozen "Pickman's Muse" / Pickman's Muse (2010) "Valdemar's Legacy" (2010) "Train No.
df5e05f0b0d8f94600e25a14ba0cdfd4b9e417a7	25" / Train No.
35167d887a2aa603fab55336164134a6880d1340	25 (2010)
5ca07a6520552e487720b7fee9ac0f4b85d0d84c	"Color" / Die Farbe (2010) "The Whisperer in Darkness" / The Whisperer in Darkness (2011) "Re Animator: The Musical "(2011) Anime "Creeping Chaos Nyaruko san" amateur film Living in Darkness (2015)
45b3a050d546094255cd8e1a77631a18c59f2725	Computer games[edit / edit wiki text]
12eea4f32a77f043516888c01bd43b2512bf23e3	The list of examples in this article or its section is not based on authoritative sources directly about the subject of the article or its section.
68572dccfe3fec1c7cb10c2891574bc633e63fc1	Add links to sources whose subject is the topic of this article (or section) as a whole, and containing these list items as examples.
6243c8ffb8cad90b99804550c3d12c0a7898912b	Otherwise, the section may be deleted.
ddc1e632c172cdc24e2c0cdbb37e49d6ed0e15ed	Perhaps this section contains an original study.
6a43395d8744858986cd565906509b78ac8b2dc9	Add links to the sources, otherwise it may be deleted.
f4aa98e13d1c84266dde15ebc298fb8d2215bf15	Additional information can be found on the discussion page.
eec6ae27ef4583c7e53e80b0443f9748dae3730b	(May 23, 2015)
82810aed1d4767f99bc93c9981cf2e2e15f64657	Alone in the Dark (Action/Adventure, 1992) Alone in the Dark (Action/Adventure, 2008) Alone in the Dark 2 (Action/Adventure, 1994) Alone in the Dark 3 (Action/Adventure, 1995) Alone in the Dark: Illumination (TPS, 2015) Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare (Action/Adventure, 2001) Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs (Action/Adventure, 2013) Amnesia: The Dark Descent (Action/Adventure, 2010) Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth (FPS, Adventure, 2005) Call of Cthulhu: Prisoner of Ice (Adventure, 1995) Call of Cthulhu: Shadow of the Comet (Adventure, 1993) Call of Cthulhu: The Wasted Land (TRPG, 2012) Cthulhu Saves the World (RPG, 2010) Curse: The Eye of Isis (Action/Adventure, 2003) Darkness Within: In Pursuit of Loath Nolder (Adventure, 2007) Darkness Within 2: The Dark Lineage (Adventure, 2010) Darkest Dungeon (RPG/Roguelike, 2016) Daughter of Serpents (Adventure, 1992) Digital Pinball: Necronomicon (Pinball, 1997) Doctor Hauzer (Action/Adventure, 1994) Dylan Dog: Through the Looking Glass (Adventure, 1992) Eldritch (First person shooter/Roguelike, 2013) Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem (Action/Adventure, 2002) Haunted Hotel: Charles Dexter Ward (Hidden Object, 2012) Innsmouth no Yakata (FPS, 1995) Magrunner: Dark Pulse (FPP, 2013) Martian Gothic: Unification (Action/Adventure, 2000) Necronomicon (Adventure, 1994) Necronomicon: The Dawning of Darkness (Adventure, 2001) Penumbra: Overture (Action/Adventure, 2007) Penumbra: Black Plague (Action/Adventure, 2008) Penumbra: Requiem (Action/Adventure, 2008) Robert D. Anderson and the Legacy of Cthulhu (FPS, 2007) Shade: Wrath of Angels (Hack and slash, 2004) Sherlock Holmes: The Awakened (Adventure, 2007) SOMA (Action/Adventure, 2015) Splatterhouse (Beat ’em up, 1988) Splatterhouse (Beat ’em up, 2010) Splatterhouse 2 (Beat ’em up, 1992) Splatterhouse 3 (Beat ’em up, 1993) Sunless Sea (Roguelike, 2015) They Bleed Pixels (Platformer, 2012) The Hound of Shadow (Adventure, 1989) The Legacy: Realm of Terror (RPG, Adventure, 1993) The Lurking Horror (Adventure, 1987) The Vanishing of Ethan Carter (Adventure, 2014) The Book of the Dead: Lost Souls (Adventure, 2006) Bloodborne (Action RPG, 2015)
380993a981a303c62b4f5eef2b3a9257500d9b8b	Board games[edit / edit wiki text]
a96c50ec1dcb128f7683d0b8fc248495db5c79e4	The horror of Arkham (Arkham horror) Ancient Horror (Eldritch Horror) Mansions of Madness (Mansions of Madness) The call of Cthulhu.
3163c8917774643ad665e7cb164d1a10d6024fa4	Card game (Call of Cthulhu. The Card Game) The Sign Of The Ancients (Elder Sign) Munchkin Cthulhu (Munchkin Cthulhu) Cthulhu Wars (Chtulhu wars by Sandy Petersen) Kneading Cthulhu (Smash Up)
dcb4b408a31b0513ef3584085dba0637686a7628	↑ 1 2 Bibliothèque nationale de France: open data platform — 2011.
b222d39c2e426d63b54511a36e7b7ac460fc8491	<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q206663 06"></a>
ea17b734d3ee4ea628cd0b8ec00aef6c38e35d59	↑ 1 2 Record #118729241 // Gemeinsame Normdatei — 2012—2016.
a2e905f8536ef4e4b4e363c948fd10f913b73223	<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q27302"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q304037"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q256507"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q170109"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q36578"></a>
38b5966663ad83f69adfd2a05f6a1cd6a085c985	↑ http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11913507k
376fc8f18ae64593ae90794b16be1e18f973c6d2	↑ 1 2 3 "Beyond the dream..."
03183c7deaaad97d20aff91a56de46f54c06c4d1	- Russian fan site, biography of Lovecraft ↑ H. P. Lovecraft Misconceptions (Eng.). hplovecraft.com. — "... adequately excellent lover ...
08da423e61fcb74c33cf0966fd28720122e1b7d7	" Checked on April 25, 2011.
67423b79ba6824e5b9dce1c0a9f02de20136d2ae	Archived from the original source on August 22, 2011.
bc5ab4f64c427fc01f05027cbbc3e0b99bea5ff5	↑ "Howard Phillips Lovecraft" ↑ Joshi S. T. .. Favorite mysterious Stories of G. F. Lovecraft. samlib.ru. Verified on November 1, 2015.
98bde8c7ef0d9cb7724dff66a4971620c93abe45	Путина Putin's answers (unavailable link from 23-02-2016 (103 days)) ↑ en:Die, Monster, Die!
3f044bb00db3e0223bb3159ce49b8d5d2952cb26	↑ The Dunwich Horror (2009) (TV) (English) on the Internet Movie Database website
a8bff86af49580d1b98561fe61cbfed98655de0b	Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
8e6d9a6515a38c1c99410dec809d1e22374f8b27	L. Sprague De Camp.
b59868fc2586e2455c2030eaf384878c4a245852	Lovecraft: A Biography.
8ff03bc3c8fa51d9c64cd1d10f26ed8465d34b1e	- St. Petersburg: Amphora, 2008.
5083ba691e39dfe5a33d1753713b17ed9a33f786	- p. 656 — - ISBN 978-5-367-00815-9.
876411cf415ee9d6bd78b2d9d84b7a6f5b92fb30	Hanegraaff W. J. Fiction in the Desert of the Real: Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos' / / Aries (English)Russian..
78c27e5fc2adc99cc1323afc9803dec18b088787	- 2007.
222346c1ba1bb48019b482c9ff035d2a4a19b8e2	- Vol. 7 (1) — - P. 85-109.
fe5158f5746869934732107698ff44e52dc72aa9	Howard Phillips Lovecraft in Wikicitatnik?
de9d5df4d5fb9acf01c56e3199dec32c3c4d32a7	Howard Phillips Lovecraft in Wikitek?
a23751a787a1356f41093bfb4f98d53e02033042	Howard Phillips Lovecraft on Wikimedia Commons?
9505c17f6fadbd9eeb54509c04e8f73c35bcf9df	Howard Phillips Lovecraft in the Open Directory Project (dmoz) reference catalog.
3ffc079136596caff137ad7aeeb3591e245d9e3a	(rus.)
3467a0742abfecdd853001609d37abfc628279eb	Howard Phillips Lovecraft in the Open Directory Project (dmoz) link catalog.
1b14352027b6982ad199529db6b14608c4b40289	(English)
3ae80127f971b59af93ed021e56d7d9c82dd54c7	Thematic sites
1b8d23ededf345dd9572c3fc48aff9fa251faad5	Notable Names Database · AlloCiné · Discogs · Internet Movie Database · MusicBrainz · Project "Gutenberg" · Internet Speculative Fiction Database · Open Directory Project (Russian) · Open Directory Project (English)
c195c8b784fc120d46873b62752980ea145b942b	Dictionaries and encyclopedias of the Great Catalan · Cyril and Methodius · Larousse · Britannica (online)
d8e334fa1f5e099ade83b3c5d8b17ac71ebc1a43	Regulatory Control BNC: a1011502x · BNE: XX984653 · BNF: 11913507k · GND: 118729241 · ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\000957 · ISNI: 0000 0003 6864 3283, 0000 0003 6864 3291, 0000 0003 6864 3275, 0000 0001 2137 1765, 0000 0003 6864 3267 · LCCN: n80017007 · NDL: 00448086 · NKC: jn19990009786 · NLA: 35313949 · NTA: 068946473 · NUKAT: n93126809 · PTBNP: 38623 · LIBRIS: 264843 · SUDOC: 026996405 · VIAF: 66470391
c2f1e2766edb8ae0454abb09c20336f20d1f42b0	Howard Phillips Lovecraft Works List of works · The Myths of Cthulhu · The Cycle of Dreams Locations Arkham · Dunwich · Innsmouth · Kingsport · Miskatonic University · Dreamland * Lovecraft Country · R'lyeh · Nameless City Characters Randolph Carter · Herbert West · Abdul Alhazred · Kuranes · Robert Harrison Blake Mythological Deities Cthulhu The Great Ancients List of the Great Ancients · Cthugha · Cthulhu · Cyäegha · Gatanoa · Hastur · Ithaqua · Shub Niggurat · Tsatoggua Other Gods Azatot · Nyarlatotep · Yog Sothot Elder Gods Bastet · Hypnos · Nodens
8dfd227fe67506a52da95c0176aa5e9905854a6b	Races of Cthulhu Myths Byakhee · Deep Sea · The Elders * Gnophkeh · The Hounds of Tyndall · Shoggoth · The Great race of Yit · Mi go Heritage and Influence Lovecraft's Horrors · Cultural references to the Cthulhu Mythos · Cosmicism Films The Enchanted Castle
dac87a094482d7c7498531d1caa11a56bd535974	(1963 · * Die, Monster, Die!
e4ed520b566d4e25bc3a3069c2c8ffe3c3e42d90	(1965) · The Horror in Dunwich (1970) · The Reanimator (1985) · From Outside (1986) · The Unnamed (1988) · The Price of the Death Spell (1991) · The Resurrected (1991) · In the Jaws of Madness (1994) · The Book of the Dead (1994) · Witch Hunt (1994) · Hemoglobin (1997) · Cthulhu (2000) · Dagon (2001) · The Return of the Reanimator (2003) · The Call of Cthulhu (2005) · Dreams in the House of Witches (2005) · Cthulhu (2007) Other adaptations of Call of Cthulhu RPG (1981) · The Horror of Arkham
65ff1c101555560fdd7eae26659a886e55871d5d	(1987 · * Shadow of the Comet (1993) · Prisoner of Ice (1995) · Anchorhead (1998) · Unspeakable Vault (of Doom) (2003 present)
ecea1e9800bd52ea057a0071b652099c7671a828	· Call of Cthulhu Li
717d2bf65579f2556ca65d181fbb123b6020e3f9	Russian Russian Revolution of 1905, or the First Russian Revolution, is the name of the events that took place in the period from January 1905 to June 1907 in the Russian Empire.
59dbe530147caf2d6d641b388866f0f2b758d635	At the beginning of the XX century, there were objective and subjective prerequisites for the revolution in Russia, primarily due to the peculiarities of Russia as a second-tier country.
4e053f6097267c59b28e36f430ae835cc3943dae	The reason for the revolution was the growing contradictions in Russian society, expressed in the influence of internal (the unresolved agrarian issue, the deterioration of the position of the proletariat, the crisis in the relations between the center and the province, the crisis of the form of government (the"crisis of the top") and external factors.
be5a75a92f37ed0782ec62c23a9aea6d0de82152	Russia remained a country with an undeveloped democracy, the absence of a constitution, the lack of guarantees of human rights, which caused the activity of parties opposing the government.
934446de350c087700c28665add1ce1bd7a1f17d	the liberal intelligentsia and the nobility were burdened by the absolutism and conservative policies of Nicholas II.
e1cda78d76aa4d70e0fdfbf22c331e9b3a27e7a5	In the middle of the XIX century, the process of approving a constitutional monarchical form of government was actually completed in Western European countries.
26d935b295466d34562bb260f26c2663cff037d7	In 1904, the liberals proposed to introduce a constitution in Russia, limiting the autocracy by convening a people's representation.
ab19df2c27f6ae9f50ed6324e21da3b5541b6d22	Nicholas 2 made a public statement of disagreement with the introduction of the constitution.
372716617eb3ff4d8e4cefee8e971b584fb25d24	After the reforms of the mid-19th century, the peasantry received less land than they used before the reform to ensure their existence, which caused social tension in the village.
d21891bb8f9289b00fa35372eaf336b5fd163880	By giving personal freedom to the peasants, it did not solve the problem of peasant land shortage, did not eliminate the negative features of communal land ownership and mutual responsibility.
0b009a82ccd6c60310c474e7c0f498e0e1f257f1	In addition, great economic changes were taking place in Europe, caused by the appearance of cheap American grain there.
629f69b8f05eeedc3d1513711a0a2aad8a1d02a8	This put Russia, where grain was the main export commodity, in a very difficult situation.
eccb44c70042617aa592210c8537a74321f82829	The contradictions that have been growing since the second half of the XIX century between the rapid growth of capitalism and the remnants of serfdom created objective prerequisites for discontent, both of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
e47d5f6501d22ba625f5633c0fa09afcb1500fc3	hired workers, who were most affected by the economic crisis, demanded higher wages, reduced working hours, fines, etc.;
5bbdc59ab1cdcf33449942e6fb1b9186190f0897	In addition, Russia was a multinational country in which the situation of non-Russian peoples was extremely difficult.
a8eefcf4b73c2ac6734b75113b4ed999efc85c09	The national question is one of the main socio-political contradictions in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the XX century.
9a66e9958fc8084fae11d4fa4609260bbec0d9dc	That is why a large mass of revolutionaries were natives of non-Russian peoples (Jews, Ukrainians, Latvians).
3d6fd7341c15dc42eecf7270e32f85f90cb456e1	The defeat in the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905 and the economic crisis of 1900-1908 aggravated the situation.
bbc85148050076f2c88b53a9f9aed26fd056c0d7	Patriotic sentiments at the beginning of the war overwhelmed all categories of the population, but soon the situation in the country began to change as reports of Russia's military failures were received.
573eb913f87e056ad16077646ee130be5eb16eee	Each defeat turned into a new and new round of political crisis.
e493153f6dde8628b4e05aaa37747b767dac94de	Confidence in the government was rapidly falling.
f291bd84a4a9f5cea85c9d093aea3c7f69bf233b	By the summer of 1904, the fervor of patriotic fever had already been replaced by a deep disappointment, a growing conviction of the failure of the authorities.
a169c93df3cbf64c78268e9cf2feef7f85766729	All that was needed was an excuse, which was "bloody Sunday" on January 9, 1905.
88944c33de6f470cd7e3f1ece7604b9b03de7315	On this day, a peaceful demonstration of workers led by the priest G. Gapon, who went to the Winter Palace, was shot.
bfbe39e46eeaca3653efcc72d61ac4d5484f62a8	On the morning of January 9, columns of workers totaling up to 150,000 people moved from different districts to the city center.
17825deb947d8c266be4bdfa86dd6c6d9d4a84b3	At the head of one of the columns, with a cross in his hand, was the priest Gapon[41].
c5a8ba44c8549606a84b9b0af6a083babae07cac	On the morning of January 9, work columns in festive clothes, with icons and portraits of the tsar moved to the city center.
d7938d96b324cf0470ad5110a2add21d170005d3	Gapon notified the police about the upcoming demonstration in advance, which allowed the government to quickly prepare for the suppression of the riots.
e6e3378096723125914a8b1111d758b2960f7a4d	When the columns approached the military outposts, the officers demanded that the workers stop, but they continued to move forward[26].
40d5111e9b1b41b3fbac89f3612964e465cb9191	Confident in the tsar's humanity, the workers stubbornly strove for the Winter Palace, ignoring warnings and even cavalry attacks[42].
e502ab7662e03070825e3a81bbe28c18e5d147fc	And then the soldiers began an operation to clean up the city center, and simply opened fire, which claimed the lives of thousands to 5,000 people, according to various estimates, including many women and children.
17d47c4edf4d3db2655a654339de76c2b9a54df6	To prevent the accumulation of a crowd of 150 thousand people in the center of Gorodavoysk, rifle volleys were fired at the Narva Gate, at the Trinity Bridge, on the Shlisselburgsky tract, on Vasilievsky Island, on Palace Square and on Nevsky Prospekt.
e94875a8838ceaffa17deb7964133dc2ec633b0e	In other parts of the city, crowds of workers were dispersed with sabers, sabers and whips.
4d23bfa36b869de156bd9b5bb15d29fa24af1463	As a result, about a thousand people were killed and about 2 thousand were injured.
7f7edf148479c491e08d9d6a28882dfeddd20904	The senseless and brutal massacre strengthened the revolutionary mood in the country.
92fda588a0601794bbfdefec4629970c31a412c3	In response, the construction of barricades began in the capital, and a wave of indignation swept through the country.
e207d61638b267da22586e997aa4758e3083f749	After the events of January 9, P. D. Svyatopolk Mirsky was dismissed from the post of Minister of Internal Affairs and replaced by Bulygin; the post of St. Petersburg Governor-General was established, to which General D. F. Trepov was appointed on January 10.
5e18ce80059d07f47c294ff8ff6f82c0b0244577	The opposition blamed the entire responsibility for the incident on Emperor Nicholas II[45] and the autocratic regime[46].
acff9841fc881751b342868ccdc1339d46c92901	A wave of strikes swept across the country, taking place under political slogans [48].
8e5b95c882ba2e64ba032b3be3af74aefc2bce91	The traditional faith of the working masses in the tsar was shaken, and the influence of the revolutionary parties began to grow.
b07478a3f596d018081c3bc9ffea23d23fc690d6	The danger of a riot was averted, but the prestige of the royal power was irreparably damaged[16].
b546372668bebbc4061bf82e90450fe7d5f7a819	The revolutionary movement during this period manifested itself in an unprecedented growth of the strike movement of workers with a predominance of political demands and assumed an increasingly organized character (see the article "The 1905 Revolution in Russia"in the anthology).
9476a06fae0b3930c5b414b5478bf32b7ac61dd9	By the summer of 1905, the social base of the revolution had also expanded: the broad masses of the peasantry, as well as the army and navy, joined it.
cc1e7b5495bbc916df982c85b51898d3e8645701	In January-April 1905, the strike movement covered 810 thousand workers.
824e3c7336673621dab2af189abf02b82cab7ba2	On May 1, a workers ' strike began in Ivanovo Voznesensk.
bf5c278b8da1ca976c2a6748d99bd2b209057605	The workers created their own authority-the Council of Workers ' Commissioners.
51a2cf02c24208e8d52886c5693dba1dd7b105a2	In May 1905, during the 72-day strike in Ivanovo Voznesensk, the 1st Council of Authorized Deputies was created, which united the workers of the entire city.
cff091e9b81552a5bf1f84f2bff09b3382d2f83b	At the first stage, we should note the 72-day strike of the Ivano-Voznesensk workers, who for the first time put forward radical political demands in addition to economic ones (the convocation of a Constituent Assembly, the introduction of political freedoms, etc.).
7792c71175045518444f841efd5c5382f3a94f2f	In the large textile center of Poland, Lodz, a workers ' uprising broke out, and the city was covered with barricades.
ae21487590da804b5f339b97475cd6430c5a551c	Under the pressure of this movement, the Government was forced to make some political concessions.
d72670e9d6f54c52ef423453ceb2c638fe859717	On February 18, the tsar's rescript addressed to the Minister of Internal Affairs A. G. Bulygin ordered to start drafting a law on the creation of an elected representative institution.
b31bef302693c80359d59fdddef3676aa27ca3ca	A draft of the creation of the State Duma was prepared.
c85a96634cfb5c4ad0f1b7a2e6c390d8fdb5b535	At the same time, the Regulation on Elections of August 6, 1905 was published, which established the rules for elections to the State Duma.
4068bc8daddea8c64a2b354a4e517abc918ccc3c	Workers, women, military personnel, students and young people did not get the right to participate in the elections.
265ed0c8cb6ccd727eb3d6d9b9b558b8ca463d49	Of the four most well-known and popular democratic norms (general, direct, equal, secret elections), only one was implemented in Russia — the secret submission of votes.
b11284d3bcab0688a0144445372f14cbcc05e22b	The elections were neither general, nor direct, nor equal[53].
298b2c8fd1058c3689501dfa8d332e84f57f6dd8	The organization of the elections to the State Duma was entrusted to the Minister of Internal Affairs Bulygin.
5ee14b34b817bcbf67ee6b492f155626510314d0	The majority of the participants in the revolutionary movement did not satisfy either the nature of the "Bulygin Duma" as an exclusively legislative body, or the Provision on elections to the Duma (the elections were held in three curia: landowners, townspeople, peasants; workers, intellectuals and the petty bourgeoisie did not have voting rights).
f0b714df1d7bae20db2e586696c952193038af76	Due to the boycott of the "Bulygin Duma", its elections were never held.
534af752ab3fe5bdd45f9f210947257d02892ff1	The first camp was made up of supporters of the autocracy.
c0a2a3aab29cfeec3479b72bcd36eac561b37c90	They either did not recognize the changes at all, or agreed to the existence of a legislative body under the autocrat, which would include landowners, the highest ranks of state bodies, the army, the police, a part of the bourgeoisie directly associated with tsarism, many zemstvo figures.
b7ad6d13077a0281cdf5f1e1868945784a02e458	The second camp consisted of representatives of the liberal bourgeoisie and the liberal intelligentsia, the advanced nobility, employees, the petty bourgeoisie of the city, part of the peasants.
5a4038795a4664626e44333a8f82750ed545691b	They advocated the preservation of the monarchy, but a constitutional, parliamentary one, in which the legislative power is in the hands of a popularly elected parliament.
81beda6bc82d17674c20aef0818f6ded4a181b7b	To achieve their goal, they proposed peaceful, democratic methods of struggle.
13a627c1e0a0ee9c56fb8eb1b264ec2104acde17	The third camp – the revolutionary democratic one – included the proletariat, part of the peasantry, the poorest strata of the petty bourgeoisie, etc.
d3f81fdb398345614e6e7e207e60b90bf12c7d45	There was also no unity on the question of what the new government will be-a dictatorship or a democracy, where the boundaries of the dictatorship are and how it is combined with democracy.
cb3446eb5d78274a8137a997079baedb61fde477	In the summer of 1905 . the All-Russian Peasant Union was formed.
357fe565d59cf701fde1c5c5f8f04a18a9861636	At the Congress of the Union, demands were made for the transfer of land to the ownership of the entire people.
ebb1b3cb348f79e17bcae0712741786082a2a7c9	His activity was influenced by the liberal intelligentsia, which was reflected in his demands: the abolition of private ownership of land (nationalization of land), the confiscation without redemption of monastic, state, specific lands, the seizure of landowners ' lands, partly free of charge, partly for redemption, the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, the granting of political freedoms.
839ab671973fdb45371e77a7484703143880fdbc	A major event was the armed uprising prepared by the Mensheviks on the battleship Prince Potemkin Tavrichesky.
669417244be6086f8f07f6367bcf62c14e258b2e	On June 14 (27), 1905, an uprising of sailors who refused to eat borscht from rotten meat took place on the battleship.
c033cc32953cde7d905f3a46e045873dcb32a862	A speedy sailor's court sentenced the commander and the ship's doctor to death.
b4f3c8b3199ace4c5076e1e10bae6e5401a09769	The sailors took possession of the ship, chose a new command staff and a ship's commission — the body of political leadership of the uprising
9c4f37b8763dfc6c3440f7479eb37b02aff93c0b	For 11 days, the rebellious battleship "Potemkin" was at sea under a red flag, and when fuel and food ran out, he surrendered to the Romanian authorities.
fe582216519ce5c26740c44828a8bedab523e202	However, this uprising was not supported by the crews of other ships of the squadron.
0641c2768cf992016dd33a727d3c4872329aadc6	"Potemkin" was forced to go to the waters of Romania and surrender there.
32b8b3f05e1100e4df921b4f2bf0cd8099fa3898	In the autumn of 1905, the center of the revolution moved to Moscow.
5e13a867aa0f33b5e2b3a905a90d77612b11c701	The All-Russian October political strike that began in Moscow, and then the armed uprising in December 1905, were the highest rise of the revolution.
8c47f0afee9c04e1527ab77723e286f491974481	Along with the workers, students, teachers, doctors, employees of state institutions became its participants.
6dc9106a7265e9b126b98ee6a427017d9d35cf3a	The main demands of the strike participants were: an 8-hour working day, the introduction of democratic freedoms, the convocation of the Constituent Assembly.
a1d2f5a375291be4e4a876a75f2fc4763a81565d	On October 12, the strike movement also swept St. Petersburg.
757b997161509d407ce68bea135c6ee7bf7b273b	Rallies and demonstrations demanding the constitution were held everywhere.
33da7cc6be96a8a5779625a89e5ab659e292fb98	To overcome the crisis, the Government tried to find a way out of the impasse and make even greater concessions.
dc47ef745f8c3ffc76be3a1b9f4b4adbd0e87c02	On October 17, Nicholas 2 signed a Manifesto that proclaimed political freedoms and promised freedom of elections to the State Duma.
20f6fb7ff8c4ee43922313c0f43cd56f0a63fa73	The manifesto of October 17, 1905 proclaimed the granting to the population of "unshakable foundations of civil freedom": the inviolability of the individual, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly, unions, the expansion of the right to vote and, most importantly, giving the Duma a legislative character.
bf5c6882bcf82e511fbd2e51660d5df2a09479cf	The process of forming a legal multiparty system has begun in the country.
7343edd101ba53b46a136fb9abb35af15e02de09	Two major political parties were created — the "Union of October 17" (whose leaders were a large breeder A. I. Guchkov and the leader of the Zemstvo movement D. N. Shipov) and the Constitutional Democratic Party (its leader was a well-known historian, professor P. N. Milyukov).
c82dc030caa377e134879bb4b7a3a5c24ef623b8	The programs of both these parties were aimed at the formation of a constitutional monarchical system.
10e3762687b49c8f625e8c2b06d1c8489bacf127	Soon after the publication of the tsarist Manifesto, the Union of October 17 (Octobrists) party was formed, which included A. I. Guchkov, D. N. Shipov and other major industrialists, merchants, landowners.
f8f82a9038d50119b0003386cc5686013692b206	The requirements of the Octobrist program are: preservation of the unity and indivisibility of the Russian state in the form of a constitutional monarchy; universal suffrage; civil rights, inviolability of personality and property; transfer of state and specific lands to the state fund for sale to landless and small-land peasants; development of local self-government; freedom of workers ' unions and strikes; a court without a word, independent of the administration; the rise of productive forces, the development of the credit system, the dissemination of technical knowledge, the development of railways.
5523006d39934e42cc85adffcf0ae54756b9a6fb	Its Central Committee included 11 large landowners and 44 representatives of the intelligentsia (V. I. Vernadsky, A. A. Kizevetter, V. A. Maklakov, P. N. Milyukov, P. B. Struve, I. I. Petrunkevich, etc.).
8bdfb59ae3ea9cb3b07ff2978603be9092542d17	The cadet program: equality of all before the law, abolition of estates, freedom of conscience, political freedoms, personal inviolability, freedom of movement and travel abroad, free development of local languages along with Russian; The Constituent Assembly; the development of the system of local self-government, the preservation of state unity; the abolition of the death penalty; the alienation of part of the landowner (primarily leased to peasants on bonded terms), the entire state land fund and its provision to small-land and landless peasants; freedom of workers 'unions, the right to strikes, 8-hour working day, labor protection for women and children, workers' insurance; freedom of teaching, reduction of tuition fees, universal free compulsory primary education, etc.the state structure determined by the basic law.
0b34632995a01de4a780dc1d2a597968c49390d0	The Russian bourgeoisie did not consider the parties of the Octobrists and Cadets "their" parties and preferred to create their own Commercial and Industrial Party in 1906.
cd1ec40acdf7fa3de783ae6786fabf83d9358c21	In November, the leadership of the Peasants ' Union, dissatisfied with the fact that the agrarian issue has not yet been resolved, announced joining the general strike of workers.
eea5def722ae06812e57eb0ad26a8c5454212d64	During this time, 1,590 peasant demonstrations were registered — about half of their total number (3,230) for the whole of 1905.
f832dc1b066fe6af5f69269b0cb005c04dc725c1	On December 7, 1905, the Moscow City Council called for a political strike, which turned into an uprising led by the Bolsheviks.
35b5bcfd70dc93e52f03abbaf42b40e069b8e7ab	In October 1905 . more than 2 million people were on strike.
e4a3359b9077db175b4a773fa4ce62ea0fcc4f67	The strike began on October 7 with a strike by an employee of the Moscow railway junction.
f4c6b32f37c9d44b5f151156d2cef19b3b9a154e	After 3 days, they were supported by the St. Petersburg railway node, and then the workers of factories and factories, Universities and gymnasiums, etc., and even theaters.
46a4d76b74e7c6454fa3d551af5d7bbcf8206efe	To suppress the uprising, the government brought troops and artillery into Moscow, and, despite desperate resistance, by December 19, the uprising was over.
4096059aa903348e460d6e83c92a2f082f1bce06	The organizers and participants of the uprising were arrested and convicted.
b1e27bdd357b764a9b434f8ca11240b70a90e6fc	The same fate befell uprisings in other regions of Russia.
5c6bb9b91818ddba69bed32baebd9b396e3c8283	After the December events in Moscow, the government tried to seize the initiative, turning away the most significant part of the population – the peasantry-from the revolution with agrarian reforms.
a87e122b9188a21c4bc342d5964f2cbf85dc9a27	But the main concern of the authorities remained the elections to the First State Duma.
30837e7a24e639fd1ccf0ad3db653b98e1cd6549	In April 1906, elections were held to the First Duma, as a result of which 2 parties entered it: constitutional Democrats and socialist revolutionaries who advocate the transfer of landowners ' lands to peasants and the state.
86ad7e3c43d9d9390f15acc80d90cf05aba5a9a4	The first State Duma, which began its work on April 27, 1906, lasted only 72 days.
125ff5085665f4b8b9ca41b344df8d3aeb7cc4e9	And then the Duma, violating the law, directly appealed to the population with an appeal for support, which was the reason for its dissolution on July 8, 1906.
773cfcda523652b0aea580c49c7d8bcf39460f04	The dissolution of the State Duma of the first convocation in July 1906 and the "Vyborg Appeal" (see the article "Vyborg Appeal"in the anthology) they did not lead to a sharp aggravation of the revolutionary situation.
e47df8ec31d928c7b0bea65766bd109ae46f1135	In 1906-1907, strikes, strikes, peasant unrest, demonstrations in the army and navy continued.
85297133d9bd76de2b6eacc2eb78ee063ef9aef7	But the government, with the help of the most severe repressions, gradually restored control over the country.
966abd8cd316fedf5db6a770fbb3d61c84995f75	The coup d'etat of June 3, 1907 marked the defeat of the revolution of 1905-1907.
4b88649e941e2fe929b1582d48f1f1ffbc49c0d0	The first Russian Revolution of 1905 - 1907 is defined as bourgeois democratic, since the tasks of the revolution are the overthrow of the autocracy, the elimination of landowners ' land ownership, the destruction of the class system, the establishment of a democratic republic.
02f4694c14b45ec3e911b6fe34789e3dfe9e14af	For the first time, the monarchical government was forced to accept the existence of elements of bourgeois democracy in the country – the Duma and multiparty system.
e9f6c8abba02b6deb4b4eb9a46b5216c54d62fbf	Russian society has achieved recognition of the basic rights of the individual (although not in full and without guarantees of their observance).
73e5c675a597b63af05c3c3e84c939555d010fcb	There was an experience of fighting for freedom and democracy.
1ad4080fea86f76737397ed77d01bcca8fdb9be1	The revolution also received a great international response.
183e9d090d28b214f3d3fd561424a6fea9b77ff8	It contributed to the rise of the workers ' strike struggle in Germany, France, England, and Italy.
d5c8300c071f31ce3477ecf63cadf13ff819fec3	Such a Duma led to the April resignation of Witte and the appointment of I. L. Goremykin to the post of Prime Minister.
820de90cac11a958849cce60c46b524a3aef33c3	After Witte's resignation, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, appointed to this post on the day of the dissolution of the First State Duma, became the most progressive head of the government.
c4ce743d073d6f1c96fe375b9ee73eae2e55a8f9	On August 12, 1906, the socialist-revolutionaries maximalists made an attempt on the Prime Minister of Russia P. A. Stolypin, as a result of which 30 people died and died from wounds, Stolypin himself remained alive.
8e92f372eb1e254c97e3c6a5b7293b9b772e6e88	Stolypin's policy changed dramatically after August 12, 1906, when the Srs blew up the minister's dacha, where 27 people were killed (among them 3 terrorists), and his children were injured.
759bc2da0ad030abe2df5dbf4f9f470edbc746f2	To combat terror, on August 19, 1906, at the initiative of Stolypin, the "Regulation of the Council of Ministers on military field courts" was adopted to speed up the proceedings in cases of persons accused of robbery, murder, robbery, attacks on military, police and officials and other serious crimes, in cases where there is no need for additional investigation for the evidence of the crime.
a97a057cd93a28cb75dad8c6fa6a1d9be5eb2ea7	This measure made it possible to reduce the number of terrorist acts and "expropriations"in a short time.
dbaa3eb365672cc449879728d77395fef055ac46	On November 9, 1906, with the participation of Prime Minister Stolypin, a decree was created on the abolition of redemption payments for land.
fe1f9fa6d9b155772305497ef6869424e9433455	The revolution was followed by a reaction: the so-called "Third June Coup" of June 3 (16), 1907.
b16db1a7af252bddae541798fbba69556d8df646	The rules for elections to the State Duma were changed to increase the number of deputies loyal to the monarchy; the local authorities did not observe the freedoms declared in the Manifesto of October 17, 1905; the most important agrarian issue for the majority of the country's population was not resolved.
b2b66826562cfb3955988bc18b3b16ec7362f465	Thus, in the course of the bourgeois democratic revolution of 1905-1907, despite all the achievements, it was not possible to achieve the solution of the main tasks put forward at the beginning of the revolution, the overthrow of the autocracy, the destruction of the class system and the establishment of a democratic republic.
d00a13296f21a14d7345082a7cca01348b281e4b	So, the social tension that caused the First Russian Revolution was not completely resolved, which created the prerequisites for the subsequent revolutionary action of 1917.
11a4269854de9d16fa12c26a148d6beab5bc4e96	The history of Russia briefly
53c6650cc786b9eafd1407678ff351dc129e911e	The Revolution of 1905-1907
decf58ac2df00fabf0db58c51048a7ea7e3682f2	The reason for the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907 was the aggravation of the internal political situation.
5db642a5ad32961a2ad0c7709506d59822971ffc	Social tension was provoked by the remnants of serfdom, the preservation of landowners ' land ownership, the lack of freedoms, the agrarian overpopulation of the center, the national question, the rapid growth of capitalism, the unresolved peasant and worker issues.
2e7bf36cb4a71e078a0f2092bc123273d8865c01	The defeat in the Russian Japanese War of 1904-1905 and the economic crisis of 1900-1908 aggravated the situation.
3e7557c2c1a5fd244e95f0c2348a923ef00fec13	The impetus for the beginning of the revolutionary events was the strike of the workers of the Putilov plant in St. Petersburg.
3388ae7a81fb7898ae573dec34fbbda0af87527f	The strikers put forward economic and political demands.
655cfc9e3fce60bca8fb89256d1a71733c0411b5	On January 9, 1905, a peaceful march to the Winter Palace was scheduled for the purpose of submitting a petition addressed to the tsar, which contained demands for democratic changes in Russia.
5f8c65d821501d0ee5be75a0eb2c62e8a9b412f2	This date is associated with the first stage of the revolution.
c58df6e9934557cf1ec1e82252dc1a4462fec5d6	The demonstrators, led by the priest G. Gapon, were met by troops, and fire was opened on the participants of the peaceful march.
848824b7b4a22b3c674cdc396fd6b7e8b976573b	Cavalry participated in the dispersal of the procession.
3c0072fda6cca3a27f50c776ea415df6b649b7ba	This day was called "Bloody Sunday".
692b7e4ad5001116822579aa481799e3ecc93d30	In April 1905, the 3rd Congress of the left wing of the RSDLP was held in London.
60f62ae7588309cc748696a406da28760c95f1ee	Questions were resolved about the nature of the revolution, about the armed uprising, the provisional government, and the attitude towards the peasantry.
20f84ad1852d8a532930d766c503f0d689295c1e	The right wing - the Mensheviks, who gathered at a separate conference, defined the revolution by its nature and driving forces as bourgeois.
3e95cb9ffe3d95656c167ce747906240a6bbb9a0	The task was set to transfer power into the hands of the bourgeoisie and create a parliamentary republic.
17a3aa53db745022f9ac544f6f3334aa56b840ca	The strike (general strike of textile workers) in Ivano Frankivsk, which began on May 12, 1905, lasted for more than two months and gathered 70 thousand participants.
081ae75368494cb002f3844e5c4fe33b273b0eb2	Both economic and political demands were put forward; a Council of Authorized Deputies was created.
d42123a6652b7af2ce701503ee04e04b073c6998	The workers ' demands were partially met.
ccb7bb50e6229a89b3ca109d2e9e25245f46dfa9	On October 6, 1905, a strike began in Moscow on the Kazan Railway, which became All Russian on October 15.
a21e966d9982dd12e122b5d1244e0e73f136f05b	The demands for democratic freedoms and an 8 hour working day have been put forward.
3b2deebc5ede996cdff5cbb09ffcee942a8a91d5	Thus began the second stage of the revolution.
1cad11e2e05a2c0ec44baa89430e623a37d7d2f2	The period of the highest rise.
edc990bad16e2c02596205b254f4c9c7e7a00576	In June, the uprising began on the battleship of the Black Sea flotilla "Prince Potemkin Tavrichesky".
886f310f22fd5558a80fcc129930099eb4e46b74	It was held under the slogan: "Down with the autocracy!".
4475043145120ab674aeddc6b6637bc031d4b115	In July 1905, on the instructions of Nicholas 2, a legislative body was established - the State Duma and a regulation on elections was developed.
6ffc11dd22c31cd1419d224c2d06440b23b5f536	On November 11-16, there was an uprising of sailors in Sevastopol and on the cruiser Ochakov, led by Lieutenant P. P. Schmidt.
2a347f30e8f6e96bb00bb4e7bd7f99f9c70621ac	The uprising was suppressed, Schmidt and three sailors were shot, more than 300 people were convicted or exiled to penal servitude and settlements.
2f2ee945ecef4265665fd3219ad1e778934ca94d	Under the influence of the Social Revolutionaries and liberals, the All Russian Peasant Union was organized in August 1905, advocating peaceful methods of struggle.
8d76b7ba0ff500187f372f5a1f0dcff6f2b640e8	However, by the autumn, the members of the union announced their accession to the Russian revolution of 1905 - 1907.
3a3a8410282afaac2e56bb6a823af297a4dd05af	The peasants demanded the division of the landlords ' lands.
34713c05396a16ddf199de70340597b5e40b4d65	The government has transferred troops from St. Petersburg.
dfb7924ff89f975609fb76c3fbcacacaf836cf0b	The fighting took place on barricades, the last pockets of resistance were suppressed in the area of Krasnaya Presnya on December 19.
2b95a2b1feb8dba9398f443b0ba6cb74c78578c2	The reasons for the decline of the revolution (the third stage) were the brutal suppression of the uprising in Moscow and the people's belief that the Duma is able to solve its problems.
0ef62acb80e21cfea2cfd2cfbd6fb33e173e8070	The Tsar was not satisfied with this Duma and in July 1906 it ceased to exist.
1d052e28bfa578c0cb29b70db13eb6e198cc7bdc	In the summer of the same year, the uprising of the sailors of Sveaborg and Kronstadt was suppressed.
cc8f2d71d4ad0588e99e00d6400a27e85bed786d	In February 1907, the second Duma elections were held.
e15f4ccd459873947e68348020734781807a966e	Subsequently, according to the tsar, its candidates turned out to be even more "revolutionary" than the previous ones, and he not only dissolved the Duma, but also created an electoral law reducing the number of deputies from among workers and peasants, having in fact committed a coup d'etat that put an end to the revolution.
2e4f68f2d348a3a66824d6b5dc1216c6521a8939	The reasons for the defeat of the revolution include the lack of unity of goals between the actions of workers and peasants in organizational moments, the lack of a single political leader of the revolution, as well as the lack of assistance to the people from the army.
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8d140a3fba7891bf30d1c93bbbb5363586382458	1-10 century The formation of the Old Russian state Prince Rurik.
0e86afc71d490dc90bac7fbcd97c1bf16d647ec5	The vocation of the Varangians Prince Oleg the Prophetic Prince Igor Princess Olga Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich Prince Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich The Baptism of Russia The Eastern Slavs The struggle against nomads in Russia The Pechenegs the Khazars the Polovtsy the Drevlyans The Rurik Dynasty The political system of Ancient Russia Polyudye Paganism Veche in the Old Russian state Serfdom and the rent State in the 2nd half of the 10-11 centuries The Culture of Kievan Rus
2242e5a41a4223b6c436a4dfe753997a05215a31	the 11th century The struggle against nomads in Russia The political system of Ancient Russia The State in the 2nd half of the 10th 11th centuries Russia in the 11th century The Culture of Kievan Rus Prince Yaroslav the Wise "Russian Truth" by Yaroslav the Wise Feudal fragmentation of Russia Civil strife in Russia Lyubech Congress
14210713c733d040fbf8772d7ef5050a63870d5f	The 12th century The struggle against nomads in Russia The political system of Ancient Russia The Feudal fragmentation of Russia Russia in the 12th century The Culture of Russia in the 12th century The Tale of Bygone years Prince Vladimir Monomakh Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich The Collapse of Kievan Rus Prince Yuri Dolgoruky Crusades.
5cfe316dc0a007cb36a452620e5575a165475519	The Second Crusade to Russia The Foundation of Moscow The Construction of the Kremlin Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky Vsevolod The Big Nest Igor Svyatoslavich.
da16803f0cb31af0604ef0bc0daff7a392f598b5	Igor's campaign against the Polovtsians Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich Russian Principalities and lands of the Mongol Tatars in Russia German Swedish expansion
1ce1eee9118b0e6b9aa75f5e885271d3bfe0fb12	13th century Feudal fragmentation of Russia Rus in the 13th century The Unification of Russian lands Mongol Tatars in Russia The Golden Horde Evpatiy Kolovrat Alexander Nevsky and the Battle of the Neva The Battle of the Kalka River The Ice Battle German Swedish expansion Prince Daniel Alexandrovich Kulikovskaya Battle
289ff8df391c2e241cc67b2572019f12f5a70b07	14th century Russia in the 14th century Prince Ivan Kalita The Rise of Moscow The Uprising in Tver Prince Dmitry Donskoy The First Stone Kremlin The Battle of Kulikovo The Burning of Moscow by Khan Tokhtamysh Prince Vasily 1 Dmitrievich Boyar Duma The Culture of Russia of the 2nd half of the 14-15 centuries
69f2fce7f7c3382cfa7d2a8606961231a1f8f34b	15th century Russia in the 15th century The Culture of Russia of the 2nd half of the 14th 15th centuries The Culture of Russia of the 15th century Prince Vasily 2 The Dark Prince of Ivan 3 The Sudebnik of Ivan 3 Afanasy Nikitin The Annexation of Novgorod to Moscow Standing on the Ugra River The Annexation of Tver to Moscow The Formation of the Russian state
647c6666c416c0fef4530abde367697b093fbaa8	16th century Culture of Russia 2nd half of the 14th 15th centuries Formation of the Russian state Russia in the 16th century Culture of Russia of the 16th century Reforms of the 16th century Foreign policy of Russia in the 16th century Socio economic development of Russia in the 16th century Prince Vasily 3 Elena Glinskaya Tsar Ivan 4 The Terrible Period of Boyar rule Andrey Kurbsky Sudebnik 1550 Zemsky Sobor Reform Policy of the Elected Rada Stoglav Cathedral (Stoglav) The capture of Kazan The Livonian War of 1558-1583 The first printed book by Ivan Fyodorov Oprichnin under Ivan the Terrible Malyuta Skuratov Ermak's Campaign in Siberia A Brief Biography of Fyodor 1 Ivanovich The Reign of Boris Godunov Tsarevich Dmitry Culture of Russia in the 17th century Russian Foreign Policy in the 17th century The Time of Troubles
7f4050671950f55514b600a04dafc93b04ce29ad	The 17th century The reign of Boris Godunov The culture of Russia in the 17th century The socio economic development of Russia in the 17th century Popular movements in the 17th century The foreign policy of Russia in the 17th century The time of Troubles (smuta) The reign of False Dmitry 1 and 2 Tsar Vasily Shuisky The Polish Swedish intervention of the 17th century The peasant Uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov The Uprising of Minin and Pozharsky The Romanov Dynasty Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich the Cathedral Code of 1649 The Church schism of the 17th century The Uprising of Stepan Razin Tsar Fyodor 3 Alekseevich Tsarevna Sophia Alekseevna Tsar Peter 1
8802b541d36f7d4f54e50ac11f8ff2f767e822ef	18th century Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century The culture of Russia in the 2nd half of the 18th century The Foreign policy of Russia in the 2nd half of the 18th century The foreign policy of Russia in the 18th century The Northern War The Foundation of St. Petersburg The Battle of Poltava The Reforms of Peter 1.
7f04dd9f012d18bbfd33b360b6f9d87e1e5b4cdf	Absolutism Table of ranks of Peter 1 The Era of Palace coups Empress Catherine 1 Tsar Peter 2 Alekseevich Empress Anna Ioannovna Russian Turkish Wars Tsar Ivan 6 Empress Elizabeth Petrovna The Seven Years ' War Tsar Peter 3 Empress Catherine 2 Emelyan Pugachev Emperor Paul 1 Campaigns of Alexander Suvorov Alexey Andreevich Arakcheev
a36a2ae25ab96e77c204c2a0691878abb671e6c5	1 half of the 19th century Emperor Paul 1 Russia at the beginning of the 19th century Russian culture of the 1st half of the 19th century Domestic policy of Russia in the first half of the 19th century Foreign policy at the beginning of the 19th century Foreign policy of Russia in the 19th century Foreign policy in 1826-1856 Domestic policy in 1815-1825 Social movement in 30-50 years of the 19th century Crisis of the feudal serf system Emperor Alexander 1 Mikhail Speransky Peasant Question Patriotic War of 1812 Partisan War The Battle of Borodino (Borodino) The Decembrist Uprising Emperor Nicholas 1 Socio economic development of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century Emperor Nicholas 2 The Russian Japanese War
b53f8a9400c5378cfee0d5f90ede848d4aa7648a	2 half of the 19th century Culture of the second half of the 19th century Domestic policy of the 2nd quarter of the 19th century Foreign policy in the 60-70 years of the 19th century Socio political movement Socio economic development The Crimean war Emperor Alexander 2 Reforms of Alexander 2 Abolition of serfdom Financial reform Bourgeois reform Judicial reform Zemstvo reform Urban reform Military reform Emperor Alexander 3 Reforms of S. Yu.
5556f4d7f0d797e764ccf16bfca762af3550d4bf	Witte
6257030f86741b56cb97b85f3dc653ee17a7ca2b	Russian Russian Culture of the early 20th century Socio economic development of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century Russia's foreign policy at the beginning of the 20th century Russia's domestic policy in the 20th century Russia's foreign policy in the 20th century The Triple Alliance and the Entente Emperor Nicholas 2 The Russian Japanese War The Portsmouth World The First Russian Revolution Bloody Sunday Manifesto October 17 1905 Stolypin's Reforms 1 and 2 State Dumas 3 and 4 State Dumas World War I V. I. Lenin The Bolsheviks The February Revolution The Provisional Government The choice of ways of social development Kornilov Lavr Georgievich The growth of the revolutionary crisis The October Revolution The Formation of the RSFSR The Establishment of Soviet power The Civil War The Conclusion of the Brest Peace War Communism Kerensky Alexander Fedorovich Kolchak Alexander Vasilyevich The New Economic Policy (NEP) of the USSR in general The Formation of the USSR Socio political life in the 20s Internal party struggle in the 20s of the 20th century
3cf369b3fecd304e631bd3ad5a156d2088c1e906	2 quarter of the 20th century Socio political life in the 30s Soviet culture in the 20s and 30s Foreign policy of the USSR in the 20s and 30s Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Collectivization of the economy Industrialization of the country The Constitution of the USSR The Soviet Finnish War Adolf Hitler The Second World War The Anti Hitler Coalition On the Eve of the warriors The Barbarossa Plan The Great Patriotic War The Partisan War The Beginning of the warriors The German attack on the USSR in 1941 The Brest Fortress The Defense of Smolensk The Defense of Odessa The Defense of Sevastopol The Defense of Moscow The Blockade of Leningrad A radical change in the war The Battle of Stalingrad The Defense of the Caucasus The Battle of Kursk "Everything for the front, everything for victory!"
e846555ed0c28b448fed5df04dd4c4f5d5eeb1e3	The defense of the Dnieper The defense of Kiev Fighting in 1942 Beria Lavrenty Pavlovich The Battle for Berlin The Leningrad affair The Liberation of Kiev Military actions of 1944-1945 Fighting behind enemy lines The development of the USSR in 1945-1953 The Cold War
ea8f4371c71d2aeaa645e7772749acadb2a7ea41	3 quarter of the 20th century G. M. Malenkov Nikita Khrushchev 20th Congress of the CPSU and Khrushchev's report The Warsaw Pact Yuri Gagarin's Flight into space Leonid Brezhnev USSR economy in the mid 50s early 60s The period of stagnation in the USSR Kosygin and his reforms Political life in the 50s 60s Foreign policy in the mid 50s mid 60s Cultural development in the mid 50s 60s of the USSR 1960-1980 Foreign policy of the USSR 60-80s Cultural development in the era of stagnation
e132345869da7e3b501d832cf87be1e0e72d1747	4 quarter of the 20th century Yu.
9f41923f447a12df366861d8facb8aabd08c472c	V. Andropov Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich Perestroika in the USSR The August Putsch.
d013936247e733b080a3f1d5a857e0a8367a0f3c	GKCHP Foreign Policy of the USSR Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin Formation of the CIS The collapse of the USSR The October Putsch Reforms of the late 20th century Russia in 1992-1996 Russia's policy in the Modern World
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64400d4542460f5910cba4010295718bf840960b	The Revolution of 1905-1907: causes, character, driving forces, main stages and results
f48d440a11929b4ef59c05d245bde874c5c0ce23	Home page - - - > Answers to tickets on national history - - - > The Revolution of 1905-1907: causes, character, driving forces, main stages and results January 9, 1905 - "Bloody Sunday";
c9bc20d3b9f14fbac02ac49fcf795132200fd68e	June 1905 the uprising on the battleship "Potemkin";
8e48c2fe463250f8a7dec1905435e6429132eee6	October 1905 All Russian political strike;
76aa4b3a7003adfd06231f448ed20db52c54f241	October 17, 1905 Manifesto "On the improvement of the state order";
ca943f535083f476e8da4707f878703b673f4149	December 1905 an armed uprising in Moscow.
41bd838373172590514ef72c3191a2abe0a6a2ba	Response plan: 1) prerequisites, main tasks, driving forces, the nature of the revolution of 1905-1907;
5fd589f825b9da0c8afa90acddf12ec4bffaf17d	2) features of the revolution;
c602974af16f8a7fd1db37e83bde9d05fd3a4e67	3) the main stages of the revolution;
b300685303dd52141a257b4fee667c7a6114a6c2	4) the results of the revolution.
b8bc93d16288a1932519576c392c70a1e80ef0e3	The revolution of 1905-1907 was caused by a number of economic (landowner land ownership, segments, peasant community, cross strip, labor system, etc.) and political (tsarist autocracy, preservation of class privileges, lack of democratic rights and freedoms, etc.) prerequisites.
841ea53f2d66a8a95c8e8386b99b437127dac659	The revolution was accelerated by the unsuccessful Russian Japanese war for Russia.
aa3d788a34466b34211ec91f88918ab269fb3501	The revolutionary events began on January 9, 1905, when a peaceful march of St. Petersburg workers to the Winter Palace, with a petition to the tsar to establish an 8 hour working day and a minimum wage, was shot by the troops.
d3ee5e5116a759dbae0623fb63283cd49a3dc3d1	Mass demonstrations began in various regions.
9be8854a7ea3c8620c525250c144714a2921fc11	The revolution had a bourgeois democratic character, since its main task was to eliminate the remnants of the serfdom system.
056e555ce2a4ce43617926661f696b31dfb94f7d	However, unlike similar revolutions in the West, it had a number of features.
0d17cf94526139b019088ac142f3d6d5514b0f06	The main driving forces were the proletariat, the peasantry and the liberal bourgeoisie.
eab4a6535180701fac10b7f371c903c3b0f53ea9	Moreover, the main and most consistent political force in the revolution was not the bourgeoisie (in Russia it was indecisive and weak), but the proletariat, ready to go to the end to achieve its goals.
bb9fe34b64563bc577aaf0b7782cc26f457eadfd	The situation was also complicated by the fact that the revolution acquired a national connotation on the outskirts of the country, where representatives of the national bourgeoisie and the working class declared their own interests.
a4ca537b11c0cf539ee4cdee34ead7116752cff6	In addition, different political parties had different ideas about the beginning of the revolution.
905bd379d7f2f77b770476b7f8b5e94a910357cc	Even in the ranks of the Social Democrats, it was diametrically opposed: the Bolsheviks believed that the result of a victorious revolution should be the formation of a provisional government as an organ of the revolutionary democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry, and the Mensheviks insisted that the provisional government (if it was formed) should consist of representatives of the bourgeoisie, as was the case in Western countries.
7a941bd1e26ed6b8fbc39c7329a3cda4f96089a5	The Bolsheviks advocated the transformation of the bourgeois democratic revolution into a socialist one, and the Mensheviks believed that this was out of the question until the proletariat became the majority of the country's population.
4641f870611633876ef18ee4fb54a3db4e2c97bc	The revolutionary events developed through the interaction and struggle of three political camps: the government, the liberal and the revolutionary.
4a6387d9ae6917475d4104f6b2e553f310d29289	In the course of the revolution, two main stages can be distinguished: the growth of the revolutionary struggle (January—December 1905) and its decline (late December 1905 June 1907).
e584cc1073162f6021b8b2c718a364ca8ca06ff1	At the first stage, we should note the 72 day strike of the Ivano Voznesensk workers, who for the first time put forward radical political demands in addition to economic ones (the convocation of a Constituent Assembly, the introduction of political freedoms, etc.).
23a7a693764cbfdfe84a262133951cf3da01d281	The first Council of Authorized Deputies in Russia was formed here.
ff3264611bb1beada88c5b12620a0db8a47db641	On June 14, an uprising began on the battleship Potemkin (Black Sea Fleet), the participants of which raised the red flag and counted on the support of other ships of the squadron., In Lodz, a general strike of workers in June 1905 turned into an armed uprising.
b7e49bc115c18f1f69555433e0296a023bf5c443	In August 1905, the first mass organization in the village appeared — the All Russian Peasant Union, in which the leading positions belonged to the Social Revolutionaries and liberals.
0c23da1370dc3c0d2a6a7fd6205f5f06f5abf27d	They proposed to declare the land the property of the entire people, but opposed violent forms of struggle.
be892f1b8842f1b2aadacf76ac172928d04e8de9	More than 2 million people participated in the All Russian political strike in October 1905.
19cb7c8828d3ae92d779160885cd102129b38c08	The main demands of the strike participants were: an 8 hour working day, the introduction of democratic freedoms, the convocation of the Constituent Assembly.
ecc24e4d9850854fba2e833e828b0f41c485b9af	In the conditions of the current balance of political forces, the tsar was forced to sign the manifesto "On improving the state Order" compiled by S. Y. Witte, in which he proclaimed political freedoms (speech, conscience, assemblies and unions) and announced the convocation of a legislative body — the State Duma.
0161102714f40f26655806034da1b29ec0feb51b	Thus, the demands of one of the three main driving forces of the revolution were satisfied.
c748168696472ac4c28578b3edcfc1f79ba3ff60	The liberal opposition perceived this document as the end of the revolution and the beginning of the constitutional system in Russia.
940a98fcc3de8de15df337b24f5f2904bcbba32d	With the manifesto, the tsar, in fact, persuaded representatives of the liberal camp to his side.
6b438bb0f09b0e84e400f17e6baba0adcd564aca	Two major political parties were created — the "Union of October 17" (whose leaders were a large breeder A. I. Guchkov and the leader of the Zemstvo movement D. N. Shipov) and the Constitutional Democratic Party (its leader was a well known historian, professor P. N. Milyukov).
1ac595cc1ff8cca0e1df9aabd48c737afea8ee2e	However, despite the adoption of the Manifesto, the unrest did not stop.
f41ece75e07fb5d4bb35ae4c5c410d323ce8752c	Performances in the army also continued.
b2814531295b655191fc42cd10b342ce8d4c3a86	In November, there was an uprising led by Lieutenant P. P. Schmidt on the cruiser Ochakov.
c8bcec5160f48412817487aee4f6b0fb350bc349	The apogee of the revolution was the December armed uprising in Moscow (December 6-19).
08a617e44286cbf82d0255df7b97ab0c66446418	Armed demonstrations took place in Sormov, Krasnoyarsk, Chita.
8e5dabc204b057906bedcd0fbbfebbe62c7f55a0	All of them were suppressed by the troops.
ea03c4b12120509675527a9c98963a37c6ff48f0	There were no major workers ' demonstrations in the future, but the peasant uprisings not only did not stop, but also intensified (in April 1906 there were 47 of them, and in June — 739).
c87bd85c2515512caa66c84bc703d58967bb60c4	It was necessary to urgently carry out agrarian reform.
c5df59e741582e3c6230d01d066fec88db684695	The decline of revolutionary activity was largely facilitated by the beginning of the work of the State Duma, as well as the adoption by the tsar of the Basic Laws of the Russian Empire, which limited the power of the monarch and therefore were perceived in the circles of the liberal public as the first Russian constitution.
76ee9bbc39e90f00b05fc85635a65cf9ecf9d61f	The revolution of 1905-1907 had a great historical significance.
bc335bbddc17713c7d577140eb9b12388b35df58	It showed the authorities that their choice lies between reforms and revolution, and delay threatens social upheaval.
e2710fde4ae2dc5d031587fb457337889f8a85d0	In 1905-1906, the tsarist government, under the pressure of popular discontent, made serious changes in the political and economic system of the country, which created an opportunity for the progressive and relatively calm development of Russian society.
4ba53d6c47e84a8c204b94e990b43ba466ed2664	Previous articles: Russian foreign policy in the XIX early XX century, the Russian Japanese war The internal policy of Nicholas II at the turn of the XIX XX centuries The socio economic situation in Russia at the end of the XIX early XX century. conservative trends in the policy of Nicholas II.
6fdee2e68da504125fbe093d657a5b04326000a7	The Prussian Japanese War.
49dd73c6e5b937fc2ef3683e68a5ad74db9c9e45	The internal and foreign policy of the Russian government 1881-1894 and the counter reforms of Alexander III Public thought and political movements in the second half of the 19th century.
4fa5cc8df0d47ead12c99829d2dfeff026d3a753	The following articles: Political parties of Russia in 1905-1907: programs, tactics, leaders.
1e6efd428f05909627dcaf296c9952cb95c33060	Activities of the I and II state Dumas.
ef626fc1e064ec963a78bb5f2c720bc5ca609c92	Changes in the socio economic and political structure of the Russian Empire in 1905-1914. the beginning of the transformation of the autocracy into a constitutional manarchy.
1a3ac0f793b2d943925b104163640d811773132e	Stolypin's reforms.
88e1421350f5e69f38e8bbb9f765ac29b986a21a	The Government and the III State Duma.
9c8d85cdee3d3bb20e9ff17f70fba7f103dc92ca	The Russian Empire in the First World War.
c0f9a745faf48bc61e5e43ce40a4b75671ead2c7	Military operations of the Russian army in 1914-1917.
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77b414c4e2597a5c3697a1c07c2aecfd9cf8b68c	The Revolution of 1905-1907 in Russia
20d37d7fec0cc98b50cbb1362c307478f95189ca	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on March 24, 2016; checks require 55 edits.
ad92ef8aaa55f4f05d791f4f47b2f1227477eb35	one thousand nine hundred five
e05df739e6f77606d9438413baf5ac9caecfc6fd	The First Russian Revolution
c792a72f62de3473914d506647e3ba54536d68ef	Demonstration in Jakobstad.
1ffdbbd8c5055156b6c9202384e41da003fcab28	Autumn 1905 Country Russian Empire
e428133360f44ea60b9218eb54fa0bc9455deb60	Date 9 (22) January 1905 — 3 (16) June 1907
d5c63d3856eae647117491e12e747e0618b21187	The reason is the Land famine; numerous violations of workers ' rights; dissatisfaction with the existing level of civil liberties; the activities of liberal and socialist parties;
6d6bc5695724d360f9c789ae4eaff99e85fc89f8	The absolute power of the emperor, the absence of a national representative body and a constitution.
3cc425081b3fa9683c19ed4dbc0e101180178fbf	The main goal is to improve working conditions; redistribute land in favor of peasants; liberalize the country; expand civil liberties;
11b801c32bb051b963ce74ab633646e31447e19f	Result Establishment of the Parliament;
ccd4619e7604603facb97043493b6e590fff09c6	The third June coup, the reactionary policy of the authorities; the implementation of reforms; the partial elimination of the problems of the land question[1][2], the preservation of the problems of the worker [1] and national issues[3][4].
cc722b5f7b968b1145f61ccd23c08b47e4ae79f2	The organizers are the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, the RSDLP, the SDKPiL, the Polish Socialist Party, the General Jewish Workers 'Union of Lithuania, Poland and Russia, the Latvian Forest Brothers, the Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party, the Belarusian Socialist Community, the Finnish Active Resistance Party, Poalei Zion, "Bread and Freedom", Abreki and others
7cd96405c8c5b7c59fbb165dfd6779b771fbfbf8	The driving forces are workers, peasants, intellectuals, individual parts of the army
d4595a69cecd12c5b81d0e9460d3a74ec9fe8b09	The number of participants is over 2,000,000
b28454754f6f3ecb940b376bdeec5358a3aa7b84	Opponents are Army units; supporters of Emperor Nicholas II, various Black Hundred organizations.
df0315a6cc8f98c82a4ada49691ea0e774b16306	9,000 people died
10510b945fabf08e4d8ffc17c432d00c6770ddb7	8000 people were injured
d9f49c52f7a63fbb707cddf9a2e00e8d0f39b8d9	n/A arrested
a203a84f0d55f83f84d2357e40c009d12d0dbdf7	The impetus for the beginning of mass demonstrations under political slogans was "Bloody Sunday" — the shooting by imperial troops in St. Petersburg of a peaceful demonstration of workers led by priest George Gapon on January 9 (22), 1905.
c2a8387edf870a30c4766de34e399732f278c679	During this period, the strike movement took on a particularly wide scale, there were unrest and uprisings in the army and navy, which resulted in mass demonstrations against the monarchy.
753c1942bce574fd70518929960fdfec88fe6214	The result of the speeches was the October 17, 1905 Constitution — Manifesto, which granted civil liberties on the basis of personal inviolability, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and unions.
429324b6fafdac2151bbe60ee448c564b8ef9df2	A Parliament was established, consisting of the State Council and the State Duma.
ed6b8a87d44d22803f6265db8d360e3e5dc34178	The revolution was followed by a reaction: the so called "Third June Coup" of June 3 (16), 1907.
6576391ea4c1e06ea63613386e6cb19ea0fa1e0f	Thus, the social tension that caused the First Russian Revolution was not completely resolved, which determined the prerequisites for the subsequent revolutionary action of 1917.
5439ae75d902612996afccb231071c7bd473c7c8	1 The causes of the revolution 1.1 The peasantry
70461fae95742cf6611e9b07d742916bf5c57688	2 The beginning of the revolution 3 The course of the Revolution 4 Armed uprisings 5 Jewish pogroms 6 Political murders 7 Revolutionary organizations 7.1 The Party of Socialist Revolutionaries 7.2 The RSDLP 7.3 Other revolutionary organizations
a51ead899eb46b521b9e5e3870bed299375941f6	8 Results of the Revolution 9 Display in Fiction 10 Monuments and Museums 11 Illustrations 12 See also 13 Notes 14 Literature 15 References
73ec07e4316e0d1f29371eb5f0f904a69ee43c2b	The reasons for the revolution[edit / edit wiki text]
88672b7fc32f77fb9960b71df5696aab9d079485	The industrial downturn, the disorder of monetary circulation, the crop failure and the huge public debt that has grown since the Russian Turkish War have led to an aggravation of the need to reform the activities and authorities.
5183dcd5903ce0e69a3c33435427b41fdd4407fd	The termination of the period of significant importance of subsistence farming, the intensive form of progress of industrial methods already for the XIX century required radical innovations in administration and law.
9bae1d8508484a6a61febee56d1144e1e18902ef	Following the abolition of serfdom and the transformation of farms into industrial enterprises, a new institution of legislative power was required.
913a958225d4aafe8aaa3fa65e9b36c6017c230d	Discontent with the authorities was caused by military failures (the Russian Japanese war), and the low standard of living of most of the country, poverty, as well as dissatisfaction with the existing level of civil liberties: there were no freedoms of speech, press, equality of all before the law, personal inviolability.
5c68c38c5980d395227828fd6b77c7beb81ba677	The peasantry[edit / edit wiki text]
651c2d72a11bc735d995478bc4c5390d59b60b8d	Peasants made up the most numerous estate of the Russian Empire — about 77 % of the total population[5].
46899939cab5e1b263f10e20e6cc739638202e00	The rapid growth of the population in 1860-1900 led to the fact that the size of the average allotment decreased by 1.7-2 times[6][7][8], while the average yield for the specified period increased by only 1.34 times[9].
9c08918dec02d66ee1111152a3b3c05cf514c731	The result of this imbalance was a constant drop in the average grain harvest per capita of the agricultural population and, as a result, a deterioration in the economic situation of the peasantry as a whole.
577a92540956e333d8b77c5620dd1d4794314255	The policy of actively stimulating the export of bread, taken since the end of the 1880s by the Russian government, was another factor that worsened the food situation of the peasantry.
d9b48c5102921b299608700f10a94171795f22f8	The slogan" we will not finish, but we will take it out", put forward by the Minister of Finance Vyshnegradsky, reflected the government's desire to support the export of bread at any price, even in conditions of internal crop failure.
ca56415ec3a7be6fd6ea7d878f95b93c8ad6a32e	This was one of the reasons that led to the famine of 1891-1892.
1c93decf6c1d7b590ce69f608a995d752d7e451c	Since the famine of 1891, the agricultural crisis has been increasingly recognized as a protracted and deep ailment of the entire economy of Central Russia[10].
0cb5ff14e2b6ca0b642eb266258d57249d1e1415	The motivation of the peasants to increase their labor productivity was low.
438de33ba46f966783bb3e931d16986a47c7aa4c	The reasons for this were stated by Witte in his memoirs as follows:
4aaf84b74ceb3a9f9390c7552a07dd4ede392950	How can a person show and develop not only his work, but the initiative in his work, when he knows that the land he cultivates can be replaced by another (community) after a while, that the fruits of his labors will be shared not on the basis of general laws and testamentary rights, but according to custom (and often custom is discretion)[11][12][13], when he can be responsible for taxes not paid by others (mutual responsibility)... when he can neither move nor leave his home, often poorer than a bird's nest, without a passport, the issuance of which depends on discretion[14], when, in a word, his life is somewhat similar to that of a pet with the difference that the owner is interested in the life of a pet, because this is his property, and the Russian state has this property in excess at this stage of the development of statehood, and what is in excess is either little or not at all valued[15].
10594ecbfbc970643056698c128f7a5cbe7eaa2f	The constant decrease in the size of land plots ("small land") due to the demographic increase in the population led to the fact that the general slogan of the Russian peasantry in the 1905 revolution was the demand for land due to the redistribution of private (primarily landowner) land in favor of peasant communities.
ed89991c55b0546558c09068ba030ba6c9789ce3	The beginning of the revolution[edit / edit wiki text]
0f03ca5fa06a98da119efa756153b6eb6c52eb7f	Main article: Events of January 9, 1905 in St. Petersburg
32ea0f234e588ec783c09b79ae47554bd1d189d3	G. A. Gapon in the "Collection of Russian factory workers"
1416b62b99ed87c8912ba5082ff5198b20684c2c	At the end of 1904, the political struggle escalated in the country.
7fd203aba5244819a21e7cc8a4c9e9e5e89b2edc	The policy of trust in society proclaimed by the government of P. D. Svyatopolk Mirsky led to the activation of the opposition[16].
b955a4273c79c8afdcc2944529cc91f29e6e9f5c	The leading role in the opposition at that time was played by the liberal "Union of Liberation" [17].
6e4917e1986d863860e08915675fee6f816f764c	In September, representatives of the "Union of Liberation" and the revolutionary parties gathered at the Paris conference, where they discussed the issue of joint struggle against the autocracy[18].
bfaee64e6460c1a1c64983f6cb46d4156c16721e	As a result of the conference, tactical agreements were concluded, the essence of which was expressed by the formula: "to attack separately and beat together"[19].
fee383f8a346b787f403fd2a88d364171b0b2837	In November, a Zemstvo Congress was held in St. Petersburg on the initiative of the Union of Liberation, which developed a resolution[20] demanding popular representation and civil liberties[21].
f37e6e0e9facbf7e21863aa78daf60e97ee48133	The Congress gave impetus to a campaign of zemstvo petitions demanding to limit the power of officials and call on the public to govern the state[21].
07464add38a32ddd6b3c01e50a037bc100ef3ef7	As a result of the government's relaxation of censorship, the texts of zemstvo petitions penetrated the press and became the subject of general discussion[22].
4fd5451c141ca07a19cb5a6d95eafbbe344b23d8	The revolutionary parties supported the demands of the liberals and organized student demonstrations.
e308b898469428fd8c6e5bfb43ea0b91cb7bb188	At the end of 1904, the largest legal labor organization in the country, the "Assembly of Russian Factory Workers of St. Petersburg", was involved in the events.
353157ccad27e84718b3107105c9b2112a304be0	At the head of the organization was the priest George Gapon[23].
45e490435b1d05d9d21314e5e94168153fbb06ac	In November, a group of members of the "Union of Liberation" met with Gapon and the leadership circle of the "Assembly" [24] and invited them to make a political petition [21].
3c541cdd77a5865ff50b68d0a4de2e6c751c69ac	In November and December, the idea of making a petition was discussed in the leadership of the "Assembly"[25].
c26f34cda04bc5ac5defaebab611861217da6ce9	In December, an incident occurred at the Putilovsky plant with the dismissal of four workers.
664bfee950cce9e3ba2da9e20f836bb5355aef92	The master of the woodworking workshop of the wagon shop Tetyavkin was alternately declared a settlement to four workers members of the"Assembly" [26].
0db744086ac6e6937329eda3f98a2f04474193c8	The investigation of the incident showed that the actions of the master were unfair and dictated by a hostile attitude towards the organization[25].
2281b857f3885ecc9a9a03b384216b70b4a090de	The plant administration was required to restore the dismissed workers and dismiss master Tetyavkin.
442aa10305931ac70599d8b896c2eab88a4febe3	In response to the refusal of the administration, the leadership of the "Assembly" threatened to strike[23].
10600f12cc2b7b374389764dff00d9ef67bca11d	On January 2, 1905, at a meeting of the leadership of the "Assembly", it was decided to start a strike at the Putilov plant, and in case of non — fulfillment of the requirements, to turn it into a general one and use it for filing a petition[27].
1a32b478e35b715f3cb8e4aa766b74681c76daff	On January 3, 1905, the Putilovsky plant with 12,500 workers went on strike, and on January 4 and 5, several other plants joined the strikers[26].
364139b380eed3308a8429e22e191109c31ae783	Negotiations with the administration of the Putilov plant turned out to be fruitless[23], and on January 5, Gapon threw into the masses the idea of asking for help from the tsar himself[28].
7c48a41fc90c1ef27c4504315b43554cf0b9c2e3	On January 7 and 8, the strike spread to all the enterprises of the city and turned into a general one.
0a10e95018f04886b9925eeb15bac4b9a75fdcba	In total, 625 enterprises of St. Petersburg with 125,000 workers took part in the strike[29].
46186e6bd89d86ca1f2c9e05dc047a196cf98ad9	In the same days, Gapon and a group of workers drew up a Petition addressed to the emperor about the needs of workers, which, along with economic requirements, contained political requirements[30].
099eb88dd2237e6d5036b7ce2db1deaa52561ff1	The petition demanded the convocation of the people's representation on the basis of universal, direct, secret and equal voting, the introduction of civil liberties, the responsibility of ministers to the people, guarantees of the legality of government, an 8 hour working day, universal education at public expense, and much more[31].
0c585780e4d86c72c4403170b25a378e0e0f57be	On January 6, 7 and 8, the petition was read out in all 11 departments of the "Assembly", tens of thousands of signatures were collected under it[22].
9b20a39336dc76a819fb5b168e583046490e3065	The workers were invited on Sunday, January 9, to come to the Winter Palace Square to present the petition to the tsar "with the whole world" [32].
3936dbaa66073af44239f46190bdfa4bab4715ff	On January 7, the contents of the petition became known to the tsarist government[23].
f4840989c74abbf91d37d2310896988b6d4b60b6	The political demands contained in it, suggesting the restriction of autocracy, turned out to be unacceptable for the ruling regime[33].
e2369356b35b4fc1fd9560b6a61fda88519ae10e	In the government message, they were regarded as "audacious" [34].
f930b4f1b80cc78a0b2b7257d21ec857862286b0	The issue of accepting the petition was not discussed in the ruling circles[35].
4a8f1dfff55554c4eb05cf060a3b950da8a1dfa3	On January 8, at a government meeting chaired by Svyatopolk Mirsky, it was decided not to allow workers to reach the Winter Palace[36], and if necessary, stop them by force[16].
5b55538fe3f004f3ea6ff7fe09f69080552f0394	To this end, it was decided to place cordons of troops on the main highways of the city, which were supposed to block the workers ' way to the city center.
0eb78168406fce81b1e8a193946daf838e2855e5	Troops totaling more than 30,000 soldiers were drawn into the city[37].
a45f86d125ccd7734848e4747736dc34ccce1b0b	On the evening of January 8, Svyatopolk Mirsky went to Tsarskoye Selo to see Emperor Nicholas II with a report on the measures taken[38].
449325bab1ca6d579cc3fb157cac83610ecbfa47	The tsar wrote about this in his diary [39].
6228bd0d6cf771e82d2aeded220db96551625565	The overall management of the operation was entrusted to the commander of the Guards Corps, Prince S. I. Vasilchikov[40].
38a666d727543a0167ab4ff71c398b721517c1fa	V. A. Serov.
c977ad4396c2a5194a1ccaba0eb2dfe106e29498	"Soldiers, brave children, where is your glory?", 1905
7e553ab6fa5dc0e981efbd9f8d6b41ed125e648f	To prevent the access of a crowd of 150 thousand people in the city center to the Winter Palace[38], the troops were forced to fire rifle volleys.
4276e1aaa2c9481e62d7a8026b9ed2b641fb5eac	Volleys were fired at the Narva Gate, at the Trinity Bridge, on the Shlisselburgsky tract, on Vasilievsky Island, on Palace Square and on Nevsky Prospekt[42].
abcb516ffd4a283d1670b5d858a8e7c5d2bd4e0a	In other parts of the city, crowds of workers were dispersed with sabers, sabers and whips[37].
2a97e303aa1a47e1cbc86a0437e98a314aef7a70	According to official data, just on the day of January 9, 96 people were killed and 333 wounded, and taking into account those who died from wounds, 130 were killed and 299 wounded[42].
ad8ea6cd6fb772f0ad3be3b8d7b7f3b1c931e92c	According to the calculations of the Soviet historian V. I. Nevsky, up to 200 people were killed, up to 800 people were wounded[43].
4667b121268fb647d85dba26bce00cd2e822d316	The dispersal of the unarmed march of workers made a shocking impression on society.
16229e89b6dea54672fc61808bde11fe8142ed8b	Reports about the shooting of the procession, which repeatedly overestimated the number of victims[44], were distributed by illegal publications, party proclamations and passed from mouth to mouth.
0bae47d6be3f6fd5196ca59d836f3231fec913bd	The priest Gapon, who had escaped from the police, called for an armed uprising and the overthrow of the dynasty[47].
173187570175a230b66813a6c6d24d1a861ab814	The revolutionary parties called for the overthrow of the autocracy.
e33e52ff465ab6a78f81d40a90a5f4aa8ae29eca	In many places, the strikes were led by party workers[43].
c757c7288bd6cf98946de3d8ce8e24de7edd7a49	The number of party ranks was rapidly replenished.
0efc6a85e5c4e50b7c75d95191fa15a6a34952bc	The slogan "Down with the autocracy!" has gained popularity.[49] According to many contemporaries, the tsarist government made a mistake by deciding to use force against unarmed workers[36].
94dfd941de7034ff86ba938680c3090a98660c11	Shortly after the events of January 9, Minister Svyatopolk Mirsky was dismissed.
529e136c2d74e0cc64801f45df79b7f08d7b0200	The course of the revolution[edit / edit wiki text]
9d8efa9043ef5e406b1205e0ee2108c059a00359	After the events of January 9, P. D. Svyatopolk Mirsky was dismissed from the post of Minister of Internal Affairs and replaced by Bulygin; the post of St. Petersburg Governor General was established, to which General D. F. Trepov was appointed on January 10.
b291851457a64127b05fc84bbb31480e381b42a0	On January 29 (February 11), by Decree of Nicholas II, a commission was established under the chairmanship of Senator Shidlovsky with the aim of " urgently clarifying the causes of discontent among the workers of St. Petersburg and its suburbs and eliminating such in the future."
ec13c6fc7fc2036cff3766e941e53ff2e63f6492	Its members were to be officials, factory owners and deputies from the St. Petersburg workers.
8cafa1caeae08b8833ed1b1575ed4fb733b0df7a	Political demands were declared unacceptable in advance, but it was the deputies elected from the workers who put forward them (the publicity of the commission's meetings, freedom of the press, the restoration of 11 departments of the Gapon "Assembly" closed by the government, the release of arrested comrades).
293bb696ea72196d3bdea28b1c8ae4c485af1ec2	On February 20 (March 5), Shidlovsky submitted a report to Nicholas II, in which he acknowledged the failure of the commission; on the same day, by a royal decree, the Shidlovsky commission was dissolved.
8c6bce8f5efd1dc56b04c01d69d6396139048189	Spring of 1905.
29a7751488620ce054ed728c6cbabcc00d52c37e	A painting by the Polish artist Stanislaw Maslowski
43fb7656e7b01347f6e94edd440eae18b4430d8c	After January 9, a wave of strikes swept across the country.
310fec6764299b844aa6ca27bf4a402e52f3e0f3	On January 12-14, a general strike was held in Riga and Warsaw to protest against the shooting of a demonstration of workers of St. Petersburg.
d674aae1b410e124a5998f1d7632026fee93a53c	The strike movement and strikes on the railways of Russia began.
2033ca9c4a48e95697cbf5eb9e4f2d3408203f7b	The all Russian student political strikes also began.
b111945345042ab047701c0fe1139648e575a95e	In May 1905, a general strike of Ivanovo Voznesensky textile workers began, 70 thousand workers went on strike for more than two months.
fedb8574152c745531b1e1ac6ac76539f7a22666	In many industrial centers, Councils of Workers ' Deputies arose, among them the first and one of the most famous was the Ivanovo Voznesensky Council.
15ecee08ed3f9d874aee3f65245a2eaef87e5081	Social conflicts were aggravated by conflicts on national grounds.
6b7a58b9698f128c24c730d8e473b34e90fbb76d	Clashes between Armenians and Azerbaijanis began in the Caucasus, which continued in 1905-1906.
d5ed0b7926a370108ebd02baa84a22f5a7474061	On February 18, the tsar's manifesto was published calling for the eradication of sedition in the name of strengthening the true autocracy, and a decree to the Senate allowing proposals to be submitted to the tsar to improve the "state improvement".
dc4d54562345082a387eb2fdc112eea7eea1928d	Nicholas II signed a rescript addressed to the Minister of Internal Affairs A. G. Bulygin with an instruction on the preparation of a law on an elected representative body — the legislative council Duma.
a3081cdb24879091a4dca0a9bab0ea92f3e3191e	The published acts gave a direction to the further social movement.
912a40730bb09811ca947128b7041b2e7d31ae3e	Zemstvo assemblies, city dumas, professional intellectuals, who formed a number of various unions, individual public figures discussed issues of attracting the population to legislative activity, about the attitude to the work of the "Special Meeting" established under the chairmanship of Chamberlain Bulygin.
8f718420df534f6513d3973a13abaf1699c1c408	Resolutions, petitions, addresses, notes, and projects of state transformation were drawn up.
763b8a3887a530894428baa814779443955abba4	The February, April and May congresses organized by the Zemstvos, the last of which was held with the participation of city leaders, ended with the presentation to the Emperor on June 6 through a special deputation of the most authoritative address with a petition for people's representation.
a0aa7cb93e6faecdf5f73699a65221bd525c59ae	On April 17, 1905, a decree was issued on strengthening the principles of religious tolerance.
bc4c6e27d63f11a8dd0020a763ed1a203b38cf10	He allowed "falling away" from Orthodoxy to other confessions.
7bf807a99636836193c9f75ceb4243ac1edeab96	Legislative restrictions on Old Believers and sectarians were lifted.
ef84c805fe4a93aafb71f7d36f3ae396a5025fda	Lamaists were forbidden to be officially called idolaters and pagans from now on[50] [51].
9795d41b9c332c9a210b0f08c9031ef1f94f785d	On June 14, 1905, an event occurred that showed that the last pillars of the autocratic power were shaken: the crew of the battleship of the Black Sea Fleet "Prince Potemkin Tavrichesky"rebelled.
58542ad047273010ea57cf683eee1bb1075bb40d	Seven people were killed on the spot.
9894fb7f437d039a9f884d3699297d1ae9ca289d	Soon the battleship was blocked, but managed to break into the open sea.
03da8e1c413be132eac90b987383e543812ed3fe	Having no reserves of coal and food, he approached the shores of Romania, where the sailors surrendered to the Romanian authorities.
6f3691fb3a676717069fd7e96bb85784da349dc4	On June 21, 1905, the uprising in Lodz began, which became one of the main events in the revolution of 1905-1907 in the Kingdom of Poland.
d03283da49188b3c47f60183df90dce1be92af6f	On August 6, 1905, the Manifesto of Nicholas II established the State Duma as "a special legislative institution, which is provided with preliminary development and discussion of legislative assumptions and consideration of the list of state revenues and expenditures" [52].
321ffb25eb25a86781a3fb864d70184ce6eac41f	The term of convocation was set no later than mid January 1906.
0a568d8364cfe6e3748b28b6bd734fdca3fd6471	Of the four most well known and popular democratic norms (general, direct, equal, secret elections), only one was implemented in Russia — the secret submission of votes.
1a0473248ab4892dde689e50050fb1a0d9f287e4	In October, a strike began in Moscow, which covered the whole country and turned into an All Russian October political strike.
8d28e5b0f12361bf2d872c443f2360c32e472ca0	On October 12-18, more than 2 million people went on strike in various industries.
4bd57bc4c6952f462562508589394f9a15d77521	On October 14, the governor General of St. Petersburg, D. F. Trepov, posted proclamations on the streets of the capital, in which, in particular, it was said that the police were ordered to resolutely suppress riots, "if there is resistance from the crowd, do not give blank volleys and do not spare cartridges"[54].
0019f9b5419771809dc66004db1e3769fad85349	Ilya Repin.
b42c09d7784ed8aab4f697e86a5cf12a66792869	October 17, 1905
039084dd786b55a737bd81fef28f07731fa3463f	This general strike, and, above all, the strike of the railway workers, forced the emperor to make concessions.
d445c6b877c43b5a66be864e0802967c9dfe5c36	The Manifesto of October 17, 1905 granted civil liberties: personal inviolability, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and unions.
54104240f43084c4be04aa9a1ef349d930f35a02	Professional and professionally political unions, Soviets of Workers ' Deputies were formed, the Social Democratic Party and the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries were strengthened, the Constitutional Democratic Party, the Union of October 17, the Union of the Russian People, etc. were created.
bc9bd205c9e1bb378f14ac7c33c51b5d0defa15a	Thus, the demands of the liberals were fulfilled.
a85ab9acdddc2255d6667c64e890d860f9ac875c	The autocracy went to the creation of parliamentary representation and the beginning of reform (see Stolypin agrarian reform).
9e6d27e73e4e1daa379881bd205b8a66fae78bc0	The departure from Moscow abroad during May 1906 was so intense that up to 6,000 passports were issued.
f4c0fb3677ac2e321c4ecd5afe99a1c4a2993e79	From January 1 to June 12, almost as many foreign passports were selected as were issued for the entire year 1905[55].
d017b76b41017e7f0318a5ffefc9769e9de30a8c	By a special government circular of September 14, 1906, civil service officials were prohibited from being members of any organization opposed to the government[56]: this significantly affected the number of legal parties, especially the Cadet party[57].
ec196a35d5e4b75d571d1d84d7a631ee6e03213a	The dissolution of the 2nd State Duma by P.
47646ba1296c2f97f538c9f293a99ae54559079f	A. Stolypin with a parallel change in the electoral law (the Third June Coup of 1907) meant the end of the revolution.
b786357f185dd817ac7919b12897bda90a2d913d	Armed uprisings[edit / edit wiki text]
1043790f90503d2a261091cc8f448ceea91067c3	This section contains a list of sources or external links, but the sources of individual statements remain unclear due to the lack of footnotes.
1b207f4e19410bd2dd0eaaf8d0bfac417feea8cc	Statements that are not supported by sources can be questioned and deleted.
84226473952daf406e61ff37aa7cba221067abe7	You can improve the article by making more precise references to the sources.
e93d36f6ea8c9cf4d01018692ec30e1a0b914dc7	Declared political freedom, however, did not satisfy revolutionary party that was going to power not by Parliament, but by the armed seizure of power and raised the slogan "Finish the government!"
50d03abbd0abcfbd78b8f674fb617926978d8a4e	Fermentation covered workers, the army and Navy (Sevastopol uprising, Vladivostok uprising, etc.).
8c02d32e1db124ddc552df7f6c64f36dececc825	In turn, the authorities saw that the way to retreat no further, and began to deal decisively with the revolution.
316cec721e79ebed013b294fef70bbd6210874b6	Participants of the Gorlovka armed uprising in prison
89dbe094f71417934de972446cf03322703a5bc5	Conca as part of the barricade.
4e64bd922832ca2e949e1538d7b85824da32a0ae	Odessa in December 1905
a43707e9d25a45229cf630c99071f2b93d1d0d6c	On October 13, 1905, the St. Petersburg Council of Workers ' Deputies began its work, which became the organizer of the All Russian October Political strike of 1905 and tried to disorganize the country's financial system, calling for not paying taxes and taking money from banks.
a18c3329ffe33bccbacf0f3a14d3aad21684519c	The deputies of the Council were arrested on December 3, 1905.
590c3cb0fa3cbac14a226e3571ec9b5cc069d96b	The riots reached their highest point in December 1905: in Moscow (December 7-18), and other major cities.
ea667b9b8432b4b428af8cad8fbd363668f0eb0a	In Rostov on Don, on December 13-20, militant detachments fought with troops in the Temernik area.
9b984a1aa366e9b333bcf024c7bec429a38ea2a3	In Ekaterinoslav, the skirmish that began on December 8 turned into an uprising.
e2f8c8e88887e36314323af83f7cc06de20797ed	The working district of the city of Chechelevka was in the hands of the rebels (the Chechen Republic) until December 27.
2686c96a59ff4fc3b1a1df3d38b19f02ee6e713a	There were two days of fighting in Kharkiv.
02dc2f92512ea25320ddf4c06fe885924608e925	The Lubotin Republic was formed in Lubotin.
1f981c85d634cb75c379df4554d7d42ed30fe1a3	In the cities of Ostrovets, Ilzha and Chmelyov — the Ostrovets Republic.
e820a11170c192961a7651d7600b9f4cca4ab727	Jewish pogroms[edit / edit wiki text]
16a29a4e898d37a5c49bf12aa3901f862b815f42	Main article: Jewish pogrom
44ffa9470ae764c40b54349a10b70e08db8a6ea2	After the publication of the tsarist manifesto on October 17, 1905, powerful anti government demonstrations took place in many cities of the Pale of Settlement, in which the Jewish population actively participated.
c55a240574026eef90745a669f926617281432e9	The response of the part of society loyal to the government was the demonstrations against the revolutionaries, which ended in Jewish pogroms.
8525ee3bef39c446873835a45dcf51f7763fc68b	[58] The largest pogroms took place in Odessa (over 400 Jews were killed), in Rostov on Don (over 150 dead)[59], Yekaterinoslav 67, Minsk 54, Simferopol over 40 and Orsha — over 100 dead.
5d3cc55949b16d680c7d2a79fc39e795d96ba7c2	Political murders[edit / edit wiki text]
54c40ccad978659ba09aadb708b49e004e8d2c0c	In total, from 1901 to 1911, about 17 thousand people were killed and injured during revolutionary terrorism (9 thousand of them were directly during the revolution of 1905-1907).
5a08cbb71e16b4442b99fd3d22e0231348f65ae1	In 1907, on average, up to 18 people died every day.
a1a2504fd9049be839ec4c62265dda2ccac8d313	According to the police, only from February 1905 to May 1906, 8 governors — general, governors and mayors were killed, 5 vice — governors and advisers of provincial boards, 21 police officers, district chiefs and police officers, 8 gendarmerie officers, 4 generals (combatant), 7 officers (combatant), 79 bailiffs and their assistants, 125 district supervisors, 346 policemen, 57 constables, 257 guards, gendarmerie lower ranks — 55, security agents — 18, civil ranks — 85, clergy — 12, rural authorities — 52, landowners — 51, manufacturers and senior employees in factories — 54, bankers and large merchants — 29[60].
4ac5022874e0d2949f98b0897ce837f25e74d2ba	Famous victims of terror:
d6d4244b1ceac17b0d6393e7f8ca068e6cf4a3e0	The bogeyman of the revolution.
d16419eec0d08d698d25e2e6afb128922b36590d	Drawing by B. Kustodiev
4e3f2fa494c03aa2cb0e786969a34e4f22a4443e	Minister of Public Education N. P. Bogolepov (14.02.1901), Minister of Internal Affairs D. S. Sipyagin (2.04.1902), Ufa Governor N. M. Bogdanovich (6.05.1903), Minister of Internal Affairs V. K. Plehve (15.07.1904), Governor General of Moscow Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich (4.02.1905), Moscow mayor Count P. P. Shuvalov (28.06.1905), former Minister of War Adjutant General V. V. Sakharov (22.11.1905), Tambov Vice Governor N. E. Bogdanovich (17.12.1905), head of the Penza garrison Lieutenant General V. Ya.
435aace1b4fa97562b76facb6ae221aac0bf79cf	Lisovsky (2.01.1906), Chief of Staff of the Caucasian Military District Major General F. F. Gryaznov (16.01.1906), Tver Governor P.
927e164477aaf83bf700a6bf497a869226bfcbaa	A. Sleptsov (25.03.1906), commander of the Black Sea Fleet Vice Admiral G. P. Chukhnin (29.06.1906), Samara Governor I. L. Blok (21.07.1906), Penza governor S.
4ea9a5409653f46218b47789edb48a66995ccaae	A. Khvostov (12.08.1906), commander of the l guards.
176baa110e342b72ff60ad649b424c2acb35729b	Semenovsky Regiment Major General G.
ef4f3c22c3b0b03bb79a193daf7dedfede123258	A. Min (13.08.1906), Simbirsk Governor General Major General K. S. Starynkevich (23.09.1906), former Kiev Governor General member of the State Council Count A. P. Ignatiev (9.12.1906), Akmola governor Major General N. M. Litvinov (15.12.1906), St. Petersburg mayor V. F. von der Launitz (21.12.1906), chief military prosecutor V. P. Pavlov (27.12.1906), Penza governor S. V. Alexandrovsky (25.01.1907), Odessa Governor General Major General K.
4df0add396c13621ec2aa9eb4f6f0d3d0c122161	A. Karangozov (23.02.1907), head of the Main Prison Department A.M. Maksimovsky (15.10.1907).
a937de5b7535646367a9b053e7bb2b48d6a98edc	On August 12, 1906, the socialist revolutionaries maximalists made an attempt on the Prime Minister of Russia P.
779073319429ee4dad27a630cb23af8649fb29c0	A. Stolypin, as a result of which 30 people died and died from wounds, Stolypin himself remained alive.
9327438eba35168d747f698ddcc3e8fa2b9566c1	Revolutionary organizations[edit / edit wiki text]
ea5778865447bd0be7c6e464f4852643aaecc7cd	The Party of Socialist Revolutionaries[edit / edit wiki text]
64f5ac7bb796d30cc498b18f6f63a68ffdf21db4	The combat organization was created by the Socialist Revolutionary Party in the early 1900s to fight against the autocracy in Russia through terror.
70622574c0879d01c665fe1c515d4c165800f1f3	The organization consists of 10 to 30 militants led by G.
998f6845568eb0ddf3a5167f2a3e22fb44730fc6	A. Gershuni, since May 1903 E. F. Azef.
44c76e34942925b8e4e7b2e0fa8da6c573d3703e	She organized the murders of the Minister of Internal Affairs D. S. Sipyagin and V. K. Plehve, the governor of Kharkov, Prince I. M. Obolensky and Ufa N. M. Bogdanovich, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich; prepared attempts on Nicholas II, the Minister of Internal Affairs P. N. Durnovo, the Moscow Governor General F. V. Dubasov, the priest G.
42c2aeecc46b09564eba40d4248912a77b092164	A. Gapon and others.
929988471025c494422f185c3d3d12e840ee001d	RSDLP[edit / edit wiki text]
97a752f3f03630468982f49da85e8a5d0e25cb81	The Combat Technical Group under the Central Committee of the RSDLP, headed by L. B. Krasin, was the central combat organization of the Bolsheviks.
8ab848afd125c29a3b64f77f4d5ed1be6b215cdb	The group carried out mass deliveries of weapons to Russia, supervised the creation, training and arming of combat squads that participated in the uprisings.
e4756777d8633cb7934113a39acc23c7da88414b	The Military Technical Bureau of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP is the Moscow fighting organization of the Bolsheviks.
c0ec97fd65ddbc8b33d9d075d0b86ccca186291c	It included P. K. Sternberg.
09ef3ea9d1961cc4428805aac19ec590b2c504cc	The bureau led the Bolshevik combat detachments during the Moscow uprising.
96c935f1a78414f84281ccdb296e039b67db63ad	Other revolutionary organizations[edit / edit wiki text]
f851599107e32bcc01cda87e66ae59e92946afb0	Polish Socialist Party (PPS).
3b17f2bed83216baa3b530ac19441edfd2a187bb	In 1906 alone, PSP militants killed and wounded about 1,000 people.
12215ff865c818aee44d7db6582c75ee6cca718b	One of the major actions was the Bezdan robbery of 1908.
deca7ab78f9a7e99cfbf8c15ba86851dbfcc566c	Finnish Active Resistance Party Jewish Social Democratic Party Poalei Zion Socialist Jewish Workers 'Party General Jewish Workers' Union of Lithuania, Poland and Russia (Bund) Georgian National Democrats "Dashnaktsutyun" is an Armenian revolutionary nationalist party.
6f85770b77c614c720beb6b5a92c97591f0eb047	During the revolution, she actively participated in the Armenian Azerbaijani massacre of 1905-1906.
b1a3305fe2b230f7410e926b955fd3487e025dff	The Dashnaks killed a lot of officials and individuals who were objectionable to the Armenians: General Alikhanov, governors Nakashidze and Andreev, Colonels Bykov and Sakharov.
6d5b39be56cb5181bf771e264ad0117fa910e52d	The revolutionaries accused the tsarist authorities of inflating the conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis.
5797bf07ae02d85a642ac43e6231d2c25c13b1c2	Armenian Social Democratic organization "Gnchak" Latvian Social Democratic Workers ' Party.
b4bf0b0f7bd851370d24bd0f7aaf76e340173056	On February 13, 1906, its members committed a robbery of the State Bank in Helsingfors.
170dae84bfb4935b697a9d45c2e96514deebb673	Latvian forest brothers.
823a8ead780c3a02592473909fa8e61c8a9fa664	In the Courland province in January — November 1906, up to 400 actions were committed: they killed government officials, attacked police stations, burned landowners ' estates.
900d17535992fef71062354e3213eacf61959aef	Belarusian Socialist Community Ukrainian Social Democratic Workers 'Party Ukrainian Democratic Radical Party Ukrainian People's Party Federation of Anarchists" Bread and Freedom "Federation of Anarchists" Black Banner "Federation of Anarchists "Beznachalie"
d97cf6f597163682f8f70ef7f505cef14ef8fe7f	The results of the revolution[edit / edit wiki text]
767c89119780f7e8cdcc64e5f1868ca8c1dda33b	new state bodies were formed — the beginning of the development of parliamentarism; some restriction of autocracy; democratic freedoms were introduced, censorship was abolished, trade unions and legal political parties were allowed; the bourgeoisie was given the opportunity to participate in the political life of the country; the situation of workers improved, wages were increased, the working day was reduced to 9-10 hours; redemption payments of peasants were canceled, their freedom of movement was expanded; the power of zemstvo chiefs was limited.
3912382733abe0695748a0def92e4fce0b42e27c	Display in fiction[edit / edit wiki text]
16721c562cfb2551531853676f248ae21b934dd8	The story of Leonid Andreev "The Story of the Seven Hanged" (1908).
dcd666eecd62a954ad65c306107587c9eab98547	The story is based on real events — the hanging on the Fox's Nose, near St. Petersburg on 17.02.1908 (art. art.) of 7 members of the Flying Combat Detachment of the Northern Region of the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries[61] Leonid Andreev's story "Sashka Zhegulev" (1911).
99f8916e45288b7af8c35b24a6673427829affc9	The story is based on the story of the famous expropriator of the first Russian Revolution, Alexander Savitsky, who was killed by the police in April 1909 near Gomel.
e30300187e5a4a956405e45cab4d8986913ac826	Article by Leo Tolstoy "I canot be silent!" (1908) about the death penalty Collection of Vlas Doroshevich's stories "The Whirlwind and other recent works" Konstantin Balmont's poem "Our Tsar" (1907).
c1d97bd7fd65f1705f8a539693dc8fe63831a871	The accusatory poem that became famous.
d61a340db6cc5e9de626f23ed2b4033e4e1ccce3	Boris Pasternak's poem "The Nine Hundred and Fifth Year" (1926-27) Mikhail Osorgin's novel "Sivtsev Vrazhek" (1928) Boris Zhitkov's novel "Viktor Vavich" (1934) The story of Arkady Gaidar " Life in nothing (Lbovshchina)" (1926) Arkady Gaidar's novella "The Forest Brothers (Davydovshchina)" (1927) Valentin Kataev's novella "The Lonely Sail is White" (1936) Maxim Gorky's novels "The Life of Klim Samgin", "Mother" Boris Vasiliev's novel "There was an Evening and there was a Morning" — ISBN 978-5-17-064479-7 Yevgeny Zamyatin's stories "The Wayward" and "Three Days" Varshavyanka — a revolutionary song that became widely known in 1905 On the outskirts of the Great Empires is a historical novel by Valentin Pikul in two books.
008959d29a200770e2a9f38fc333812beea98d8f	It was first published in 1964-1966.
21d827697d64ef59f97ac16b70791236dc62b8d0	Autobiographical novel by Lev Uspensky "Notes of an old Petersburger" Boris Akunin's book "The Diamond Chariot" Volume 1 Alexander Stepanov's novel "The Zvonarev Family" Andrikanis E. N.
9f8e700b8d85b3ed4f6f9e151c36f8f56cbf51ca	The owner of the "Devil's Nest".
8043ecc0774554e211101801a1e7717709fa1bda	- 3rd ed.
a9f5dd3abeb2d4dff4315ec9b2a11fafde5da736	- Moscow, 1965.
d4ba09d90c48684f511e849f532df887e57c51dc	Monuments and museums[edit / edit wiki text]
34ada944c0f0c9560a56c8d170d27e132c20dddc	This section of the article has not yet been written.
96c3c022f01080def920f0ad00e90e261697422f	According to the idea of one of the Wikipedia participants, a special section should be located in this place.
232b2fa86d951fa1438f8e1dc7073e803d6bd679	You can help the project by writing this section.
25e73352259589283d2e7d5b11fcc0f7271a25a3	Illustrations[edit / edit wiki text]
0266a6ba27f65c4e279dc79e5a3cf43601ab2812	Street demonstration.
c747b63930ad58cc644ee1a90e6090afd1eeeb9f	A painting by Witold Wojtkiewicz.
a02487e23f15973e44fd1da248435c8840e14873	October 17, 1905.
b12df230cbd2ab136e511d4e99d5b9828b08c8f5	A painting by Ilya Repin.
1fb73678790c6ce21951865c2e9018821879afdd	Demonstration in Jakobstad (Finland).
5edad6d750bea608e3d2b4e5abfb28f236c1cfb3	Autumn 1905.
8c4a140e2f9e45cc5e7492e09f7881eccc1f4aec	Finnish activist Lennart Hohenthal kills prosecutor Soisalon Soininen at his home in Helsinki on February 6, 1905.
36059aeba414ccea744aa9e6297fbd5afde2d28f	Monument to the 1905 Revolution in Lodz.
07d61593cc74f37aed4526e97deadb2889ba1ccd	A basket with bombs, which was located in the Bolshevik laboratory school in the village of Haapala.
4295104825aa945ade03cf4fa282e04d712373ba	Soldiers lead a group of prisoners. 1906.
86ac6443e16a6586e342e9fe5f4f260ea5593967	A gunman shoots a policeman.
18eeed88102a64d90b80f4f37d7c235060bffeab	A drawing from the Polish socialist newspaper Robotnik. 1907.
cfe6817ed214ab91354872525b579aa7b6e6b73f	A Cossack patrol near the burned oil fields in Baku. 1905.
eb49760bab58e3bd4cf9a6cd79e8f94139d288a9	Deputies of the All Russian Noble Congress.
9374ca85240711ff27adec52e9f4741bd6f52b66	St. Petersburg, 1906.
125391618b770dd0e0d4a1888a1b9f5c4cfe0028	The demands of the workers of the Hartmann plant during the first Russian Revolution. 1905.
493bdc2f58299fd549a20a91d315fbd7a8939019	Poster15.jpg
e701e3a9169982d86a503a276262e70ab9edc072	Soviet propaganda poster.
d82ec29397f954ce51809d3f55268116df30ddc4	A street in Warsaw after a bomb explosion by a PPS militant. 1906.
bcfc7b57d2c4a6cb170eeade03c53fcbafa30fdc	Postage stamp of the USSR, 1956.
a6328ead3619362031165ef6d7a1456b8854ed3f	Revolutionary terrorism in the Russian Empire
0b2d81e1af7eebcf17146990151c17863fad7b23	↑ 1 2 The results of the revolution of 1905-1905 / / World History in 10 volumes.
47d9d0d1fbae31476dfb1929a37ac0838835266d	- Moscow: Gospolitizdat;
658d4b5dae5fa289dd4a093b82aa0391b3dc01c5	Sotsekgiz;
13956b20d87a65eca57c45269a8f633fc8d66f74	Thought, 1955-1965.
00b42b27b6c9d6fdd002d53a4856b142a29e76c5	↑ 1.
f6e3e7234ace67567c9fc0a1cb71fabe3a3a4ca9	The agrarian question in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.
d79d3933d8ffd276b8f02d55b59ff395c7e6c22c	The policy of autocracy. xserver.ru. Verified on October 24, 2014.
534dbb17fe3d64b38c1ca87d02e17066bba84d41	↑ The national question in Russia at the beginning of the XX century (1900-1918). ido.tsu.ru. Verified on October 24, 2014.
6d4450b7f820ee9db7dcfb3fd62db9e91eeaff58	Л Lyzlova Tatyana Sergeevna.
5c47e4eb97b6e5f9f4e32cf1079b769af32b1f1f	The national question in Russia at the beginning of the XX century and the creation of Jewish national parties. sibac.info. Verified on October 24, 2014.
949f11d6f0698252dd4f5fceabdbf5eb1711fd64	↑ "Distribution of the population by estates and states" from the Demoscope website.<url>: the number of peasants — 96.9 million people, the total population of the empire — 125.6 million people, the share of peasants 77 % ↑ from 4.8-5.1 dessiatines per capita of the male population to 2.6-2.8 dessiatines, Pushkarev S. G. Russia in the XIX century (1801-1914).
deba43df08408218b936f3d373c0f3af61b67604	- New York: Chekhov Publishing House, 1956.
f77a65706e6a497cf53db8f35ef36b553178b899	Fedorov V.
71c1cdb0ceccbd2f1c0e755eb7876a7adb9a976e	A. History of Russia 1861-1917.
d0ce92e9baff9dffc11423b3e7a3f0d9458c886e	Socio economic development of post reform Russia.
6ac09a81331ec19053da3a46ae9d58cb5b729e8f	Changes in land tenure and land use ↑ "The size of landholdings allotted by the commune to each member has shrunk, in comparison with 1860 (the figure fo the latter year being taken for 100), to 54.2 per cent."Milyukov P. N. Russia and its crisis (1905).
d56b57059b2db65d79328a0228f4eaccbcfe12e5	— Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1905.
326e39d3d405d607c6d6955f7fdea9dcf5d2fede	— P. 436. archived from the original on 29 pounds tithing in 1861-1870 to 39 — in 1891-1900.
533c5e50c173727f861bdba46b00144ba5ac797f	Kondratiev N. D.
84249b351412bd18d1699aac31ad98f9983a98c0	The bread market and its regulation during the war and revolution.
ad42efb4da975cb2e6620996372a831e85a58618	- Moscow: Nauka, 1991.
675241595499b5fc31ec46239dffa718e839f973	- 487 p .
d21915ae9617465dceaa1fb29b7e3b2f5c97f398	- p.
e45dde641ad309d9275ecf75584af028fabaaac4	89.
50fc75e6f5492cbb53bd41d34fe9a1b81c91074c	Т. T. Shanin.
05cfb27679ada1aaa2caed2135e967f3106af3fc	Revolution as a moment of truth.
2441c58f5af8e8d402db7b79690a8492a2353981	Russia 1905-1907 - 1917-1922 Moscow: The Whole World, 1997.
57c8fa791705408e2b9da90d26ffc89f09f95f24	36 — - ISBN ISBN 5-7777-0039 X. By the reform of 1861 on the abolition of serfdom, most of the property relations of peasants were regulated by volost courts acting on the basis of customary law, that is, traditions and customs that had developed in the peasant environment.
935bfad30901a1da2e192539bf40d739815cb6a1	The norms of general civil legislation, that is, regulatory law, were practically not applied to peasants.
a33fc78ec49875d6c243cb916c7f588c12aff918	By the end of the XIX century, the instability and uncertainty of property relations based on customary law became the object of criticism from both bourgeois liberal publications and part of the government к.
9e4410353940cbeaf07e85d63a4b457c707591a0	Candidate of Law Gorin A. G. Customary Law of Russia at the beginning of the XX century: Government policy // Jurisprudence.
4e580a980ed21cc985375e532c206d4efd62387f	- 1989.
bebb3c04e70554b9fbcac824e547127382aa4000	- No.
64b6abec758efc2206ca7f17e3ea73e65d213040	1. - pp.
e165d66aaf2a6d51dd031a255c487b40de595fe2	43-49.
d328c54de4e9d97d4a52c8b4b1abba89e180f457	"Volost courts decided cases not according to national laws, but according to peasant "customary law"; meanwhile, this law was never codified and was characterized by incompleteness, ambiguity and diversity, which opened wide doors to judicial discretion and arbitrariness.
36fa2ebb14a1dc72a684ef9d668d7fba912cc526	Ignorant and illiterate judges hardly understood the cases, and the main role in the volost court was played by its clerk, the volost clerk — as a result of which cases in the volost court were often solved for a bribe (money or vodka).
e7e42ae68919af046494690e8f7a6099c1e8ef4e	It is not surprising that the authority of the township of ships sat very low and that they acquired from the peasant population into disrepute" / Pushkarev, S. G. Russia in the nineteenth century (1801-1914).
1da7304636bd621261b2943c613416428d2d4388	New York: IZDATEL'stvo imeni Chekhova, 1956.
d6672a47b88cbaf91b7c7a483692c285f4c537a1	^ "In the passports of these individuals ex tax States (tradesmen, artisans and peasants) were made dependent on petty bourgeois and peasant societies.
337eb8bd952f796c9953cf78fd1fc02bfc2eaf63	If there were cash arrears, passport books were not issued to them in ache, as with the consent of the societies.
a554ac89c831b786cf41e8528489a198018f795c	And the undivided members of peasant families had to enlist the consent of the owner of the peasant yard in order to obtain and renew the species" / Elistratov A. I. Administrative law.
e26ea540896eaa4f19da0882581e957739a80983	- Moscow: Printing house of I. D. Sytin, 1911.
f55db51060703bd08f40e2e94f4aacdef84ccb84	Witte S. Y. Memoirs.
def392be12548b57b8b8c0ca90e48b0494dace71	- Moscow: Publishing House of socio economic literature, 1960.
0a3fb58ff472c4c5ff6fbc2e0b6d8679040543f7	- p. 454.
efa6f53f06f0c88b51318b8897374c1e716edd30	↑ 1 2 3 A. I. Spiridovich.
fb9b707a4090879d1bc951e35df00b3579dfcb1c	Notes of a gendarme.
419b8c91593c9f8136aed5b961453b66e46287a8	- Kharkiv: "Proletarian", 1928 — - 205 p.
aceeee6e366b005e510c6140f2b578728fa550ff	↑ R. Pipes.
6146f174c0afa03190a7f51cf24c466fb0ab82e3	Struve.
b0987357da099cbd5205fa04c439c8c9d72588ce	Biography.
9f4f1ff88560fb84603fe07c82b66cb12fd1c588	- Moscow: Publishing house of Moscow. polit schools. research, 2001.
090b9777ff511bffe61a4c9b34578ed0fd389c14	- Vol. 1, Struve: The Left Liberal.
5ae229b6dbd6e079b70a79e53d9bc2b018aa203c	- 549 p .
2cd3d9e28320517485068eed59f3adbb54306ad5	↑ D. B. Pavlov.
10dcbfaa8b4872cf6062377cc414381d846cda1b	Russian Japanese War of 1904-1905 Secret operations on land and at sea.
cf05662b0830d0923b62226e96fe18b03c899696	- M.: "Mainland", 2004 — - 464 p .
d2537532664571c7a23fe1b4a55d6f9744fe6db4	↑ V. M. Chernov.
c33872cdced95ff8f1b0a03f68c3a6329f0b8388	Before the storm.
d05cf00b78bae66c37340025a9e257d1250ae63c	Memories.
17bf4592f2f247b19154d4aad75ca1278053ab80	- Moscow: "International relations", 1993.
1769600c95e16b3709e70bb27bb6844a3ce20cb8	- 408 p.
8ce2983021ae66c33b23e3f63d009658ecb912b0	Постановление The resolution of the Zemsky Congress of 1904 / / I. P. Belokonsky.
34be8161256c11326562ee7bd64ac28b5813e34f	The Zemstvo movement.
10f1e0ba47cf9ef665561617d3c4057f6b542434	- St. Petersburg, 1914.
c6101b280a8af58a863ba8978a9a01288e5deeda	- pp.
ea06b59df054c222f1de3748582f859552b521d6	221-222.
5fd3023b818bf5aa9211389bcc41f8c24077b08a	↑ 1 2 3 I. P. Belokonsky.
31556c24e1e53acae731bc54451821a2fa7cad66	Zemstvo movement.
4a986daa9678e3ee7a7f80b847f1bc5ebd02db34	- M.: "Zadruga", 1914 — - 397 p.
0a6e0e12b14b0636317122ef6e4d8f4ecd76e321	↑ 1 2 L. Ya.
55674715f3dd9333cf417b6a5e8033ce899cde8a	Gurevich.
2d7edacde858b1c40c94d12abea80466116bc6d7	The people's movement in St. Petersburg on January 9, 1905 / / Byloye.
2b60f8b06ed4bc0639553c513c4cd3a024c8a10e	- St. Petersburg, 1906.
d0b1888d9fa702f808c5329d9beb581bd6f71f84	195-223.
bc9cacfb8043fd0213644c4686e8509f933c0678	↑ 1 2 3 4 G.
523c51d17a34466a864f4c4b6a9d103d9bbf3d8b	A. Gapon.
dbd60e447be9da4b97a7c195549afd68a79f5993	The story of my life.
121be02c895a23fef36fad00eafefa800dd91828	- M.: "Book", 1990.
07ff4cabc2ec4ddd07c9d72796409afa5f04d3db	- 64 p .
2b8af52226fe0c7f2e6808f1d449ea571eeb01d2	↑ A. E. Karelin.
77bacf9b21ab6f345f9232a02699cb990d467c88	January ninth and Gapon.
2330f118beefe7942807a694ea831a338ee0754c	Memoirs / / Krasnaya letopis — - L., 1922.
40b734459e406a9702637f17d555fe8596dcbf3c	106-116.
63fc3743580055e614b469b315c6a0ff2aae8106	↑ 1 2 To the history of the "Collection of Russian factory workers of St. Petersburg".
649748159c5521910decc01a7f61332fbe53ae96	Archival documents / / Krasnaya letopis.
1afbaa3afd25a4a64fd4c67dfed838e753f0bf55	- L., 1922.
411c996550176ac2c994fcbe68948ce2ec50ed9d	288-329.
18c7edfc1599acf1889a3752417a60e0208380d4	↑ 1 2 3 The beginning of the first Russian Revolution.
321c802b20508a768594d5cd063ca64b5b52493a	January March 1905.
91780eeb4881588c7e39ea3778cbf0847d915f34	Documents and materials / Edited by N. S. Trusova.
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f3246cf0b257888c7fa55938044af965df198efe	↑ V. V. Svyatlovsky.
4d06b1eb1e58a500396d6f7ad2b145e4cc2053f6	Professional movement in Russia.
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c9bbca1b7f98c686bf334c11e81ba42a9f8bb28e	Сух S. Sukhonin.
acd75153cfabe64851bbcedbb55df6e817039ae0	January 9, 1905 // World Bulletin.
69da2cee5ab9d6c20c3d30be51101c5549efca0d	- St. Petersburg, 1905.
bd0eb8527e5e47f7601d819319a9a0df9621886b	12.
aab6241d4504da257bb46b7102063e6117782e0a	142-169.
4672c6cd299e55530396c530620c887c9a6a8e9c	↑ B.
41497c48facc24ea111dd8775c8f07842cf0fc7e	A. Romanov.
441a3b2d84e1db831c8916e51ea57c21ebac38d5	The January strike of 1905 in St. Petersburg.
970c2975d06feb67e51cb215b2745723ea4339f6	(Materials for the calendar) / / Krasnaya letopis — - L., 1929.
f5440c83f943104be40921ab56535347a67e274c	— № 6 (33).
94713bea6f9dae2129e03023f8fe2e02d510aa61	— P. 25-44.
4fdfaeae8f07cdfcd6933a77248f5f93fd106918	↑ A.
ca06a0919e1e7f47a3b15f67c18c45bfcc22ccdc	A. Shilov.
dcb31b9a0f96188209a52445acca09d110cc2d05	To the documentary history of the petition on January 9, 1905 / / Krasnaya letopis.
e67660f86cad6ce182028822bd14482b15764448	- L., 1925.
e9ad9f62c033c5cd5a895a397a1c76cdd1362ebd	2. - pp.
b4cacf78c6c256cf274f94e58b5e8b7fa6e697e8	19-36.
091b8629405b5a888d7accd569b8a18f24dfc94f	Пет Petition of workers and residents of St. Petersburg for submission to Tsar Nicholas II / / Krasnaya letopis.
a1870835c3cd31f15598f833bf350b469decda17	33-35.
90a1de34082d46096321984b4d59df8b96932382	↑ N. M. Varnashev.
4bc9f9aedb0cd77680b6fd1ca808ad532096d1d4	From beginning to end with the Gapon organization // Historical and revolutionary collection.
e17c505563ab3c9555751af5864141ed258a77a5	- L., 1924.
778e7f855ca2a0215b2dd9c6aed972c808056690	- Vol. 1.
1c0912139f63fe6bccbc1e004e91a25ee969f47f	177-208.
bae120c9eaa51b875588a8ebcf67d64a0dc6c6a1	↑ S. S. Oldenburg.
c868427f0fa97029665ebe1d1a8891f6ee049c12	The Reign Of Emperor Nicholas II. - Moscow: "Phoenix", 1992.
da4a9e753fcdb6f41ad7fe0d16542295f5172d81	- Pp.
89d47daaa67b40fb0f038744f630ad4d4cd11211	265-266.
0921aae331023208753d564b612ad3b3351d5cc5	↑ V. G. Korolenko.
3873c180c160520512118a88190c7f8b806f60d4	A chronicle of inner life.
ff1e574875a485bc2d0174d917a58378a6fe946a	January 9, 1905 / / V. G. Korolenko.
d4621d6444d4d01ba3bc55977d8c2bde94f033a5	Collected works in five volumes — - L., 1989.
bc640022a7089f968710f5ce44e2223701ff0405	- Vol. 3 .
f3e7f1d6c172d58801cbbb094c54fedfee216280	Д. D. N. Lyubimov.
55c545a1d6e51effee6e988a33ed51c0e5347fe3	Gapon and January 9 // Questions of history.
aa56ae6448a0254da8e2122ba554b4810a7050bc	- M., 1965.
a665f01279b020e8066363e43adc37aa831f297e	8-9.
a2cd9d313aecdd7a6c997369204dc9d52d357680	↑ 1 2 S. Yu.
65274692def2bde213dffc71720721ec7332d537	Witte.
0172b7466862323e26087db7616919efe43467aa	The reign of Nicholas II. - Berlin: "The Word", 1922.
6ef356304405cbe7b5afd4995dd8693f7fe9e57e	- Vol. 2.
23411a10a38ec4158a4512ab2e646107f4ce5f38	- 571 p.
12d0d80332fbd00ff7215c25954d2a71dfc4b8b5	↑ 1 2 V. D. Bonch Bruevich.
6713d5f8424a8949324378363f2e46a17aff8fe7	The ninth of January, 1905 (According to new materials) / / Proletarian Revolution.
99ead28b0ad5d0b85dfbdb6a6084cab441de1d8f	- M., 1929.
e3c2f7efcef924b9462fb707f258c0c1efec8e64	— № 1 (84).
4b0f77ab531b949501b189f0d074d519673dbfe1	— Pp.
9c245703249729fe9b314796da2d906be6967ae6	97-152.
d05902642eafcce4d960574264513233c81b382b	↑ 1 2 E.
18942487dbfeb7951e939175175560d71207a77d	A. Svyatopolk Mirskaya.
475dcf9d3e015fde0a1e9eb39ae56e529bfb2e04	Diary of the book by E.
981330c51d89e8479110d0a05514cba01602a12b	A. Svyatopolk Mirskaya for 1904-1905.
8978471c95d77fdac1b8b0f7b8b88efcfaa4261f	/ / Historical notes.
5638eab90d6c995f5da6a6e5e7dd8888cd04d2c7	77.
de340344e146fd2e58bfe3358d9a3196364cc68b	273-277.
50a3e31da06d6dfbb2b6abcaa1bd9d39eef8276e	Днев Diaries of Emperor Nicholas II. 1905 ↑ S. N. Valk.
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ec995c9e87b5bcd353567366a229431e03931dc4	37-46.
91c07280234ee2d0733fca21c53ac9d95c781ca1	↑ A.V. Gerasimov.
56fe91e2694396cfebb0d7a8852481eb92c09e85	On the edge with terrorists.
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e2aa59f1f1f54ad844075c10122f4dbfc56f1045	↑ 1 2 3 Report of the Director of the Police Department A. Lopukhin on the events of January 9, 1905 / / Krasnaya letopis — - L., 1922.
310564ddf74a1397a543bab483dab45a57bf6e6d	330-338.
f94d5718b8794d5f883b4fff09336d2e24bf548c	↑ 1 2 V. I. Nevsky.
8bef3617c700b399723a0652576050dc9f900fc9	January days in St. Petersburg in 1905 / / Red Chronicle.
83b5cd78953b6be0cc3dc03b0b018b6d0450705b	- 1922.
fc80e6b1da9b51934520317289ebd73eb2d08dcd	↑ A. N. Zashikhin.
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f7bf92df99d2718809d678f845ff5802f476ed29	Series: Humanities and Social Sciences.
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cd1f53b1137fd880d018e477e65b60f104535725	5-9.
1f0f58adecb83cbcc6c93fd49c091db5283c1242	↑ P. B. Struve.
3861f4b2d34126c3f85ba7515fb1ccda7df6cd81	The Executioner of the people / / Liberation.
fb3718832420551edc400f4694c46499e4c95762	- Paris, 1905.
eca8f2eb84823ca5fdf3da45a8a536207a66be27	64.
31957902e052640faf17b4893efa34310ef03a24	1. ↑ V. I. Lenin.
80524a782688c7320efadc6ab5b2b1f637c02e11	Revolutionary days / / Forward.
72e835758d28521c78892e768d2a214b9d1a0b97	- January 31 (18), 1905.
165d9cf4400b833d6a6f3cbfc64357480867a50c	4 . Г. G. A. Gapon.
273a2cb8ad2606919f7d4da7784ca58db3f139a6	The third epistle to the workers / / Priest George Gapon's appeal to the entire peasant people.
9c4af51aa25b7c26069bb2fbf9dd8344abcc7d51	- 1905.
130af9d44910f7b55ee5f0150bf70ad0a3f4626d	14-15.
d0b253f8fe35d773c6483bca19230715fc58a33b	↑ L. D. Trotsky.
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aba061bf2da117e84787cd31c9bd45a3a9d8f128	About the ninth of January.
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186de70bed5eb7cd05091ed52f2c35065d058141	↑ N. E. Wrangel.
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291c4336800bac64eb54d5818e385127c3cc827b	P. "The formation of Russian parliamentarism at the beginning of the XX century "Журнал Journal "Legislation", No.
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14fbef064fb0b4457f0edd3d411d813812d86cbb	Part II Еврей Jewish pogroms in Rostov on Don ↑ The epidemic of terror ↑
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02f6acf38b112e47c5d39364c75132a0edd0dfe1	Russia in the first years of the XX century.
9cfef273b9127544504db2d2e1d7b3a24500ef05	Chronicle of events from the website of HRONO.EN The First Russian Revolution.
fd71e2785b27c128a7ef9ffbabfffcc663ea7df5	Sources and literature The Black Hundred Terror of 1905-1907 Individual political terror in Russia.
85e89ea768b64cde0a640200380f502a3c8968bc	XIX early XX century.
e40fd06042cb46af1eeecc180a5d052ad2be5374	Russian Russian Revolution: Neo Malthusian perspective The First Russian Revolution and partisan actions of 1905-1908 in the Urals diary of Nicholas II for 1905 Russian Russian Revolution centennial issue dedicated to the centenary of the 1905 Russian Revolution; the magazine "Inviolable Reserve" 2005, No.
919eb2c8220309541f20fe3adbc912d269f4f338	6(44) On the causes of the Russian Revolution Two economies of Russia by E. V. Demidov.
e37698214340b0d6edf9d22a6cef138001b27052	The nonviolent component of the 1905 Revolution by O. Ken.
ee8397583ed4e0a3377fc0c01b7a97477e078d81	The revolution of 1905-1907 as the revolution of modernity G. Chuwardin.
f40df6d36a66c38cf9e577aa2b838ad4c0cb5753	The Russian Imperial Guard in the events of the Revolution of 1905-1907.
f26126384fea0cdfdea5e3ee208f8957b72bd773	A. Chernyak.
dbe543592c9e759360bc8a0d4cfc3a883db4e74c	So who lit the flame of revolutions?
5d38c0ba371305c400d2c1ae5483ad122f2f10b0	"Ufa in 1905" Video on YouTube "Reforms in Russia were given at gunpoint" / / Lenta.<url>, 17.05.2015 (interview the historian Oleg Budnitsky)
5aa88e41f58cc0410217c73f4c8acacca1bd1df8	The revolution of 1905-1907 in Russia on Wikimedia Commons?
8618d5765af2b52aaf738384482bd77c04370e19	The main events of the Russian Japanese War and the Portsmouth Peace • Bloody Sunday • The Revolution of 1905-1907 in Poland • The Manifesto of October 17 • The December Uprising in Moscow (the defeat of the Fiedler School) • The Third June coup • The electoral system of 1907
099d3fd9d06c92a3e600913d07de017b3528350b	Duma, political parties
8c66bc93f4619467b9acc1c021591265968fa164	and organizations State Duma (I convocation, Vyborg Appeal, II convocation)
835e51d151b9851035f1077aec4c2afb4bb72727	Left: AKP, PNS, RSDLP, PPP, SDKPiL, Bund, SICKLE
02c612fce37b054063f950196ff964a9e5a4d2c6	Centrists: Constitutional Democratic Party, October 17 Union, Democratic Reform Party
e98ef193a9167068530e58f85a7e86754ab047af	Russian Russian right: Union of the Russian People, Russian Monarchist Party, Union of Mikhail the Archangel
be98e12c318df5c70284b0e84d16860ac90a335d	Liberation movement
c362a94dd00644de41ea421bff84bfe820001791	and unrest in the regions of the Gurian Republic • The Gorlovka Uprising • The Zaglebyevskaya Republic • The December uprising in Nizhny Novgorod • Comrat Republic • Krasnoyarsk Republic • The uprising in Lodz • Lubotyn Republic • Markov Republic • Novorossiysk Republic • Ostrovets Republic • Rostov Uprising • Slavkuvskaya Republic • Sochi Republic • Starobuyanskaya Republic • Kharkiv Uprising • Chechelevskaya Republic • Chita Republic • Shulyava Republic • Forest Brothers
d9592e992eca437cfab5ca0ee347a5c91cf1707f	Uprisings in the army and Navy Vladivostok uprisings • The uprising on the battleship "Potemkin" • Sevastopol Uprising • Cruiser "Memory of Azov" • The Gothenburg Uprising • The Destroyer "Skoryj"
664cc8daf344ee459e16c3c14bac55218fd6e4fe	Major robberies The robbery of the State Bank in Helsingfors
6c1ee9d64b0508d952ad93c4a035b5576c99e9dd	(1906 • * The robbery in Lantern Lane (1906) • The Tiflis expropriation (1907) • The Bezdan expropriation (1908)
69313527ad913fb36a893783385ecdf5824610c1	Other Ivanovo Voznesensky Citywide Council of Workers 'Deputies • St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies • Great Vilnius Sejm • Steamship "John Grafton" • The Book of Russian Sorrow • The situation of enhanced (emergency) protection • Lbovtsy
f6d58e62a5965b880e59faa201188fe3efcf76fe	The diplomacy of the Great Powers in 1871-1913
a5ec5608103cd951e9da4702cbb5e096990df3c8	The Great Ones
1562cff31252353452d59153a2dde1406f710e82	powers
e4eb5206e804f62ab704025b324242f8f9c631c3	British Empire • German Empire • French Republic • Russian Empire • Austro Hungarian Empire • Kingdom of Italy • Japanese Empire • USA
32767bc87ce3ae8cd973b35c715a2ae94be49543	Contracts
3f16c3f1a2cc2448500911e9432096ab9276835c	and agreements
44d2765c90809aae25a17eae4958413df27be459	Alliance of Eight Powers • Frankfurt World • Russian Russian Alliance * The Union of the Three Emperors • The Constantinople Conference • the Berlin Congress • The Dual Alliance • The Triple Alliance * the Congo Conference • The Reinsurance Treaty • the Zanzibar Treaty • The Franco Russian Alliance • The Moscow Treaty • The Austro Russian Agreement • The Anglo German Agreement • The Hague Conventions and Declarations • The Anglo Japanese Union • The Anglo French Agreement • Russian Russian Agreement * The Katsura Taft Agreement • The Treaty of Bjerk • The Algeciras Conference • The Anglo Russian Agreement • The St. Petersburg Protocol • The Russian Italian Agreement • The Annexation of Korea by Japan • The Treaty of Fez • The Potsdam Agreement • The Balkan Union • The Entente
c1fde09895732861fba5586dda19c9a1ec9687fe	Crises
f8a50b21c79f485bfa1f7623cd689aaa42749b09	and conflicts
1965432c1e7a00772db66faebafaeb56dccad0da	The Big Game • The Colonial Division of Africa • Anglo German antagonism • Conflicts (Afghan • French German • English Portuguese) • Baghdad Railway • Crises (Bulgarian • Fashodsky • Economic • Tangier • Bosnian • Albanian • Agadirsky)
430853fbd980aa289af380918af94b3feebeea27	Military
9ee22edb45ad4211e6d695005c5f63c527a71135	conflicts
e82d3f73ae56ea6e6842c969d4da76ee0c368323	The War Alarm of 1875 • Wars (Russian Turkish • Anglo Zulu • 1st Anglo Boer • Franco Tunisian • Anglo Egyptian • 2nd Franco Vietnamese • 3rd Anglo Burmese • Franco Chinese) • Austria Hungary's occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina • Battle on the Kushka • The War Alarm of 1887 • Wars (Franco Dahomey (1st • 2nd) • Japanese Chinese • 1st Italian Ethiopian • Anglo Zanzibar • Spanish American) • Ihetuan Uprising • French conquest of Chad • Wars
35b2e4e75892372ec3bd3a281d587fe58d76a96b	(Anglo Boer • Philippine American
a14d61f39cc645d42f46eb11e5c2a513bfaf2f68	Natalia Morozova: "What a beautiful country we have lost!
00f9dc05a4db4c17d52cf648a3c14b983fc62ba6	And what wonderful people lived and worked in that country.
0a0483281a9f3f9fd2263dbce6acf9bd0975de63	What can I say, if even the fragments from the ruined country are beautiful..."
522d7f2363963be9baaa0a774d6baa961dd477ba	Great Country S S S R
f5926b1759462da03af36a8c780b9fa0924688b9	Home About the Soldier Forum Guest Feeds Site Map
5f84bf4072cfed4ca7a172d18e6c1be524674a25	Home Stages of the big way
fcae0f0748170cb96d8eea3124fa014bc103d039	RSS
d64aaa95e753739c389c8fcbdd8c7ea7d9082737	1905 - The First Russian Revolution
649d1fb4d16d2667a8799a15f628e75758a602bc	The revolution of 1905-1907 was the apogee of the struggle between new and old, obsolete social relations under the sharply aggravated social processes in Russia at the beginning of the XX century.
f546ad206c4a8b930c231a8f23ebad8536e24982	The reason for the revolution was the growing contradictions in Russian society, expressed in the influence of internal
33c58338fcbfc620d663f853b531686da6421c74	(the unresolved agrarian issue, the deterioration of the position of the proletariat, the crisis in the relations between the center and the province, the crisis of the form of government (the"crisis of the top") and external factors.
3028008e300cfeaffa0bbb1a8b93388457c785ae	Internal factors
4c5b21a6c02f120b06b7a7e225e8f330ea54c140	The unresolved agrarian issue
1dd94fc35d9837da77872e5422bab8d9b3b6d817	The agrarian question is a complex of socio economic and political problems related to the prospects for the development of the agricultural sector of the country's economy, one of the most pressing issues of public life in Russia.
004700ebe7f7a37bc5f528c5720463e5274a48d8	Its unresolved nature, combined with other internal and external problems, eventually led to the revolution of 1905-1907..
1a0ce9e59b640d59952c2c330fabf01dc015cbe0	The origins of the agrarian question lay in the nature of the Agrarian Reform of 1861, which was clearly incomplete.
71caa062834d9f41e9eae5d7b6bd815636e5c698	The ransom payments were a heavy burden on the peasant class.
d488bd25915bdd41cb4b34a078146b4d5bc9c512	Arrears in the payment of taxes grew catastrophically, since under S. Yu.
f3a40f33a7de2b34694e19d36590c8ebb2a8f9b6	Witt, the taxation of the rural population became one of the sources of ensuring the ongoing industrialization.
987b374d201dee6482511015a6c2c0731e7128b1	The peasant shortage of land was becoming more and more clearly revealed, which was aggravated in connection with the demographic explosion in the country: during the 1870s and 1890s, the peasant population of the Volga and some chernozem provinces doubled, which led to the fragmentation of allotments.
7407206507821f710c5d34a5399407ea3e672e39	In the southern provinces (Poltava and Kharkiv), the problem of land shortage led to mass peasant demonstrations in 1902.
266a51a04c29cc8f14a389f136e0b37743e8e857	The local nobility also slowly adapted to the new conditions.
81165f99883abfa33aace77ec522df8007cda45f	Most small and medium sized owners were rapidly losing land, remortgaging their possessions.
f4781cd4d71c29a829831b21f6ad90568ad0c5c5	The economy was conducted in the old fashioned way, the land was simply leased to peasants for working out, which could not bring high profits.
b6110d49880a760607cfbf8760abd79535c18321	The income received by the landlords from the state when the peasants left serfdom was "eaten up" and did not contribute to the development of landlords ' farms on capitalist principles.
081c50d4b66e6bf395afc478ce9098d13a198e6b	The nobility bombarded Emperor Nicholas II with requests for state support in connection with the unprofitability of the estates and the high cost of credit.
451d88f5d1ecc68e587a1e07a5c4306688fa1bcb	At the same time, new phenomena were observed in the agricultural sector.
d25367285409a63af7355eb46000b374c6f8642e	Agriculture increasingly assumed a commercial, entrepreneurial character.
67011f468e63756b6a0d60a8b1ffbf22566a4dd6	The production of products for sale developed, the number of hired workers increased, the technique of agriculture was improved.
ab7bb71d17857781caa21076555a005db53a0aa1	Large capitalist economies with an area of hundreds and thousands of dessiatines, with the involvement of hired labor and a large number of agricultural machines, are increasingly beginning to dominate among the landowners ' farms.
9fd1094694ee0f9fbe8f3e3c54ee1482b0148c4c	Such landowners ' possessions were the main suppliers of grain and industrial crops.
5264d4c0fc2392eba77e1a7768a626bed49b7efa	Peasant farms had much less marketability (production of products for sale).
8513fc6fd1117cf3d8c161e2409644069d4fbdf6	They were the supplier of only half of the market volume of bread.
97aa4285a1a70c99e758bd62b444323167be6b52	The main producer of marketable bread in the peasant environment were wealthy families, who, according to various sources, made up from 3 to 15% of the peasant population.
7654b9e9bd4862e905be32b9a390fde1f7ff38bc	In fact, only they managed to adapt to the conditions of capitalist production, rent or buy land from the landlords and keep a few hired workers.
893f44f7efeb46fb2a8a9870cc79eeedb51161cf	Only well – to do owners specially produced products for the market, for the vast majority of peasants, the sale of bread was forced to pay taxes and redemption payments.
a00e1777d7f42d6e2ceeac6ad2dd8bea4e6862d0	However, the development of strong peasant farms also rested on the shortage of allotments.
3b00dcf0efc8d7a8d2026666da461f7b2ea9d1a0	The underdevelopment of the agricultural sector, the low purchasing power of the vast majority of the country's population hindered the development of the entire economy (the narrowness of the domestic market already made itself felt by the end of the XIX century with sales crises).
6d3a1dd1f23c834f7cfc7781d7dc53f9c98fc06f	The government was well aware of the causes of the agrarian crisis, and sought to find ways out of it.
38b4ff8c53d5584831c4c0b369b9c95286563d54	Even under Emperor Alexander III, a commission was formed under the Ministry of Internal Affairs to consider "the ordering of peasant social life and management".
473f93964a61dde1df5dd474a7e8398eb5876f67	Among the urgent issues, the commission recognized the migration and passport legislation.
4d46cb1c9454f6bb828cf43a6857738609dae848	As for the fate of the community and mutual responsibility, there were disagreements in the Government on this issue.
26667d630239660765deb25edf14f37cc99a28ae	There are three fundamental positions:
1b80c27794025b0a74e080e02834fdef89dd98ac	1) The official point of view was expressed by V. K. Plehve and K. P. Pobedonostsev, who considered them "the main and most important means of collecting all arrears".
7469540231c469beef617229c0dacd152bb0bffd	The supporters of the preservation of the community also saw in this a means to save the Russian peasantry from proletarization, and Russia from revolution.
469ec235f9edd782540e852931a9ca7ff3e88df9	2) The opposite point of view on the community was expressed by the Minister of Finance N. H. Bunge and the Minister of the Imperial Court and Estates Count I. I. Vorontsov Dashkov.
8c57af2c057d405a3e474904621665d2f273b337	They stood for the introduction of household land ownership in Russia with the establishment of a land minimum and the organization of the resettlement of peasants to new lands.
5d85bac3f7b84fbb125f35ede5f5351d659a8a7b	3) S. Y. Witte, who assumed the post of Finance Minister in 1892, advocated passport reform and the abolition of mutual responsibility, but for the preservation of the community.
d223047575f3cc34030e446ea5d9730c3cedf525	Subsequently, on the threshold of the revolution, he changed his point of view, actually agreeing with Bunge.
35a86fe9d73cdcc3a090aacf8e9645fbdb0ebe56	Peasant uprisings of 1902 in the Poltava and Kharkiv provinces, the rise of peasant protests of 1903-04. work in this direction was accelerated: in April 1902, the mutual responsibility was canceled, and with the appointment of V. K. Plehve as Minister of Internal Affairs, Nicholas II transferred to his department the right to develop peasant legislation.
a26e26162dc67f0165c4b73e21858d03e2392eb4	The reform of V. K. Plehve, pursuing different goals, affected the same directions as the later Agrarian reform of P.
eb6f875f966aa746b46e014c0ade1525ef185c48	A. Stolypin:
65084c9626c593a7a2625e59a9ddab7db27c591c	- it was planned to expand the activities of the Peasant Bank for the purchase and resale of landowners ' lands.
82284b9010013cb1e454423145e94e81e12fcd1c	- to establish a resettlement policy.
5aef6241d441bab63614bbd000c36f3e29261e51	The fundamental difference from the Stolypin reforms is that the reform was based on the principles of class isolation of the peasantry, the inalienable nature of allotment lands and the preservation of existing forms of peasant land ownership.
3f2ca6012992ad1d87f2a372eab3d84fc9a2d7de	They were an attempt to bring the legislation developed after the reform of 1861 into line with the social evolution of the village.
eeaca6832bb164607632d7469cf1cbf62bdb5f6c	Attempts to preserve the basic principles of the agar policy of the 1880s 1890s gave the Plehve project a deeply contradictory character.
2276ebc796583fb185da84b45d97096228ed8af5	This was also reflected in the assessment of communal land ownership.
e5c11b914c13b939ac389da593d85e6a1ae91bba	It was the community that was considered as an institution capable of protecting the interests of the poorest peasantry.
e4367ed9d410830145154e4e1053f1a0e2b9ed91	The bet on the wealthiest members of the community (kulaks) was not yet made at that time.
2bf791746e85fbdfe4abe29826da0bd43e2eba92	But the farm was recognized as a more perfect form of farming, which had a great future.
da28b429feec222c36a82998b438727f10ec2d68	In accordance with this, the project provided for the removal of some restrictions that prevented leaving the community.
72ec48fd746a6076dc85300abdd7c33582df536f	However, in reality, this was extremely difficult to implement.
ae4be9700371704930f4dfb7ccd3290c7d1badd3	The work of the Plehve Commission became an expression of the official point of view on the peasant question.
435ca895165a864d7c54bad446599d391292bd62	It can be stated that the proposed transformations did not depart from the traditional policy, which was based on three principles: the class system, the inalienable nature of allotments, the inviolability of the community.
1e53b37926d2d926e45cfea1785230228fd4848b	These measures were fixed by the tsarist Manifesto "On the Immutability of Communal Land ownership" in 1903.
d6b7392c079e28d2470332aaca1c144d5650452d	This policy did not suit the peasants, because it did not solve any of the pressing problems.
5756b9316c8d39ca749e13d36894a10cae306c0c	Changes in the agrarian legislation during the 1890s did not change much in the situation of the peasants.
e21b21ccee2a67c7d1cdb52f89d18fd8487ab69d	Units were allocated from the community.
46ec390be832d42eccb23757c73b4f656e43c881	The resettlement Department, established in 1896, practically did not work.
0e2dbc59dce2af98f470f0c924c6709a43d64bfd	The crop failures of the beginning of the XX century only increased the tension that reigned in the village.
96e9438cc1bffed33339f023f6b5c4c7c912a8f5	The result was an increase in peasant demonstrations in 1903-1904.
baf98f6b4a6c4a56f860779dafbc1b2f9c4a8fa6	The main problems to be solved immediately were the question of the existence of a peasant land community, the liquidation of the cross strip and peasant small land, as well as the question of the social status of the peasants.
05495fbc489d40b2443ab6a74216873a6b10537e	Deterioration of the situation of the proletariat
da124fd4e4c35896f0b3658c753c56f3a2d7c3dc	The "workers' question " - in the classical sense – is a conflict between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie caused by various economic demands on the part of the working class in the sphere of improving their socio economic situation.
7eb6abfba7c9e6d46475132037df57b1b0168ad7	In Russia, the labor issue was particularly acute, since it was complicated by a special government policy aimed at state regulation of relations between workers and entrepreneurs.
51c0134971e25a489403886d13196bb87fd80b3c	The bourgeois reforms of the 1860s and 70s did not affect the working class much.
57b3824c1bb0775df4e33a405d2e05f71e024de9	This was a consequence of the fact that the formation of capitalist relations was still taking place in the country, the formation of the main capitalist classes had not yet been completed.
e7c14697fa39c77e2aca58f18cd79a5c4248d7c4	The government also, until the beginning of the XX century, refused to recognize the existence of a "special class of workers" in Russia, and even more so the "working question" in its Western European understanding.
8596977fae63419a89437551f8f981cd8ef3b188	This point of view found its justification back in the 80s of the XIX century in the articles of M. N. Katkov on the pages of the Moscow Vedomosti, and since then it has become an integral part of the general political doctrine.
844c32623602f2c80b8e678e6006f51201afc76e	However, the large scale strikes of the 1880s, especially the "Morozov strike", showed that simply ignoring the labor movement will not fix the situation.
a01937d3d51c8e2442192bb6020cbd7304708b3a	The situation was aggravated by the different points of view of the heads of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Internal Affairs on the government line in resolving the "working issue".
ce55102ef2afd763e6aa5eb69d51e268031f0a83	By the end of the 1890s, Finance Minister S. Y. Witte was moving away from the idea of the government's trusteeship policy as part of the government doctrine based on the principle of a special, original evolution of Russia.
f68b01dd5eaae8a9ca8ae4bd559d0301c873031b	With Witte's direct participation, laws were developed and adopted: on the regulation of the working day (June 1897, according to it, the maximum working day was 11.5 hours), on the payment of remuneration to workers in accidents (June 1903, but the law did not affect the issues of pension provision and compensation for dismissals).
6eb029e5cb833d86425e92077efe57c4f2621ed9	The institute of factory heads, whose competence included participation in the proceedings of labor conflicts, is also being introduced).
d2a99b57e686c49a91628a458a924950180cd61a	At the same time, the policy aimed at strengthening the religious monarchical sentiments among the working environment became more active.
9cd826066df0e9d27cdba76910077bd627927a11	The Ministry of Finance did not even want to think about creating trade unions or other workers ' associations.
4d8dcb10d772f97df6b736b6dac239d07584c730	On the contrary, the Ministry of Internal Affairs is starting a risky experiment to create workers ' organizations controlled by the government.
03f041c8f343a7875302ea4521bfadf2c176521c	The spontaneous desire of the workers to unite, the increasingly broad response to the activities of the revolutionaries, and, finally, the increasing frequency of open political speeches forced the authorities to switch to a new tactic: "police socialism".
2d01eb4f618c8e34c87e12dc6594aeff513b0f96	The essence of this policy, which was also carried out in a number of countries for in the 1890s, it was reduced to attempts to create, with the knowledge and under the control of the government, legal workers ' organizations of a pro government orientation.
aeb06ad4dbc92a47e8c8f800f49243168f9a6af9	The initiator of the Russian "police socialism" was the head of the Moscow security department, S. V. Zubatov.
b61c52f30d16c9c64fe5bec7e78653e9236fd94c	Zubatov's idea was to force the government to pay attention to the" working question " and the situation of the working class.
40c8b72839f345f97796291a8349ebcc12c6121e	He did not support the proposal of the Minister of Internal Affairs D. S. Sipyagin to "turn factories into barracks" and thereby restore order.
290f15ce11547077ed9592a5365a3381c8bea85e	It was necessary to become the head of the labor movement and thus determine its forms, character and orientation.
60714abcbe139c101cea1739ad43af220425d360	However, in fact, the implementation of the Zubatov plan encountered active resistance from entrepreneurs who did not want to obey the demands of any workers ' associations, even those controlled by the government.
1dbca2902883f4bc7b59a7c0ead47d52423a5cef	The new Minister of Internal Affairs, V. K. Plehve, who held this post in 1902-1904, stopped the Zubatov experiment.
ca758de12b41607865fc16d7b63e77f7857223b3	As an exception, the activities of the "Society of Factory Workers" of the priest G. Gapon, who had minimal dependence on the authorities and was an example of "Christian" rather than "police" socialism, were allowed.
fcd77ae249684b77b30cb5204565f2bdb1b7ef46	As a result, the traditional repressive measures turned out to be more familiar for the authorities in their fight against the labor movement.
5353807a66c5fd28a5611d41e939d4daca7ba246	All factory laws adopted in the late XIX early XX centuries provided for criminal liability for participation in strikes, threats against the factory administration and even for unauthorized refusal to work.
ff00c2a07eef3a45be3aeedecbe9897df32a1739	In 1899, a special factory police was established.
548299167661b79019a019425df24d8c1db2d7f0	More and more often, combat units and Cossacks were called to suppress workers ' demonstrations.
760616d39146e9feb3fb688d5eb1b394129006e8	In May 1899, even artillery was used to suppress the 10 thousandth strike of workers of the largest enterprises in Riga.
eefb33216de1fb9ccaee26096fcf25ec03667ad2	The regime's attempts to slow down the natural course of development of new beginnings in the economy and society in this way did not lead to significant results.
d6eb55d28374086c2f33a5287b0cf6140ea30e6b	The authorities did not see the increase in workers ' demonstrations as an impending explosion.
07eba0083447f67fd1fb88951c66fc362b03ee18	Even on the eve of the revolution, paying attention to the changes taking place in the working environment, the ruling circles did not count on the "collapse" that could undermine the established foundations.
08d35510441376a0679cf0caa151b1763270cd40	In 1901, the chief of the gendarmes, the future Minister of Internal Affairs, P. D. Svyatopolk Mirsky, wrote about the St. Petersburg workers that " in the last three or four years, a good natured Russian guy has developed a type of semi literate intellectual who considers it his duty to deny religion... to disregard the law, disobey the authorities and mock her."
5a1141f91269e9fbb61f7b5e7eeacef4ccec160e	At the same time, he noted that "there are not many rebels in the factories," and it will not be difficult to cope with them.
54030444d8ca304f703f75bdd71080e043e79bfd	As a result, by the beginning of the XX century, the" working question "in Russia had not lost its sharpness at all: no law on workers' insurance was adopted, the working day was also reduced to only 11.5 hours, the activities of trade unions were banned.
33dc1bd35d77c3e5c30faa45a38f455127246014	Most importantly, after the failure of the Zubatov initiative, the government did not have any acceptable program for organizing workers 'legislation, and the armed suppression of workers' demonstrations threatened to turn into mass disobedience.
145c9027aec606b4a269dbcde6a31011991e49ca	The economic crisis of 1900-1903 had a noticeable impact on the aggravation of the situation, when the situation of workers deteriorated sharply (a decrease in earnings, the closure of enterprises).
631f4a26df8041eee1dc35920bb6f98d63f7a8fe	The decisive blow, the "last straw" was the shooting of a workers 'demonstration organized by the" Society of Factory Workers "on January 9, 1905, which was called "Bloody Sunday".
8694e2e885fa18ae391f8f9a04499572bad46eae	The crisis in the relations between the center and the province
085be742eb1e703642b265c21d2306b242ef7c19	The national question is one of the main socio political contradictions in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the XX century.
915a84c01e8030a808c48bdc2e47270fc6500a0b	The rule of the Russian nationality and the Orthodox faith in the Russian Empire was legally fixed, which greatly infringed on the rights of other peoples inhabiting the country.
d29322feb569b8989ead4c8603c4e665c3c031dc	Small concessions in this matter were made only for the population of Finland and Poland, but they were significantly reduced during the reactionary Russification policy of Emperor Alexander III. At the turn of the XIX - XX centuries in Russia, the general requirements of the nationalities inhabiting it are the equality of all nationalities in rights, education in their native language, freedom of religion.
b31dc722e2af827b661d87a83161b31cd7dd89ad	For some peoples, the land issue turned out to be extremely relevant, while it was either about protecting their lands from "Russian" colonization (Volga and Siberian, Central Asian, Caucasian provinces), or about the struggle against landowners, which acquired an interethnic character (Baltic and western provinces).
2c6a97f3b45ab44826e3e5179a31c33037003b86	In Finland and Poland, the slogan of territorial autonomy was widely supported, which was often supported by the idea of full state independence.
e882e3ba86b282281fa3424c0052d647dee7a548	The growth of discontent in the suburbs was fueled both by the tough national policy of the government, in particular, restrictions on Poles, Finns, Armenians and some other peoples, and by the economic troubles that Russia experienced in the first years of the XX century.
21904f855b5a6f701ddcf6aed529406e49ea7737	All this contributed to the awakening and affirmation of national consciousness.
86e801ecaca7615610f1da22f96d2ee15e9d567a	By the beginning of the XX century, Russian ethnic groups were an extremely heterogeneous mass.
1f7d369a6dd38cebc742cd7a941057dd2754d1dd	Ethnic communities with tribal organizations (the peoples of Central Asia and the Far East) and peoples with modern experience of state political consolidation coexisted in it.
615e6be5c1b1b3de67abaca171f54a045230d854	The level of ethnic consciousness of the majority of the peoples of the empire at the beginning of the XX century was very low, almost all of them were self determined on religious, clan or local grounds.
44c2dfbb7fc2a2e94dd5dcd2cc44acdba414d772	All this together led to the emergence of movements for national autonomy and even state independence.
b77fad4801903afb84c4b67381934fe97d6756de	S. Y. Witte, analyzing the "revolutionary flood" in Russia in 1905-07, wrote: Russian Russian Empire, such a flood is the most possible, since more than 35% of the population is not Russian, but conquered by Russians.
ad9ba447bff8953c08035dbcea8e5e3d3c692916	Anyone who knows history knows how difficult it is to fuse heterogeneous populations into one whole, especially with the strong development of national principles and feelings in the XX century."
f18a889b0b0aaddfa71bc53c8ff2f256f5cd5408	In the pre revolutionary years, ethnic and national conflicts made themselves felt more and more often.
82130c0c0b5aa9ad67558d688ac5d9bcebdcb536	So, in the Arkhangelsk and Pskov provinces, skirmishes between peasants over land became more frequent.
7de163e853931f2bbdb1627475103a5ec0ee3425	In the Baltic States, tense relations were created between the local peasants and the barony.
b901aa8f4d49adfe52614474761a43abd2692e58	In Lithuania, the confrontation between Lithuanians, Poles and Russians was growing.
39025a951c51afa77689b364f5f16982a3c5ed42	Conflicts between Armenians and Azerbaijanis constantly broke out in multinational Baku.
f78b05c6b7a6fd89da4a7c1707795eeeac537489	These tendencies, which the authorities were increasingly unable to cope with administratively by police and political methods, became a threat to the integrity of the country.
d3f5cca806ee2060b9a4dad1221c0434cc0afd7a	Some concessions of the authorities (such as the decree of December 12, 1904, which lifted some restrictions that existed for the peoples in the field of language, school, religion) did not achieve the goal.
0480b28f39986030b234b6e57cc221cc3888cae3	With the deepening of the political crisis and the weakening of the government, all the processes of formation and development of ethnic consciousness received a powerful impetus and came into a chaotic movement.
ecd1781b6b8c14bc356c96de794c0daa3881a644	The national parties that emerged in the last third of the XIX – early XX centuries became the political representatives of ethnic and national movements on the outskirts of the empire.
961c5763612a7c0891dce5f600a8eabd9854ba30	These political organizations were based on the ideas of national and cultural revival and the development of their own peoples as a necessary condition for the future state reconstruction of Russia.
9e3241d241a5754c5cdb1780cfca41363d6c7633	Under the influence of the ideas of Marxism and liberalism, two ideologically different streams began to gain strength here: the socialist and the national liberal.
96e54cc0f0feb4c45d05c3b33fe55e77db0a78be	Almost all liberal leaning parties were formed from cultural and educational societies, most of the socialist oriented parties were formed from previously carefully concealed illegal circles and groups.
bef86ea45f8aa902d74101b4af001887bdd0954f	If the socialist movement developed most often under the slogans of internationalism, the class struggle that united representatives of all the peoples of the empire, then for each of the national liberal movements, the issues of national self affirmation of their own people became a priority.
5a1136d33c0a1f34575b806112a4bcc0b7fa1c4c	The largest national parties were formed at the end of the XIX century in Poland, Finland, Ukraine, the Baltic States and Transcaucasia.
afd71a4fec7dff2a8e63cc57c31495a2f5c443ce	At the beginning of the XX century, the most influential were the social democratic organizations "Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania", the Social Democratic Party of Finland, the General Jewish Workers ' Union in Lithuania, Poland and Russia (Bund), established in Vilna.
510332afb90ff32dea12863af45b755f83be00e2	Among the nationalist parties, it is necessary to distinguish first of all the Polish National Democratic Party, the "Party of Active Resistance of Finland", the Ukrainian People's Party and the Armenian "Dashnaktsutyun" - the most significant national party that has developed in Transcaucasia.
1f95b2db3cdc3c07f77585e1342ef3c9f6637894	All these parties, to varying degrees, took part in the revolution of 1905-1907, and then in the activities of the State Duma.
8469cea6af9be7dd9c161450eb4fb38f8d04d6bf	Thus, members of the Polish National Democratic Party actually formed their own faction in the Duma – the Polish Kolo.
39e326aa0299cb06959a28d0f5928fad99454595	The Duma was also attended by national groups of Muslim deputies from Lithuania, Latvia,Ukraine, etc . Deputies from these groups were called "autonomists", and their number in the Duma of the first convocation was 63 people, and the second – even 76.
172ee824660c20d63950c06c6f8c6e73b829c1a6	The crisis of the form of government ("crisis of the top")
53fc96a7e3ce9c5609da37fbbee9c255b2daf460	The "Crisis of the upper classes" at the beginning of the XX century is the crisis of the autocratic form of government in Russia.
ee71bfc6c8668d8ec9292e6cb3b3e02eabeb169c	The Russian autocracy categorically rejected any attempts to introduce public representation in the highest state structures.
f3c622868be807964fa4a578824dd00991d84a02	All projects, including those drawn up in government circles, involving the introduction of such representation, were eventually rejected.
73997f96529c80f96d8ed9bf3cbc52145d4ca67f	During the reign of Emperor Alexander III, any attempts to somehow Europeanize the autocratic regime were decisively suppressed, the activities of narodnik terrorists played a significant role here.
201eb62feecf737d423fe19ea8b0fc02511e0cac	The middle of the 1890s was marked by the revival and consolidation of both the liberal Zemstvo and the radical left movement.
b9116df48600d66008a735c97742cc5de33681e8	However, the new emperor immediately made it clear that he was not going to change anything.
de7963cc1ff7b1133f9e830df5b02396fb4f6e70	Therefore, when he ascended the throne, speaking to a deputation from the nobility, zemstvos and cities on January 17, 1895, Nicholas II called the hopes of zemstvo figures for participation in internal administration affairs" meaningless dreams", making a heavy impression on the audience.
54b26d89bcf7d89e45c0b85b4651280042db4cb6	The authorities also showed firmness in relation to the oppositionists from the upper classes: resignations and administrative expulsions began.
d06c224a3120d261be42c2fbc2929eaa6b7c8b29	And yet, the position of the liberals could not be ignored by the ruling structures.
07a9778c4c70b2ce37d4b22bc0d40326c46b1979	Some researchers believe that Nicholas II himself already at the beginning of his reign understood the need for some political reform of the country, but not by introducing parliamentarism, but by expanding the competence of the zemstvos.
d172b071a3d3d3e6bfc280e66ef0343c350bcbfa	The ruling circles themselves revealed different points of view on the situation of the country and the tasks of state policy: Finance Minister S. Y. Witte believed that the social movement in Russia had reached a level at which it could no longer be stopped by repressive methods.
72904662e724a98880789ce9272098c7398d02fc	He saw the roots of this in the incompleteness of the liberal democratic reforms of the 1860s and 70s.
7974b6dcbfdc178ec6d1a070a8cbec941facce6e	It was possible to avoid a revolution by introducing a number of democratic freedoms, allowing participation in government "legally".
fb76147b5e2494527048130e632f2a3d15247381	At the same time, the government needed to rely on the "educated" classes.
edeb09dd806ef0a09efeb5e640d8cb46ff92b218	Interior Minister V. K. Plehve, who took up his post at the beginning of the terrorist activities of the pariah social Revolutionaries, saw the source of the revolution precisely in the "educated" classes – in the intelligentsia, and believed that "any game in the constitution should be stopped, and reforms designed to update Russia can only be carried out by the autocracy that has historically developed in our country."
fd0684950bf2850b98ea20553eb0e082ffc1c32e	This official position of Plehve was very impressed by Nicholas II, as a result of which in August 1903 the all powerful finance Minister Witte was removed from his post and received the less significant position of chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers (in fact, an honorary resignation).
88003626aa12abf212b1afbf7678696608b11f64	The emperor made a choice in favor of conservative tendencies, and tried to overcome the socio political crisis with the help of a successful foreign policy by unleashing a "small victorious war".
b43c4dd15c62ede6b40632b037e14b4ee03aa8d5	The Russian Japanese war of 1904-1905 finally pointed to the need for change.
0365f55cbe744a876f8641572558ab650b847718	According to P. B. Struve, " it was the military helplessness of the autocracy that most clearly confirmed its uselessness and harmfulness."
08c366aad56d8b60bebd8afd8269a19b4533a44e	External factors
12209fc36c1f9ea3af238975bc9173c6669b560d	Russian Russian War of 1904-1905 - the war between Russia and Japan for supremacy in Northeastern China and Korea (see the scheme "Russian Japanese War of 1904-1905" and the historical map "Russian Japanese War").
5c8340e80572095e212bb07133f87166f35d2762	In the late XIX early XX century. the contradictions between the leading powers, which by this time had mostly completed the territorial division of the world, escalated.
00cf3b15da7ddcd030ab76eb83b0d10a21a47616	The presence of "new", rapidly developing countries in the international arena - Germany, Japan, the United States, which purposefully sought the redistribution of colonies and spheres of influence, became more and more noticeable.
fa4d1b115748f8db1032782b8378bdc02cc6c436	The autocracy took an active part in the struggle of the great powers for colonies and spheres of influence.
d470251f60b8d8507e25f99998d6db7ab9eada7b	In the Middle East, in Turkey, he increasingly had to face Germany, which chose this region as a zone of its economic expansion.
78ba20b256a0abae29ea4761e78c19e621e8668e	In Persia, the interests of Russia clashed with the interests of England.
3cdc154dd6eb18e3395564a921b5a7d155563d0d	The most important object of the struggle for the final division of the world at the end of the XIX century was economically backward and militarily weak China.
9e905b4e84bc00cc0064a045490370ecea4d03f4	It is to the Far East that the center of gravity of the autocracy's foreign policy activity has been transferred since the mid 90s.
143c574bc3d4c76ee97b6aaa29f646b147be11a9	The close interest of the tsarist government in the affairs of this region was largely due to the "appearance" of a strong and very aggressive neighbor here by the end of the XIX century in the person of Japan, which had embarked on the path of expansion.
08db0c3f609cda02e4835a4552f241119fe29c5f	After the victory in the war with China in 1894-1895.
e38e2fb104511d1c267064b06b90217df84be3f5	Japan acquired the Liaodong Peninsula under a peace treaty, Russia, acting as a united front with France and Germany, forced Japan to give up this part of Chinese territory.
b457bfabe615495b1d84658407fdc48c7f0409da	In 1896, the Russian Chinese treaty on a defensive alliance against Japan was concluded.
1ed6731f9188e11496a1819f5cd859e3e46a234a	China has granted Russia a concession for the construction of a railway from Chita to Vladivostok through Manchuria (Northeast China).
35c92fb8cdd4dfdd539e1e911bbd2c95f35103bf	The right to build and operate the road was granted to the Russian Chinese Bank.
4c6afe712a26900aca16ae141460e1061ec681aa	The course for the "peaceful" economic conquest of Manchuria was carried out in accordance with the line of S. Y. Witte (it was he who largely determined the policy of the autocracy in the Far East at that time) to seize foreign markets for the developing domestic industry.
74dbd5cf5c7cad890aecee664857fe17fbbcf92b	Russian diplomacy has also achieved great success in Korea.
2eaa8af405724512b03e4734a3558ce4c6d9a598	Japan, which had established its influence in this country after the war with China, was forced in 1896 to agree to the establishment of a joint Russian Japanese protectorate over Korea with the actual predominance of Russia.
4e0d56807c32db1bdd84fbf8bfcdb0b1f8c4dea0	The victories of Russian diplomacy in the Far East caused growing irritation of Japan, England and the United States.
45a202d31837b6818c28c2f4b1811ab18a5ef8c8	Soon, however, the situation in this region began to change.
563b103fbdf2a8c98ce9356c96c185edc8b5a960	Pushed by Germany and following its example, Russia seized the Port of Arthur and in 1898 received it from China as a lease along with some parts of the Liaodong Peninsula for the construction of a naval base.
544d28998102e17238f114fe8c1056633d1f0dde	S. Y. Witte's attempts to prevent this action, which he considered as contrary to the spirit of the Russian Chinese treaty of 1896, were not crowned with success.
1349180d7a2f16efed6b66664a52ec038c841d1d	The capture of Port Arthur undermined the influence of Russian diplomacy in Beijing and weakened Russia's position in the Far East, forcing, in particular, the tsarist government to make concessions to Japan on the Korean issue.
08efd368d3f08851762ba1a145b7928e79d82d53	The Russian Japanese Agreement of 1898 actually authorized the seizure of Korea by Japanese capital.
b1a95685ec1270c6aed1f175c621240257ac391c	In 1899, a powerful popular uprising (the"Boxer Uprising") began in China, directed against foreigners who shamelessly ruled the state, Russia, together with other powers, took part in suppressing this movement and occupied Manchuria during military operations.
d04b487b9c31cd25e398131a9f039abbececccff	The Russian Japanese contradictions have escalated again.
f20a2da5c3591d913c86716c62fbd63b895f13f8	Supported by Britain and the United States, Japan sought to oust Russia from Manchuria.
20b1ceb170a26026b710b5f557b29d7f3715fbf2	In 1902, the Anglo Japanese alliance was concluded.
41d055b649149c02938e3e829f3fac5636d74184	Under these conditions, Russia agreed to an agreement with China and pledged to withdraw troops from Manchuria within a year and a half.
192093268b3d3630397d4792a6b980e50bd89a46	Meanwhile, Japan, which is very belligerent, has led the matter to an aggravation of the conflict with Russia.
930fe7aa4065af259689b5b34374edf85bea9d91	There was no unity in the ruling circles of Russia on issues of Far Eastern policy.
24da695fa0ff47520743f03212491513b119df7b	S. Yu.
01b4005640129a9df893e9014a465ed90829e069	Witte with his program of economic expansion (which, however, still brought Russia into conflict with Japan) was opposed by the "Bezobrazovsky gang" led by A.M. Bezobrazov, who advocated direct military seizures.
f832db7b7eb33cb11b6817bb6a83b58f7a042d73	The views of this group were shared by Nicholas II, who dismissed S. Y. Witte from the post of finance minister.
8767357744323405d1c62cec5b027af2853ea0da	The "Bezobrazovtsy" underestimated the strength of Japan.
a77d95641b3260f8587610ddf406e6e6c1f495e7	Some of the ruling circles considered success in the war with their Far Eastern neighbor as the most important means of overcoming the internal political crisis.
5a6e04bb9898bab47582d2de9e83ba333a6a4a90	Japan, for its part, was actively preparing for an armed clash with Russia.
740d4ee4fe591e846c75492553335a7b2e81ee95	True, in the summer of 1903, the Russian Japanese negotiations on Manchuria and Korea began, but the Japanese military machine, which had enlisted the direct support of the United States and Britain, was already launched.
c7babc18b5f5791051500160e1ba8d81a7a73c28	The situation was complicated by the fact that the ruling circles in Russia expected a successful military campaign to eliminate the growing internal political crisis.
efa3e5cbff87ba8db657d5b8cdfcfa402d9f5b1a	Interior Minister Plehve, in response to the statement of the commander in chief, General Kuropatkin, that "we are not ready for war," replied: "You donot know the internal situation in Russia.
4346f59fb9f26a9b7d6adff836e31789e4dc5ecc	To prevent a revolution, we need a small victorious war."
7a4b12099257ecceda3311f58d9ca8e746db5dbd	On January 24, 1904, the Japanese ambassador handed the Russian Foreign Minister V. N. Lamsdorf a note on the severance of diplomatic relations, and on the evening of January 26, the Japanese fleet attacked the Port Arthur squadron without declaring war.
2bb2bc9546e05d2913777d5ec4dab33d0f34f57d	So the Russian Japanese war began.
d271c98364fae9e7eb3a8122ee9c1ac0e6abcbab	Table.
e323451eb85293961c95c51a182c276013b4c27e	Russian Japanese War of 1904-1905
eb9a4bc1c0c153e4e4b042a79113b815b7e3021d	Date
ad8919ace091b14011c6439cfd5e1707b58f5abd	Event
a5ac51debfac2cc21e3f9f8e4249957bd7863005	January 26-27, 1904
2f01f6dc68a9dc5f1105259e5b3f37b58fe9dc17	Attack by Japanese ships of the Russian Pacific Squadron in Port Arthur and Chemulpo Bay.
7fdd8cdf5e0068b4fd21eb48ea599a5bae5b4bee	February 2, 1904
22ca876ee7e4887a04d9b9d76fda5e256dc362e3	Japanese troops begin landing in Korea, preparing to conduct an operation against the Russian Manchurian army.
86360a6c0aa62524ccb8b1a5ece2dd58888b2c8a	February 24, 1904
34f697957f454b8ef641976af68a2c4a71bf5543	Vice Admiral S. O. Makarov was appointed commander of the Pacific Squadron instead of Vice Admiral O. V. Stark, under whom the combat activities of the Russian fleet are activated.
c51be21c29c9e8ea719bb50e4344ffc302ed3bda	March 31, 1904
2b5e774f2db5e7ea76ba0f61c694361a6e0e7ec6	During the combat operation, the flagship of the Russian squadron, the battleship Petropavlovsk, is blown up on a mine and dies, among the dead is commander S. O. Makarov.
dedf5274063f6ea67a62436d967c71c8d13d20a6	April 18, 1904
53aae10a24ef592cfd5f6410fd1b8da98cf88e39	The battle on the Yalu River (Korea), during which Russian troops failed to stop the Japanese advance into Manchuria.
ca56fe15f17259b7233d1d2dc9e25583881a322a	June 1, 1904
04ee93bcf02fef8d1f873dbb1d3f2d23ce0c6a75	The Battle of Wafangou (Liaodong Peninsula).
d3234a6de463bee3d0c21d677644cc41e1dfe5fc	General Stackelberg's corps, which was trying to break through to Port Arthur, retreated under the onslaught of superior Japanese units.
f6b48e8ecfe62e1c423f783b61d87d88dacd9ae7	This allowed the 2nd Japanese Army of General Oku to begin the siege of Port Arthur.
3787adb57eca57aed8c56208ae4065cf87e6bde6	July 28, 1904
c27f4b3bccbc1c62e4d5ae8803a85ba55ca87910	An attempt by a Russian squadron to break through from the besieged Port Arthur to Vladivostok.
09056c9829f0ad10a37d4a2a34a343c89676dd7b	After the fight with the Japanese with these ships, most of the ships returned, several ships went to neutral ports.
121fce03752f64589b15b8bc365e4df2b434e9c2	August 6, 1904
a9bc3583659462b8a6b6ca0fca96ff28e539981e	The first assault on Port Arthur (unsuccessful).
5bd03bb20f8e881a90141f021ec9d85e0bf060f7	The losses of the Japanese amounted to up to 20 thousand people.
5ca72d2d8cac9ce0f247e33b395c4fea46dc58de	In September and October, Japanese troops launched two more assaults, but they also ended without significant results.
e93043182d3d72f89a446f5586179f2a84e11512	august 1904
8ed3facbbc55b7b10f01f7003b945a48a625610a	The formation of the 2nd Pacific Squadron begins in the Baltic, whose task was to unblock the Port of Arthur from the sea.
06786aa553d1951abb9704aae63be8c0b7b7300e	The squadron set out on a campaign only in October 1904.
6ec59a6eafd9c5486de619800e16064b255540b7	August 13, 1904
8f51216b3216be3495bf6d56b78d958f46659a91	The Battle of Liaoyang (Manchuria).
f669dcdab0581d97c96548b260dcb969b2b8a2a6	Russian troops retreated to Mukden after several days of fighting.
0daf2f7213d63c36abbb34f0f130c6f1300ebb8c	September 22, 1904
33e0b46616b8cb0bb31f4f7ebcf2e8b562616ee2	The battle on the Shahe River (Manchuria).
ab91bb8390c1fffd029c43563e12cf0398c2604a	During the unsuccessful offensive, the Russian army lost up to 50% of its personnel and went on the defensive along the entire front.
0c80de12344466e399517ce9c341a9342fa5dbbe	November 13, 1904
42c0fe082705dbf81639415dcb4ff0ec8dd4c9ce	The fourth assault on Port Arthur; the Japanese managed to wedge themselves deeply into the fortress defense line and gradually suppress the fortress structures with fire from the commanding heights.
f52004bd1a3521f1b3e3226f8d8bd9007c18cd18	December 20, 1904
66380ab98620ad8855da997aa4c14b5ef0991f9b	The act of surrender of Port Arthur is signed.
30a876f74980fe3610849ef8eec08751fe436aa0	February 5-25, 1905
5b44c48bc79ae5333b35a04b6e8a59a20ac44802	The Battle of Mukden (Korea).
0bef0067018315fbb79efed64e321274315495b4	The largest combat operation in the entire war, in which up to 500 thousand people participated on both sides.
5a67fd557aac629da027717d70efd89f35290726	After three weeks of fighting, the Russian troops were under the threat of encirclement and were forced to leave their positions.
d5730f2f41048cfa6bd22edc16c28c5b5fe1ce15	Manchuria almost completely came under the control of the Japanese army.
558992ee3e94f2f32dc6da9fd8084fc062090cb1	May 14-15, 1905
1042eeb72dce27d7b255e11e7361e114c3d52a08	The Battle of Tsushima.
3e1340936b808b83aa292d29ee23b578ff8459fd	The 2nd Pacific Squadron was partially destroyed and partially captured during the battle with the Japanese fleet (Admiral Nebogatov's detachment).
52345facef266bd33534ad4a76dc17854975131b	The battle summed up the military actions in the Russian Japanese war.
ec8026ae099f3fda61b96b08379f2c9d0abd646f	August 23, 1905
7fe66d2955ec084b6805a60297c7cfad22c1b530	The Portsmouth Peace has been signed.
788101aabe7e036ee5270c8f73be4fdb5b4eda21	The balance of forces in the theatre of war was not in Russia's favor, as that was caused by difficulties of the concentration of troops on the Distant edge of the Empire, and clumsiness of the military and naval departments, gross errors in assessing the capabilities of the enemy.
6446cec288719a7724743e4654d9b58a336d4302	(See historical map "Russo Japanese war 1904-1905") From the beginning of the war the Russian Pacific squadron suffered heavy losses.
9bf61de938f82ad56c81aae2dc45e165ced2167b	Having attacked the ships in Port Arthur, the Japanese attacked the cruiser "Varyag" and the gunboat "Koreets"located in the Korean port of Chemulpo.
a5866b52a790c32659cc3666f82c244878bde3d4	After an unequal battle with 6 cruisers and 8 destroyers of the enemy, the Russian sailors destroyed their ships so that they would not get to the enemy.
0aec4f29dc345762b2f8a2d49b334371e6992b4f	The death of the commander of the Pacific Squadron, an outstanding naval commander S. O. Makarov, was a heavy blow for Russia.
d51a926ba9eb05fbe0ad7986e2fe62276fb11d7b	The Japanese managed to gain dominance at sea and, having landed large forces on the continent, launched an offensive against Russian troops in Manchuria and Port Arthur.
18193636eed71baeea1b93e76b0acab22561c0ba	The commander of the Manchurian Army, General A. N. Kuropatkin, acted extremely indecisively.
3350059316dbee1bef5ea543bb89301cd3663efe	The bloody battle of Liaoyang, during which the Japanese suffered huge losses, was not used by them to go on the offensive (which the enemy was extremely afraid of) and ended with the withdrawal of Russian troops.
1525a8d14f0846cb59967a3cdefd48366f9db22a	In July 1904, the Japanese laid siege to Port Arthur (see the historical map "The Assault of Port Arthur 1904").
5a8e9628471fff3c10152f0b558e284c416ed82b	The defense of the fortress, which lasted five months, became one of the brightest pages of Russian military history.
7392b5ad5999cf0c9863682188b969c704913f7d	Defense of Port Arthur
8f52e06f2f1228c21d521e34c94964e532638d7f	The hero of the Port Arthur epic was General R. I. Kondratenko, who died at the end of the siege.
481253520a6f01ce70829e81cb329c01d7f7f920	The capture of Port Arthur cost the Japanese dearly, who lost more than 100 thousand people under its walls.
15d7fe1681555cbd762a79a58b1b2587d43502f2	At the same time, having taken the fortress, the enemy was able to strengthen his troops operating in Manchuria.
9254d6d41dd5c73250533b9f2f2c5f5f067976b2	The squadron stationed in Port Arthur was actually destroyed in the summer of 1904 during unsuccessful attempts to break through to Vladivostok.
86536d690780ac320c1928dd344db6a95ab044b0	In February 1905, the Battle of Mukden took place, which took place on a more than 100 kilometer front and lasted for three weeks.
1a3ef3ba38bc950b704ea605f4eb26608cadbede	On both sides, more than 550 thousand people participated in it with 2500 guns.
7b6b91c4c0ce97c492fb21be10af6d84546068b4	In the battles near Mukden, the Russian army suffered a heavy defeat.
4775222c28dff3fbe6af48820a73c67df009a56a	After that, the war on land began to subside.
2f6b04ff76967fad80e3503b9fe095638e8987e3	The number of Russian troops in Manchuria was constantly increasing, but the morale of the army was undermined, which was greatly facilitated by the revolution that began in the country.
14df33ed28fa379ead56d6a44d62c53ef37ff075	The Japanese, who suffered huge losses, also did not show activity.
d5e699bfdd1597f983990ad2ad67f8358f08e705	On May 14-15, 1905, in the Battle of Tsushima, the Japanese fleet destroyed a Russian squadron that had been transferred to the Far East from the Baltic.
c1a2b48d6ef19cd2b6f283b0823e33c1afdca15d	The Battle of Tsushima decided the outcome of the war.
99993e21a1f1cfc814db4b8368065030018a2630	The autocracy, busy suppressing the revolutionary movement, could no longer continue the struggle.
52f616a321d64d903ec6d133352d685bcc36164d	Japan was also extremely exhausted by the war.
08826958e1a2c95a754c59535d7e2fc83902665f	On July 27, 1905, peace negotiations began in Portsmouth (USA) with the mediation of the Americans.
a029346dd57bf1ffb5c6e94bbdcae5cfe547e3a7	The Russian delegation, headed by S. Y. Witte, managed to achieve relatively "decent" peace conditions.
df392d6e1dc0f38019d53a5184f05917b64d1505	Under the terms of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty, Russia ceded to Japan the southern part of Sakhalin, its lease rights to the Liaodong Peninsula and the South Manchurian Railway connecting Port Arthur with the China Eastern Railway.
6c0c28faa51bdc194e53160b5b036319b89a4526	The Russian Japanese war ended with the defeat of the autocracy.
1daeeb664963288bd84ffd8ad08b2f97f3216cc7	After each lost battle, rumors about the lack of professionalism and even betrayal of the top command staff, about the unpreparedness for war, grew more and more in society.
0761797b59bf5cd680461eeddce23d03fd7ea85c	If at the beginning of the war there was a noticeable reduction in peasant demonstrations and workers ' strikes, then by the autumn of 1904 they are gaining momentum again.
e5f0c67af7d2fc0083e593fe3b34e6db139f67ba	The "little victorious war" turned into a shameful Portsmouth peace, a significant deterioration in the economic situation in the country, as well as a catalyst for the revolution of 1905-1907.
7ea018fab2a1ff4fd043e4f9f94ecaca9303af7b	During 1905-1907, several major anti government demonstrations took place in the army and navy, largely predetermined by the unsuccessful military campaign.
13677b214129ee81c866cd4bc3e217aa21360d41	By its nature, the revolution of 1905-1907 in Russia was bourgeois democratic, because it set the tasks of the bourgeois democratic transformation of the country: the overthrow of the autocracy and the establishment of a democratic republic, the elimination of the class system and landowners 'land ownership, the introduction of basic democratic freedoms - primarily freedom of conscience, speech, press, assembly, equality of all before the law, the establishment of an 8 hour working day for employees, the removal of national restrictions (see the scheme" Revolution of 1905-1907 Character and goals").
13f421a9885a9ba5294690c2cdb54d6303c1733d	The main issue of the revolution was the agrarian and peasant one.
6f7d8f1661827d68fda7ce716cd39c3d45ecd907	The peasantry made up more than 4/5 of the population of Russia, and the agrarian question in connection with the deepening of the peasant land shortage acquired by the beginning of the XX century. a special sharpness.
b9084e0efb0ceb0d19f7cdd67eaff94889b303c5	The national question also occupied an important place in the revolution.
ee4df23c323c1f9652a230218bcfa73b87e4bc06	57% of the country's population were non Russian peoples.
c9eb68b77d6f1eb459cd66f0d2cc4859c5e1c9bd	However, in essence, the national question was part of the agrarian peasant question, because the peasantry made up the overwhelming mass of the non Russian population in the country.
0a267e95e523e4db50c7f971863534e909d8763b	The agrarian and peasant question was the focus of attention of all political parties and groups.
237c6b3e853436c5343eb0e603c6d705e935d5e5	The driving forces of the revolution were the petty bourgeois strata of the city and the countryside, as well as the political parties representing them.
6eb16a6ad404db226808411a906b4e9b00548987	It was a popular revolution.
d299a1349e75df198f6585a06b040c6c1ded4ec4	The peasants, the workers, the petty bourgeoisie of the city and the countryside formed a single revolutionary camp.
c8298aa21d03b44b97de2e418a43cb73ee59a7a0	The opposing camp was represented by the landowners and the large bourgeoisie associated with the autocratic monarchy, the highest bureaucracy, the military and clerics from among the upper clergy.
5a7643d1f27c6f14990db716454329a0d9d0a195	The liberal opposition camp was represented mainly by the middle bourgeoisie and the bourgeois intelligentsia, who advocated the bourgeois transformation of the country by peaceful means, mainly by methods of parliamentary struggle.
40fc1d228cefbb20773cf3c57c563611d12df143	There are several stages in the revolution of 1905-1907.
9f2f3a4beea31c905937d1137a4de7cdd23f2d9a	Chronology of the events of the Russian Revolution of 1905-1907.
430ae519e3c964a69ebf6d80c4cae3c6c9fdf198	January 3, 1905
21676949a0504b701e14fce758b8ba30d1de3067	The beginning of the strike of the workers of the Putilov plant in St. Petersburg.
8f2307f66df0af20cb9197efa7bb0ee9abec7e48	In order to calm the strikers, the Factory Workers ' Society is preparing a peaceful march to the tsar to submit a petition about the needs of the workers.
38f950b9d89d454cab5da4413056d5f253e909b1	January 9, 1905
7d4413b417895c67f164c1b1739870e1f1e4a45d	"Bloody Sunday" – the shooting of a workers ' demonstration in St. Petersburg.
95b5afb61382701319d1b205980ecb314887e742	The beginning of the revolution.
5c2829ac0c008ca3bebe20d2617f7903590c59f4	January April 1905
3e1ff62600385a19ff3a23caf42dfc895384ce52	The increase in the strike movement, the number of strikers in Russia has reached 800 thousand people.
61097d80037ca1870500a1bbaaa228540a227dd0	February 18, 1905
c07b6dd1a17e1434f815a3cdc07981506e4a3b08	There is a rescript of Nicholas II addressed to the Minister of Internal Affairs A. G. Bulygin with an order to develop a law on the creation of an elected representative institution (Duma).
a2b5c1749c8029160923ee791a7b39e29bd0a471	May 12, 1905
f7ffa863dc1089a175f435563071151dfd821139	The beginning of the general strike in Ivanovo Voznesensk, during which the first council of workers ' commissioners was created.
ba15a725e1d48b955831ccac1c8debee0d8fb2a3	May 1905
819fe613358cc8a872801a8f00731026b4de9a8d	Formation of the All Russian Peasant Union.
a132c4a0e40f2fb1ffa3a1b91e8dd6ccd35a5be5	The first congress was held on July 31 August 1.
3d3c8bb5e194526fe9a2a220201bd9009c215c44	June 14, 1905
96399b14435a10255eeb978be51747a267cce665	The uprising on the battleship "Potemkin" and the beginning of a general strike in Odessa.
61b13635766f7163e7fa2c02a9c5d781ae61751e	October 1905
45581e2ab63aeeeda83e7cdc9579ea3fbeec02dd	The beginning of the All Russian political strike, within a month the strike movement covered Moscow, St. Petersburg and other industrial centers of the empire.
e72ca35c54545941c0d3ff3eec986bea1cb1ad01	Nicholas II signed a Manifesto on granting the population "the unshakable foundations of civil freedom".
864d8bfa95b98c76e781767bab93b41859eeaa6a	The manifesto served as an impetus for the formation of two influential bourgeois parties – the Cadets and the Octobrists.
19e9d3569449b4a50d85dd8699494800d285ddf1	November 3, 1905
e392a4acece885f03152c85f0d9171f0bb4fdcb2	Under the influence of peasant demonstrations, a manifesto was signed on reducing redemption payments and their complete abolition from 1.01.1907
ed1b9b428cfddd5f04bfa82327ccbeed0f348077	November 11-16, 1905
8e585cc3d7737435fe69fe6f1bb99613769b8e5e	The uprising in the Black Sea Fleet under the leadership of Lieutenant P. P. Schmidt
3217143e8b179449049ee0ae82f0360a43140107	December 2, 1905
9e2d87ca33794f661c50d0bef1635bde82c7c50f	The beginning of the armed uprising in Moscow – the performance of the 2nd Grenadier regiment.
6950cec2fdfc5a60a932948471fa37c6a5ea4cfa	The uprising was supported by a general strike of workers.
85ddd4f61e265bb108b8a43e80b4dd7b61efcb68	The most fierce fighting took place in the Presnya area, where the resistance of armed workers ' vigilantes to government troops continued until December 19.
e55479f6954cb98e244706ef682d0ad8d312464e	December 11, 1905
5ecfb70fb8a4966be892d59f247ffb876193c20d	A new electoral law for the State Duma, developed by S. Y. Witte, has been issued
7bfe4a57cff7da6c1995254da7f1b8c42ac71179	February 20, 1906
229687567671ab9062d690725df3512e48c0c9b6	The "Establishment of the State Duma" was published, which determined the rules of its work.
0b0aeea0666a230bef956b3ee2c9ee13c8c63993	April 1906
36450eaaf841f7880ba784284488dce99bfeb5e0	In Sweden, the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP began its work, in which representatives of 62 organizations of the RSDLP participate;
cc3a3ba9a6a639a14c28774bc00f80da84042004	46 of them are Bolsheviks, 62 are Mensheviks (23.04-8.05.1906).
03f72ed07d930a622b6e0be676a9eda4d775362f	Elections to the First State Duma were held
5e1029550080fb4c76214e8631b6554c1501e4db	April 23, 1906
7b558b7b394a8aeeb71f611cc4e5ecd881baa771	Emperor Nicholas II approved the Basic State Law of the Russian Empire
dc936671e2a537682d8df6935ce480e7ac8b338a	April 27, 1906
2d9eeb0f855271543cd35db47923aeee3e22efda	The beginning of the work of the State Duma of the first convocation
4ea71238577d53492f02f0e51214e805851da841	July 9, 1906
f08f88abe5958e4295f3cb03666b0b0cce04d981	Dissolution of the State Duma
dd487b7f1275798e547e1133bbd05c1b3e08313b	July 1906
207e29797387f746b10723ecb33885a6d20bca8c	The uprising in the fortress of Sveaborg, supported by the fleet.
990d4f099bd976cc20d0c4ef19ba95c8e876e78b	It was suppressed by government troops three days later.
969571863965d0322facf0ee682039e6e94f4eb9	The organizers were shot.
a6cf08172f5c72db0d1bad0040a4e73ebff55229	August 12, 1906
07879d80b27ebb76b2a6b4af57640357d479c24a	The explosion by the srs of the dacha of Prime Minister P. Stolypin on Aptekarsky Island;
216f446fc88148649e60f32bc0ec33120d8fd3f5	30 people were killed, 40 people were injured, including Stolypin's daughter.
398fac8a8e27b0f006d3681479453d2f84f7421f	August 19, 1906
ca997d3b6b2b62afd8a8ca02a22de9202846f475	Nicholas II signed a decree developed by Prime Minister P. Stolypin on the introduction of military field courts on the territory of Russia (abolished in March 1907)
33386463194ff6c4ad7c6a2e626304a97382bd58	November 9, 1906
4b42431f03a382275ae1d6313ac5763c02df10fe	On the initiative of P. Stolypin, Nicholas II issued a decree regulating the procedure for the peasants to leave the community and the consolidation of allotment land into personal ownership.
d4f082b0f33a69e6b8b4e374027ce0a80deb8625	January 1907
6d4b044497a04a836d49b2e1491976d8fb473147	Strikes in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Rostov and other cities in connection with the 2nd anniversary of "Bloody Sunday"
65e45bf7403dc0d9b3ce5a5286fa7335da389677	May 1, 1907
0cd458da125c26cddf2c692a7913f8606302b9bd	May Day strikes in Kiev, Poltava, Kharkiv.
5fa2ebb1caf3c884e6aa38f8c8f3a41e46bd06ec	Shooting of a workers ' demonstration in Yuzovka
a8474c9a3b50437c8d2c92666da2ce1d0fecef5d	May 10, 1907
7bebdb939e86ec8b1b599b1b5b8923d23f938b41	Speech of Prime Minister P. Stolypin at the meeting of the II State Duma " Give Russia peace!"
bb32206eabd8310f326fc14021b1960d79599cf1	June 2, 1907
22795fbf72d45fd137f73b04278773352a65239a	The police have arrested members of the social Democratic faction in the State Duma on charges of preparing a military conspiracy.
25beab99fb12c0df1d1470e534bed22183ab963b	June 3, 1907
945986710da22b779032f3c8e79feb16e28d0f8e	The manifesto of Nicholas II on the dissolution of the Second State Duma, elected at the end of 1906, was published.
21fb30586a5f20793c888b8c8b7995d5f2035fd6	The new electoral law, published simultaneously with the manifesto, gave an advantage in new elections to representatives of the nobility and the big bourgeoisie
ef97cef63792eefc17139ecd4252dea259269161	The first is the mass movement in the spring and summer of 1905 (see the scheme "Revolution of 1905-1907. 1st stage").
d13434642d50b2a770b0c9d571f63dd5942f27e4	In January April 1905, the strike movement covered 810 thousand workers.
b5fa051247f814a85be06296172db5560233d015	Up to 75% of the strikes were of a political nature.
448cf5305cfd793fcbfb44262eb4541597b10e65	This "Bulygin Duma", as it was called, caused an active boycott by the workers, peasants, intellectuals, all left wing parties and associations.
feb406857d669b6b100de6a6afb2c07ea5cb92b5	The boycott thwarted the government's attempt to convene it.
eeaef5ddc23e7db29a97a6b1cf6733f5e737b4bf	Revolutionary demonstrations were growing.
bcea0d985c1f4f78eb9981e5be5da99c888cc3a2	In connection with the celebration of May 1, a new wave of the strike movement swept, in which up to 200 thousand workers participated.
bc2502d6a0a495c754ada47be792388020c00b8a	On May 1, a demonstration in Warsaw was shot: dozens of demonstrators were killed and injured.
d405c4e0eaf97efb42ece76e8ca0b33ddc245249	Clashes between workers and troops during the demonstrations on May 1 occurred in Riga and Revel.
525565f49767a4c7088dc28d9aec8d3206f09104	An important event was the general strike of workers that began on May 12 in the major textile center of the country — Ivanovo Voznesensk, which lasted 72 days.
3a651930fe724bd819938f310ad3908c253a3591	Under its influence, the workers of the nearest textile cities and towns rose up.
b15bf331441f24c7126575afca8704cc2be79a20	During the Ivanovo Voznesenskaya strike, a Council of Workers ' Commissioners was elected.
7bf3c775e5080a69af18da288d162aa6ce08c23b	Under the influence of the growth of the strike struggle of the workers, the village also began to move.
1701c5d204c947f171b20b443242d90beddff52b	Already in February and March, peasant riots covered 1/6 of the country's counties — in the provinces of the Black Earth Center, Poland, the Baltic States and Georgia.
4f5ead8d51235d1a83306ebb4570db8dac58657b	In the summer, they spread to the Middle Volga region, Ukraine and Belarus.
8f5a33ae2e657b1154aa8b1eadbc4efbe7b399e2	In May 1905, the All Russian Peasant Union was formed, the leading role in which was played by right wing social revolutionaries led by V. M. Chernov.
57086d0e2b90a64c5997f52f5729c48585173a3f	On June 14, an uprising broke out on the battleship Prince Potemkin Tavrichesky.
09b81b73a8c1f0e3ba208f0e4d3b603fc4abe78a	On the same day, the rebel battleship and the destroyer accompanying it approached Odessa, where a general strike of workers began at that time.
1fb73ffcd1efd0d88eea60ea5b2a9e3ea337fcb6	But the ship's commission did not dare to land troops in the city, waiting for the other ships of the Black Sea squadron to join the uprising.
7325526cdb9e7835284d9f90774221693fb1420e	However, only one battleship "George the Victorious" joined.
a0a5e369cb87b7237359683c193ee6f2a8abbb26	After 11 days of the raid, having exhausted fuel and food supplies, the Potemkin arrived at the Romanian port of Constanta and surrendered to the local authorities.
c9d08ff040d0999e66e0ae9033950a9345fb79a2	Subsequently, the Potemkin, along with its crew, was handed over to the Russian authorities.
e76df2087d22f3b10a723a176e90f8079edb3d15	The second stage is October December 1905 (see the scheme " The Revolution of 1905-1907 in Russia. stage 2").
d6fe4696a924ae98c5c1bae61471ad8e9e16adb2	The All Russian October political strike that began in Moscow, and then the armed uprising in December 1905, were the highest rise of the revolution.
e28c32fb9b6392bd4451f622979cc2695ea77c8c	On October 7, the railway workers of Moscow (with the exception of the Nikolaev Railway) went on strike, and after them — the workers of most of the country's railways.
8f005115abc7f318b6999986f90e86bf57fffb11	On October 10, a citywide strike of workers began in Moscow.
94dc002c5feca029acce850b5f11b557c713e71c	Under the influence of the October strike, the autocracy was forced to make new concessions.
a2bf869b875b0caf6577f84d812655adca6b52fd	On October 17, Nicholas II signed the Manifesto "on improving the state order" on the basis of the actual inviolability of the individual, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly, unions, on granting the new State Duma legislative rights, and it was indicated that no law can be enforced without the approval of its Duma.
2b30eaa235ac012d94ccfbe1433b57a2c7571426	The publication of the Manifesto on October 17, 1905 caused rejoicing in the liberal bourgeois circles, who believed that all the conditions for legal political activity had been created.
724558d765820d3881adbb91b94fe026cac67d40	The manifesto of October 17 served as an impetus for the formation of two influential bourgeois parties — the Cadets and the Octobrists.
bd6e2a3be55b61971ad98953c2b4f5c1e032cf5e	The autumn of 1905 was marked by an increase in peasant riots and revolutionary demonstrations in the army and navy.
f50ceaffd415d04727c13c7bcf67c1000588a882	In November and December, the peasant movement reached its climax.
d05ba88464da19336c0d4125b7e8f464adb2ca74	They covered half (240) counties of the European part of Russia, were accompanied by the destruction of landowners 'estates and the seizure of landowners' lands.
c74266d636139664af52418fbdfa7bbee3bb49f3	Up to 2 thousand landowners 'estates were destroyed (and in total over 6 thousand landowners' estates were destroyed in 1905-1907).
b0b90156fe6417d8bc77c71822155741139bc04a	Peasant riots took on a particularly wide scale in the Simbirsk, Saratov, Kursk and Chernihiv provinces.
5e9a7165879bbce121d041c9d8397e923b5ee2d2	Punitive troops were sent to suppress peasant uprisings, and a state of emergency was imposed in a number of places.
4153235308186b906cf0ee6226805372665b2c90	On November 3, 1905, under the influence of a broad peasant movement that unfolded with particular force in the autumn of that year, the tsarist manifesto was issued, announcing the reduction of redemption payments from peasants for allotment land by half and the complete cessation of their collection from January 1, 1907.
0828b996a12890d3a60639d37891cd7c87b05850	In October—December 1905, there were 89 performances in the army and Navy.
737e261b5a40d1c26c6cc7ca33825d9c20806a41	The largest of them was the uprising of sailors and soldiers of the Black Sea Fleet under the leadership of Lieutenant L. L. Schmidt on November 11-16.
912d1d39367b0a26b27470aaa0c5e3f2fa8b1ee7	On December 2, 1905, the 2nd Grenadier Rostov Regiment rose up in Moscow and appealed to all the troops of the Moscow garrison to support its demands.
febcd8e3d6f44eacd1d61fd52ac6a58397a00744	It found a response in other shelves.
d1f57f3eab94b4e2cd160beeb79edd4ec57234ea	A Council of Soldiers ' deputies was created from representatives of the Rostov, Yekaterinoslav and some other regiments of the Moscow garrison.
22daecc40fac624675a01559c708a90476d21bd2	But the garrison command managed to suppress the soldiers ' movement at its very beginning and isolate unreliable military units in the barracks.
210eab89364298a1ac0705118867977a0db4f2a0	The December events ended with an armed uprising and barricade battles in Moscow (December 10-19).
261be85aa387006e9d9bf0ec71cebcb0bc1a3892	On December 11, 1905, a new electoral law was issued to the State Duma, developed by the government of S. Y. Witte.
f4bd4bf1f15f7658e6aa90d2814c1be7f37d4eb6	He retained the main provisions of the electoral law of August 6, 1905, with the only difference that now workers were also allowed to participate in the elections, for which a fourth, workers', curia was introduced and the number of seats for the peasant curia increased.
8b31d1ac3c9c637d2e0f14d36eb529693060274d	The multi stage nature of the elections was preserved: first electors were elected, and from them deputies to the Duma were already elected, while one elector accounted for 90 thousand workers, 30 thousand peasants, 7 thousand representatives of the urban bourgeoisie and 2 thousand landowners.
e0f8879946a5d36f73aeda710d2fd797f7015dc6	Thus, one vote of the landowner was equal to 3 votes of the bourgeoisie, 15 peasants and 45 workers.
d02632949fb4dc2b5eba4a9bc20e9456678dde21	This created a significant advantage for the landlords and the bourgeoisie to be represented in the Duma.
16792f2905475af53a2be73f62c0e016ae411acc	In connection with the creation of the legislative State Duma, the State Council was transformed.
bd8c4ab84adabc4829434521e1bd3fe8dd3b78d4	On February 20, 1906, a decree was issued "On the reorganization of the State Council institution".
246cc5c42d31d91d62a74bdca299d29c31dd9005	From a legislative body, all members of which were previously appointed by the tsar, it became the upper legislative chamber, which received the right to approve or reject laws adopted by the State Duma.
e0d1d4c13926cfe1dc096eb2327aef324db0ecbc	All these changes were included in the main "Basic State Laws", issued on April 23, 1906.
2a039c6f0b90905a8f720c98d96f932c817529cd	On November 24, 1905, a decree was issued on the new "Temporary rules on time based publications", which abolished preliminary censorship for periodicals.
732611ab2dd5e73cf4a06d876de42e16c144c13c	The decree of April 26, 1906 on "Temporary rules for non temporary printing" abolished preliminary censorship for non periodic publications (books and brochures).
44326b1789a81d5cd2d0e387fc133296f276532c	However, this did not mean the final abolition of censorship.
06c40b7e6485b4e744fe6ce2a50448436f72fdf2	Various penalties (fines, suspension of publication, warnings, etc.) were maintained against publishers who published articles in periodicals or books that were "objectionable" from the point of view of the authorities.
9d878d96b9956b0325de433704259c8e983da4dd	The retreat of the revolution: 1906 spring summer 1907 (see the diagram " The Revolution of 1905-1907 in Russia. stage 3").
1a6ba044d7b6fb3128eea473717dc606dd876846	After the December events of 1905, the retreat of the revolution begins.
a88b1b4feb4f6b27a5e2921bbae5c8fb50a1e36a	First of all, it was expressed in the gradual decline of the strike movement of workers.
c5b70149ad6629cc95c692caf76f2194eee42143	If during 1905 2.8 million participants of strikes were registered, then in 1906 — 1.1 million, and in 1907 — 740 thousand.
8d83f9422020544fab5331e81af7c6e4c55f2534	However, the intensity of the struggle was still high.
0d05222743f11f97c3b28898f495fd1a2060c1e8	In the spring and summer of 1906, a new wave of the agrarian peasant movement rose, which acquired an even wider scope than in 1905.
321c247e9e4805aa6957ced2184e47f2af4491e9	It covered more than half of the counties of the country.
d653451c9d43f76c5687943591ee29ff5f65cf8b	But despite its scale and mass character, the peasant movement of 1906, as in 1905, was a series of scattered, local riots that had practically no connection with each other.
c74c49999a38b992119a467dac5f70679fbb5b1a	The All Russian Peasant Union could not become the organizing center of the movement.
b727278de20572accf42cfcf31de6e68a17f8f48	There were uprisings in the army and in the navy, which, like the peasant demonstrations, took on a more threatening character than in 1905.
3453c709e6aed421fda2cadce3811186bf381f37	The most significant of them were the uprisings in July and August 1906 of sailors in Sveaborg, Kronstadt and Revel.
b506aa762bea568c1ca3c312eb1a5053bde8d9bc	They were prepared and led by the SRS: they developed a plan to surround the capital with a ring of military uprisings and force the government to surrender.
3f238881aa8544425b4fffc1b33093229de65df6	The uprisings were quickly suppressed by troops loyal to the government, and their participants were put on trial by military court, 43 of them were executed.
95adff080ef42f534ae7a3595ce86e82115adb41	After the failure of the uprisings, the Social Revolutionaries switched to the tried and tested tactics of individual terror.
59eed4d618f35b33624d935b312b19e2ff4afb4c	In 1906, the national liberation movement in Finland, the Baltic States, Poland, the Ukraine, and the Transcaucasia under the leadership of local nationalist parties took on an impressive size.
35da4eeb5aea2a47a840dc4e74ca914f0703e3e7	On August 19, 1906, Nicholas II signed a decree developed by Prime Minister P.
6813529354fdbef9021bafc08af65aab992d278d	A. Stolypin on the introduction of military field courts on the territory of Russia (abolished in April 1907).
45d401cee42a7f570f195c11a308b0779fb19469	The year 1907 was not marked by any serious unrest in the village or in the army – the activity of the military field courts and the beginning of the agrarian reform affected.
d24d535a087557f1b572fc881b977f794f8df8b4	The historical significance of the revolution of 1905-1907 was enormous.
e536115e4ec777fa8f6a38fd32ac27e5e3c6408c	It seriously shook the foundations of the Russian autocracy, which was forced to make a number of significant self restrictions.
344a0523cc76707c50c0dac922abe4b08c4f3ca4	The convocation of the legislative State Duma, the creation of a bicameral parliament, the proclamation of civil liberties, the abolition of censorship, the legalization of trade unions, the beginning of the agrarian reform – all this indicated that the foundations of a constitutional monarchy were being formed in Russia.
f75c2ca97fec2087103ad71d32ce90ae95e8f610	(see the diagram " The Revolution of 1905-1907 in Russia.
cb691b8f6dbc84fea363d1d7941c9ee437eaac99	Results")
86af6abc4a5048fdb4f44f6003f0677ce172d8fe	"The history of Russia from ancient times to 1917".
dcf36f03ef7fcead937a0d253592fdcb0865147f	The staff of the Department of National History and Culture of the Ivanovo State Energy University consists of: Doctor of Philology S. P. Bobrova (topics 6,7);
647b6bb932928a25a9fe7beb3ecba537b573e42b	Associate Professor of the Department of the OIC O. E. Bogorodskaya (topic. 5);
130ebd141aebac5161003f30464d88f9ce6845f7	Doctor of I. N. Budnik G.
24be2ccc7bcd011d93bc19c64f16b88a876c10ec	A. (topics 2,4,8);
14121ff17208f8c9d6bf0903413eaafd764de4bb	Doctor of I. N. Kotlova T. B., Candidate of I. N. Koroleva T. V. (topic 1);
4e0026c1341623671a2cd1f99d228a6d15b30b09	Candidate of I. N. Koroleva T. V. (topic 3), Candidate of I. N. Sirotkin A. S. (topics 9,10).
547e7443ad5440f8f0a4e013295eea764164c26a	/ Print |
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55fb5b67e97f9f4a070273f75fc05a71f7970e69	Statistics:
18ea090e540618fe3e651c882f806712a45f0b1a	(To the list of lectures)
90d1c2eab677fba0730223b5c95dace925cb5a45	The First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907
9ab731da904a6623e3f41ce892938fc4585e56fb	download (627 Kb)
c082becc81616279660789484ae13f49e8b55e36	"All revolutions occur because governments do not meet the urgent needs of the people in time.
9303bbd9b51f37c9cfaef5ed61f52170237bbb8d	They come from the fact that governments remain deaf to the needs of the people."
b1145615031da7842ec012b5263e2fdc776dd336	(S. Yu.
b5c6751f2d93fcd0738fb6095016378eba445991	Witte)
335c04da165247fb6f43dfe5e2d2a7f0d01bf6a4	Plan:
b59ef139e6ca373886604e22d6444399c1fc60b8	1. The causes of the revolution.
1210512bd3b4d1979a9a092962f33a52b6d50f08	2. "Bloody Sunday".
7a9108318f4c9dd83b52d0ff7b3efbba3198eeb4	3. The development of the revolution:
96bd78eee512753b0ce5504536ee798aec1234e4	a) the rise of social forces;
7200a9728c197a135a8bc9df06f38b68d11492dc	b) The manifesto of October 17 and the reaction of society to it;
6fe40254386bccb64e96ff22593fdcbd4f7bf1de	c) the December armed uprising in Moscow;
8810cb9964a43b4a3df0d88c2371f2afc9b3f44e	d) I State Duma.
2878c2204025dfd86e86b8aba46c50d3fd5d7fb6	4. Activity of the cabinet of P.
73783138d7b90f2f8b41b56897b3fade7c7cac08	5. "The Third June Coup d'etat".
88c8fe2612d1736422f4d21c335c4373605c6638	6. The results and nature of the revolution.
97a72c451ca02140feeab0fca971c4a215c88494	1. The causes of the revolution
c87564411251b8de35117f25b33f0f5abbf971f9	(Up)
65d929400e6075e5ac0f7c1bf8b783dc7b80df26	The XX century began with a severe economic crisis, which quickly turned into a political one, which peaked in 1905.
be71c0a7818bd960678c155c032164f1ed6d5ec4	The depression in which the Russian economy found itself was prolonged, which exacerbated all the contradictions that had accumulated in society.
9d373d1e17ab88887edeacce80d162d5961c9f94	Discontent covered various strata of society:
be16e39f1ecb10c40c48ad8c502e8b03f5e839f2	the peasantry, robbed by the reform of 1861, was dissatisfied with the lack of land and the temporarily obligated position; hired workers, who were most affected by the economic crisis, demanded higher wages, reduced working hours, fines, etc.; the army was dissatisfied with the stick discipline and the unpopular Russian Japanese War; the liberal intelligentsia and the nobility were burdened by the absolutism and conservative policies of Nicholas II.
2dd797d3b1378ca39667e6a9635fde589feb0c5f	A social explosion was brewing among the people, which the government tried to bring down with a "small victorious war", but it turned into a failure and only pushed the people to speak out.
ecccf6af7ad16a63009183d85584691bb3fa0355	2. "Bloody Sunday"
c73af4e5acc726f859528469b1393fabc4fc30c6	The history of "bloody Sunday" is connected with the names of the head of the Okhrana, Sergei Vasilyevich Zubatov, and pop Gapon, whose personality is so contradictory that it generated a huge number of negative opinions.
6da88efd946f9e93267ad5d60cb3d542d08d846c	The economic crisis of 1900 led to the activation of the Social Democrats, who intensified agitation among the workers, which worried the authorities.
4be4b51c72f6a93e091b6628620fbeccbae0e460	The struggle against the strengthening of the influence of the Social Democrats was led by the head of the Moscow Okhrana, Sergei Vasilyevich Zubatov, who went down in history as the organizer of legal, police controlled workers ' associations.
fe414f26f29ccedff02b953ed147497fd9a2be36	In 1902, Zubatov reported to the Minister of Internal Affairs V. K. Plehve:
a36f5d0b844c0c48f38922734eeac5716fa6847a	"Half of the workers cannot understand the ideas of the Social Democrats at all because of their peasant underdevelopment.
f40e83a12c92169a45de2a049a9ab6aaaa3f9445	At this time, we offer them a legal way to improve their economic situation that is not connected with the danger of being hit by the police."
0d3d583b2e259c04c0ff1573dca3a9d8eafe09cf	As a result, Zubatov received permission to create workers ' organizations that keep workers from political struggle, which went down in history as the "Zubatovskys".
d0d4d4ece83a18114c3f4781aabef6db44d21b2d	These legal organizations were indeed more attractive than the social democratic ones, which led to a rapid increase in their composition.
3252a8ae945488f3347d9da746cf5d73b6c633da	In 1903, the attention of Zubatov was attracted by the priest Gapon, who, with his sermons and simple conversations, managed to win the sympathy of the workers – so the rapprochement of these two people began.
3fae022d1b3864fed42e9eb9ff259b3eb61c0772	Gapon, covered by Zubatov, began to create a legal workers ' circle, and in 1904 he headed the "Meeting of Russian Factory Workers in St. Petersburg" approved by V. K. Plehve.
9d6b25e8f13b2f044b35ed1b48d4d4a9473cf9f5	Zubatov very well guessed the adventurous interior of Gapon, who aspired to leadership, but did not want to quarrel with the authorities.
185d96a24a92e0d3e040dbe615ce07ba9c84fbab	And his phrase: "I will be a great man or a convict", can be regarded more as bravado, an element of his new role.
b56a1bc20f1ea19e5cc7ba964138b3439088798d	Zubatov's proposal completely satisfied Gapon.
a8b0c4e3bd167041d4d2a2da55b08a0d6e2098e2	Gapon openly urged the workers not to succumb to the revolutionaries and not to get involved in politics, which irritated the Social Democrats, who declared pop an agent of the Okhrana.
749ad890c3750eac29cd89b45b9439f06db99daf	And although Gapon did receive a salary in the police, he did not give out to the Okhrana a single socialist worker who was part of the "Assembly".
169908c44ba6847e49477fa108521bdc33aa7002	The basis of the "Assembly", which had many branches, was the Putilov plant, which unnerved the directorate.
2d3e5c9b5cceced4e5be2a900c8918ff323dba50	In the end of 1904, 4 workers were dismissed from the plant – all members of the" Assembly", which caused a spontaneous demonstration.
e01ffaaaccacc96d39ddfed59781abc0e1c46f67	Gapon, in order to keep the workers from revolutionary action, proposed to draw up a petition and send deputations to the factory and city authorities.
cfa52cd9a9ac2f0ff3f9e24293eaa3a4eadb88cf	At the heart of the petition, the workers put forward purely economic demands:
ce8785dd4a73b0ed73f1dc7bcd06d1abad4390c3	restoration of dismissed workers; dismissal of the master who organized the dismissal of workers; restoring order in fines.
c2915503a7d02e0fec4e9b3b4dbf7b273d1026b5	The first demand was satisfied, but the authorities refused to consider the issue of fines, saying that they consider them a legitimate means of collecting for bad work.
ccdea45929001bcc73faf6e55d8db5ddda9ff996	The workers were not satisfied with such a response, and from January 3, 1905, a strike began at the plant, supported in the following days by other enterprises of the capital, and by January 8, it covered the entire St. Petersburg.
186a882a95fc33b3120c4dbe8807408464f57bc9	Gapon was faced with a choice: either to lead the strike and go against the Okhrana, or to step aside and lose his leading role.
3adbcd09caada881e7951e77cfa18ff5436f6cb8	Gapon's adventurism and vanity pushed him towards the first alternative, and he, imagining himself almost the leader of the revolution, developed a violent activity, surrounded himself with bodyguards.
74ea5b3404905f4e5abb53f62735ca1463d47d4a	Even the Okhrana believed that Gapon was the main revolutionary.
8b02f9dc8660702cc85cab91d1eac8c8a96fdfef	Now it is difficult to say who and when the idea came to go with a petition to the tsar himself, but it was in the spirit of the Gaponites, who remained deeply monarchical.
db5f87ab0c977902e409659c6e03dd2d159996b3	The march to the tsar did not suit the Social Democrats, who sought to direct the workers to a political struggle.
0e097373b2614f93faa7c5345a0d0cd5f7ffaec1	On January 8, 1905, they distributed a leaflet "To all St. Petersburg workers", which read:
8b2cc66673880aae15ec981e08181497f6b76b0f	"/.../The liberation of the workers can only be the work of the workers themselves, you will not get freedom from the priests or from the tsars.
0380ed4ba5bd81f13731ad24eddb5227d12a4916	On Sunday, in front of the Winter Palace, if only you are allowed there, you will see that you have nothing to expect from the tsar /.../".
28407fb03ce20782004298713c7917c2bca88f55	But the idea of going to the tsar so captured the workers that, in order not to stay away, the Social Democrats took part in the development of the petition and achieved the inclusion in it of the requirements for the convocation of a Constituent Assembly, an 8 hour working day and political freedoms.
6d21dce1c418bec735c1bd8f62dd6d66c03c06ee	Such a policy gave the Social Democrats advantages with any result:
ae65898d09b3c64c4a843b447885d0cb95262b98	if the march ends with concessions, then their demands were also included in the petition; if the march ends with bloodshed, then the authority of the Social Democrats will increase, because they foresaw this.
7db81cab46a579a856674e8591efd4f9d2d327eb	At the outposts, a crowd of 140 thousand people was stopped by the troops, but the workers in groups and alone filtered through alleys and courtyards to the palace.
20e0e7a43c77102af3ab4be43e61a3f2befb891b	Nicholas II wrote in his diary:
70fc5cde341ac76443706c5aa1ddba1fb8451a3b	"Hard day!
e697a44734bdf9376f2ff1c8d60009c0f7f21c48	There were serious riots in St. Petersburg due to the desire of the workers to reach the Winter Palace.
1edc9504831f8a60582c50cdf3d7d0c5a0b913e4	The troops had to shoot in different places of the city, there were many dead and wounded.
e7539292a0f0480479ac70e1116a33350b928e35	My God, how painful and hard it is!".
c5e57ea4680268d2487f4c47024ba30caad7fa53	Bright and at the same time terrifying pictures of what is happening on January 9 on Palace Square were described by Maxim Gorky in the essay "January 9":
d55636852471929e1e0bbb9a1ad0d1814aa3d67f	"People fell in twos and threes, crouched on the ground, clutching their stomachs, ran somewhere, limping, crawled through the snow, and everywhere on the snow bright, red spots flashed abundantly.
23b6031a0a2ad6ddc287affd8cbae52506954f81	They were spreading out, smoking, attracting the eyes to themselves.
119771f5a5e45e29a702b52ff107939e45de4212	The crowd leaned back, stopped for a moment, froze, and suddenly there was a wild, amazing howl of hundreds of voices."
1aaf6b377740106447fb5fd230c3a063e743a37c	Not only the Russian, but also the foreign public reacted with indignation to this inhuman and senseless massacre.
786b5e1054e64bf444ccf904a09540f9e2435ce2	The parliaments of France, England and Germany in protest halted loans to the Russian government, the party and public organizations of Russia sent in telegram to protest the government and sympathy to the workers.
18e4fd9d613ee4252d07ee9f4d2e4ba99142b242	The main initiator of the peaceful march to the tsar, Pop Gapon, escaped death and left the capital with the help of Maxim Gorky, to whom he fled after being shot.
60eda21d7f6955d6083be1fa3ae941488d8a2dab	The writer later recalled that he was surprised how such a "plucked chicken" could lead so many people.
c0bc3c5c5ac19b46c7a1662cd8cf56533b4276cc	In 1906, Gapon's associates, having learned about his connections with the Okhrana, sentenced the priest to death and, having deceived Gapon into some village, hanged him.
2d6e972d90c57870c2821c379696c24436a35346	3. The development of the revolution
7a7db681300a188da737e88ef25de33bb034e94e	The plans of the Social Democrats were justified – "Bloody Sunday" finally undermined the people's faith in the" good tsar " and turned them away from the Zubatov societies.
f24daae085720be2497556c4072ce320d8e08c0b	The workers switched to revolutionary methods of struggle against the promotion of not only economic, but also political demands.
ae2ea1e486e625d8ad28c98924dc820eb95c5a28	a) the rise of social forces
8e63bcbac3ccb6c8910485810d18f52ec02d2d35	The revolutionary movement in Russia developed in waves, then fading, then flaring up with a new force.
ec0a9b1dfb0bd46d1cf5e1122f388a618fd4fa5e	The workers of large industrial cities were the first to join the revolutionary struggle.
aa3949f9ac753360130a7972e7ec67dc99ac09d9	In January–February 1905, strikes swept St. Petersburg, Moscow and the Moscow region, and soon spread to the Volga region.
e3f3d8b8c56946bc923285d5926556f74f756e96	In February 1905, the village began to rise, when a "golden letter" began to go around the Kursk province, allegedly written by the tsar himself and calling for the extermination of all landowners and officials who oppress peasants.
ed6060bba0c90bf174004220a4abff6a4ffcb713	The peasant movements developed most strongly in the chernozem provinces, where the landowner's oppression was stronger.
44d0493f1687eaa242d8ac67e4378399937f49aa	The most revolutionary forms of struggle were pogroms of landowners 'estates (they were not widely spread), seizures of mowing, landowners' crops, deforestation, etc.
3eac76140d6656f93af3d76f7a53f4a1e4c221fc	In the non Chernozem provinces, the peasants preferred passive types of struggle – non payment of taxes and the direction of "sentences" with demands for the gratuitous distribution of state, specific and church lands.
8a9e6751794d0af989ac11f1548daa39eedb0f03	Many sentences referred to the partial alienation of landowners ' lands, but the peasants did not touch on the question of the form of government (monarchy or republic).
51b6389afb075fa351feee54a91b4ac37c41bf42	At the beginning of spring, there was a slight decline in the revolutionary movement, associated with the diversion of peasants to spring field work and private economic concessions by individual entrepreneurs, frightened by the scale of the strike movement, which, however, could only temporarily calm social tension, but not solve the labor problem.
7653343a9b05e47a65a2187bf70f58ad0b970ec5	A new round of the revolutionary struggle occurred at the end of spring, which was triggered by the news of defeats on the fronts of the Russian Japanese War and especially about the Tsushima disaster.
ca965dab6991184b2f872849af1adcbad4b1213e	The beginning of the revolution clearly showed the weakness of the speeches, and, above all, the fragmentation.
245ad868d6e8fb9072817a3990640ebed9c36d17	That is why the liberal narodniks began work on uniting the peasants, as a result of which the All Russian Peasant Union was created (the prototype of the peasant party), which put forward its socio economic program:
5391daae666e50627e6af7c4fa92245d796c5479	destruction of the remnants of serfdom (i.e., temporarily obligated status); confiscation of monastic, church and specific lands without redemption; seizure of landlords ' lands partly for ransom, partly without it; democratization of the village and its administration.
994453556b52936cc72258c5b234fb1ff78789b8	The level of organization among the workers also increased.
e24e3ce1c8880d3526df9b03a615e17774c64ad7	In May 1905, during the 72 day strike in Ivanovo Voznesensk, the 1st Council of Authorized Deputies was created, which united the workers of the entire city.
713770ffa7661ac41709d658e1d739b6bc1f8531	Following their example, Soviets began to arise in other cities, becoming the main organizing force of the workers.
a57015e53d77798056c45e1c6aa15b4aa352f4bd	In the summer of 1905, the army and Navy began to join the revolution.
41b278315b38b643861106aadaa7aa85a1a76736	The first major performance was the uprising on June 14 on the battleship "Potemkin", the impetus for which was borscht with rotten meat.
858bfcb90ba2d2727c662efde6abb1bf0a9eeb7d	Having seized the ship, the sailors first wanted to land a landing in Odessa, but abandoned their plans, fearing that a counter coup would take place on the ship in their absence.
c5db245e6686ad0883d3cefdf18c6d3e98f00eff	The command did not want to sink its battleship and waited, and after 10 days of cruising by sea, the Potemkin surrendered to the Romanian authorities.
3c6d597fbb3b6b822e106da98caa367b6aae5917	By the same time, the liberal part of society began to speak out more and more actively, demanding liberal democratic transformations and a transition to parliamentarism.
40121ab42b7e91aba21b1380eb1f89c1fc71cbc3	Thus, by the summer of 1905, unrest had engulfed almost all segments of the population, which forced the government to make concessions.
36aceae64a58ef5dd542f44e4ed2697161b2764c	b) The manifesto of October 17 and the reaction of society to it
0cb5b4b1cb1781aa728ac5c60cf011a80eca1cf5	In place of Svyatopolk Mirsky, A. G. Bulygin was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs, to whom Nicholas II instructed to develop a draft Regulation on the legislative Council Duma.
63688e63f905e258a6b647a5a98707c87f3f7fee	In anticipation of the results of the government's work, the summer passed in a certain lull.
e3ce603e0df2438b68c87d8330121877981bc2cb	The meetings on the bill were painful – Nicholas II was against any restriction of the monarchy, which led to the development of a formulation that preserves the autocratic power:
117dfffd7c02132f8984c16cef7ebc6141358f6b	"The State Duma is established for the preliminary development and discussion of legislative proposals that go back through the State Council to the supreme autocratic power."
e27ef010f37949b90be02aecbe80f523a3e2e345	The electoral right was limited by the property qualification and a multi stage system.
b65ec0463ab393e97b46dcaaad6533cf11d0a166	The draft of the "Bulygin Duma" was published on August 6, 1905, but since it could only satisfy the right wing liberals, all the democratic parties announced a boycott of the elections – the revolution moved to a new stage.
b7ff6bdac887d2f98bd5883953ef599122b7d178	Autumn was marked by a new upsurge, the peak of which was the All Russian October Political strike.
b30e297cff1c41c05cba3b057aef6d20e9d2ad18	The main demand of all the strikers was to convene a Constituent Assembly.
46e7fafc8564e22969f86b34ef707084ad9a9774	In many cities, demonstrators clashed with the troops, when the deputy (comrade) Minister of Internal Affairs, D. F. Trepov, issued an order:
75c4774ad7edac29d1cf8cf036402f6c3430e44b	"do not give empty volleys, do not spare cartridges."
3de78a5f512374872f85df9790caf106b69f0c22	When the order became public, she was shocked by an explosion of indignation.
4603807a647142c086edddb3a052581a244473dd	The situation was getting out of control, and the court saw only two ways out of the crisis:
085ff985334f40fe9b16fdf0f7b7e24b23e5feca	The granting of dictatorial powers to a trusted person and the suppression of the revolution by force, which the reactionaries insisted on.
9af2d118b9c35d077fd0514768db65cb5fcf9ead	The path of concessions leading to the constitutional path of development, for which Count Witte, who returned from Portsmouth, campaigned.
4c230243b953b0ebdd547ded0d0af113fe11b39d	Nicholas II followed two paths at once, on the one hand instructing Witte to develop a Manifesto, and on the other – looking for a person to play the role of dictator.
8186085bdbfa0cef7112c1c32d340d9f40c7d4ee	However, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, whom the tsar had predicted for the dictatorial post, said:
8e8bd491c0461821baea515aa798e1414706e576	"We must save the sovereign!
ae28410d89c37a11e8a27d79c764a53de6180be0	If he doesnot sign the manifesto today, I will shoot myself in his office!"
8c229acb3f6062317dd813b370504eb77c5acec3	The Minister of the Yard V. B. Fredericks summed up the sad result:
9a1dbc289f7af8eed1b99c70a6234c0124f59dcf	"Everyone shies away from the dictatorship, they are afraid, everyone has lost their heads, they have to surrender to Count Witte."
6a69730e579e18957d117ab0d4678c26194dd069	On the evening of October 17, 1905, Nicholas II signed the Manifesto, after which he wrote in his diary:
c22a2d3714bc9e805c8906d6d23803cb5e4d0323	"After such a day, my head became heavy and my thoughts were confused.
4637e1536253c324a6932e6efa0c88abd8da9f65	Lord, help us, pacify Russia."
bd379c52167aa3a035593152dd103ee148a5cf25	At the same time, in contrast to the Duma, a united government was created – the Council of Ministers, whose chairman was appointed S. Y. Witte.
844b547886806fdd04761ce0174baa015df0302f	The elections remained multi stage, but the right to vote was significantly expanded, which worried Nicholas II.
1efe401b26356b4d3d5056cafd7b0262ec2b690e	However, the emperor received the right to dissolve the State Duma and, according to article 87 of the Basic Laws, during the holidays of deputies or in the inter duma, the legislative power completely passed into his hands (i.e., this allowed him to dissolve the Duma and adopt the necessary laws before the elections of a new one).
539ea38202ce3c70a0c7a6b9413265644076f8d4	On October 21, a political amnesty was declared, and on November 3, a Manifesto was issued on reducing the redemption payments by half since 1906, and their complete abolition since 1907.
f6015d38f7b3ba4654b6d4256bfca9492fb55e4a	The manifesto of October 17 led to a detente, the population reveled in the "days of freedom", and political forces were preparing for elections to the First State Duma.
32721da5311ae0683720813ec47a1728a97f1b0c	But, at the same time, the Manifesto also split society, which was most clearly manifested in the liberal camp.
cec5f25ca1a601e3347ccbbfc56e4c437fd76872	Back in March 1905, the Union of Liberation adopted the draft Constitution and the Program of the Constitutional Democrats, and after October 17, on the basis of the Union of Liberation, the Cadet party headed by Milyukov was finally formed.
24e2dd99a1731de25fd25c3a75aef9021860bcca	The program of the party provided for:
34e1c8f47dafb05cb439cedf6743b4990bde3bf1	constitutional and parliamentary monarchy; universal, equal and direct suffrage; democratic freedoms; cultural self determination of the peoples of the Russian Empire; partial nationalization of the land;
f8b81cf4ef8dcb4a7885a970a38fd6a3bc0b5129	8 hour working day, freedom of trade unions and strikes.
7dbbd7c2a5c5c6fa2cbaf97894e50998c83bf208	This program clearly shows the desire of the Cadets to unite representatives of all segments of the population – from landowners to workers.
acb2651049e46a0f7ba44ae004d92f52d9b951fd	But, basically, she represented the interests of the liberal intelligentsia and landowners.
c4e0af044b08b3f09490d0e7d219fe2c0501c47f	At the same time, the" Union of Constitutionalist Zemstvos", satisfied with obtaining broad rights for legal activity, formed the" Union of October 17 "("Octobrists") party headed by Guchkov.
6c74fea1e6f0ffc99a06dac1245dab8fd9df18d8	The Octobrists, who expressed the interests of the large commercial and industrial bourgeoisie and the landowners of entrepreneurs, did not advocate social, but political transformations, and did not want to expand the right to vote.
64e69ccd6d95f09d29699b5c46000dc74aebb1b6	In addition to the liberals, peasant deputies and rural intellectuals from the All Russian Peasant Union went to the elections, which adopted a program close to the Cadet one:
22d816256fc05784c8a8bfe6a2aa425d2d4def46	constitutional monarchy; confiscation of landlords ' lands for ransom.
cb53c50b7053cadae48e32bceeb71028a2f98feb	Already in the Duma, peasant deputies (mainly rural intellectuals) formed the "Trudovaya Gruppa" ("Trudoviki") faction headed by Kerensky, which later turned into one of the most influential parties in Russia.
b5eb456f933b98b94ab5d82f899cd02f337409fc	As for the Socialists (Social Democrats and Social Revolutionaries), they believed that the elections distracted the masses from the revolutionary struggle, and therefore the majority boycotted them, calling on the workers to an armed uprising.
bafc78b830647857c60dbcd5f45684d09e19964d	In addition to the left wing opposition, after the October 17 Manifesto, the government also received a powerful right wing opposition.
091872b4fb76ce0b6aac4554cb673175538f9baa	Supporters of autocracy, opponents of democratic transformations from the nobility and the bourgeoisie moved to the creation of their own monarchist parties.
1591b33065bb0f2e0d50decf73db3429342b929e	The largest of them was the "Union of the Russian People" headed by A. I. Dubrovin.
0560ef26b69104d24ad5b47da30c6a6f3a622250	We can also distinguish the "Union of Mikhail the Archangel" (V. M. Purishkevich) and the Russian Monarchist Party.
3a9b3354ee94dda653ebd831d5c1b0173debdb99	These parties stood on rigid monarchical principles and nationalism, and expressed dissatisfaction with the Manifesto and other concessions of power to the revolutionaries.
7785d29234c69d4d2c25615f361d72b114bf450b	During the revolution, the Black Hundred movement was used by the authorities to fight the revolutionaries.
0a90c5d2f746202667db13b24c75776f4a6834d2	Historical background:
2a62b2d1f8b7c12e480683879f729ee8a736a34b	The Black Hundreds
cfd1638b0b2d10b71182e4492a1237305ae07108	The first Black – Hundred organization, the Russian Assembly, appeared in January 1901.
991e8193a2a73afc8d11163b259cc41566ed7035	The patron and honorary member of this society was the Minister of Internal Affairs V.Plehve.
a6d89792d6580a0719d552091f90c0b6d955e90e	The First Russian Revolution of 1905-07 was the impetus for the development of the Black Hundred movement.
230e585f7c9341476ed01188ec3fa57eef057a3a	The most famous was the "Union of the Russian People", created in October 1905, which considered the most healthy society of pre Petrine Russia (before the Europeanization of Peter the Great).
0d73ec201c99ac2366cced70af9ef6098eb44a99	This organization considered the bureaucracy to be its main opponents, they had a negative attitude towards the intelligentsia and the bourgeoisie.
cb77a0ebeed9474aa2e866e05fbd6b64ad48c8ce	They saw a way out in a return to "the primordial principles: Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Nationality."
a7afdfd5ae3c9c2edbc0e1ed30200cfafb918cf0	The slogan of the Black Hundreds is " Russia is for Russians!".
f68288c1f4dd1175fe2feb3de5fb4b3021c7df10	The Black Hundreds opposed "foreign influences".
8ebd2629ccbfed74469fb50a3248faca4a1538ca	They considered Jewish influence to be the most dangerous of them, which is why they advocated the total eviction of Jews from Russia to their "own state".
034bfa38ddafd5f812d45ace69c765a4d05fd18d	There were two wings in the Black Hundred movement:
782b887ebe3648b2bd2925286d982d27769778db	– the first direction protected the privileges of the nobility, landowners (V. Purishkevich, N. Markov);
91688a32a0771555199ee4e32624e4584baf0585	– the second direction was closer to the lower classes of society, and its leader A. Dubrovin opposed the destruction of the peasant community during the Stolypin reforms.
01e09bc4e9e16e651ded5fb42d5d25024af5d554	After the February Revolution of 1917, the Union of the Russian People and other Black Hundred organizations were banned.
d615f2960fa29bc4d7f251681ea1e69f1d67decc	(Dictionary of terms and concepts on the national history of the XX century / Scientific ed.
b4dfba3c9b24e8158c2ea3b5c0f1e63011400235	V. F. Krivosheev.
223a7a7f8ee10ddb85bae9953a4c69cef09450ab	- M.: "TID" Russian word RS"", 2003. p. 202.)
ff33aa18f3d97f4325e03bdbc3db06bbdcd75f6c	One of the most famous ideologists of the Black Hundreds can be called V. V. Shulgin.
c02443fad2f41ed1f6a4da4c0edbcba858090904	Thus, the political structure after the Manifesto of October 17, 1905 can be represented as follows:
c4e02973c5331006819d976b54c45151fcd7dd63	The manifesto did not give anything to the army, which led to the continuation of the speeches of soldiers and sailors.
df9e1d13a65ec23c049aa5e0ccf6102c05872e28	On October 14, 1905, the Bolshevik agitation among the sailors of Kronstadt led to an uprising, which, however, was brutally suppressed by the authorities.
3eb5308db9c5331776861c0ea75056895332ebcb	On November 11, several ships of the Black Sea Fleet rebelled in Sevastopol, led by the idealist and romantic Lieutenant Pyotr Petrovich Schmidt.
a2cd632eeea68da54e0b6eadde831f6394e26611	Attempts to raise the entire squadron were unsuccessful, and on November 15, after an unequal battle, the rebels were defeated, and the instigators led by Schmidt were shot.
ae14343b5f4945171f981740d10f25fc3b32e88b	The work in the Soviets also continued.
f00e074152001727d5b454cbf076860800b3e75f	Lenin was still in the capital, and his name was known only to a narrow circle of social Democrats, and more widely known and influential in St. Petersburg.
770d48de077f3f4b40de13f21be417bedc6f69e3	The Council was used by Plekhanov and Lev Trotsky (Bronstein).
1e07341b692eefec95d735adc0d28b4c1d89c8a6	The result of the activities of the metropolitan Council was the unauthorized transition of all metropolitan enterprises to an 8 hour working day.
43dd75e103e21e5d042c61c554f4280674eb5f63	However, this was a clear mistake, because the Russian industry was not ready for this.
95d68dee53dd0de1d003eefe2bdf6d1733b6530d	Such an action led only to a new round of price growth, a decrease in competitiveness and the closure of many enterprises.
6ca684210b047293ab680ffa662a20b5c22f3bed	This alienated the factory owners who sympathized with the left from the Soviets.
90f3a124ff037d0f317b41d14351b0dc2ec02fec	At the same time, with the connivance of the authorities, the Black Hundred terror intensified.
86f5674d25342fa14a1ce718e184a0178a67ea23	In such an environment of St. Petersburg.
dfb17df69c9ec8e69ff44534976d4a6325fc7bf5	The Soviet, the Peasants ' Union, the Social Democrats and the Social Revolutionaries called on the population not to pay taxes and to withdraw their deposits from savings banks, which led to arrests and the relocation of active actions from the capital to Moscow.
5afa07f802895843c1afdc92b301763213d18f46	c) the December armed uprising in Moscow
6b778eade952436ee3ee93d7a5e6822c1f10dcd1	The socialists decided to move the revolutionary struggle from St. Petersburg, which had completely switched to the election campaign, to Moscow, where they had a majority in the Council.
7c754aea5a7530ce46c2cae86383ce246f30ba10	In alliance with the Social Revolutionaries, the Bolsheviks began active agitation for a general strike, planning its development into an armed uprising.
c1ff697d210c029d484855e043b555c5e54b290a	On December 7, a general strike began in Moscow, which naturally turned into an uprising: workers demonstrated under red flags, barricades appeared after the first clashes, the first victims appeared and the workers took up arms.
fae155323fa6158c8dc966407234f914de77067f	The workers of Presnya resisted the longest, as the name "Krasnaya Presnya" reminds us today.
64dcc8b1555e27de694f53df6cc1847d3c04a3ba	The" December armed uprising " received an ambiguous assessment in social democracy.
537121a20604e919385c13ed9807671a45aa438c	Lenin, despite the defeat, highly appreciated these events, seeing in them an example for revolutionaries and experience for the future.
7fea1e4e524f8ac2668b398a870296951909433d	Plekhanov, on the other hand, considered this unprepared and obviously doomed to failure uprising to be erroneous, which brought nothing but blood.
f32dbc99ad00cb16c151347fbcc039d495b53ed0	In addition, ordinary people in the Moscow events saw all the horrors of a possible civil war, which alienated them from the revolution, and the ability of the government to suppress an armed uprising restored its authority.
c845ea6d13d93f47683d0db2830dad8d87e1e521	The society renounces revolutionary methods of struggle and switches to parliamentary methods, focusing all its activity on the Duma elections.
761af00ccf833607c19a71740babc087af8312b4	Thus, the December 1905 armed uprising in Moscow, being the peak of the revolution, marked the beginning of the decline of the revolutionary movement.
a59e96567eb54a7dad945dc92f0ffbeaed281733	I State Duma
1478bb6350c01ed29259d82f6ffecf234a16390f	After the December events in Moscow, the government tried to seize the initiative, turning away the most significant part of the population – the peasantry from the revolution with agrarian reforms.
fb881bd3a1ba0811ef87ac237e33d3b07507bbcb	Nikolai was afraid of the left wing composition of the parliament, but Prime Minister Witte convinced him that in the conditions of the Socialist boycott of the elections and after the Moscow December events, the population would vote for the right.
30aab51fcf30bcc93db390a65f38cb6de4acfa63	After such assurances, the election results caused a shock in the government – the majority turned out to be for the left liberals, who together with the Trudoviks made up the Duma majority:
c25f0d4fded7fdd5174a9eca02f0ff8b879193b3	153 seats (more than a third) – left liberals ("Cadets"); 107 seats peasant deputies ("Trudoviks");
d7eaeac4cfd0a0c3e05af5f4afcd8ac97a821a5f	16 seats – right wing liberals ("Octobrists"), etc.
39b8bf57952b80bedcdcf062592baeb14c99199b	The conflict unfolded because of the most painful issue of the revolution – the question of landowners ' land ownership.
5370ca25cbbd3e7ecbc227ab4e5ff6d8453884c3	The Cadet labor majority approved the principle of compulsory alienation of part of the landowners 'lands, but the government declared that it would not allow attempts on landowners' property.
0dcbd737046a24a70d9bdc639f5f2dfcd69f8867	4. Activities of the Cabinet of P.
3ba22965463a92444a20d741fa931c6b059c2900	A. Stolypin
dbf0ab0492d8dc72513dfadf4b9ac1ee4bc253b5	In response to the dispersal of the parliament, strikes began again in many cities, a new surge of protests swept the village, military riots broke out in the Sveaborg fortress in Finland, in Kronstadt and on the cruiser "Memory of Azov".
e948fae1779822011b43136ec4ea124ac10ccbe1	A broad wave of individual terror was unleashed by the Social revolutionaries – in the period from 1906 to 1907, as a result of terrorist acts and revolutionary actions, 4,126 officials were killed and 4,552 wounded.
9bc0d01d49688a6f3d6d02e6c9a56350c85ced2e	Stolypin was a follower of the policies of Loris Melikov, Svyatopolk Mirsky and Witte, believing that in the fight against the left (radicals), the government should unite with the right (liberals).
9ba77ff2b55cd93543151b8bf7822d7796355188	Therefore, he wanted to include liberal representatives in the government.
e3c4b239655420a2709cd5101dfebe753a5642ad	However, the emperor did not want to see the left liberals in the government, and the right put forward conditions unacceptable for Stolypin.
c11575b2bb042e4451e08cbc0e86a3502286dddc	Using Article 87 of the Basic Laws, a decree on military field courts was adopted on August 19, according to which the trial was carried out in 48 hours, and the execution of the sentence was carried out in 24 hours.
d0900810be31dc6cc97c2abd39969561a69e63e5	From 1906 to 1909, 2,825 people were executed, which is 58-59 people per month (this policy was popularly called the "Stolypin tie").
e98b8ce242c99b5e38503f8e48956c73eb7e5744	But, being an educated man, Stolypin understood that repression can only temporarily stabilize the situation, and reforms are necessary to solve problems.
91f46db48626b94df4c128136d13f1833425b766	And the period of "inter thought" (between the I and II Dumas) became the most fruitful in Stolypin's reform activity.
d9d1e0f8d6ce02d1b6f97ef8d1e32a80ffb7f8ac	The situation favored the minister, frightened by the scope of the revolutionary movement, Nicholas II weakened his resistance to reformism.
a96fc3eea58f9a8f9af4a94f03980d3d007c09d5	In the autumn of 1906, the agrarian reform of P.
e5cb528797d278c5dfe8aed9d381767eade4f8d2	A. Stolypin began.
37783c79b05426ab8d85f1ef3de642be527a8d66	Considering the peasant question as the main one, November 9, 1906 Stolypin issued a decree on the right of peasants to leave the community.
7bbaf059c2d9ff857a4241cdb5e1a8f3411233f7	During the revolution, he managed to achieve the abolition of certain restrictions on the rights of peasants, the reduction of the arbitrariness of the zemstvo chiefs and the return of the right of peasants to choose their vowels.
c11fc3b12e73e228dbfac382c9f82edc4d13f131	At the same time, draft laws were also being developed for hired workers:
0cf7e48b327d87526b6140389544897d244ffd09	introduction of workers ' insurance against accidents, illness, disability and old age; legalization of trade unions and economic strikes; introduction of universal primary education; establishment of personal inviolability.
331d04a8148b79fcd033626fa3a7ba7350b3f0e6	As a result, the government not only achieved a decline in the revolution, but also finally seized the initiative in its own hands.
fade184a77622948eb085d780482972f6475750f	5. "The Third June Coup d'etat"
caa24c81fdb119b3162cab8643295d1ef458f236	The government's policy, which led to the decline of the revolutionary movement, forced the Social Democrats to change their tactics and move the revolutionary struggle from the street, where it was already fading, to the Duma halls (i.e., they took part in the elections to the Second State Duma).
6ab7c2d328fc446315cb6d761348038a6cf5624c	In the new composition, the Cadets lost their majority, alienating the landowners from themselves with policies on the issue of landowners ' land ownership, which strengthened the right:
cbcb8ff40acdb0608af265f4a79d80a07be37c04	104 seats – "trudoviki";
137ad85ca10a293f82519587bb47b343301dad96	98 places cadets;
fd78e291212ad3bd15f72ddf58b127982dc9353b	65 seats – Social Democrats;
51addbb98cd92fbeae285ac59198b624d5271bb0	54 seats – "Octobrists" and the right;
d9e4da0c5c7e64ecb6535ab4c08cd40e9ee11cfd	16 seats – social revolutionaries.
e287b1eca9fd07940bfd8f1dfd7d62c4a8f6f38e	And again, from the very first meeting on February 20, 1907, the main issue became the agrarian one.
d64d84b9208d91179590e433146af9caa465d1a0	The Cadet labor majority, supported by the Socialists, again advocated the partial alienation of the landlords ' lands, which led to a new conflict.
479a953fc28f296c7cccc04d32dd9bb1542f5c42	Since the agreement of the authorities with the Second Duma did not take place, the government began preparations for the dissolution of this composition, at the same time starting work on changing the electoral law.
5a81ed56b8dad200a4162255fa5f9cd560ef791b	3 projects were prepared, one of which cut the voting rights of peasants and workers so much in favor of landowners that it was called "shameless".
c200529ea745741ce0c53e8c723daf252b0fc5bb	When Nicholas II got acquainted with all the projects, he expressed his choice with the phrase:
61818f8ad9879bd6169e19c69c882529a81e6246	"I'm also for shameless."
609cd292eb8f59586c195fd1370b977c26728ce7	The pretext for the dissolution was the accusation of the Social Democrats of preparing a military mutiny and the demand to the Duma to deprive all deputies of the Social Democrats of immunity.
161262696584f2dd8caab3469fadaa55c2934044	On June 3, 1907, without waiting for the Duma's decision, the government announced its dissolution and a new electoral law.
2ad9efb8f3bdf35dcf93f07245759fde59e4bd70	These events went down in history as the "Third June coup d'etat", which marked the end of the First Russian Revolution.
b8163a93b577f51566114a8851f54667d82f8d63	There was no new surge, and spontaneous and unorganized unrest was quickly suppressed.
078ec85c59180adaccf305da3f9b2c4b1c894634	There were several reasons for such passivity of the population:
4091dcefb87eccbef85f65df941fab061517524c	the fatigue of the population; the way out of the depression and the beginning of a new economic recovery; the onset of the deadline for the abolition of redemption payments and Stolypin's reforms, which alienated the peasantry from the revolution; liberals and ordinary citizens, frightened by the December armed uprising in Moscow, turned away from the revolution.
9e7ca9588fbe0044e3be02b2b93f47a5ada529e9	6. Results and nature of the revolution
7f420308bc4e4d52cbb602df0d68c066c2b22702	Both the results and the nature of the revolution are multifaceted and closely related to each other.
968bc8db3b8d04e2f3af056d85396b9a53dd2031	Assessing the results of the revolution, we determine its character.
cfebc0f3784b59ca0686f077f4c4519f91192325	Economic results of the revolution:
96ec3f92f2111f7240a34f8c6a8e448657ec67d7	In the socio economic sphere, the peasantry achieved the greatest gains – the rights of peasants were expanded, peasant self government bodies were restored, bonded rent was weakened.
1d1b99a1bc7944546d434c0bdd7918f98728c25e	But the main result is the destruction of the temporarily binding position and the abolition of redemption payments, which gave an impetus to the development of peasant farms and the transformation of the village into a market for industry.
6075cf0025c17d2eeb2a7e9bfa6339208537b13a	And this, in turn, gave an impetus to the development of capitalism in Russia.
0da0a9497ac5cebea57a9fd6a96ef091766c4c4c	Thus, the bourgeois character of the revolution is revealed.
453a04ca035c343bd3c2a1fe8e55db5446be2bac	Political results of the revolution:
268472ab5833aff46b1e93ab2430d353bfc32875	In political terms, the revolution ended with the defeat of the revolutionary forces.
970497776ae3a42ce510a071b3d77258a6552360	Despite the fact that society achieved some liberalization during the revolution, as a result of the "third June coup d'etat", power was returned to the right forces.
c380ca18ed80370f8204e71e8e6f2d77e8ca2c6b	Thanks to the new electoral law, the composition of the subsequent III and IV State Dumas turned out to be Octobrist black Hundred, which retained power for the nobility.
b46fbb71d77cae1d7ae9795860e9b495289793d8	The manifesto of October 17 left enough opportunities for the emperor and the government to put pressure on the Duma until its dissolution, which preserved the autocracy.
45995a5a6ff6d385de1f3582681e981ae74bcf0c	However, the very fact of the introduction of moderate civil and political freedoms and the creation of a legislative representative body marked the transition of Russia to the constitutional path of development.
a57cc9c0d04ed5d5cfbc7ab14d48f3249cd67040	Thus, the revolution was also democratic in nature.
a7244275a10e1f56fa1468ef696d3e575df82edc	However, this is a simplified approach.
cefea5bb7f349595e91e17190f83f3c927e6f6b8	During this revolution, various social forces tried to solve their problems, so in addition to the bourgeois democratic nature, it was also popular, national and religious.
53540c9f95ec80716a8847d1d8ecbcf8dcaa441a	The first Russian Revolution did not solve most of the socio economic problems, the most acute of which remained: the lack of land of the peasants, the social insecurity of the workers, national restrictions.
85af7d5269a0a8fff60386b1b4dda80d975a70f9	But Russia still had a chance to avoid major social explosions in the future – this is the continuation of P.
661aa86c74bf7a3b6ff58a52525fba7080f74d41	A. Stolypin's reforms.
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41ccc2e2df0c3c24c7a301bd1f3fbc5f7fa3b8e7	Home The birth of the empire of Peter I the Great (the end of the XVII the first quarter of the XVIII century.) Russia in the second half of the XVIII century.
8bbf46234db0dbdca9b8ec88b9a18a4478fc51ec	The era of the reign of Catherine II and Paul I The era of the reign of Alexander I The Patriotic War of 1812 The Decembrist Movement The Era of the great reforms of Alexander II The era of the reign of Nicholas II The emergence of political parties in Russia
5516c5d4f387c32875f95826db777ab4501d1397	The First Russian Revolution (1905-1907)
055506580fffe5378c7e2aa0ea6bcc64fa23a0df	Russia between two revolutions Russia's participation in the First World War The February Revolution of 1917 The October Revolution of 1917 The establishment of Soviet power.
9ee4e23b356ba57fff5871e7232fa17796cd8a3e	The formation of the USSR.
825d582e898a0aaa707c511c431d39d377677aca	The policy of war communism Civil War and intervention New Economic Policy (NEP) Industrialization of the country Collectivization of agriculture The Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) The first post war decade (1945-1955) of the USSR in 1953-1964.
61c0825aefe6da5959eefe4b810735ea777541b7	N. Khrushchev.
89d46981762ac5e2db62fe4b6f9cc2779ce511f8	The policy of the thaw L. Brezhnev.
472eabb9a5e1b475512e380dce65197a20068da2	The era of stagnation (1965-1984) M. Gorbachev.
39e297ca80f5db2da6c7704d96485c0851520f86	The USSR during the years of perestroika (1985-1991).
5b8ddc7b07a76ab62cedf671799b63b7ae265168	The collapse of the Soviet Union B. Yeltsin.
faff7f808445034f16acfbd1e0458c861e0a6033	The post Soviet period of development.
c43d18e4186d40526fd2280193f972af1e589b94	Of the Russian Federation (1991-1999) V. Putin.
79bcf438c4581908d31072fc7fe41e93fd257c02	The Russian Federation at the beginning of the XXI century
f11dc0915540021b73019885ea1b7ca4b8e8d9ed	THE FIRST RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (1905-1907)
55e45f1b99aa63b0641d583a681fd1008ef76707	The causes and nature of the first Russian Revolution of 1905-1907.
36cc2ae015d2d3784c0ffc7fcf23c64ecff6cdb0	At the beginning of the XX century, there were objective and subjective prerequisites for the revolution in Russia, primarily due to the peculiarities of Russia as a second tier country.
6aa502408d07036d5f1f21520eb98a2fc2028c65	The most important prerequisites were four main factors.
ddcd9bf09a3728896000e1e4ac259c7d2776b8d7	After the reforms of the mid 19th century, the peasantry received less land than they used before the reform to ensure their existence, which caused social tension in the village.
e97630cbc4dd7ae20d19245d95faf172692e9e3f	In addition, Russia was a multinational country in which the situation of non Russian peoples was extremely difficult.
fcd2bf624f5bae051afbd658e91594511c900753	That is why a large mass of revolutionaries were natives of non Russian peoples (Jews, Ukrainians, Latvians).
68acb6c4ae49aff835d05ae54b72b016ff26b91e	All this testified to the readiness of entire social groups for revolution.
71b15234dcf5c22c3a16a41942def40e2f3f2c02	The revolutionary action caused by the above contradictions was accelerated by such events as crop failures and famine in a number of provinces at the beginning of the XX century, the economic crisis of 1900-1903, which led to the marginalization of large masses of workers, the defeat of Russia in the Russian Japanese war.
95229804859e85d4683f5623ad62ddd24242ef81	By its nature, the revolution of 1905-1907 was bourgeois democratic, since it was aimed at implementing the requirements: the overthrow of the autocracy, the establishment of a democratic republic, the elimination of the class system and landowners ' land ownership.
5383092fa8e23bb59cc437d3f78d73602aba3b87	The means of struggle used are strikes and strikes, and the main driving force is the workers (the proletariat).
df960a28d4bf84c9a20933636701a194b4b43784	The periodization of the revolution: the 1st stage - the initial from January 9 to the autumn of 1905; the 2nd stage the culmination from the autumn of 1905 . until December 1905; and the final stage - January 1906 .
65e7ea77360730fea98b35f20ac7619af089e492	- June 1907 .
65a161e852e24799f3ad4ef8baff6d650d7c8cec	The course of the revolution
1ead18baa03af54558044f1ded1ccfe015538d1b	The beginning of the revolution is considered to be January 9, 1905 . ("Bloody Sunday") in St. Petersburg, when government troops shot a demonstration of workers, allegedly organized by the priest of the St. Petersburg transit prison, Georgy Gapon.
6f4b773da3027c3fb53c4c5340495a2014b7dcc3	Indeed, in an effort to prevent the development of the revolutionary spirit of the masses and to put their activities under control, the Government has taken steps in this direction.
94c8eac5fed5268db6380d8df39d13c0568960d5	Interior Minister Plehve supported S. Zubatov's experiments to put the opposition movement under control.
a357ccfc9efaf211f3b5d5892296e0c19099c641	He developed and implemented "police socialism".
a23cc039e9002cf92c59023388f13fc468578d20	Its essence consisted in the organization of workers ' societies that were engaged in economic education.
1bea33f6f92030671929e1c7cfe6f317caa168c1	This, according to Zubatov, was supposed to lead the workers away from the political struggle.
63af12a3ebd489147bcc944fc708f56d4c09c7ce	Georgy Gapon, who created political workers ' organizations, became a worthy successor of Zubatov's ideas.
ae4685e3a1c3e3447caba0bb0a6ac87ab233af6b	It was Gapon's provocative activity that gave an impetus to the beginning of the revolution, At the height of the St. Petersburg general strike (up to 3 thousand people participated) Gapon proposed to arrange a peaceful march to the Winter Palace to submit a petition to the tsar about the needs of the workers.
958487495b7007a864200343165f6e1078f37f98	During the shooting of the demonstration, more than 1 thousand people were killed.
8ecf82528ce7cd6a52cd6b3d6ddbf39a244626fa	Thus, on January 9, 1905 . it was the beginning of the revolution and was called "Bloody Sunday".
56af7e8b65261d0ffff4e98db674bf51d644218d	The workers created their own authority the Council of Workers ' Commissioners.
557c36392c406f09c5577f648a437b7d5b40f6f7	On May 12, 1905, a strike began in Ivano Frankivsk, which lasted for more than two months.
39ffa873f7cfdce1c9a62313aabb58df43c1c1b3	At the same time, unrest breaks out in the villages that have engulfed the Black Earth Center, the Middle Volga region, Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic States.
a27b5c02b9feff40836f605b1856b79e704fbdd4	In the summer of 1905 . the All Russian Peasant Union was formed.
3a39354be2e4bddbdb67fc4c5ff24bc26a3d58fe	Open armed demonstrations broke out in the army and navy.
91d88a3b05009541594576bd0c5d053b83d63abe	June 14, 1905 . the sailors who took possession of the battleship during the spontaneous uprising broke out, brought the ship to the roadstead of Odessa, where a general strike was taking place at that time.
e7ebbcc078f745a4d1a8d017cc6a912abc6d7088	But the sailors did not dare to land and support the workers.
c4cc94ee686dff63a042e5f7a654d89f2464d98a	"Potemkin" went to Romania and surrendered to the authorities.
d407ea3dbd2ec38624a42a9937ba67c535809a57	The beginning of the second (culminating) stage of the revolution falls on the autumn of 1905 .
d06ed8461b140f5bb41cb61fa5eb58b3dda53471	The growth of the revolution, the activation of the revolutionary forces and the opposition forced the tsarist government to make some concessions.
a137561c67a41149249e0052e551be7beaaeedf4	By the rescript of Nicholas II, the Minister of Internal Affairs A. Bulygin was instructed to develop a project for the creation of the State Duma.
d5d5836d9be7bbf9737d0d35bf78e686b5f31ddf	August 6, 1905 . a manifesto appeared on the convocation of the Duma.
938baf3ee45d948bce6596aa597708922aa9fb52	In October November 1905 . riots of soldiers occurred in Kharkov, Kiev, Warsaw, Kronstadt, and a number of other cities, on November 11, 1905 . an uprising began in Sevastopol, during which the sailors under the leadership of Lieutenant P. Schmidt disarmed the officers and created the Sevastopol Council of Deputies.
1df3b24a6bd026fe7a3343a8364f28b834fe2c21	The main base of the rebels was the cruiser Ochakov, on which a red flag was raised.
437371bedd9b179c8356fc6204599d725d9f810b	November 15-16, 1905 . the uprising was suppressed, and its leaders were shot.
3a055a17cfb1c1877cc47ded8ea2a83b03535e74	Since mid October, the government has been losing control of the situation.
326598d8fd43524bd110e09bd1975412b8c7b013	On October 17, 1905, the tsar signed a Manifesto, according to which Russian citizens were granted civil liberties: inviolability of the person, freedom of conscience, speech, press, assembly and unions.
5dba7c66146940ffb02548a108fc86bc8db4dbff	The State Duma was provided with legislative functions.
7a2eb5d3d5b6ff0183204f9fc0cd2a8ad1923090	The creation of a united government - the Council of Ministers was declared.
5a035da64182b8f2adb63695392de2ad9ffe79e6	The manifesto influenced the further development of the event, reduced the revolutionary impulse of the liberals and contributed to the creation of legal right wing parties (Cadets and Octobrists).
d086306a5dfd4176d39835af32e9960fc256b4b8	The strike that began in October in Moscow covered the whole country and turned into an All Russian October political strike.
d87a212344d834ece41a45948be782997160a5f0	At this time, Soviets of Workers', Soldiers 'and Peasants' Deputies arose, which turned from organs of the strike struggle into parallel (alternative) authorities.
af68dc5a9c2bc476730797ef40e9104b0a41ea7c	Those who took part in them: the Mensheviks considered them as organs of local self - government, and the Bolsheviks as organs of armed insurrection.
3967620d08d5e3c2949ded23e5b4d28ecdf1784c	The most important were the St. Petersburg and Moscow Soviets of Workers ' deputies.
a9f97d62f0852497a55cb48afe48791fc936bef4	The Moscow Soviet issued an appeal to start a political strike.
a2b08a1cf4c058f7a1efcd88dbfe5686a86b075a	December 7, 1905 a general political strike began, which escalated in Moscow into the December armed uprising, which lasted until December 19, 1905 .
2536c52d7fd7e4868626f5c78d27fd8e10741c88	Workers built barricades on which they fought with government troops.
a80cae02ec9189cecea8797418668b1ffdec4165	After the suppression of the December armed uprising in Moscow, the revolutionary wave began to subside.
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f96d3fc1dd238cff6c7b887fdb43ac388d4694fc	History of the Russian Empire
3b807238487e84abbf52e1a1c80d84e18e095e99	History is the treasury of our deeds, a witness of the past, an example and a lesson for the present, a warning for the future (M. Cervantes)
62bce9422ff2d14f69ab80a154510232fc8a9afd	Main
57f5f5efbc5990f5230aa95359042338b856707b	Menu
0069455bb85b1a997b69f2379c61431f5b8df158	Alexander II and his reforms
6701f75e75d7197c892cd168f62dc3f4671a5583	Domestic and foreign policy of Paul I
1b850070ae137de9156cc892fbff4e28ea2b2068	The Decembrist Uprising
bb44fdc6d1fe4db826022af3bf0aaa0cc8be9227	Outstanding statesmen
8f9a00ff0bd79bc643eba49efe3b685c815fa076	Palace coups of 1725-1762
941a63182a36be4b2ed32a750b7c481eedaaa642	Achievements in the field of science, art and statehood
2a73c5c49516475654d04f4b58bdf9bb964fc758	The formation of the Russian Empire.
07d7ed11f6c8f3556f2e9682d1a6886cc8e6f953	Peter I
c06205c6b53add9c06ceff27a1f6ddcef034f2de	Commanders and naval commanders of the Russian Empire
01e2667e900d492c323465f51882d957a0d4a69f	The Last Russian Emperor Nicholas II World War I
0281a69ed2578bcd7168f22e7777c4d6f87caffa	The reign of Nicholas I
9c22b4f6927ec1562310376d61f8afd474eaf744	The Pre Petrine era
e185dfe94f4c77aecca7f34b7b1d3e3fa1ddb291	The Era of Alexander I The Patriotic War of 1812
b64ed1bcf5cb06bfb0062e73832284c927cb782e	The Era of Catherine II
fb83fb6376c648963d3ec089c89da31b790eb5c7	The era of the reign of Alexander III
55b507e8a43c6924e9f85a1ed0e6fbd2333e7ef1	V. Makovsky "January 9, 1905 on Vasilievsky Island"
dcae8b28ac7a14ca360bc48db16d1aac0f503e7c	"Does history teach?
ece1532c05e7ed697c33190cde8b704e4c579ce0	In the most general sense, numerous aphorisms on the topic of "history lessons" cannot be considered either true or false.
b579d9e25c118301ff0dfed09b746793ba5d6914	The truth is that some people and groups of people manage to "learn from history", and some do not.
c17927ecacaeb55c809895863ce2498aa8e8ab82	After the defeat of the First Russian Revolution of the XX century, the most important question was how capable or unable were the different parties to the conflict to abandon old ideas and reconsider their positions, i.e. who learned what lessons, who did not learn them and why" (T. Shanin " Revolution as a moment of truth. Russia 1905 -1907").
7b79e705b6864d8880cadff42fec218dd770ad12	At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Russian Empire was an absolute monarchy, in which the full power belonged to Emperor Nicholas II.
03849abac9772ecce184104d43a20ea418fa2471	When it comes to such large scale events as revolution, war or reforms, it is impossible to judge them from one position, since these events are usually formed as a result of the interaction of many persons, circumstances and situations.
07e1230d7b15b43b269ff0a5807e1a8f4096b34e	It is extremely difficult to find the thread in the tangle of contradictions, pulling for which you can easily unravel this tangle.
143544032a10e56377edd505d5ec80cf9daedf8c	However, what certainly cannot be ignored is the role of the individual in the events taking place.
d92aebd39f09192df14b57a02d9eba988bbe8db3	So, an absolute monarchy headed by Emperor Nicholas II. There are several articles about Nicholas II on our website: Nicholas II and his family, The Personality of Nicholas II, Nicholas II: personality and activity, Nicholas II: the results of the reign.
9e81467cc8bc7483a4abaa3b79b95315b390267d	Therefore, in order not to repeat ourselves, let's say generically: Emperor Nicholas II had to reign at a time when it was necessary to make difficult and uncompromising decisions, but he was not ready for this.
d77989c1e3c0e0ace735631597dc367ffdfa6f32	Why?
ac421cda9e0c794e638cea8238985938f9145115	There are many reasons.
6a5dc0180f3c77d38eaf254cd9d2aab75f179729	And some of them are the peculiarities of his personality.
dc507e1760b86b152462cb0b67e0b857d8322735	He was well bred, educated, reserved – the evenness of his character was sometimes mistaken for insensitivity.
27f3b593d7988f81424d10e41197de603bc00778	An excellent family man, a deeply religious person, he highly understood his duty to serve his country.
b3138586d327ab9ff638c17f48aa9dd457806221	Opponents of Nicholas II usually reproach him for the fact that he did not want to limit his autocracy, but he could not shift the responsibility of the government from himself to anyone else, because he believed that the responsibility for the fate of Russia lies with him – this is how he understood faith in God and in his destiny.
13b846d6d5a177a52fd90cfe1c9f2f6486ca4171	Causes of the revolution
e9252032998fcb120c7da3923cbb4dcde6c7785b	"Bloody Sunday"
9682d87f92ae3349acad57abad004b1376f32c74	Shooting of a peaceful demonstration on January 9, 1905
c6262cbf372f47dfcb3319cac62a370f66b0eea3	Historians call the impetus for the beginning of mass demonstrations under the political slogans "Bloody Sunday" on January 9 (22), 1905.
965f5249de84ab1f9af665f5292f985fb578a0a2	Columns of workers numbering up to 150,000 people in the morning moved from different districts to the city center.
972ba978b86f85b79060b8c875cafff366ae8e6b	At the head of one of the columns, the priest Gapon was walking with a cross in his hand.
05f88b0aa611ebe78067921f65e4d14e0d487b7a	During the march of the demonstration, the officers demanded that the workers stop, but they continued to move forward, striving for the Winter Palace.
25ba74596ab7437df509f081fb4873f3e9eebb7a	According to official data, a total of 96 people were killed and 333 wounded on the day of January 9, and taking into account those who died from wounds — 130 killed and 299 wounded.
50ed1af8eab764481cc8463047120bdd65b2f1f8	The dispersal and execution of unarmed workers made a strong impression on society.
194e486635033fe5a7b258f2250e89bfe3d86f0b	In addition, as usual, the number of victims in the rumors spread was repeatedly overstated, and propaganda, fueled by party proclamations, fully blamed Nicholas II for what happened.
eff63ee58bb2d6ea4ad2e63c068b300da636cb08	Priest Gapon managed to escape from the police, but his calls for an armed uprising and the overthrow of the royal dynasty were thrown to the masses and heard by them.
d189354c8744d89a4b7ce5caffaa8851a5ce1828	Mass strikes under political slogans began in Russia, the influence of revolutionary parties began to grow, and the importance of the autocracy began to fall.
6112ed34f8315d91a7c7059af982a7b4bfcc4f80	The slogan "Down with the autocracy!" was gaining popularity.
73660ff6d068cb20a227996eb5efd39d26859ddf	Many contemporaries believed that the tsarist government made a mistake by using force against unarmed people.
cf6c13ffd95ed45d35457f3144e5e50c3fb32fc4	It understood this itself - soon after the events, Minister Svyatopolk Mirsky was dismissed.
1e6910de804e35e2e5efd00a46479afaf6cb3fe1	The identity of the priest G. Gapon
3d7a404c13d8391d941de43981aec4f6ebb6df11	G. A. Gapon
8fa17fa7fa5f61d837ebbd875d3892015fefd106	Georgy Apollonovich Gapon (1870-1906) was a Russian Orthodox priest, politician and trade union leader, an outstanding speaker and preacher.
08fba3e8ac23c7bbf4921083285eaa9c6d5df950	He was born in the Poltava province in the family of a wealthy peasant and a volost clerk.
8a00d94ecf9e53f6314276fb6ebdc5ad3da96ce7	His ancestors were from the Zaporozhye Cossacks.
bfd3621f7bf0fe8dcf1db11e5c4aaf0527023b35	G. Gapon from childhood was distinguished by curiosity and ability to study.
dc31c6c28a79261f7125cd3876f8141f7361bfe7	He graduated from a theological seminary, but was strongly influenced by Tolstoy's ideas.
be18742be5eecbe674ce3c450e8da476aa9ffb5c	After his ordination to the priesthood, he showed the talent of a preacher, many people flocked to his sermons.
d3fe97be9a47868c8ec13bb0090bb8ce001bed96	Trying to coordinate his life with Christian teaching, Gapon helped the poor and agreed to perform free spiritual services for poor parishioners from neighboring churches, but this led him to conflict with the priests of neighboring parishes, who accused him of stealing their flock from them.
2877d2eb1be16079d53085968a971e35e7a3532a	In 1898, Gapon's young wife died suddenly, leaving two small children.
025625a54a90098ca38b354c7361c50341b08856	To get rid of heavy thoughts, he went to St. Petersburg to enroll in the theological Academy.
5fdd1ff2eb614715f7279272c65f33096ddab3f7	But studying at the theological academy disappointed Gapon: dead scholasticism did not give him an answer to the question about the meaning of life.
ab69ee958cdaa3d89d74e60750c816231c165c3e	He took up Christian preaching among the workers and the destitute, these sermons gathered a lot of people.
0223ed9cb54fcc53846067fdb354d299d4698239	But even this activity did not satisfy him – he did not know how to really help these people return to human life.
cf6ec41aa7e9bb6f9af8709c0d5da123df125448	Gapon's popularity in society was quite high: he was invited to serve on solemn holidays with St. John of Kronstadt and with the future Patriarch Sergius of Stragorodsky.
81dcc4c4b61590e75c3516644f87b23821883e48	Already in these years, G. Gapon was known for his ability to manage a crowd.
e7af092a4fdd8e18d29f87168d6fb51e27d1e3c7	In February 1904, the Ministry of Internal Affairs approved the trade union charter written by Gapon, and soon it was officially opened under the name "Meeting of Russian Factory Workers of St. Petersburg".
e2afc874b02a8fc9c87dd6e89d4f89a4b158432e	Gapon was the creator and permanent head of this workers ' organization.
73d9b1217705a7452f8201fc133ebde61a205d42	He launched an active activity.
a1a43e1505292b75cda93f6e9c26adce58a93bf0	Formally, the Meeting was engaged in organizing mutual assistance and education, but Gapon gave it a different direction.
8c6047aec7997e7dc14f7d388b1cbbb8a7be9aa5	From among the loyal workers, he organized a special circle, which he called the "secret committee" and which met at his apartment.
7e54c991467705bee95abad9f81e7ebb8219e31d	At the meetings of the circle, illegal literature was read, the history of the revolutionary movement was studied and plans for the future struggle of the workers for their rights were discussed.
1219cb93bce329d716fef6fce9d05e9743808b59	Gapon's plan was to unite the broad working masses and organize them to fight for their rights, for their economic and political interests.
989b57d75f94cfab3d33d372844689aceecefcfe	On January 6, Gapon arrived at the Narva department of the "Assembly" and made an incendiary speech, in which he called on the workers to address their needs directly to the tsar.
2bf034b53ccd670968d329722c91011c5c79a46d	The essence of the speech was that the worker is not considered a person, the truth can not be achieved anywhere, all laws are violated, and the workers must put themselves in such a position that they are considered.
530a37d9b4fb66d72abff8024d644319d5e5fc8f	Gapon called on all workers, with their wives and children, to go to the Winter Palace on January 9 at 2 pm.
59fca395ee9384f487df5e5973a10141d746901a	The preface to the petition said: "Do not refuse to help Your people, bring them out of the grave of disenfranchisement, poverty and ignorance, give them the opportunity to decide their own fate, throw off the unbearable oppression of officials.
97a8c73b7a6be49d4d0860a1b2d0fce78ba74410	Tear down the wall between You and your people, and let them rule the country with You."
08e8367d18504df9087ab88854eb5864a9047e7b	And in conclusion, Gapon, on behalf of the workers, expressed his readiness to die at the walls of the royal palace if the request was not fulfilled: "Here, Sire, are our main needs, with which we have come to You!
009da97210b89351ac376fdd28fb987ce714407e	Lead and swear to fulfill them, and You will make Russia happy and glorious, and you will imprint your name in the hearts of our and our descendants for ever.
957b0faf59c89bd6e1f33dbaf9932b87ef01f97e	And if you do not command, if you do not respond to our plea, we will die here, in this square, in front of Your palace.
2e818dfece3c73a54a6e42e136e564f2cbed1db2	We have nowhere else to go and there is no need!
83f21c7ba0114db0947844ef9fcd018b6570b50f	We have only two ways: - either to freedom and happiness, or to the grave.
2bbb5f9ad8db93daad00295e8f20e533c9944a9d	Indicate, Sire, any of them, we will follow it without question, even if it is the path to death.
40de57f3458a0fa1cf599fb1e809a9a00bc64ea8	Let our life be a sacrifice for the suffering Russia!
fbbdf6f43084e8b22c8c65dca1e5d768bf13e6b6	We are not sorry for this sacrifice, we willingly bring it!"
cc3c1606189354ba262fd47936a39a9b62b0ee3f	On January 6, Gapon announced the beginning of a general strike, and by January 7, all the factories and factories in St. Petersburg had gone on strike.
f17dcf5ae171ac1691238fdad89f4217ba280146	The Imperial Porcelain Factory was the last to stop.
ecbdc14330251c68e441ff20b5fe7b334a246ed8	Gapon wanted to ensure the peaceful nature of the movement, he entered into negotiations with representatives of the revolutionary parties, asked them not to bring discord into the popular movement.
9b9db4e83df01b8c70ce1e5f4e037f346bf143fb	"Let us go under one banner, common and peaceful, to our holy goal," Gapon said.
c5b175f30bc47e0fb9fc08d5ed3c5089486e04ad	He urged others to join the peaceful march, not to resort to violence, not to throw red flags and not to shout "down with the autocracy".
e5269975bfc3f15dfcc932ce618f3c1b9b399397	Contemporaries testify that Gapon expressed confidence in success and believed that the tsar would go out to the people and accept the petition.
1ed275e1895bb71bec5a8d9d02eaf5a6475135e1	If the tsar accepts the petition, he will take an oath from him to immediately sign a decree on a general amnesty and on the convocation of a national Zemsky Sobor.
2a1dd75031dd21011a91bfe7c89f4c527b3b7a0b	After that, he will go out to the people and wave a white handkerchief — and the national holiday will begin.
feddd4ba1a8e7197662fb1a57fe1b6de78566a27	If the tsar refuses to accept the petition and does not sign the decree, he will go out to the people and wave a red handkerchief — and a nationwide uprising will begin.
51065d78c07d17884c658d1929324ac1c9d377d8	"Then throw out red flags and do whatever you find reasonable," he said.
16bdd578eb4739ae657a7f25c8432d8f0730a71d	Many were amazed by the organizational abilities of Gapon, who subdued not only the workers, but also the party workers, who even copied Gapon and spoke with his Ukrainian accent.
28ace6bb9fdf3053af3ad2279ee19f56123fd0e9	Gapon foresaw that the tsar would not want to go out to the people out of fear for his life, so he demanded that the workers swear that they would guarantee the safety of the tsar at the cost of their own lives.
acdab0c76596668599718717b12819c5c463f335	"If anything happens to the tsar, I will be the first to commit suicide before your eyes," Gapon said.
ee9717c6892695b6964f5622c0547eb579642fb1	— You know that I know how to keep my word, and I swear this to you."
e98919b732ad723a66defc0d3c8b0a2a71ddb702	By order of Gapon, special squads were allocated from all departments, which were supposed to protect the tsar and monitor order during the peaceful procession.
85d506a7b7a564e2e9a7e3c40f1dd89afa434a2c	Gapon sent letters to the Minister of Internal Affairs P. D. Svyatopolk Mirsky and Tsar Nicholas II with an appeal to avoid bloodshed: "Sire, I am afraid that your ministers have not told you the whole truth about the current state of affairs in the capital.
b096a975fc84ec83204e9040ec52705731e48966	Know that the workers and residents of St. Petersburg, believing in You, have irrevocably decided to come to the Winter Palace tomorrow at 2 p.m. to present their needs and the needs of the entire Russian people to You.
ea2846026a9001004a10a7b790f3e4188199e82e	If You, hesitating in Your soul, do not show yourself to the people and if innocent blood is shed, then the moral bond that still exists between You and Your people will be broken.
ed14e998bec795a84151715f2621c4f4dc10a1b9	The trust he has in You will disappear forever.
6dd4c8a032d509ef9d2a5b05a898351b7a43fbfb	Come tomorrow with a courageous heart before Your people and accept our humble petition with an open soul.
38970e739167cae129128cbffee1bde44dd082f0	I, the representative of the workers, and my courageous comrades, at the cost of my own life, guarantee the inviolability of Your person."
45604d062c95999b90f261d91f0b1bfc095087e9	After the shooting of the demonstration, Gapon was taken away from the square by the socialist revolutionary P. M. Rutenberg.
ad569be47a5a9aa1f1d2a4e8b428d8f266712b24	On the way, he was cut off and dressed in secular clothes given by one of the workers, and then brought to the apartment of the writer Maxim Gorky.
59db8ca7f91cfb6911280bd91cd989c60b242778	Here he wrote a message to the workers, in which he called them to an armed struggle against the autocracy: "Dear fellow workers!
f7b657dcb28d7983a2264f93f75dc31b9178665a	So, we no longer have a king!
9c0f7375085bd5bbefc34ae8b1198a43deef87f8	Innocent blood lay between him and the people.
955c4ee11dca869d41d6cbd087042a7c5605785b	Long live the beginning of the people's struggle for freedom!"
82f2cc517de753b290f0021a3c1c08d734798f42	Soon Gapon was transferred to Geneva, where he met the Social Revolutionaries and engaged in revolutionary propaganda, created a new organization, the All Russian Workers ' Union, wrote an autobiography, a small pamphlet against Jewish pogroms.
549c4c2aef35067622c6b98508a9e6d25f3e9f4d	On October 17, 1905, Emperor Nicholas II issued the Highest Manifesto, which granted civil liberties to the inhabitants of Russia.
5e9fa3fdec364f2c273e67cb012c0b00f0545d64	One of them was the freedom of assembly.
bf2a3bc461697db2d55b80e34c54125d3d87eb09	After the Manifesto, he began to receive letters from workers calling on him to return to Russia and head the opening departments of the "Assembly".
2e890c86a56f2fd94cc46482c42d0dceff53a839	In November 1905, Gapon returned to Russia and settled in St. Petersburg in an illegal apartment.
3406da3395223945ad8d51ff201fac8fe4da6b62	On March 28, 1906, Georgy Gapon went to a business meeting with representatives of the Socialist Revolutionaries, left St. Petersburg by the Finnish Railway and did not return back.
9e1c740695b25bc1f6823ad50f186c04162a4b82	He did not take any belongings or weapons with him and promised to return by evening.
a4dfbfbd130f6d6889bf0252c8fabaf3b0341d13	And only in mid April, reports appeared in the newspapers that Gapon was killed by a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, Peter Rutenberg.
6b8c29ccf707b30881c9a6e7d239edfdada40bfa	The murder of Georgy Gapon is one of the unsolved political murders in Russia.
841da689162ce57d7d02a7ea5f958f84a7d2d31e	But "Bloody Sunday" was only the impetus for the revolution.
1f5229b14ba3882a72bb3e14714eacf1d764e439	What was the situation in a country that was ready to succumb to this push?
282aef1e2e5c8960f9a5fc1e81e0618f7e05d1f9	The state of Russia on the eve of the revolution
5380fcabd3452a3b3f9d8a727ca2b5288ded4106	Peasants were the most numerous estate of the Russian Empire — about 77 % of the total population.
5e52a7df60080814fa11ff21fd4900e15356e338	The population grew, which led to the fact that the size of the average allotment decreased by 1.7-2 times, and the average yield increased by only 1.34 times.
1ffc4391fcf08d9fc84003fd4c138c37f1080e7d	The result of this was the deterioration of the economic situation of the peasantry.
77082410d9bbc8529a128983a7a2ca1dba903047	In Russia, communal land ownership was preserved.
152633f311753fa9897dd686668bc52f226bb2c4	The peasants could not refuse the land they received or sell it.
57d6859c2742cbb446423f2bc5fe94d3b4de1cb3	There was a mutual responsibility in the community, and land redistribution based on equalizing land use did not improve the situation.
7387fad276f2082e1bd685d91058ba8eacc56b37	The community also dictated the terms of agricultural work.
f386593ca429557c8991545fffadf34bf662cf4c	The system of workings was maintained.
7e60c3b37fcb29c6e9ec36e4b6400f17d4aac922	The peasants suffered from landlessness, taxes, and ransom payments.
f6e061504a90f1fa59168321376eb42f6959c21e	S. Y. Witte said the following about the peasant situation in his memoirs: "How can a person show and develop not only his work, but the initiative in his work, when he knows that the land he cultivates can be replaced by another (community) after a while, that the fruits of his labors will be shared not on the basis of general laws and testamentary rights, but according to custom (and often custom is discretion), when he can be responsible for taxes not paid by others (mutual responsibility)... when he can neither move nor leave his home, often poorer than a bird's nest, without a passport, the issuance of which depends on discretion, when, in a word, his life is somewhat similar to that of a pet with the difference that the owner is interested in the life of a pet, because this is his property, and the Russian state has this property in excess at this stage of the development of statehood, and what is in excess is either little or not at all valued."
d0de639ac3b17fa58730215859cc70678ce68846	And those of the peasants who went to the city to work were forced to accept any job.
f780865587d3e114763c7d7fd684a89b5eaa87de	Thus, the introduction of advanced technology was hindered, since the qualifications of such workers were very low.
eac705c8f8f7231caacd73e7ca90caed9246390f	In 1897, an 11.5 hour working day was established, but a 14 hour working day was also common.
f39e8036e59fe1589f95acf9fc924feb89ac5803	According to a secret circular of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, workers were subjected to administrative expulsion without trial for participating in strikes, as well as imprisonment for a period of 2 to 8 months.
ebe0430e871d669fc5ef26ed642e7b1dea65ceb4	B. Kustodiev "The Bugbear of the Revolution".
c794e282e681bae98c8b6e693241ea525846ffde	Zhupel in the Church Slavonic language is burning sulfur.
18d2567bbd01db51169cf7a83cf603a51d291c21	In a figurative sense, a bogey is something frightening, inspiring horror, fear; often in an ironic sense, it is a scarecrow (a propaganda bogey)
1e2ffe1025912c23be40dc00268fef7bf3212ab7	The degree of exploitation of the proletariat in Russia was very high: the capitalists took 68 kopecks from every ruble earned by the worker in the form of profit in the processing of minerals, 78 – in the processing of metals, 96 – in the food industry.
bec2940818c6897dccb0662a3bb56b746c855534	Expenses in favor of workers (hospitals, schools, insurance) accounted for 0.6% of the current expenses of entrepreneurs.
f8902ca1010c874fcb4b8594d27e623135a08815	The year 1901 was spent in mass political demonstrations.
d36efec609192063301f581d8c725977611487cf	Demonstrations in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kharkiv, and Kiev were held under the slogans of political freedoms.
f29aa1a4c4b698ff339bd8003d7d73faf96718cd	On May 1, 1901, 1200 workers of the Obukhov Plant in St. Petersburg went on strike.
5fe478b0d86f7fa5c4ab92f2e963777caafd9eb0	In the summer of 1903, the entire south of Russia from Baku to Odessa was covered by a grandiose strike, in which from 130 to 200 thousand people took part.
f0b9f4a033a7b40d46e1639cf9b10d057ae2d4b9	In December 1904, a political strike was held, which ended with the signing of the first collective agreement in the history of the Russian labor movement between workers and oil producers.
5e62f8c4e5071127259d0f9846b351121523ec91	In 1905, the knot of contradictions in Russia tightened especially strongly.
d69509e007caba8f7b98c0bf5ca5449c4e1504cb	The defeat of Russia in the Russian Japanese war revealed its technical and economic backwardness in comparison with advanced countries.
054e2ca20fa4b2a9463f931765d0c29bc4d5db24	Both external and internal circumstances pushed Russia on the path of decisive changes.
9475e6d404a0fc3223715c11541f0b0babb1977a	But the authorities were not ready for them.
189b74d4d4251a5c08e80b4fec50150969d4602c	Free market competition was restrained by both feudal remnants and artificial monopolization as a result of the economic policy of tsarism.
d16175166adef47ceb7360e8c52b7ddddcd10009	The development of the country's productive forces was slowed down by the system of industrial relations supported by the government.
a634dc76b10d4b023d4edeacc0725a9d2ab96a6a	A whole complex of contradictions existed in the field of social class relations.
eb5e3bac6659d42c9d122bcccbad07f6417c35e1	The most acute of them was the contradiction between the peasantry and the landowners.
b10ddaff74bf0ef1ef6bee5a14144fcf3b5de890	The contradictions between capitalists and workers could be mitigated by more favorable conditions for the sale of labor: an 8 hour working day, the right to strike, protection of women's and prohibition of child labor, etc.
af95c89971f39a34e62b59ddcea8caf597467075	The contradictions between tsarism and the peoples of the Russian Empire were particularly acute: the peoples put forward demands from cultural national autonomy to the right to self determination up to secession.
1b04cf33f619d313ff66732ce28acd21e4cb6547	In the political sphere, there was a contradiction between the government and the emerging civil society.
9b66ac8b4831f0028370deaaea2c8d3d73a2f734	Russia remained the only one of the main capitalist powers in which there was no parliament, no legal political parties, and no legal freedoms of citizens.
24b5d1652256090ba662ae41e86af89120848bef	Creating conditions for a rule of law state was one of the most important tasks, on which the resolution of other contradictions in Russia largely depended.
95851f75dd04d069eb40306a11d3207e73b1f3a3	V. Kossak "Bloody Sunday in St. Petersburg 1905"
5aecb10488a634fd98f28cd12f24d2aca3c6e553	In such a situation, a powerful labor movement broke out in St. Petersburg.
e8394e8d9fc97155855d588f21637d665c0286c7	On December 21, 1904, the news of the fall of Port Arthur was received.
126816956c73fe91d0ff92c12f1be8b7ed851684	On December 28, a meeting of 280 representatives of the "Gapon" society was held: it was decided to start the performance.
2c1d5a1070ea962fdac7df98a7164c68c82a04ea	On December 29, the management of the Putilov plant was presented with a demand for the dismissal of one master, who allegedly dismissed four workers without reason.
f9fa57656ff22b84a2448aaf099b00afa97f04da	On January 3, 1905, the entire Putilov plant went on strike.
5f07c315dfa8fbfcec79cc8b4c3011432d9e90c4	The requirements were still economic in nature: an 8 hour working day, a minimum wage.
71b6f0e5570c0e6070d098e65462c0b553b8a412	The "Society of Factory Workers" took over the leadership of the strike: its representatives, led by Gapon, negotiated with the administration, organized a strike committee and a fund to help the strikers.
61d02c1ca72dbe527c7154944cdbaa59eb900702	On January 5, several tens of thousands of workers were already on strike.
4a3712c7090826cda1df5edf9dc814372040154f	Finance Minister V. N. Kokovtsev presented a report on this to Nicholas II, pointing out the economic impracticability of the requirements and the harmful role of the "Gapon" society.
2f95846378f3d9a890a38f110f5ea023f26834d2	On January 6, the "Gapon" society developed a petition to the tsar.
fc4a348c2ea6a239d7a000232b9c7fa0ebc5ac86	On January 7, newspapers were published for the last time – from that day on, the strike spread to printing houses.
c77d03f56ce1fc1825e2b3f2a8dc978048ecfe8b	The idea of going to the Winter Palace excited and excited everyone.
64e91b9def712c554dcf2033f12f502d7cec5289	The danger that arose so quickly caught the authorities by surprise.
66b3c8ccb6530c98b78ad8b109afa5c612b52984	The only way to prevent the crowd from taking over the city center was to install a cordon of troops on all the main roads leading from the working quarters to the palace.
827183de7dec897ff8c582642edfe8183035a6ee	And the leaders of the workers ' movement traveled around the city all day on January 8 and at multiple rallies called on the people to go to the palace.
ce9bb9bb5cc1b372a5f476bf353184a0fb027533	On the night of January 9, the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP decided to participate in the march together with the workers.
099636e554fbd3c7be808e6cd7c947646f0690d8	In the morning, about 140 thousand workers with their families moved to the Winter Palace.
5e636e90fac4f73fabef6c17d2ba7584bbace6e2	They went with banners, icons, portraits of the tsar and the queen, not knowing that the tsar had left the capital.
3628a7bd689d0e83989d0abf3a752899dc6ab4a0	Nicholas II was put in a hopeless situation.
2168ca7355396c7b9c88290b0648f69eea7493de	He could not accept the demands of the workers in any way, so he decided to leave, giving his government complete freedom of action, naturally hoping for a peaceful outcome.
8beadfe39e379e8a0ce9c5c242305d14117ebfac	V. A. Serov " Soldiers, brave children, where is your glory?"
f1b9637fc291c54815f50f9aa372b05a8416dbe2	When the procession led by Gapon from the Narva outpost approached the Bypass Canal, a chain of soldiers blocked his path.
3e6f45359b8d9f6b70da8c24111646c52bd650ae	The crowd, despite the warnings, moved forward, holding up a placard: "Soldiers, do not shoot at the people."
74cf981ba18450ec351deb40530b7173b4efaa8c	First, a blank salvo was fired.
e6ead49e164ee10ec18da6f368582a96e6e3017e	The ranks of the workers wavered, but the leaders moved on singing, and the crowd moved after them.
3fb7d16519c23843d5d63cb20cb610ec6c147763	Then a real volley was fired.
e52dd6751ca6de3193dda99fd75516dfdca65c95	Several dozen people were killed and injured.
1b7896fae29b6a7912414f6f6cf3864b24fda75c	Gapon fell to the ground; there was a rumor that he was killed, but his assistants quickly threw him over the fence, and he safely disappeared.
50bc97ea8ac53f1feefbf599ddda9300a9c057eb	The crowd surged back in disarray.
243408f88ccfd966a4be650cf97cd1a2a94e27dd	The same thing was happening in other parts of the city.
61d0ee4f8245cab1d27e7ff1b3ed4ae935ef6664	Until late at night, feverish excitement reigned in the city.
cc5fa50450a8221b05de0f30737617ab8e2c1c57	After the events described, Gapon wrote an appeal to the Russian people calling for a general uprising.
fc4ad1fd2805b3884d7c0fdc5ad95675e353c4a7	The Social Revolutionaries printed it in a large circulation and distributed it in a large circulation throughout the country.
ad17d928d20ca5e560dbac480b56353bb13535f4	One of the main issues of any revolution is the question of power.
be9ed05a54bb400c25b7b6f9f0b28eb4177660e5	The third camp – the revolutionary democratic one – included the proletariat, part of the peasantry, the poorest strata of the petty bourgeoisie, etc. Their interests were expressed by Social Democrats, Social Revolutionaries, anarchists and other political forces.
7f6ae036295f4fc087357bd93b88c478bf592702	However, despite the common goals (a democratic republic or anarchy among anarchists), they differed in the means of struggle: from peaceful to armed (armed uprising, terrorist acts, riot, etc.), from legal to illegal.
322f8bc4a796cb8844dc5ea17faf1be15e5a42d3	There was also no unity on the question of what the new government will be a dictatorship or a democracy, where the boundaries of the dictatorship are and how it is combined with democracy.
33f05afebec95bceb4b12986525e5e38ab3bc06b	However, the common goals of breaking the autocratic order objectively allowed us to unite the efforts of the revolutionary democratic camp.
7f9dd06defdbe806f9cb8c9b5c8b3b08e842d920	Already in January 1905, about half a million people were on strike in 66 cities of Russia – more than in the entire previous decade.
4cdac1deabe4be333e2a2e9cf68281194c8dc9ca	G. K. Savitsky " General railway strike. 1905"
f973ca9a9ef9f0c2b69d20e6283b6152f0b49768	Peasant demonstrations were initially spontaneous, although later the All – Russian Peasant Union was formed- the first political organization of peasants.
6e4bf33b0291833325e3080b15aafe34a8390614	The intelligentsia actively participated in the revolutionary events.
c94dde4274045930d238004d209da1242c41d937	Already on the first day of the revolution, January 9, employees and students took part not only in the march to the Winter Palace, but also in the construction of barricades, helping the wounded.
8954c1524fe50a9dc5bd7ba8ed3cd2aef6bbe645	In the evening of the same day, the capital's intelligentsia gathered in the building of the Free Economic Society, where they sharply condemned the activities of the tsarist authorities.
9631c110a05d09635c68576d491cfc855074f240	Immediately, fundraising began to help the wounded and the families of the killed workers, a circle with the inscription "For weapons" went through the rows.
5c3bcb06892e1f03cb6e512e879d08c9fc6d0ae3	Representatives of the creative and scientific intelligentsia V.
9e1429c23a9ebe67eda43178892b232d935534f0	A. Serov, V. G. Korolenko, V. D. Polenov, N.
19b9a42a45a74dac5fc03d1bf7d601e05b207b82	A. Rimsky Korsakov, K.
2c316e28ca056480c263cfa8b4f24268c08ee7c1	A. Timiryazev, A.M. Gorky and others spoke in the press and at meetings with a sharp condemnation of the massacre of unarmed workers.
9c47d9bf858673ed531abec02519c988cac70625	Armed uprisings
58394fd03189a52488fc7d787708eba1cd438cb9	So, political freedoms were declared.
53b93d4c7929f3955da6ef3869995725cb4fbfc2	But the revolutionary parties sought to gain power not by parliamentary means, but by an armed seizure of power.
6994e75183a2e0feeb7ef05b891d793e3b2d858c	There were uprisings in the army and navy.
5bdcba1347b7aa8e6860eec83c9814ccb5c03041	The uprising on the battleship "Potemkin"
7ce72addfa375b2f04bc8238f0792eb0d379cc84	The battleship "Prince Potemkin Tavrichesky" was the newest and one of the strongest ships of the Russian Black Sea Fleet.
818b9cb05b305b74abdf417d57bf0695e9bee5a9	At the time of entry into service in May 1905, the crew consisted of 731 people, including 26 officers.
ad516974957f3ff801b867099f606745c3da5031	Due to prolonged contacts with the workers of ship repair plants, the crew of the ship was decomposed by revolutionary agitation.
7638e2ec58b19d648163174c3c44eb9089ed07f6	On the afternoon of June 13 (26), 1905, the commander of the battleship, Captain of the first rank E. N. Golikov, sent the destroyer No. 267 to Odessa to purchase provisions.
420a3696f0c9bc470227276cac2bd4f6c28f4600	It was not possible to find a sufficient amount of meat for almost 800 people from Odessa suppliers of provisions for the Black Sea Fleet and in the bazaars of the city, and only in the evening of the same day, the auditor, midshipman A. N. Makarov and the sailors of the art workers in one of the stores managed to buy 28 pounds of beef.
e82911d7d013badd67b8527ca4bddd3b8772e11a	Flour, fresh vegetables, delicacies and wine for the company cabins were also purchased.
7afde03f274a0ab90a324225c248e92b551d8433	On the way back, the destroyer collided with a fishing boat, was forced to stay to help the victims, and take the damaged boat itself in tow, which reduced its speed.
ff9909f886158c4903d78a97c981844d61a00339	Since there were no cold storage rooms at that time, the meat that had lain first all day in the store, and then all night on board the destroyer, given the hot June weather, got on board the battleship by the morning of the next day already stale.
08a075ef61b7061649470a668587058cdb97a70e	Members of the crew of the battleship "Potemkin"
f005ec5cf153c7ea47829f44aa3968fc2e811395	The organizer and the first leader of the uprising on the battleship was an artillery non commissioned officer Grigory Vakulenchuk, a native of Zhytomyr.
55290a578cbf5df5a75577e5e1e2a4f8f1380c05	The team refused to take tanks for borscht and defiantly ate crackers, washing them down with water.
9463ca537e097b5f7c8d74454bd062ed33e7926d	There was a queue at the ship's shop.
16f1ef02e4aacb06a94f170519243c57ab18e59e	So the riot began.
1e3deb27ab5ca65c2d557b1950d92d93badebfa0	During the uprising, 6 officers were killed, the surviving officers were arrested.
f1a277856c93cc16d3c1060684900b5eb327dcb7	The crew of the battleship "George the Victorious" then joined the rebellious battleship, while, unlike the "Potemkin", the uprising on the "Victorious" was not accompanied by beating of officers — all of them (except Lieutenant Grigorkov, who committed suicide) were put into a boat and sent ashore on the tow of the destroyer No. 267, landing seven miles east of Odessa.
fc7fcbd788647e5994078eeb7e94969ab7ff2ded	But later, "George the Victorious" surrendered to the authorities.
2ddb2910036ce4014659d2525d92aa622d2b65e2	In the Romanian port of Constanta, the sailors developed an appeal "To the entire civilized world", in which they demanded an immediate end to the Russian Japanese war, the overthrow of the autocracy, and the convocation of a Constituent Assembly.
0b27ebb1019f74c92dfd03509092a373bec7b80f	After that, the Potemkin was towed from Constanta to Sevastopol.
5c2bc1098d474a1f1fc038bc9a75c7ea5119e2c6	Court cases on the rebels began.
0c9910d23c0a90dff258ac95ad7b7fdbf73fd9d5	28 sailors out of 47 defendants were sentenced: four - to death, 16 to hard labor, one - to be sent to correctional penitentiary institutions, six – to disciplinary battalions, one – to arrest, the rest were acquitted.
57e3c3e13853508e3f905bfe0e6f29c546b2956b	Three leaders of the uprising on the "George the Victorious" were also sentenced to death.
85ba2dedd9b0a8e6b39e22411d6a82d4073b71c2	The uprising on the cruiser "Ochakov"
21f145a822ba2db9d4b4ff0b28eb10817ca86aea	It began on November 13, 1905.
7a6fa2fc45a0f8920d67e97abbb9202cfb3dbfa8	The officers, together with the conductors, left the ship.
c42584c20aa75a397498f5b623333220160adedb	The uprising was led by S. P. Privatnik, N. G. Antonenko and A. I. Gladkov.
54ba6e2f2ae709bd246353fcb22a39bcde58a950	In the afternoon of November 14, Lieutenant Schmidt arrived on the Ochakov, raising a signal on it: "I command the fleet.
9fb2225fb75b35c6561d0aaa456f016e7c63908c	Schmidt".
513d814f22ae2700236c02631c589c2388951f23	On the same day, he sent a telegram to Nicholas II: "The glorious Black Sea Fleet, sacredly preserving loyalty to its people, demands from you, sire, the immediate convocation of the Constituent Assembly and no longer obeys your ministers.
faf371ddf96923c61f1e6097e07a939b49b19a1f	Fleet Commander P. Schmidt".
567fb062d10cc5eae16be49e3ba7376619e58052	On the night of November 15, the shock detachments captured the mine cruiser "Griden", the destroyer "Ferocious", three destroyers and several small vessels, and seized a number of weapons in the port.
52bde68f4e29cdee43992329f4e23af1be517069	At the same time, the crews of the gunboat "Uralets", the destroyers "Zavetny", "Zorky" and the training ship "Dniester", the mine transport "Bug"joined the rebels.
2998292eeb9951c7754cad8882d4ebd6abaa9efe	P. P. Schmidt
07358203a9c48c6ab3ddda181af70d43b62ce915	In the morning, red flags were raised on all the rebellious ships.
7bf519709b1e25742dbfd6897c49eb96b2584a68	To attract the entire squadron to the side of the rebels, Schmidt bypassed it on the destroyer "Ferocious".
937f198aa4b51b9f0219d0754301bf9537bb4fe2	Then the "Ferocious" headed for the transport "Prut"turned into a prison.
2440d92e038cf462b2621c738dbb50c31980f451	An armed detachment of sailors led by Schmidt freed the Potemkin residents who were on the ship.
be6495efa17b1bd4b19267f1b473042a411cdbc4	The crew of the "Saint Panteleimon" joined the rebels, but the battleship itself no longer represented a great military force, since it was disarmed even before the uprising began.
d822d0a74d619fd1d243f914f5e1057051210b6b	In the afternoon of November 15, the rebels were presented with an ultimatum to surrender.
6806a23edb0864b70b04584c48dcf897c432bc2b	Having received no response to the ultimatum, the troops loyal to the tsar began shelling the rebel ships.
5cf995ed965d6a216d7311bf82bd91ba5257d71f	After a two hour battle, the rebels surrendered.
990d03bee5f6009dfbde4eb8ba25cae620e91761	Lieutenant P. P. Schmidt, sailors A. I. Gladkov, N. G. Antonenko, conductor S. P. Privatnik were sentenced to death (shot on March 6, 1906 on the island of Berezan), 14 people — to indefinite hard labor, 103 people — to hard labor, 151 people were sent to disciplinary units, more than 1,000 people were punished without trial.
21de4b14883079a92adf4092b6dd2aec7954d7c2	There were also three armed uprisings in Vladivostok— in 1905, 1906, 1907, in which mainly sailors, soldiers and workers participated.
3717123cd5e437b0d1ba401fee3b83ee8be75c1a	They ended with the victory of the tsarist troops.
1fd28a9645fb064f2492f3b4c67ace067be05eab	In July 1906, the garrison in Sveaborg revolted.
32686ff816e55ba099f4d10c73ed8f300ec42d42	Up to 2 thousand soldiers and sailors of the fortress participated in the uprising.
969dc2711fc31e6c6cc80bfa78d5e20f52d08783	They were helped by detachments of the Finnish Red Guard.
c98faeba5116348f2f18dd43b3b1e90bd8023900	On July 18 and 19, there was a fierce artillery exchange between the rebel fortress and the troops loyal to the government.
82eb458d8d8bdc3d88029530a7f1392dc5192787	A squadron approached Sveaborg, which began firing at the rebellious soldiers and sailors with direct fire.
e68ff562d5404b879be0626630abfb630c710d3d	Despite the support of the sailors of Kronstadt, the uprising in Sveaborg was suppressed on July 20, and its leaders were executed.
3991007642cde5bac1f1dee22e1edb691f9f53cb	Anti government demonstrations began, in which the Jewish population took an active part.
5d195146de13d582eee9ab87683f3bc4578608e6	They ended with Jewish pogroms.
1d6442db78c62f6e3e0306f4c23c2ace5d95b9df	The largest pogroms were in Odessa, Rostov on Don, Yekaterinoslav, Minsk, Simferopol.
fa1c03c6ddb33ce1a57280cce51c2be5a82ac13b	Political assassinations also became more frequent: in 1904, the Minister of Internal Affairs V. K. Plehve, the Minister of Internal Affairs D. S. Sipyagin, several governors and mayors, etc. were killed.
b8934f5246cd5e566532dec73307490c64b84e4a	G. N. Gorelov "The peasants' attack on the landowner's estate in 1905"
3baed51446c3a356ea832dd8a66b227ca2184010	From the very beginning of the revolution, tsarism combined the tactics of repression with the tactics of concessions.
3ecf16b004b0efb525b45bf4f7379f9ea259c0d9	Shortly after "Bloody Sunday", there were reshuffles and reorganizations in the highest government spheres.
a607a1939a48e44f67134158d2dc6a761a6df641	Such figures as D. F. Trepov, A. G. Bulygin, who replaced P. D. Svyatopolk Mirsky as Minister of Internal Affairs, come to the fore.
d4ae831cc1eac0aecb24418778b4cf6b6e58cf91	According to people who knew him intimately, the new minister was an honest man, with quite extensive knowledge, but at the same time "good natured, not loving any particularly difficult situation, no struggle, no political fuss."
aa77868afa2946738b07681887351a27e0d9d950	On January 19, 1905, Nicholas II received a delegation from the workers, whom he "forgave for the riot", and announced a donation of 50 thousand rubles for distribution to the victims on January 9.
6632402c11f38bc52fc4fba6f9dcb0a27a433dde	On February 18, the tsar, at Bulygin's insistence, published a decree allowing individuals and organizations to submit proposals for improving state landscaping to the tsar.
b5445913ff38eac4a8f34e73c6ebe6fda81fa1b4	In the evening of the same day, the tsar signs a rescript on the creation of a legislative body for the development of legislative proposals – the Duma.
e285efe0ca0f9eb5853595cb8eb28b78aadcda2b	But at the same time, in response to student strikes and demonstrations, the tsarist authorities closed all the capital's educational institutions on January 17, 1905.
751e022dfce3b518ef3d2ca92afee3c6d3c8aad5	The culmination of the First Russian Revolution was an armed uprising in Moscow
58d36110527b88203efa1d598f03857a5b101e8c	In October 1905, a strike began in Moscow, the purpose of which was to achieve economic concessions and political freedom.
0c01e017dd4d71a5c247a6415a03005980936733	The strike covered the whole country and developed into the All Russian October political strike: on October 12-18, more than 2 million people went on strike.
c0f23a5b4bf5a554d5e936cdde3b4a5123db399f	The leaflet "General Strike" said: "Comrades!
e8b9f4db238cf9920a88fe7523e03de3b7b6e41e	The working class rose up to fight.
7923c2bf4582c715129ae607ad44b35c43e2ab21	Half of Moscow is on strike.
4f19a2cff19a8d3b05bce420a1604a747ff36fa1	The whole of Russia may be on strike soon.
a9082f4d11973477b160bbabf550aef0475a0366	Go to the streets, to our meetings.
1de906f8fa062fbf356379d2ae0f885b2c65decd	Make demands for economic concessions and political freedom!"
eebeaecd5cc714bf536fd228b8320dcd479f3c4a	This general strike, and, above all, the strike of railway workers, forced the emperor to make concessions — on October 17, the Manifesto "On improving the State Order"was issued.
e4e6c2927f8abd5dbb011d91e20c8f2e944bee74	The manifesto of October 17 granted civil liberties: personal inviolability, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and unions.
5aa3e5481106c6da7efa2ca3b0584b9052716626	The convocation of the State Duma was promised.
e0025f380b6c9a2934be3e46426f4c14fe46eabd	The manifesto of October 17 was a serious victory, but the extreme left parties (Bolsheviks and Social Revolutionaries) did not support it.
f3879d7064da27bf96ef9dd84a7d41042120e6ae	The Bolsheviks announced a boycott of the First Duma and continued the course of armed insurrection adopted in April 1905 at the third Congress of the RSDLP in London (the Menshevik party did not support the idea of an armed uprising, which the Bolsheviks were developing, and held a parallel conference in Geneva).
482cd57e48666be5946bf865b487053ef24a02f0	The armed uprising in Moscow began on the night of December 7 to 8, 1905.
6ad82c96e3096dd8a3218b1654373ba9edc14900	The vigilantes broke into a gun store and seized weapons.
0dddf482f3c8084c20eecb79a85877cbd6f5bccd	The first barricade appeared on November 9 on Tverskaya Street.
782921ae0c0134b412ae8a4acb554a6f2be6a4a1	In the evening, a detachment of Sumy dragoons besieged a barricade erected near the Aquarium by vigilantes from stones, driven crowbars, bars, lanterns, logs, etc., and began to fire at it.
7156ac308d520880d2c5a343e4fd23f23203808f	Eyewitnesses say that they saw ... piles of corpses of 5-10 people nearby.
72b6bfb79417558edc343a7805a1b75f19ca2323	December 12-15 – the highest intensity of the struggle.
97e82e61f8814efbe7d0c87041997ea3ba3fc258	The rebels are pushing the troops in the Arbat area, but the Semenovsky and Ladoga regiments arrive from St. Petersburg, and on December 16 the tsarist troops go on the offensive.
22579e04aed6283556b6609f11fbdd71f2be540b	The uprising split into several separate centers, the most important of which was Presnya.
c0ccbc6d8630eae231bc175cd473cf275207b02c	The tsarist troops squeezed the ring around the Prokhorov manufactory, the Schmit and Mamontov factories, which were burning with fire.
dec38e3c6a95ff4718b62f7620f32375a68318f0	Under these conditions, it was impractical to continue the uprising, and the executive committee of the Moscow City Council from December 18 to 19 decided to stop the uprising, which was defeated.
f4799ffead562748b1b012084cbf7993c38790d9	The First Council of Workers ' Deputies
3e97cda3e2a45f8bf913aed3f69cb1be8d29244a	An important event in the history of the 1905 revolution was the creation of the first Council of Workers ' Deputies.
c3b4a4b59b905ff5856312b81ecb3b8bef5891f5	On May 12, a strike began in Ivanovo Voznesensk.
d1f84ce480184c2942325b4b8463c1fd2d9b4694	It was headed by the head of the Ivanovo Voznesenskaya organization of the RSDLP, F.
7d4516e60635d0670aa43606c130fc18d8220cc5	A. Afanasyev, and a 19 year old student of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, M. V. Frunze.
275c97a449ee85214d5e80d21ccaa82be2e4dec5	To lead the strike movement, it was decided to elect a Council of Workers ' Deputies, which soon turned into an organ of revolutionary power in the city.
0df80b050a5d11ec5baa067192e2dd33005c093a	The Council took over the protection of factories and factories, banned the eviction of workers from apartments for a certain period of time, raised food prices, closed state owned wine shops, monitored order in the city, creating detachments of workers ' militia.
6d75153576a86a4a10cc73af2bd4b1ccc4dfdb99	Financial, food, investigative, agitation and propaganda commissions, and an armed squad were formed in the Council.
89cd27cb798224c2433e6706df05caf7774585c1	Throughout the country, there was a fundraiser for striking workers.
210fa16ecdc466b08691134e74bc6f80d66205df	However, tired of more than two months of strike, the workers at the end of July agreed to go to work, as the owners of a number of factories made concessions.
317640a2007d9222d1ccc7e69a0a4fc1b4731568	"Union of Unions"
62c64857754e540df3da5210866c3293b472d712	Back in October 1904, the left wing of the "Union of Liberation" began work on uniting all the streams of the liberation movement in order to create professional and political unions.
d25086865b2dcd9f0da79cb57dd04be41e5195f9	By 1905, there were already unions of lawyers, engineers, professors, writers, medical staff, etc.
07252f1ba93ce691e22c9ba596f3e63804ba6024	On May 8-9, 1905, a congress was held at which all unions were united into a single "Union of Unions", headed by P. N. Milyukov.
18e6c2f654ee5aa661dc320b8a302c0d13ffc70d	The Bolsheviks accused the congress of moderate liberalism and left it.
47f38e39ceba2f62f90d1bb39b7901cf707a3de5	Four unions in the "Union of Unions" were created not on a professional basis: "Peasant", " Zemstvo Constitutionalists "(landowners), "Union of Jewish Equality" and "Union of Equal Rights of Women".
0b833ba5671a86e97a5eacbac4a64e382438e970	"Bulyginskaya Duma" (The State Duma of the Russian Empire of the First convocation)
3b6c33cc47789c8a56613f7ec092720bb00cdec2	On August 6, 1905, the supreme manifesto on the establishment of the State Duma was published.
0ceee1bca3914c0fffe6d811c62028878d56811a	The Manifesto said: "The State Duma is established for the preliminary development and discussion of legislative proposals that, according to the force of the basic laws, go back through the State Council to the Supreme Autocratic Power."
6bbac696a31e273b71a69914e8dbbe6edda581f2	This is the first representative elected by the population in Russia the final legislative body, the result of an attempt to transform Russia from an autocratic into a parliamentary monarchy, is caused by the desire to stabilize the political situation in the conditions of numerous unrest and revolutionary demonstrations.
8cf12721e8f76bfa87f4c6af9ae9dea2af8f03e5	The Duma of the First convocation held one session and lasted 72 days, from April 27 (art. art.) 1906 to July 9, 1906, after which it was dissolved by the emperor.
27b96a17729e2aa957131ee7ee1053436bce8098	The manifesto of the Emperor was developed mainly by the Minister of Internal Affairs A. G. Bulygin, so it was called the "Bulygin Duma".
f229d322329e8f0ba905c4461af4f6df1ccd85e3	The State Duma was assigned the role not of a legislative, but of a legislative institution with very limited rights, elected by limited categories of persons: large owners of real estate, large payers of commercial and apartment taxes and, on special grounds, peasants.
bddb9f218ee57b028354c648a7fbb98cb176cbd1	The Duma was supposed to discuss issues of the budget, states, and some laws, but at the same time it remained a legislative body.
d6b5740bae6721b053173563ad7d20e2f2abc077	In the elections, the advantage was given to the peasants "as the predominant ... the most reliable monarchical and conservative element.
335720240e9e8cfd305c3fddf70384e4f547e0a2	Most of the Russian population was deprived of voting rights: women, military personnel, workers, students, wandering "foreigners", etc.
501fb6e798396e34c3e940031d4fcde8d5f218ae	With such an election system, St. Petersburg with a population of more than 1.5 million people would give only 7 thousand voters.
8f08e79fe9c2d0fae660823473926f014a0aa6b7	Naturally, a significant part of the supporters of the liberal and revolutionary camp called for a boycott of the "Bulygin Duma".
ea5872ca476ab45b22d1dce07c389582e8d65230	Revolutionary organizations
982e13d05e4ce1a7ca8330dd1b3779b31373c822	Cadet Party
902f8d98ad8b2cf3d51175998abe4f5857017514	On October 12, 1905, the constituent Congress of the Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets), the first legal political party in Russia, opened.
27d76ea730531935f4890015cbfcf7e354b6fee3	Its Central Committee included 11 large landowners and 44 representatives of the intelligentsia
58c49fb21cd0d964a35bcf4791da7d6a4dbf66ef	(V. I. Vernadsky, A.
e0fb88ff4b23b342d34284629b96273ac90a2c0c	A. Kizevetter, V.
cb40204edd4210cb211cb2233d0ca3f1b77f358a	A. Maklakov, P. N. Milyukov, P. B. Struve, I. I. Petrunkevich, etc.).
4d783ce52e472059f1312684a61a9455510a5f2f	Their political ideal: a constitutional system based on universal suffrage.
a16d36ab87cc882dbdd86df3baea4dff84dfd45b	According to the same principle, they chose their allies.
276fed059ea17ccc265b1ba66a67dc45c26f8321	"Freedom of Russia".
e881afe85504c465c50122de75574ba69d88e239	Poster of the Cadet Party
d57d6bd5d1bfe5bea5bd722eeb7776072a330e95	The cadet program: equality of all before the law, abolition of estates, freedom of conscience, political freedoms, personal inviolability, freedom of movement and travel abroad, free development of local languages along with Russian;
56f76751dd867a5785f89eb1d8239d224bdf97d0	The Constituent Assembly; the development of the system of local self government, the preservation of state unity; the abolition of the death penalty; the alienation of part of the landowner (primarily leased to peasants on bonded terms), the entire state land fund and its provision to small land and landless peasants; freedom of workers 'unions, the right to strikes, 8 hour working day, labor protection for women and children, workers' insurance; freedom of teaching, reduction of tuition fees, universal free compulsory primary education, etc.the state structure determined by the basic law.
af17d1af096bbc0e7ba0a3599785884248d5be13	Although the Cadets recognized the need for a constitutional monarchy, they were not monarchists.
b23d6567ebc8b22461cb3ef5b3d6a9bc3eee3e56	They treated it as an inevitability: "the monarchy was for us... a matter not of principle, but of political expediency."
73a69b572534ab5a1ccf81fb6e0ea0b8d6905f2c	In the stormy days of October 1905, the Cadets were often inclined to the most radical measures, including even supporting an armed uprising.
81aaefeefc693e3479cf7cfcbe2db5fe7ba92555	The Union of October 17 Party (Octobrists)
c0c0abb5e41fbfbef034ceeb00fade33417a3f36	The Octobrists fully supported the tsarist manifesto.
c23395a255957cd2de76f0de97c05c7c943c3ef6	I. Repin "October 17, 1905"
a745aa2cda59d084a6245e46c72fe80062e8ca1f	The requirements of the Octobrist program are: preservation of the unity and indivisibility of the Russian state in the form of a constitutional monarchy; universal suffrage; civil rights, inviolability of personality and property; transfer of state and specific lands to the state fund for sale to landless and small land peasants; development of local self government; freedom of workers ' unions and strikes; a court without a word, independent of the administration; the rise of productive forces, the development of the credit system, the dissemination of technical knowledge, the development of railways.
baf759e84528109bfbc53761693600ae4b0b346d	Alexander Ivanovich Guchkov became the head of the party.
1f44a03c6c5becc83f6a4a14e51f391c44616909	The Octobrists very soon turned into a 3/4 landowner party.
6d758241b9aed6e3e0d6ff68ec11fe6517e31def	The bourgeoisie considered the Cadets to be a party of intellectuals who were far from real life, fruitlessly and dangerously flirting with the masses.
8e80577092906450a03717eb4a9f2f4cf7f2b512	The Cadets were a bourgeois party only in the sense that their demands were aimed at improving the bourgeois system in the country.
ac752cf80fa2e410253d67669f6ab1470b428453	The far right forces in the country perceived the Manifesto on October 17 as a signal to openly oppose the democratic forces in support of the tottering autocracy.
b3dd653ed5d5de7f85319b8e0d5b3765593b5626	Back on October 14, 1905, the Governor General of St. Petersburg, D. F. Trepov, issued the famous order: "... when providing ... resistance, do not give blank volleys, do not spare cartridges...".
dd3e2c7c4a7bfaa4db0248095ea213e58b216928	The most reactionary part of the bourgeoisie even demanded the introduction of martial law.
8c6bbfb839d0e85ad07b139cc6c7325c61c95984	"Union of the Russian People" (Black Hundreds)
d99a578077be1590c6417f640e74b1e1d0cc969b	Badge of the Odessa branch of the " Union of the Russian People"
e8745ccef087807e0a1eb7e604c2e0a4e9576070	In October 1905, the Union of the Russian People (SRN) organization was formed —a right monarchical (Black Hundred), Orthodox Conservative socio political organization that operated in the Russian Empire from 1905 to 1917.
d7a4852a62203ce4a6d4f49877ae9091e2c18ade	The initiative to create the "Union of the Russian People" belongs to several prominent figures of the monarchist movement of the early XX century doctor A. I. Dubrovin, artist A.
44c93c3af8cf9c0a8427a9e61f009a7e033a10fa	A. Maikov and Abbot Arseny (Alekseev).
bdad61d565491af3b01f9d7616839d4f374ea992	The "Union" grew at a great pace, regional departments were opened in many regions of the empire – it had more than 900 branches.
0312bb1cf68b2e8d9c82fcf68e5d5e48594077f9	It was headed by A. I. Dubrovin, V. M. Purishkevich and others.
71056a4e90b49ca80b283445c7aecdd8b47fd876	The Black Hundred newspaper Russian Banner often published messages of this nature: "... in the glory of the predatory Cadet, social democratic, social revolutionary and anarchist movement, called in Jewish jargon "liberation", 2 people were killed, 7 were wounded, only 9 people were killed in one day."
a98054c962cadfa045bc4f2d7e5654e18b80ca0f	The social composition of the Black Hundreds was heterogeneous from workers to aristocrats, but a significant part consisted of representatives of the petty bourgeoisie.
7be83639612c4e0b98cb1f7d8c7a4d4b9761189d	On November 26, 1906, on the day of the feast of St. George the Victorious, John of Kronstadt, who was very popular, arrived at the Mikhailovsky Manege.
998a89600f10c928d5410489fcd4d2c8f6ad074f	The "All Russian father" gave a welcoming speech to the monarchists, who were attended by about 30 thousand people at the event, reminded of the great role of Orthodoxy in the life of Russia.
f1b9fb9889543151478609d655fecdb86c7b95b0	Subsequently, he himself joined the "Union" and was elected an honorary member for life on October 15, 1907.
269f8441e22d5324975eb348bc08b31b13cadfe8	Then Bishop Sergius (Stragorodsky), the future patriarch, appeared, a divine service was served, which ended with singing many years to the Sovereign and the entire Reigning House, the founders and leaders of the" Union", as well as eternal memory to all those who fell for the faith, the tsar and the fatherland.
2c4226da218fff1b08df03aad399a95763c4b439	The goals, ideology and program of the "Union" were contained in the Charter adopted on August 7, 1906.
8445cc7d4b5ba91ac6330e0bbbdf069101e60e8f	Russian Russian self consciousness development and the unification of all Russian people for common work for the benefit of Russia, united and indivisible, was the main goal of it.
3ae31b3deb09a1b9907845a6ed176aec35d17bc8	This benefit, according to the authors of the document, consisted in the traditional formula "Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality".
f8a65354973a7c03615ec2a28bc1f03832317535	The Black Hundreds were patronized by Nicholas II himself, who wore the badge of the "Union of the Russian People".
cb9e8ff21c3c2fffd904a628c60da29cc07b6762	Nicholas II welcomes the Black Hundreds
d6956e445390215626e29e1d05be0e492a77206d	Special attention was paid to Orthodoxy as the fundamental Christian denomination of Russia.
b099d6ac18b5ebd03146c4acbfb2ad977336b4d5	Over time, the situation in the organization worsened, which led to the final split of the "Union".
a66e3e899473b2754ee3c1391c3a994b20dd1c02	The stumbling block was the attitude to the State Duma and the Manifesto of October 17.
a9b43f2ccbaa0e5e9341d88022f35d242359351c	Almost immediately after the February Revolution of 1917, almost all monarchist organizations were banned, and trials were initiated against the leaders of the "Union".
d8243b57ec5d686858adadf7345852deb064c367	The monarchical activity in the country was almost completely paralyzed.
26a7842007452a9d894c7bdaff8ddbc03a2a8c88	The subsequent October Revolution and the "red terror" led to the death of most of the leaders of the"Union of the Russian People".
7eaf76e719c541ee53b91ab51dcaed151039da62	Many former "allies" took part in the White Movement.
bf33feb9f1a9c55cef1c0859b3bb751ff309ff03	Defeat of the Revolution
6d7bd5b88aacc9754926589c83fd61930f88da80	The dispersal of the First Duma was perceived by the revolutionary parties as a signal for action, active action.
04e67f4421093e22fc16cf38e4d26085461aa119	Although the Mensheviks did not proclaim the course of an armed uprising, but called on the army and Navy to join the people; the Bolsheviks stepped up preparations for a national uprising, which, in their opinion, could begin in late summer – early autumn, 1906, to July 14 in Helsinki hosted a meeting of the revolutionary parties (the social democratic faction of the labour group and Council, of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, the Central Committee of the socialist revolutionary party, national teacher's Union, etc.).
1319e15ca40dd94afe9043123dd07dde4cf1123c	They called on the peasants to the seizure of landed estates, to fight for the convening of a Constituent Assembly.
6baa1ac4c44108b3412485100bb3d271cccb65c4	In 1906, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin became the chairman of the Council of Ministers.
442a1829a2a3ed815d3dc2de1a67073eaa68917c	P. A. Stolypin
25112e76fca74d203927dcba257586e2a18270dc	Read more about him on our website: P.
a8185b2bc6fa3d409a0eab77e963861d36fb97e8	A. Stolypin: personality and activity, Goals of Stolypin's agrarian reform.
9af9042564061d5a9b01b7fed9747ec773a05c00	Stolypin's activity aroused the hatred of revolutionaries.
ab6444cf30f8b7e3edd3607d29c0dc9ac667fda0	Several attempts were made on him, as a result of the last one he was killed.
1d125924f7cb18cae744c3b436d69dca463a9ceb	Stolypin initiated a number of important decisions.
a91b2db26213ae75b79e6657c9ca7130f1c75586	On June 3 (16), 1907, the Second State Duma was prematurely dissolved, accompanied by a change in the electoral system.
8d5148afcfd4ca07f20bf761614efd3200eba855	This event is called the "Third June Coup".
74934782eb4d23d43b89b79eace70f9ce38292b5	The reason for the dissolution of the Second Duma was the inability to establish constructive interaction between the government, headed by Prime Minister P.
71b57357a2cc0da86f010e79642a4813798eb427	A. Stolypin, and the Duma, a significant part of which were representatives of the extreme left parties (Social Democrats, Socialist Revolutionaries, People's Socialists) and the Trudoviks who joined them.
0e28d9213005acbc148cfcec345ebc25a1ebcd73	The Second Duma, which opened on February 20, 1907, had no less oppositional mood than the previously dissolved I Duma.
bef70a7473115db171e865bbea8d0360d670bcf1	It rejected all government bills and the budget, and the bills proposed by the Duma, obviously could not be approved by the State Council and the Emperor.
01840eec060839846fcd9f344b414cb702f7a439	The current situation was a constitutional crisis.
77d334c11857722d9b7ffa76c2abfa273734a9bd	The main state laws (in fact, the constitution of Russia) allowed the emperor to dissolve the Duma at any time, but he was obliged to convene a new Duma and could not change the electoral law without its consent; but the next Duma, presumably, would not differ in opposition from the dissolved one.
8a47e72ec380f6a5524546d46ef1134d91a664c8	The government found a way out of the crisis in the simultaneous dissolution of the Duma and the amendment of the electoral law for the elections to the next Duma.
bd00ff38ebae2d68ab293ac6b115af01c113a61c	The pretext for the dissolution was visiting social democratic deputies of the Duma delegation from the St. Petersburg garrison soldiers, who handed them a "soldier's mandate".
b3cf49134b5587bd436f3e808c93787c8d350146	P. A. Stolypin used this small event to June 1, 1907, representing the episode in the form of deployed conspiracy against public order, to require Duma suspension from participation in the meetings of the 55 deputies of the social democratic faction and the removal of parliamentary immunity from sixteen of them.
450cbc4100dbd8dd969d355d7ec3c757a5696573	The Duma, without giving an immediate response to the government, established a special commission, the conclusion of which was to be announced on July 4.
565f100a006cbd7eac5fdd518a327aa261155d94	Without waiting for the Duma's response, Nicholas II dissolved the Duma on June 3, published an amended electoral law and called elections to the new Duma, which was to meet on November 1, 1907.
b1489c71d7979ebdd57f60a5f24d2edccc2b6826	The Second Duma lasted 103 days.
24720c1a0317c2bd3bdd20825de75926e90ba7cd	The dissolution of the Duma was the prerogative of the emperor, but the simultaneous change of the electoral law was a violation of the requirements of article 87 of the Basic State Laws, according to which the electoral law could be changed only with the consent of the State Duma and the State Council; for this reason, these events became known as the "Third June coup".
97930e1364dd61d311c5364e688d1deced308225	The coup d'etat of June 3, 1907, meant the end of the revolution.
2fc1886f47b803e4e2c591645a1d192e95741151	Results of the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907
cc090bfa1e08336d0001e8153b6594f913f80f61	The result of the speeches was the October constitution (the adoption of the constitution by the current head of state — the monarch, the president, or the granting of the constitution to a colony, a dependent territory by the metropolis) —the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, which granted civil liberties on the basis of personal inviolability, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and unions.
dee760dccbda70beeb1d61bb2ff9c32cc32208a2	Changes in the village: redemption payments were canceled, landlord arbitrariness was reduced, the rental and sale price of land was lowered; peasants were equated with other estates in the right to move and place of residence, admission to universities and to the civil service.
127b3c5c4c77ea2020c84e9e3e98cd19e297cea8	Officials and the police did not interfere in the work of peasant gatherings.
21266c5c948e817b03b5052f13b7e73385499418	But in the main, the agrarian issue was not resolved: the peasants did not receive land.
8ea99e3da2336acc07c9484640bd4141e8fa6849	Some of the workers received voting rights.
f49825e5f67b2c6ac1a9041e45014ceb9df5a650	The proletariat was given the opportunity to form trade unions, and workers were no longer criminally responsible for participating in strikes.
fe9281b16e1ea60f41bb2557bd7e3f9945725791	In many cases, the working day has been reduced to 9-10 hours, and in some cases even to 8 hours.
0f6e40dabca59d57554f5f5c296b77712c0cecca	During the revolution, 4.3 million strikers fought hard to achieve a 12-14% salary increase.
1b15d12ba67ff2e41a039ef1d2ed8b939c2bf312	It was necessary to moderate the Russification policy somewhat, the national suburbs received representation in the Duma.
72ee95f76e53d3554eeb7f40476bde170e47afa6	But the revolution was followed by a reaction: the "Third June Coup" of June 3 (16), 1907, the rules for elections to the State Duma were changed to increase the number of deputies loyal to the monarchy; the local authorities did not observe the freedoms declared in the Manifesto of October 17, 1905; the most important agrarian issue for the majority of the country's population was not resolved.
0781b7374bb7c7045b4c1e9cdea2cf0831630515	G. Korzhev "Picking up the banner"
22bfdbe6bb709fc3521f95411a9b4c999a11405a	Related articles: The first census in the Russian Empire
81bcb2a4aab1a9a0f16576bee2a4faad923a6276	Russian Russian Revolution, the results of the First Russian Revolution, Cadets, cruiser Ochakov, Bloody Sunday, Lieutenant Schmidt, Manifesto of October 17, Nicholas II, Octobrists, the First Russian Revolution, the first Council of Workers ' Deputies, petition, the defeat of the Revolution, the causes of the revolution, priest Gapon, the Union of Unions, Stolypin, Black Hundreds
3d3f22cf8999e699d68c31b33dde284254a6b598	Along with people who protect law and order, standing guard over state interests in the army, dogs of service breeds are already an integral part of the security of every citizen of every state.
96ae434e9a67cedc8a64e18e1222a1ceedef7b7e	Dogs of these breeds perform work that a person sometimes cannot do at all, they find what criminals are carefully trying to hide-drugs, weapons, smuggling.
b41faf89c6d2f367a8db461834063d4959c3907b	Dogs help to search for people who are lost or intentionally hiding, and also act as sensitive watchmen and attentive guards.
f4e6365222a65f83f7d13efe2960c3f3f1d98885	The Australian Shepherd is an intelligent dog with excellent protective qualities.
6acfa3ae47caf712a9ceea41ccb12a6305a16f16	It requires a lot of physical exertion, therefore, it is better to keep it in a country house.
7dcbebbc269648126577d87cfc3c59d496819317	The Kelpie is an intelligent, balanced, obedient, very hardworking and easily trainable dog.
9a3133287bcaf4b04e67273932fa086d21258c58	Akita Inu is a reserved, proud dog with an independent disposition. It can be an excellent watchman, it is easily trained, although it is capable of a furious attack.
3fad57f3699ff72e3e0c6bc662c41454ab9ccda2	It can be an excellent watchman, it is easily trained, although it is capable of a furious attack.
c7e6d03cbc2a9a21ba232f60b29b8f8469279ff9	Alaskan Malamute-this northern breed, despite its impressive appearance, is quite friendly.
5ad5a65fb117b063b90efdabc1d5bbe6cff6b4c9	These dogs are not intended for protection, because guests, even uninvited ones, will be treated friendly.
e6d2cafd7ec34d08b513eaa9b9dff27ad73b1a49	A mischievous smile, a determined look, an endless pleasure to bring joy to the owner - these are the qualities inherent in the American pit bull terrier.
9de692af0de8c8b0f2501fb3e8d7a6ce9c901c33	Due to its acute sensory perception, the English Shepherd is an alert and responsive dog.
88e6581a662be267298049fe9784001742a79385	Small and quick-witted Basenji are perfect for keeping in apartments.
7476d0a87e6a55f1b70dc59a2cdb32e4e7de3782	The Belgian Mastiff is prone to show aggression and needs physical exertion to release its energy.
9dc4a0dca55630399b06b940e78fb7e1563d2e34	Recognizes only its owner and his family.
eb9edaff3f1079ca131a1293db25a4efbf74327d	Like Grunendahl, Tervuren is smart, brave and easy to train.
988b0c7b4254d74a588d5dff0d23f011b88af85d	He is extremely loyal to his master, but requires the same attention and dedication to himself and usually needs a firm hand.
4200afc9374b3ad011ef7a8f08905a9869601ac9	Blue Lacey is easy to train, she is easy-going and obedient, she is a wonderful worker and a pet.
9a8540b510db8dfe5286e935b7cebd913ee44a00	The gigantic size of the Great Dane can mislead the layman and cause some fear of a dog of this breed, but in our article we will find out that the Great Dane has a sweet and accommodating character, allowing him to be truly a family pet and a favorite of the whole family.
a20df5c55f1ffb7e175c682aa1977b8616155fdb	The Big Dane (yes, yes-it is the Dane) - this is how these majestic representatives of the dog world are called in some countries where it is believed that Denmark was the birthplace of the breed.
4b03cbb437a7d74007ada439ac73e69e06bef990	Boxers are representatives of the dog world filled with energy and strength.
95712167f6d1a825c39f8d510e5cc8cf18bc0dc7	They are one of the most hardy dogs in the world, which, along with a strong physique, makes their use as service dogs and guards very popular.
63eb0e0331b48c22089798cb366141e71e127386	An incredibly popular dog breed all over the world - the Labrador - did not just get such fame and earned the attention of millions of people.
b047de4cf9b2980bc9a56b572d4171484849657e	The Bernese Mountain Dog has a friendly character, so it can take root in any environment.
1f0dc32795e238d617871f701bd1b3cffa2ed106	This dog is perfect for families with children, the Mountain Dog also gets along with other pets if it is brought up together from an early age.
4861ca006084cc57e2411d54c6a2a123ff2d22c3	Since the Bernese Mountain Dog is a shepherd dog, it has a very developed instinct to protect its owners.
f0d4a9b62081646a14eefd82d59f426233b9cfcc	Airedale Terriers are cheerful and loyal dogs, but they need to be loved and respected.
f2eaa42aec500fe823c7e3c1f69ccddbbc1d7774	They get along well with other animals, needs regular physical exercises.
73a04d325591583dcc2b21ef91c7a7198fd5582b	The German Shepherd is one of the most popular breeds, which is famous for its endurance, strength and dedication.
2d716f2c3f9c186c50e61f49580ae819f9cc7039	According to many dog breeders, the German Shepherd is the smartest dog.
e74f67d4b1edff3d0c86d5ec5b2188a66fb97ffd	Some suggest that the ancestors of the German Shepherd were various breeds of shepherd dogs crossed among themselves.
4307fa3d696c876725726be4f3d1b974411916ba	According to another theory, this breed is the "fruit of love" of a shepherd dog and a wolf.
3d6cc42bb143a608c4721fee281a498fe4d94a27	However, no one has yet agreed on the origin of German Shepherds.
32ca54bd430beb74966ee05e740862277e765311	Hidden behind the awkward appearance, the wild temperament of the English Bulldog is also connected with the history of the breed.
69974f59d64e73293a9e8d4d3b5d67f22a595a1a	An easily recognizable dog with a funny face, despite its clumsy appearance, capable of giving a head start in speed and agility to representatives of many other breeds.
7c3e790be704adf9e3cac6f6e917e3a872087aa8	Newfoundland is a dog with a truly wonderful character.
23141988797a6aa050e03c2b68d08ab54f862edb	Representatives of this breed are kind, intelligent, brave, pleasant in communication, one can say, human.
29be25658d1a7d701ad12faea7e24e3533666487	The Pyrenean Shepherd Dog combines modest size with incredible energy.
8bc46887cd1d517e50be2b0727cbc56d75e7d27f	The Bobtail or the Old English Shepherd Dog are charming pets and reliable defenders.
cf9807bf427be1f6031dd494d83bd66ba1d10b54	These are loving pets and cute companions who will certainly become a full member of your family.
5669306363aae61b5b18a1f5d587f39b7f33128b	Bobtail is a pack dog, it has very developed protective instincts, which the pet implements, protecting small children and following the owner.
22703abeaf2134f80d67e84119ce66f6703519a5	The bearded collie is a cheerful and loyal dog.
d29de7a8b2d3a486fc508b495c21756d7c6bcd41	The Border Collie is an intelligent, balanced, obedient, attentive and capable of learning dog.
9bd6f580acbb417a15449de5ea97b406562826d7	A collie is a whole group of dogs whose origin occurred in Scotland.
c7a82280bb977dac22291b46dc1b8b8acb57d3b3	Therefore, the Collie is also called the Scottish Shepherd.
6e7b2d395cb9e7aad4f13d691e7d480b61e08474	Miniature Schnauzer (mini Schnauzer) - the smallest of the Schnauzers.
b9348780c861787ea0f387733dacc002b30334bc	Despite the size, a big dog lives in his body!
e8858195582d81394f2c16a5c938f94b71db9489	According to many dog lovers around the world, due to its temperament and character, the Burbul is one of the breeds that is especially preferred.
67011cda3d60b7396fc488352611a0b758e932b5	A Giant Schnauzer is a dog that is infinitely loyal to its owners.
5251adf7242f48fea9f20021361e4dec02e767c6	The Schnauzer is easy to train, it is very obedient and active.
a16d68a42d2bca70aff109bddf81db0255957022	Under the condition of early socialization, he gets along well with children, has a playful disposition.
2a5cb4c8efd199a0393e3740f7af366ff81e6475	Rottweilers are a very efficient and hardy breed, they are excellent defenders and guards, but they are usually devoted to only one owner.
fd00ef708852d3910fdfc11824d679b05f43b795	Well, just a real man who you can rely on and be calm for your safety.
f148af725a9781b9ced659e730bb0047f72f995d	Rottweilers can be excellent watchmen, bodyguards, can transport goods and serve in their respective bodies-the army, the police.
8cd58aa55cb4d2f9b00bc97b3ea362cb140288c5	These dogs are very popular, they have a pronounced guard instinct, they are fearless and brave.
ba6afcdbcf82c967e534859c76e943477e8be395	They say about Beauceron that he looks affectionately only at the owner.
9dd2fe79bdef3c20899211af729c516321bc3771	However, in fact, in the process of breeding the breed, these dogs have become obedient, intelligent and balanced.
dc870f74db1643164becdb89e37a10c744db5725	Dobermans are loyal, fearless and courageous dogs, they can be both affectionate pets and wonderful service dogs.
67bf8c0247dd50d5e708ae814c562fd9463ffbd4	There is an opinion that Dobermans are disobedient and aggressive, in fact, everything depends only on the owner.
622c58de21d1a991efaa0332f6abe315ea4fe1a7	Caucasian Shepherd dogs are contradictory creatures, there are many rumors and myths about them, but not all of them correspond to the truth.
2303101a14a627080280df6da1ed345b049ed183	One thing is certain – this animal is not suitable for novice owners, for its training you will need a strong and domineering owner, only in this case the Caucasians will become real watchmen and assistants.
3ec81759fe5fd6b641fdad0348a8a0bf527ec0ef	Lakenua has a firm character, an innate watchdog instinct. The dog is very hardy and efficient, but vicious.
fb8d90fdfb6d01eaea42f7e56f8b7dcdd1c9e327	Despite its somewhat quarrelsome nature, the Picardy Shepherd can be a good home companion and watchman.
8a2d3cfb844aa74acfac13399277e4cb04fa2f18	A hunting dog is an indispensable assistant for any real hunter.
b650b5ebc80d5cc2f3dea02050a59bfe006be774	It is she who will find and raise the bird on the wing, drive out or stop the beast , find the game in the thickets.
7f78f9ddb502731aabb00e6541ef68f1ccfb0a5c	From time immemorial, dogs have been used for these purposes and, although hunting has undergone serious changes today, this aspect has probably remained the same – there is simply no one to transfer the functions of a four-legged friend.
9787deb347a41b581b7721e86a9e4ab6a9516567	And it is not necessary, because there is nothing better for Russian hunting than a properly trained dog.
f5ee8213cb0f84b4d751106cc0722befc7dd7024	The greyhound is loyal to its owner, it treats family members well, but loves only those who respect and understand it.
daf5ac423a63e1d42b2be19d0119824568dd1dcb	Representatives of this breed require early socialization, they are very smart, easy to train.
ef328660e5b278ddfc942440e57fec15156ad3d6	The Afghan hound is one of the most graceful and beautiful dogs of hunting breeds.
e220a29ca39501058d8ca045e15a7c4cade02021	The Irish Setter was bred in Ireland, and as an independent breed was formed in the middle of the XIX century.
84952c90934d8b500829747e7bd589fccea2fb9c	The English Setter is one of the oldest breeds of hunting dogs. They are distinguished by a balanced disposition, the ability to train and excellent flair.
acf706f131ff3c299c6c75301b39712f9578a640	They are distinguished by a balanced disposition, the ability to train and excellent flair.
07ad05ec281a4ce06cbf501ace6d6f965c2e95ae	A beagle is a type of hound dog.
8d28eeaf131c943f40db06903951b7650074ba0e	These are funny, affectionate and good-natured dogs.
34239d1b89d0a6f6efa40c3e181175083dcba93a	Beagles are hunting dogs that feel quite comfortable in city apartments, but on the condition that they will have enough space for outdoor games
5e9214abcb12240be47aded4b0d85e04d9004ff1	Modern beagles are used not so much for hunting, but as a companion.
2736cc3b94b523f28db9d7b04df9b42f62b6aa50	The dachshund is smart, quick-witted, clean and hardworking. This is one of the most hardy dogs.
3335255755192e85b8729fcdf0e6eda7cb2418ea	This is one of the most hardy dogs.
9919f5ab4fc276f3baf8fd8c849050d0ee9c17f6	The Basset Hound is a dog with a soft character, he is not timid or angry.
f9ad62faa40bb18ac5442449feb2bf9c0ad0051a	The dog is very hardy, has a sharp mind and powerful instincts.
ad68289e4a84b0f288479a074d4461f7748bb92f	Basset Hounds quickly become attached to the owner, they are friendly to children and other pets.
6821357c28030fe71c26799143831db4f5526161	The Irish Wolfhound is a breed of hunting dogs.
e6e70ecfe4b1fec85f897832c22cb93c699b3bb7	At the first glance at the fox terrier, you can see that it is a very cheerful, active and loving dog.
52c9445e317c466cfe203c14d22651ed3f4becd3	Most dogs of small breeds are indoor decorative dogs.
6209f60e0612f6c84e4f92a78d6e12920a8b3613	All existing systems of classification of dog breeds separate indoor decorative breeds from breeds designed to perform certain work.
ba96f1015287e3973e717dd0d10654514ab173e2	Decorative dogs have lived with humans since ancient times, along with hunting, guard and shepherd dogs.
973d18fd5e53abcd29f479ab6ffa316d9e21afa4	Small dogs served as entertainment for their owners, symbolized prosperity and high social status.
a9557b724d38b5e65797ba41a60351c8c1e794d4	The selection of indoor decorative dog breeds was aimed at fixing any special external signs that are attractive to owners.
5d4a610a2e1f6f1f3f34efeb09be4765c6ba3fa7	So, Pekingese were valued for their lion-like appearance, and pugs - for cute wrinkles and a monkey face.
75a74f6fd140edd307444593f1d45b57064c42c4	The specifics of using decorative dogs also presupposes selection by character and temperament - the behavior of a lap dog should be pleasant and funny.
8aef7c5fa23f73a0fb523ca6d0d65a17d21695b7	The Shih Tzu is one of the most ancient breeds of dogs that originated in the vast expanses of Tibet.
4f69c3a7ab26c3bc3921608f60a147fb79758186	This beautiful dog has a very independent character, sometimes it can be proud and arrogant, but at the same time it is very brave, gentle and loyal to its owner.
8ca90f315ccc1ebcae01f721a6d25db3c3793b1d	The Chinese crested is a popular decorative dog breed, represented by two varieties: naked and powderpuff, covered with soft hair all over the body.
dae8c898771595b819fb977cf61b5c27ece9c46c	Chinese crested-active, cheerful, elegant and very loyal to their owner animals.
87f66fe865908561d1495cc9474fb19ee41cf74f	The Japanese hin is a decorative dog breed that was previously very popular in the Chinese and Japanese imperial courts.
951b6d18fd017c3d9c9c3cc368922a0c45d11e89	She learns very quickly and easily, is able to master a lot of complex commands with minimal effort.
b393ceaaaa79a5f856273b8cce5b34d8213745aa	The Pomeranian is the smallest representative of the Pomeranian, named after Pomerania, a historical region of Germany
380f1cc4e2001cc5d970f3adbb0e69515e68ed40	The Pomeranian is a smart, friendly, sociable and loyal baby, who stands up for his master without fear.
05ac3a9e26fb511b0b38665ec2608c79b80f2a58	The Yorkshire Terrier (York) is a small decorative breed of dogs that originated in the XIX century in the county of Yorkshire, England.
6cff359b2849087c7fcf8a73c71548fc06473128	Affectionate, energetic, inquisitive and bold Yorks are ideal for keeping in a city apartment.
37fd027c84f7ef9ccb7360d40c81d79eaeb060db	The Chihuahua is the smallest dog breed in the world, discovered in 1850 in the Mexican state of Chihuahua, after which it was named.
264568ce81fe2afbdbad89d792efb850cab2b847	Dogs of this breed are very kind, obedient, funny kids with the character of a real watchdog, but at the same time they are very vulnerable and touchy.
bc1ab1e72ed652b6048d5f7887cabd2088aadc91	Often, leading experts on the breed do not know where, from what combination, a particular litter appeared.
6225226eb5b5fcaeaf19b39ab3eeda7444f234a6	It turns out that the direction of the breed's development is determined by a full-time cynologist?
f6f35cb7965f9cea6ec8eae6d2a1302ae3bef5e2	And at best, he is responsible for breeding work in the section (club).
84e605a17d1c92ba151af9c40bbee74f9d43672e	In fact, it turns out that all the issues are solved by a kind of"intra-sectional inter-party".
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b0368e6dc4f62993a67ec4d6414673cd7facbde2	What kind of puppy is this ?
21f70e366cfa3a878d25dc825890f1428afc5a05	21:15 ilinene
7b42c67ce5d524acf1c2e642d9d5e2f07470773c	help determine the breed of the puppy 19: 37 ZhekaRebel
3112b55373056103939381f68f3a45078bd19322	What kind of kitten 21: 22 Kelleser
a1508d39ca2032c5b1ace2c0e6f7da73330a5787	About the nursery 21: 15 FlareSolare
ddd39d1c7469dc6c5b9b4c1e7120c3da69722ea3	help to determine the breed 15:50 Natalis
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284075c8d62abb70c544b7f05687c4d92e3cfcb7	Meet the Button!
7dd33207f922b6a402819b4a9e18ee1e53534061	Podolsk
0075dd7b70a578fb56b154e4c6b265cca44ff905	A loyal friend with a difficult fate
eec866f22279c6d572e311944438244e4a1b7d83	Teen cat, color Black smoke as a gift
dc7bf8a50c9724c74ee675fc5e118960d4502e63	Encyclopedia /
ad88a98a41bbf6fd6097c756df16d585a81691d0	Names of dog breeds with photos
bb7e0e8916a078bc25c9731350e95fcc0e4e9da7	Service dogs
20900af6e3cfd10e28c47beefef81503d7d25e6b	Hunting dogs
6c50224e9c9c0d838a521665a1dfa799b86777c2	Decorative dogs
6f4c53ee138dcb470f9ef9a40e17fb58f4c5d1bf	Ainu
399042e82a5527f5df22c8748a3548d99a6768ac	It can be used for hunting and protection.
2c4dd14830abb8f53d8ed7b80363eda20278665a	A pet, Ainu can be a little aggressive.
ca40bc36fc44be610475c80316b6b99a786abced	American Cocker Spaniel
43dc484e6bc92e0c1e34d83fc4b40cbb9506068f	According to the classification, the American Cocker Spaniel is a companion and a bloodhound for small game.
a4a28914d93ee49d5da06573b1de446d73e8018f	Representatives of this breed are optimistic and friendly pets, they are full of enthusiasm and are always ready to follow their owner even for a walk, even on a trip.
e710e5c61e5aef6d0bbddc05128120f3597ef157	They are obedient and well trained, so they will become excellent companions even for novice breeders.
0825d3c97a7a5e3409d8407270637738ab2ff794	English Cocker Spaniel
9e99ef0fdac3e7b5fd9cf84a4264794f0e6c3d20	The English Cocker Spaniel is a hunting breed, an active and friendly dog.
7d2eb01373a0d0f0126fdc82863947a1420845c0	Very sociable, does not like being alone, requires significant care for the hair and ears.
fd8234fbdbdd009413d475d1808f5b982b8bb955	It gets along well with children and other dog breeds.
5025c5165511c445e971c3bc5137ac1f70823f9a	English Setter
136b20246fdf73ca5027e8cadf4c3ee351b51b01	The English Setter is one of the oldest breeds of hunting dogs.
1efb4f5f0eae400620f46feb42c93d38d9da562b	English Springer Spaniel
6e1add6966d552191bcb80a112367f85e9ba60f8	It is difficult to reliably state the history of the emergence of this breed of dogs.
f8fb309c514aa632515de7bbc146098d0dc484fb	The Afghan Hound
aa534de2b6029763ff435bace5b46a747b85d65f	Bedlington Terrier
6f36f5b79dabea71a7709a7e84716b04f9cc4772	The Bedlington Terrier, despite the appearance of a sheep, is a brave hunter and a reliable watchman.
8770f2d9ae0e7f18d69829c1dcbd9fa213d54c19	The dog is demanding to care for its fur.
59ae46cbc288b231124080556eeb0300076ebc98	It is suitable both for use on hunting small game, and as a companion dog.
1a52ac4471a630ea8876ada46eae491376fea778	Beagle
c707bd83464731db160124374db7be296663aca0	These are funny, affectionate and good natured dogs.
dea54f556193015c606407a0ca5beb389dc3f6ee	Beagles are hunting dogs that feel quite comfortable in city apartments, but on the condition that they will have enough space for outdoor games Modern beagles are used not so much for hunting, but as a companion.
47d8f63ee71b358b191e0a871eddad1e3d98d9e8	Bloodhound
892dcc9f0a5771ba8c9d58712979c9794e0a6c78	The Bloodhound is originally a hound breed of hunting dogs.
b335eabcdde28019c51eba1c8c31d80d5cc3fb63	Despite its impressive size, it has a soft character outside of hunting.
5e838581c76589f5cd47378b12bb285c6e81bd1e	Can be a companion dog.
5b535d6c02e4350bf37f834cb23de89e2c54b83e	Weimaraner
e8e8b9e7909dcdccfe8b596a3fe0e37153d37853	Weimaraners are surprisingly energetic and intelligent dogs.
07d019e871a6ef7b7049fd5276c50efea5e77ae7	The lion's share of their time is taken by hunting and an active lifestyle.
310f8a3dd1e0116213b4c6ad9fbb93d10598ce53	These animals are friendly, but they need to be brought up strictly, if you allow the pet to do whatever he wants, he will become uncontrollable.
80f7dae74d0bb1bfbaeb4f0a7a4435edb3e23172	Welsh Terrier
b0f89bf609a150d14840b334f51c6b3ba0b0535a	The Welsh Terrier is a cheerful, independent, cheerful, loyal, obedient and brave dog.
d3ccd41eef603163381ab1cdc435a31d9b097767	It requires hair care and constant physical exertion.
d04feef6387c77f4b6de0c8fb91a86274b533701	Hungarian Vyzhla
1ab4e6a4ad814f6ff6507531ae9eb4c560f8eb77	The Hungarian vyzhla is a fairly ancient breed of dogs, it was formed for a long time, hounds were taken as the basis for its breeding, then they were brought together with various representatives of the strongest and most hardy breeds.
0fd34541ee0c02f36a75dd49f58f75f32c97b27d	Smooth haired Fox Terrier
03336d0e32a123db31d7d76e45ab50c499e88e23	He loves to play, especially with children.
1470d387413f0d71ff54610d23ce3caf9c1526fe	Golden Retriever
7ee448fb476623d650711491f9ed6eba6b2b26c1	Golden Retriever is a very sociable and loyal pet, it is perfect for a family, will get along with children and get along with other pets.
7ac779f4905f98e7e566189837c804c9af4c3fe0	Representatives of this breed are not aggressive, proper upbringing will help your pet to understand that he will always be surrounded by attention and care.
7e732c87ee4ce9fd23a80af6deccb25feb8ee06a	Dutch tulphond
868d910d0bb7072827519040731adcdfacc37c8d	This is a very contact dog, affectionate and friendly.
e086ad9139a1d7b8fd0facad0384377161c2f76a	Hamilton's Hound
22899a0e27953af4c8cc15a50835f83ed261dcb1	A loyal, obedient dog of a lively temperament, but noisy.
d871cad5b303bd7abe57c5b37b51ff27945d4b9e	Greyhound
e44860a8ef084831a171d134e5789dcf657e0547	Greyhound (English greyhound) is an English greyhound.
eb972335ff2ace2041509c595408ea95675f6df6	Dalmatian
2b032e66e619bae023a6abf46a103e1860c40c7f	There are at least 101 arguments in favor of having a Dalmatian.
1973d25df8ea60ab583c2bf950ac523f22a6a143	These are very smart dogs, with a strong and complex character, however, it is not always easy with such a dog, so they are not suitable for everyone.
fb05ec3e5a1b9677e7eace1be021ee8d7202d34f	Drathaar (German wire haired cop)
733855c5977229d767a5a47bb8e9308b6094d1ef	Drathaar has a noble appearance, an attentive look, energetic and sweeping movements.
6ef11b6a0d411b44314c3c09b56475fc54d779eb	This is a very loyal, easily trained and active dog.
8b16d53a26a9307e417df321ccd4e4512df928e0	Wire haired Fox Terrier
c185c9c9563def406715928309752ec8c98ba2ef	West Siberian husky
2c52a2d3fbb6f9b2a245da35e37cedeabeeb1513	Hunting dog of the forest zone of the Urals, Western and Central Siberia.
0d5574140fbfa31f6b5a5575dc8163f31089ed0b	It is bred in several cynological centers on the basis of hunting commercial dogs of local offspring of huskies (Khan Tei and Mansi).
974cc5386cb840bef56703731732b51b535b0fef	Irish Wolfhound
922f708386b96cf2284c1657d5734b766b9ea958	Irish Terrier
b413d4acba8563ec6b945f120de84dab02a025ea	The Irish Terrier is a loyal, kind, easily trained and self respecting dog.
e94f098d19b0e7b0290e5568f06268f18c6d213f	Spanish hound or Sabuezo Hispaniol
2b421130698fb79f70a5bfda6072ba8334ba1280	The Spanish hound or Sabueso Hispaniol is a dog created exclusively for hunting, although it is also used in the police, security and rescue services.
9ef6bdf900f45d351a037a0c7036d504db4e04e5	It is recommended only for experienced lovers of hunting breeds of dogs, as it requires "iron" discipline and prolonged physical exertion.
7cc5e5143efe4393651883c8ddc3e94b70a0ab3c	Italian brakk
80b3113d34734fd14dc7f3ea7f43839b9cdba392	The Italian brakk is friendly and attentive, he is kind to people and is not suitable for defenders.
7bb9033d9035d37316ae45f964b0b6bd61213b6c	But a wonderful watchman, because he feels and hears everything that happens outside of her field of vision.
3a2e072910f8879a6689cfb328c794990a17c243	Kai
00b5e02eb20ede5701c8a0fb5090f229cbb63f5b	The modern breed differs from its predecessors in kindness and complaisance.
4851f017126c4f315edccc5c6be6f8de3a6e2dd0	Karelian husky
5df6bbd8cc423193e223712d778b9ead3946a477	The origin of the Karelo Finnish husky is unknown.
c6f160e303e85a081977dbb3d4df6f561a4c6425	However, it is known that hundreds of years ago, dogs of this type were already used for hunting all kinds of game throughout the country.
ee48964126009f1e33507cc31f518d24d35f8cdb	Kisyu
a96929ce4c53aa5b9f990eaaedf2f188013b0562	Kisyu is a very patient and intelligent dog.
fbc322b5267a8fa81b4ea57cc5d24eca903d175a	It lends itself well to training, is obedient, silent and loyal to the owner.
5e53299d97dc82b9283a9d4195fd039c26ae9b92	Clumber Spaniel
5ccb315bd70268d3fce57974199d5d3156d45ac7	The Clumber Spaniel breed is more than 200 years old.
7c33afa03c8317f205c6c998e6f0952995a633ab	Clumber was first mentioned in the English magazine "Rural Sport" in 1801, where the most common version of the appearance of clumber in England is given.
852e71ca709e944c7afe832d3e0d762c2d247b4e	Koikerhondje
29a3b1575c2a2354041e66086f51075753922a50	The Koikerhondje is an ancient Dutch breed.
1ac33b9d84b62d0054d47f5e3e4dc53e49087b08	Cocker Spaniel
72e594e9c6b63303f501ca01bb83a5046ad04e6c	Cocker Spaniels appeared in America in the XVIII century.
2aafb0e44e072a8ab8a655eccd37e330cc73e898	Kurzhaar
971e1e921279418cf398afbd164574101bfa66e0	Kurzhaar (German: Kurzhaar) is a German breed of dogs that were used for hunting back in the 19th century.
e8129c62ad62bde9e078ec6b788fa4b932f10fb0	This is a harmonious and slender dog that will become a wonderful companion and friend.
a6bfb3b73f4c8d5b8ef1c9246a757961d913d6aa	Labrador Retriever
3751527fff03da7c334cbd96822f9a5b743a256e	A loyal and intelligent companion.
d66ff3da0505b10496d32d69c372b6d38e281d0c	The Labrador Retriever is one of the most reliable and obedient dogs.
a645fd1fd6ca8c02b5a242a19a49298683a16632	A smart, fast dog, a gambling hunter, is devoted to his master, with whom he has a complete understanding.
5f01c2475eb5ce9268bf567306435c77b7b68e6c	East Siberian husky
d57dddde38d6b54db7c27367b9233b83d9b9a706	The first information about the East Siberian huskies appeared in the XIX century as the development of the regions of Siberia and the Far East.
7d5623687b4d0ac6881d197f12c1f1e4121fedac	Laika Karelo Finnish
8ea7978af23195cf2509bfb9b25c2430fef09794	Hunting dog of the forest strip of the northwestern part of Russia.
cdc7579c9fbbd6531ccd6ef743569427b5eae5d7	Laika Yakutskaya
21b5767237361757c82ee786fd088fa09f7fe970	The Yakut laika comes from a northern village of Nizhnekolymsky ulus.
77bf2232d9164f0d9f4316c05ce217141c2bd44e	Lakeland Terrier
4a0de97315df453cedbae9d618bc868a47c8211c	This is a brave and courageous working dog, affectionate to the owner.
8eb56be6e74e03301cc4085abe33193d8289119f	Lundehund
936b99267929ed59d1a0aeb9f95958579a53d314	Lundehund is a smart dog, an excellent watchman, a devoted companion.
9a760e46d00bdd2d9738ae4e45fd66da10b217db	He needs long walks and freedom.
422a160d1a9b31fa20c8037e800714b752d54683	Bear Canadian dog taltan
657c8786b0a6f9220f1d836042601f829eb7de8e	It was a hardy, easily adaptable dog to various living conditions.
79f9c8282afabac6d18d8424adcd53a273b4cfb4	German hunting Terrier
f4af25a7efd5ecf4d795ef98f440b3c2d91248ee	The dog is brave, aggressive, stubborn, obeys only the owner.
4f73a8036aa4dccc760ec04c4fad7837b6867d87	Nenets reindeer husky
e5ce06aab3dc9cb3968497642ec15865543c7613	Independent, smart, hardworking husky.
9bd47d3c17a8b944254164b5a1e4ce4d0cf2aaa0	He can perform his work without prior training.
93a653038f08db2e11aad8c3f5ea8ba122ac4759	Nivernais Griffon
d5dafaab8426c0cf73d0422e97a439de0c486692	A wonderful hunting companion and a true friend in the family.
c679776d593ec895029c89e726b674ca156ac848	Norwegian Elkhound
cbc11ee94c892d4a1805b30fce9021084ef640f8	Protects the owner's house and gets along well with children.
8196fdea75d8eb312d440d648d1ecaa749204ead	The energetic Elkhound has an independent disposition and a sense of self esteem.
7a723b11ecb65364596d026bab40dd38f419e975	Parson Russell Terrier
af1862bec4f4842882778b3441b3898335316d73	One of the most popular terriers in Europe today is the Parson Russell Terrier, for example, in Sweden it ranks third in popularity after borders and wheat terriers.
5ab91100cce5951a04d873b74e55483a02de1914	Our closest neighbors in Poland have about 100 Parson and Jack Russell Terriers in the register.
5d57e1cad11e39f0973a44d3ae283d81ba0130e4	The first dog of the Parson Russell Terrier breed officially registered in the BKO was brought to Belarus in 2003, the second in 2004...
c0d9b67f863bb8791310d296d5630789565033cd	Portuguese podengo big
c7de6f59f4dfed1fddae561659aa85325806c5ba	Portuguese podengo used by the Portuguese for hunting rabbits.
f2802a3fb5666e0443d2d2511faa7906fa80a3c3	Portuguese Podengo medium
df2883d1c2d3eb4984992b36440b2b69484ac81f	The ancestors of these dogs should be sought among the ancient levriers of the Nile Valley, the same ones that gave rise to the Pharaoh dog and the kirnik del Etna.
5c378268f6db046fa10c78cb55bce7e2f0148021	Straight haired Retriever
da2d0c139e46a1046d232240411be3ab914fd446	The smooth haired retriever (originally from the British Isles) had a wavy coat at the beginning of the XIX century.
6951e2cffa2a62e5f04880f5835c48f28da3ae0f	Smooth haired Retriever
3755ac508004e19e5eb3c9516b3ec811af189593	Previously, this breed was called a wavy haired retriever, but as the breed developed, the hair became more and more straight.
6024042fd2cc9f010076e01a411a67e5bcb8007d	Curly haired Retriever
9665d99d6ce723f0f5a68ba0829bc4fe43d153ed	The curly — haired retriever is the oldest in England (it has been mentioned since the beginning of the XIX century).
2228d69fa1d4128d7ac33e3a0c216b0c2a360dae	It is believed that it goes back on one line to the small Newfoundlands, and on the other — to the Irish water spaniel.
17aa3373662f9df37bb85231f5862580d49811fd	The Nova Scotia Retriever
9b5859dbef1c917a099cde136d4d3b8055cbfd84	The birthplace of this smallest retriever is the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.
a7ed74da905e89f8eda871d4380454fa99f602a4	Chesapeake Bay Retriever
b1b0eb51ed812d01e8a647d99de22fdbb500e3dd	It all started with two Newfoundlanders rescued from a shipwreck near the eastern shore of the Chesapeake Bay.
5d040847a324fafe83d3489954bce66bdd2e62e9	Rhodesian Ridgeback
1fa9431e82eeab1cb057be9745e4875359b89c24	The Rhodesian Ridgeback became an officially recognized breed only in the early 20s of the XX century, although information about its ancestors goes back centuries.
7703a0353a74e7a1fdfad2d02bd51f1f34f4011a	Russian Hound
c2442a97af95e78215a5febd241fa0a0c4c1a46b	A hunting dog, widely distributed throughout Russia.
08aeb2da02cc71ced2029a0844f3da3cafb18ac5	Russian Piebald Hound
5167130854478eeabaca8abefed4b51449ac6580	A hunting dog.
317f06d9a5875fecffa27813cc4c94dfb7d88378	It is not recommended to keep it in the apartment.
d9810575bbb63028426aa5054636c7445f7decee	It lends itself well to training but needs rigor.
dcdabe78695c2ec947151de934b62e79ff397240	Russian greyhound
13f5e107dab1554d3c282f61b615f270baee1f8f	Russian hunting spaniel
254858072a554c4ca9211d90a8db2b2b14a75b43	Breed formation began after the Second World War, when spaniels of various breeds were introduced.
fb95b36215076e2079a598bef5a74f8264ed7c0c	Russian European husky
d8ad37980faa1dd12f1b6b8772d88680270df94c	Rock formation began in the middle of the XX century.
347feb77267704f471d3698d88a6e2c9a6da8486	Saluki (Persian greyhound)
6e9d391018bec7aca282c88bb1323b37cb03e02b	This elegant and hardy greyhound is characterized by a light, dry type of addition.
b304adab1e45c16e175234e5c8ee05f987846c2f	Samoyed
7beb4803678d86cbc9541b435dbe31828678551c	The dog is calm, self contained, obedient , loyal, with a sense of self esteem.
fb41841143139d876e292a298b572202e0d68df7	Setter Gordon
e4551766557ee4c0e6ba8aa5e3b64895a67a3c43	The Scottish setter (Gordon setter Gordon Setter).
795554ff591a964b15ee0639adba04f51ed20095	Bred on the basis of old English black and tan dogs.
120381f1e5f41e1cdade968ff35f6ed8e30674fd	The breed was fully formed by 1860.
cf00e69901baf8b05c141c43f06a173e10fcff98	Shiba inu (Shiba inu)
53141b7d54b39abc00267a1d0699c9c90fd32afa	Shiba inu is an independent, intelligent, clean dog.
b67b6a385c363f73af7af4a3a86cc7c8f8e998f2	Everyone's favorite.
39ace82d0ffd9c90b0d15f3e8a4605807d0f1422	Simple hair care.
6eadf7a406c896bdacd52735166b080b3e73e543	They require regular physical activity.
8c9a913781c147d2be96f3190f1b842da57c5d41	Shikoku
3bf8fb6c6d82cd44585a624d854db08643712eb3	The dog is independent, with an independent character.
1d98e3f7d2d2720dc96204d1a77581b59ec4cecc	With proper upbringing, shikoku is obedient and gets along well with other pets.
9edc627ccfbaaecaadf4c3a8eec6061ba88a1e27	Springer Spaniel American
379ef1c14571db9f1ba7b6b29796861e2a2044df	The English Springer Spaniel is one of the oldest hunting breeds.
5f6dba7a468fae61757e2b2eb6a57704e70e2a4f	Springer Spaniel Welsh
c18d8c89bf8f2ac730bf16b8ca5ce0a2b94c5c82	"...Spaniels are usually white in color, and if they do have some spots and markings, they are usually red in color...
b5e28e5334c34e151034da5ec212a3033e03d19d	- so Dr. Cayus wrote in 1570 in his book "Dogs of England" - a sure proof that Springer spaniels from Wales have been known for several centuries.
0912d72a9acfb5a2ccdc6ab830352a9f2c51a921	Central Asian greyhound (Tazy)
fe6f7d2fa396cef4a2ea96dc2d246ce50fc33061	From the depths of centuries, one of the most mysterious breeds of Eastern greyhounds, the Tazy, came to us — the only hunting dog of the nomadic tribes of Central Asia.
c85081de97abb8f8f19615a6ece15c6167eff479	Dachshund
23a9377ce824d8df1745393a45d76201b0ae3dfc	The dachshund is smart, quick witted, clean and hardworking.
855bb75653be955db868af67334431af099d376d	Whippet
945ef68fda0eb20af48be183f932a6e1fda9030c	Whippet refers to greyhounds.
d10ea19479bf177bc83ec52f26db14fb305396b5	But currently this breed is used mainly for running.
0d0198e43a57e03e22fb0b16e487f60acf005591	After all, Whippets are great athletes!
7b90671a763a3918ed9738109ea80b61522c2da0	Pharaoh's Dog
a84c2fbdebfbbdaccda91dcd7bd4cc9c9c06a8a0	Pharaoh's Dog is the oldest dog breed in the history of mankind.
39ef4fa24cd58f27bdce3c53ae01932e69d61bf0	Finnish Spitz
f82ab6433bf0d7272375518eca940b749008dbd3	A brave, independent dog with a good memory and a balanced character.
41b821664217cdf73fad39e1e720c197f2303cfb	He is not afraid of the cold.
5df7a7ae7c17cb481550d584d5e034b09e2d661a	Swedish Elkhound
365d2c82eeb826419b91e27c57c20f195732c933	The Swedish Elkhound is popular in its homeland as a pet and a watchman, but first of all as a passionate hunter.
0caf630bc7b58cdb260d2a5fb8bba85d84ef0b58	Erdely kopo
ba18b6222a757b90341d60995f6ab4a4e1f59849	This dog, recognizing one owner, is easy to learn, friendly and obedient.
14f1755196a29f6d2b55c9a0dfd66c62f5b1e952	Estonian Hound
4b980e85640f60244c296d120136b247f2e209c5	The Estonian hound is a natural hunter.
2cdd84442f469c5f522e2efa9e7a276e09d809d4	Since the dog is of average height, it can be kept in an apartment, but regular physical activity is required.
0ad27236f5b3639a5cfc25191485e690455d3a1d	Jagdterrier
11cf44599b3e046b6c43a8db60a4a350ee392e0f	The German Jagdterrier is a breed of hunting burrowing dogs.
f823d16e371493002ebb7aefbeda2a84358b41ba	A dog with a difficult character.
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3dbefa48503db068fa902da252cf14dbc1ecf101	This is a dog that needs hunting and heavy physical activity like air.
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5ae80b469e15a511daad3e407a265500974b38a5	Encyclopedia about dogs "Descriptions of breeds" Service dogs
a86bbc2ae4dc8310ea42889677b47d2b2ce7b1db	Service dog breeds
3be8730fda9d958ce972b2d8fc7add248122bebf	Dogs of these breeds perform work that a person sometimes cannot do at all, they find what criminals are carefully trying to hide drugs, weapons, smuggling.
3a3deb171a7ed84732b33e91230518f464668d7b	To your attention - a section of our encyclopedia dedicated to Service Dog Breeds
85dc87119259c6bcdb4cc09775d6fd6b6a999288	date of popularity attendance comments alphabet
ad56e40c3d8879898da3dc33217fc230809f463d	Collie (Scottish Shepherd): description of the breed
435d28cef178dc93e0a39de058de828d050a75bc	Author: Sobakoved from 2016-03-17 | Category: Breed Descriptions / Service Dogs
3e4b4d1c918f64a598aad7a643d354b9d8c85233	0 1 2 3 4 5
e22408da818ce74d0d5e96cba2633b4c58109f71	These dogs are the epitome of beauty and true friendly devotion.
2e6c531cb653e2a3c766cd91fd9200e8928ac5f5	They are graceful and hardy, which made them excellent human assistants in pastoral affairs throughout the history of the breed...
9b99e181fd9c53701a3a1399527151b1c9f5f39e	Read the description of the breed in full
f016f20890726bbe279bbe51ae2335e542acc824	Bull Terrier: description of the breed
f7371cc6b20b30c25fad640a977c2bad58016218	Author: Sobakoved from 2015-11-30 | Category: Breed Descriptions / Service Dogs
adf735a2b88730f342b8bf187a914c963ea91017	Like a number of other breeds, Bull Terriers were previously bred not to become a pet, not to help a person and just be his friend.
9b025932e2e8e10372534184114e8d5effda80d4	The cruel morals and entertainment of people dictated their requirements for various breeds of dogs, among which were endurance and aggressiveness, a high pain threshold.
6714d681078af92dddcbdf4c3e50962381c1f4e3	The bull terrier is originally a fighting dog, it has earned its popularity for its unique appearance, which cannot but remain in memory....
61e5f9ae16808ab96bd20e66568fadae36821042	Great Dane: description of the breed
be5b79a0b59555691fa7c4eb8e46b726eaedc32e	Author: Sobakoved from 2015-11-26 | Category: Breed Descriptions / Service Dogs
c727d794dfdb8c680d01303499f3a2600a43a6b9	The Big Dane (yes, yes it is the Dane) - this is how these majestic representatives of the dog world are called in some countries where it is believed that Denmark was the birthplace of the breed.
0e8e9caf8a0583296f9423371f685aa6e5c3d9c1	About everything in order.......
b0b6b6ec4f496b2edb75ba8903473f2073275cf7	Caucasian Shepherd Dog: description of the breed
d89bf00d3b109b7968b4560f1aa29e64437ae18b	Author: Sobakoved from 2015-10-28 | Category: Breed Descriptions / Service Dogs
015737b144d252fa14f2f38cf8963c032de454f9	Tame the obstinate - this is how you can call the process of education and establishing contact with a dog of this breed.
692083bd389f70a927f5c4326f7b6f969249931d	Big, strong and fearless Caucasian Shepherds have all the data to be the best guards in the world both for you and for each member of your family.
3d51ba8e7eedeb06bfa951158710d6d872a12ced	Defending himself and his owners, the Caucasian will enter into a fight without the slightest hesitation even with a deliberately stronger opponent...
164d293c3d7c8113fa78cf56ca20df86e9aa2fd5	English Bulldog: description of the breed
775e2b6e0ae54e3a34ded755e36f68b9d2b9a441	Author: Sobakoved from 2015-10-27 | Category: Breed Descriptions / Service Dogs
cb613796a54e044d32395011c233dbf75d071431	For many years, these dogs have been used for bull baiting...
43161db67e6c8ad4a67549d3d8548dc3637b8ea2	German boxer: description of the breed
26959404f7984e58b6de3fbb894ea14748c7b183	Author: Sobakoved from 2015-10-26 | Category: Breed Descriptions / Service Dogs
957c1b54af81401ca9edaf25af6f0311066b83b6	They become excellent partners in investigative activities in the police, in the army and other services.
9f52a2937cf7c6a1b132932d63f07c09663457eb	Due to their character, these dogs have also proven themselves to be excellent companions and friends for the whole family...
e24e5d70685d42e4b5ae9c3b506cd9c56d041c00	Labrador Retriever: description of the breed
93a2814b5c84f18ba0db414bda28829a85ad2910	Author: Sobakoved from 2015-09-04 | Category: Breed Descriptions / Service Dogs
9a3da18d3bc65f6f465f8e203595fb7f9dc7c3ed	These good natured and cheerful dogs are true family members who are not capable of aggression (in the most direct sense of the word) and who love their owners and, of course, children with all their heart...
6d52dacd8d3d0a9d35c24d3616fcd67a81f2e869	Doberman: description of the breed
a516b3fe3bd9d1468d124e87274f546ba9fc19fe	Author: Sobakoved from 2015-09-02 | Category: Breed Descriptions / Service Dogs
3d97b501e0ec1f6764213e809399fb8596e1b66a	Dobermans in Russia, without a doubt, are leading in the popularity of dog breeds for investigative activities.
627201fb56f677126af2b519a38a5d98e2c47325	Their service qualities have long made this dog very common as guards and bloodhounds.
60ada2d147e401c23464a53e54a73a520b02f8d7	The Doberman is graceful and beautiful, but behind his pride lies intelligence and a very gentle character.
16e174e05fe928c56fc81e352d629ace5af822e7	And despite the number of very disparate opinions about this breed of dog most of them are just stories...
5c6b2cea1691299ec107157314ae19490104fb39	Rottweiler: description of the breed
72a935b60b372c593241a8091afbb361e237c0ec	100 1 2 3 4 5
32171d369caf457682d7775f6e4fffde8532d874	Strong, powerful and reliable.
cc35719bc4f1fc11e4157b7d8c4ca0c54b0e7816	Rottweilers can be excellent watchmen, bodyguards, can transport goods and serve in their respective bodies the army, the police.
323cbbb37239966164434566a70e7c2d8cd8ab86	Despite the bad (recently) reputation, Rottweilers are very smart and are capable of the sweetest manifestations of the most tender feelings for both people and other animals ...
73a708ec4acf2a3f6af79454460f79a7de0aa0e5	German Shepherd: description of the breed
b055b0e2cf543e8bb6cbdf8a180cb5471cb67b12	Author: Sobakoved from 2015-07-20 | Category: Breed Descriptions / Service Dogs
2002f032f89cdd52696f68a02eaceb254ed9df37	80 1 2 3 4 5
ac73e449fc11f8795508be80dc2b5474ee2531bf	A well recognized breed of dog (probably due to the fact that "Germans" who are perfectly amenable to training often become movie heroes), the origin of which is not silenced by disputes to this day.
60e4ba1225487e5e4b68ebb18e3c7827cd9b41ae	The earliest documented fact of the appearance of dogs of this breed is in 1882, when the first long haired German Shepherd was presented at an exhibition in Hanover, and 7 years later (in 1889) - the first ...
ab6532022ad4b03c93fe3825fc66ae07213c142a	Dog Breeds alphabetically Descriptions of dog breeds -> Working dogs - > Service dogs - > Hunting dogs - > Decorative
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459dae70c74e7322d29caeb2fb1a71c349f826d8	Wednesday, 07 May 2014 20: 18 The smallest dog breeds.
b0eb759acf9b3c8c4f0593a3c4e1fc9f91ddde86	Top 27 (with photos)
6e8902cf68e93888d36a1f0bfbe5b744f1f10dda	Comments (178)
9578fb08409b2928328e7954dfe1e2bb53fa19f4	Small breeds of dogs have been very popular for a long time, and every year it increases more and more.
8b0b909b61bfe1d8ce03ba2152e7850596910764	These tiny, like toy dogs, in addition to their charming appearance, also have a wonderful friendly character and perfectly master the art of communicating with people.
329f9433088499f55b7eab26ae117fc2367c00da	Abroad, they are even used in therapeutic practice, and this is not surprising, because such a positive creation will certainly have a healing effect on a person.
ae5efbaf94387c8f17182fb8649ba63985707634	An important argument in favor of representatives of small breeds is their "portability" – you can always take the crumbs with you, placing them in a small purse.
d06fe8c2fcbf1376d38899eb396003411fb3c742	Miniature dogs do not require a lot of space and feel great in small houses and apartments.
64f6419a04a536321fce9139ed4e0192c67c18a0	In this collection, we will tell you about the 27 smallest dog breeds.
fdeb631c93aec4a9b08cbf698ce0a244af06ab28	The rating primarily took into account the average body weight of dogs of each breed, as well as height at the withers (withers — the place on the spine between the shoulder blades, the highest point of the dog's body).
2382e6fe03bfe51a5c04006273f70bb6104d9921	27th place: The Shih Tzu is one of the most ancient breeds of dogs that originated in the vast expanses of Tibet.
e0255c22b9874f0351ce744c82bae02bf7482ad0	At the beginning of the XX century, they were forbidden dogs belonging exclusively to the family of the Chinese emperor.
87aac6f93ef26d7ab3c6a03ba561becff6b8e244	According to the breed standards, the height of the shih tzu should not exceed 28 cm, and the weight can range from 4 to 7.25 kg.
982ebab5ab2d704cd9f205eadfd44da6bc1b3c84	26th place: The Tibetan Spaniel is another breed of dog that originated in Tibet.
b60626181eb6119202a534333dc31e7492a61e8f	The breed has long been very popular with Buddhist monks, who trained these dogs to rotate prayer drums.
979fb6bd925e5134b439762000602a81ca369323	This dog does not really belong to true spaniels and is named so only because of its external similarity to European spaniels.
940638d2daac8d6a43953311481536886ff36d60	The height of the Tibetan spaniel is 25 cm, and the body weight ranges from 4.1-6.8 kg.
c3055050ac7e4431365463203efe8709f17e7dfa	25th place: The Norwich Terrier is a breed of small dogs that appeared in the city of Norwich, East England, in the XIX century.
41003f3e7a09770914f61210e34f808a5d355604	It was bred to hunt small parasites and rodents, which indicates its high activity and excellent hunting abilities.
f0399b4aa29868b6916482f8c28668eb945cc541	The weight of a tiny terrier is 5-5.
7a30b8d9bf8d89af01c9f16b93c41e1c75e573bc	5 kg, and the height is 24-25.
89917d97445e2fe3a2279f1e92368385f68079c3	5 cm.
fc94c3bd1fced2297c53bf12df1902fb6697ecc2	These small but hardy dogs are very brave, affectionate and quick witted.
d378df9c2fdb04baebd640c8ae5a927483ea357f	They are infinitely loyal to their owner and have a cheerful, good natured disposition.
b90bd844291d4d2ee6dfa7b7e120424463740268	24th place: The Chinese crested is a popular decorative dog breed, represented by two varieties: naked and powderpuff, covered with soft hair all over the body.
ec49c265d11355cc0c70bcb831d41a2654ad1114	Her weight is 4.5-5.9 kg, and her height is 23-33 cm.
97ccaaabcf137a1fa839edbd7324c3fd05bea2f1	Chinese crested active, cheerful, elegant and very loyal to their owner animals.
965375956a93de4c4d6b9fdb0761d93047bbf0c5	23rd place: The dwarf Pinscher is a small breed of dog that originated in Germany at the end of the XIX century.
94d92e267566fb9228cb28e208742f635f69dec3	At the withers, the dog can reach 25-30 cm, and its weight ranges from 4 to 6 kg.
ce6ed3a078dc36cdc7d9eb202d6d11e4fbd76dcf	Representatives of this breed of dogs are very wayward and independent animals, but with proper upbringing, a dwarf pinscher will grow into a wonderful companion guard.
bec30778b784f2545df87a6b904b9e2938686b3b	22nd place: Bichon Frise is a small breed of dogs of French origin from the group of lapdogs.
1000e53418d421175bbaeee3bf1f87b83016d5c1	Dogs of this breed were frequent companions of sailors, who were happy to take these excellent rat catchers and just cheerful companions with them on trips.
e55a55158876b505ac226569d28f964e09b97e95	The height of the French bichon ranges from 23-30 cm, and the weight starts from 3 and reaches 7 kg.
8fc071a61d671e74ca64094c08857ee3db6c4fed	It can be described as an intelligent, sensitive and playful dog that loves human society.
fb7e61f79618be9833b7ca3094c37cc575323b7d	With proper training, a bichon will grow into an obedient and intelligent companion.
a409b67c3a1128e8e46ce69cab219d3fc812f18e	21st place: The King Charles Spaniel is an English breed of small dogs, bred in the XVI century.
0828a6f9b8b6ceefd303037b3ad97ed919612903	The first representatives of this breed were the favorites of the English lords and were used for hunting.
b48258da4f3305a28603fb59ec3a271278bdfbd6	The height of an English aristocrat varies from 23 to 28 cm, and the weight is 3.6-6.4 kg.
2b9ae0a954d7aae7a2a16924e40c49461ab146ab	This cheerful companion dog is very loyal to its owner and, despite its miniature dimensions, is always ready to help him.
b246a67464ee34ccfb3d82a0ab79831ff84c7ab9	20th place: The Havana Bichon is a breed of decorative dogs bred in the vastness of Cuba.
d8b07496f4a2994b403ab64fdd2098ca33550914	Cuban crumbs can weigh from 3 to 7.3 kg, and their height is 21-29 cm.
3c586ca87fa9a505066e11034e846f1b3786777c	The Havana Bichon has an energetic, friendly and curious disposition, which makes it a wonderful companion.
95c2ef43712e4026406b0cd822751d8db1c3c771	This affectionate and playful dog with a high level of intelligence is easy to learn and gets along wonderfully with children.
2354b60c0ffa2413d04cf6d4571fcafd2c710e17	19th place: The Coton de Tulear is a breed of dog bred on the island of Madagascar.
174c597cb8b2beb56bd82f6e6f521db4fcd51bfd	Loyal to the owner, smart and obedient dog, gets along well with other animals in the house.
c345fe1824da7435e6e6952b64768770c6b9e287	The height of these dogs is 22-28 cm, weight from 3.5 to 6 kg.
bc1d7e8309f589c14745d4255ac6325d9de3da89	18th place: Affenpinscher is a miniature variety of pinscher, bred in Germany at the beginning of the XVII century.
aea927708bcd50cd34691e84ea778f167a770f26	The height at the withers is 23-30 cm, and the weight can range from 2.9 to 6 kg.
fd4bbd09407f586354667054d59a4a900af39f4e	Affenpinchers, who have a wonderful character and a sharp mind, will be truly ideal companions.
90eef56de4291f886d4a8704ca6d0d36ab1e503c	In addition, they are very playful, independent, hardy and sensitive animals with a very brave heart.
ba7624d1ef9ba58e5a467ad69a32c97acfe129e3	17th place: The Pekingese is a very ancient breed of decorative dogs, which was bred in China more than 2 thousand years ago for royal families.
d774e9f17e6c5aa6e9a5038a2f337c09e865708a	The weight of the Pekingese is 3.2-6.4 kg, and the height is 15-23 cm.
9043df2f21ffe23da91f99d568bd4a793bde6a65	Representatives of this breed are characterized by stubbornness and self confidence, which can create some difficulties in the process of upbringing and training.
6a02fd0f1decac2ea2156746ee0c6407b189addc	Pekingese do well without physical exertion and are not at all fastidious in care.
13f41736d87988f7517cad4c47e87eb122000acf	16th place: The rabbit dachshund is the smallest breed of dachshund, whose weight ranges from 3.6-5 kg, and the maximum height is 12-16 cm.
59fb24ea9a9455c57479b7952d98aefe1175c523	Due to its short legs, the rabbit dachshund is the dog with the lowest average height at the withers, but its rather large weight does not allow it to take a higher place in our rating.
aff6d85c0de66f131aa19df12195ac5ba83cbb6f	Initially, dachshunds were used for burrowing rabbit hunting, and today they serve as excellent companion dogs.
12863e4b8d688b9376797eaea6fc64bb35c1eda0	Rabbit dachshunds have a very soft character, they are intelligent, obedient and inquisitive, easily adapt to each member of the family.
e9a29b238d7663e66504988ac34736b0ad65597b	These tiny dogs are hardy and easy to keep, but their upbringing requires a special approach.
5175a3b02dd941ba0a183fd94744ef8c103a1e32	15th place: The Australian Silky Terrier is a dog breed whose history began in Australia at the end of the XIX century.
906d03880c699f97611642251ec78e25f8151a60	These terriers can weigh from 3.5 to 4.5 kg and have a height of 23 to 26 cm.
f94fe7445baab663849f3127bf56aa13e93d47b4	Despite the fact that he was bred as a companion dog, he has a well developed hunting instinct, which is typical for terriers.
e6dad12763bafc802fcc022711ea887f0c451955	They have a sharp mind, a cheerful temperament and an inexhaustible supply of energy.
1cfb9e917e22998f2c01a42d1d8544170f53035d	Despite its excessive mobility, the Australian terrier is balanced, obedient and very well trained.
dea28c317987cb4a02d1c6d2dc0d6827a0bedf22	14th place: The Brussels Griffon is a small decorative dog breed named after its place of origin – Brussels, Belgium.
7cb9eab839b6ed81ab6ec4d427d6766d9f014023	The growth of these cute animals starts from 18 and reaches 25 cm, and the weight ranges from 3.5 to 4.5 kg.
117e94f28db3758506b9ddcc4cc49a0342938b98	Brussels griffins are funny, active, curious and charming companion dogs with good watchdog qualities.
0b915d78f5dadc025282b915d16d24d55387efef	Representatives of this breed have a huge kind heart, but at the same time they are very sensitive and stubborn, which sometimes creates difficulties in upbringing and training.
13551ffb78a810b04c59b3de31fba023e0dbec17	13th place: The American Eskimo toy Spitz is a very popular breed of dwarf Spitz currently in the United States.
8f9c9cca1064689b7bfe5a055dfb2aee37966692	Its height can range from 23 to 30.5 cm, and its weight is 2.7-4.5 kg.
5ca0e49d6ba17b8d8604b0c1aa16fc227f2677ec	This breed of dog is characterized by an exceptional mind and excellent watchdog qualities.
2791d608d726b48f56d88ab5e94a13333370de49	In addition, they are very energetic, loving and playful companion dogs that need a firm leader who will deal with their upbringing and training.
a9862e2faf5d4707db78bffdf4436e00a3910270	12th place: Toy poodle is one of the four types of poodles, a small decorative dog bred in England in the XVIII century.
e2eb3b49b2d7dee6bb26877135f2672b9dab66fd	Its weight can range from 3 to 4 kg, and its height from 24 to 28 cm.
16e090c550305ddbe3b7f41ec689212f27e01188	Toy poodle is a calm, elegant and beautiful dog, a wonderful companion and a devoted friend.
18de9c09a6c6fd0c8ec85f0d9650b44e32a2eea4	In addition, this agile and obedient baby is considered one of the most intelligent and easily trained breeds.
571a4c7055ee57646d14674077bffab372d87e0a	11th place: The Maltese Lapdog (Maltese) is one of the oldest dog breeds, originally from the central Mediterranean.
1ab4bb9bf692d396d46e9dcdb1d27ddb45f5ec77	The growth of this snow white crumb ranges from 20-25 cm, and the weight is 3-4 kg.
e2ee0cead042138d893576644cbf7609e4bd6083	A beautiful character and a calm temperament make the Maltese lapdog an ideal companion.
6ede3429b2b812383bc3be44f79f986491af7dc3	Dogs of this breed are very cheerful, loyal, intelligent and easy to train.
f68b7d6a262fe3a1515c7e64c0d908c35dc2d90c	Despite their tiny dimensions, they are distinguished by bravery and fearlessness.
bdfafeca45063f273da5760cfe9f40f1a2687272	10th place: Bolognese (Italian lapdog) is a miniature dog breed bred in Italy and named after the Italian city of Bologna.
0ebbb22c1962d4b0dcf536147f2466776f7d07c1	The height of the Bolognese varies from 25 to 30 cm, and the weight is from 2.5 to 4 kg.
743412d8fd88bea9d5f127045958e49e08b4653f	Representatives of this breed can be described as reserved, affectionate and intelligent dogs that learn quickly and are well trained.
dd8b85b9ff11e1e35b0cb79b67dc1e25d86d57ae	And their inherent cheerful and kind disposition makes Italian lapdogs excellent companions.
70044914f1a8cd3f07e7214150685cdb727fb3b1	9th place: Papillon is an ancient decorative breed of small dogs, bred in the XVI century and got its name from the French word "papillon“, which means”butterfly".
214aa2eab827e2989d583b2e762281760e9c1129	According to one version, their homeland is Spain, according to another – Belgium.
3052ed3314c72ecdf9352f020607e6ff96dfee62	Breed standards state that papillons should weigh from 2.3 to 4.5 kg, and the height can vary from 20 to 28 cm.
c87e3c4e22dc7f8de2b1be547ac4c518b4b84bca	They are very funny, affectionate and mobile animals, who love to run around the perimeter of the house and scare away rodents and other small creatures.
88cf484c5f29314153e239b07ba941dac4b0748f	They occupy the 8th place in the ranking of the most intelligent dog breeds.
74292335e88f84d830545e31b03e59b5847458d6	8th place: The English Toy Terrier is a miniature dog bred in England in the XIX century.
33abd0a9781550cc5118e3ee38d9e6a3b6672555	According to the standards of the kennel club, dogs of this breed should weigh from 2.7 to 3.6 kg, and their height can range from 25-30 cm.
3015129d2c981f868c6e4dbb9319ca22e2aca3cc	Most English Terriers are attractive, friendly and playful dogs, infinitely loyal to their owner.
4ca48f06497c275cb12c4a10876beb24812ec774	At the same time, they have a peculiar character, and some excessively “characteristic” representatives need serious training.
bc8414b5c2be73aa679e773adc03eea594d03b91	7th place: The Japanese hin is a decorative dog breed that was previously very popular in the Chinese and Japanese imperial courts.
1f70eca9490dc2b2c381341cd7ef0a7528023bf7	The weight of this small long haired dog can range from 1.8 to 4 kg, and the height - from 20 to 27 cm.
7d68cabfe1d3d1edad4e039304f3da3d26ce290b	The Japanese hin is a playful, sociable and cheerful dog with a calm temperament and an excellent character.
3232c0497bb535e2ad214406642e8fa0e9c31fe0	6th place: The Toy Fox Terrier (American Toy Terrier) is a small dog that directly descends from a large fox terrier.
41723b7b5d8b14b6e9fecc1745109b494d4caa22	Representatives of this breed can weigh from 1.5 to 4 kg, and their height ranges from 21.5-29 cm.
ea8ea3872658267c44792ed774e40a7e1f081fc7	Toy Fox Terriers are smart and active dogs that are well trained and can easily learn to respond to a large number of commands.
65f8c5bd156517855205e39072e6a7fd07acf2c2	They are very funny, loving and infinitely loyal animals, truly ideal home companions.
d77384d38923b8b1ecc5d6974b4c5889fffddab3	5th place: The Pomeranian is the smallest representative of the Pomeranian, named after Pomerania, a historical region of Germany
a4a47cf1e925c910def170b220daded8610a69d4	It is known as the favorite breed of the English Queen Victoria.
77adf70f6429bbe40d0e4905b86a92259800faa7	Representatives of this breed, descended from large sled dogs, today have a height of 13-28 cm, and a weight of 1.9-3.5 kg.
6b6d58a918459a58b6a62a2f02cc9796c860059e	Its small size is successfully compensated by its exceptional intelligence, thanks to which it lends itself well to training.
c9f31725f98f85abbaf0779b2e17f5d6deef0062	The Pomeranian is ranked 23rd in the list of the most intelligent dog breeds.
2086268c317ec4951bc215401bd646e385edca5b	4th place: The Prague rat is a small breed of dog that was bred in the Czech Republic in the IX century.
05d76833a3d7fbf42aae7df9e425636d9a1eabdb	In those distant times, representatives of this breed, along with other rat catchers, protected the property of their owners from rodents.
37e62104eccee02a696b253e1630fb0c19a8d165	At present, ratbirds are mainly used as companion dogs, but they have not lost their dexterity and hunting instinct.
163df1c785fc38d48a41059a57be508528236d16	The ideal weight of a tiny pied piper is 2.6 kg, and the height is from 20 to 23 cm.
3a8e3e74eca400fe7931f13517e977203395ca79	They are very smart, playful, obedient, humane, perfectly amenable to training and get along well with children.
ad3ddcb40f05c3c661863ed64dee6d71a6d24ed5	3rd place: Russian toy is a breed of miniature dogs bred by Russian cynologists in the second half of the twentieth century.
d7a04312a5d9b2c01abee1cba59d0a5b57a5e379	There are two types of these companion dogs: long haired and smooth haired.
92c7bd97ed0837b7b7b59bec957b8130f1f3c6d0	The height of the Russian toy varies from 20 to 28 cm, and the weight is from 1.4 to 3 kg.
026cdefd37ab9cdc7b96ef00edfa9ff3c9446f6b	This breed is characterized by an extremely playful and friendly disposition, very loyal to its owner and gets along well with all family members, regardless of their age.
24dad08d00f9f410ffd9d8302a1dd988753acf9e	2nd place: The Yorkshire Terrier (York) is a small decorative breed of dogs that originated in the XIX century in the county of Yorkshire, England.
c09d548acc870d69b85e0e999f791bc8d4b9415e	The weight of the york, according to the breed standards, should not exceed 3.2 kg.
fb23ad4b477a6e3b40ed50bb8a12cfdba02890f8	The height does not exceed 23 cm.
2446664508a33cbdda409bf94f2c3ed226f9a1f4	Despite the fact that the smallest living dog is a chihuahua named Boo Boo, the Yorkshire Terrier Sylvia is recognized as the smallest dog in history.
31540d05529ac4740e8b5220b1d84f86dcf0ca6b	She died in 1945 at the age of 2, her height at the withers was 6.3 cm, the length from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail was 9.5 cm and the weight was 113 grams.
d8374af2cbc1c1b30ea0cfa48ec7f91beb90e793	Thanks to their ingenuity and intelligence, they are easily trained and memorize new commands at a speed above average.
43bbf0cd6ccb32849fca006ec74c8214ba43ca7a	1st place: The Chihuahua is the smallest dog breed in the world, discovered in 1850 in the Mexican state of Chihuahua, after which it was named.
cb5cea4b3ee8fa1ef8f2a733d61977c19df20f63	Dogs of this breed usually weigh from 0.5 to 3 kg, and the height can range from 10 to 23 cm.
83b025b37c760c7f95a238be35f6a4975bd0415d	A chihuahua named Boo Boo has a height of 10.16 cm, weighs 675 grams and is the smallest living dog.
a2ba79c696e9b1c47a9b2203317ad0697d054779	Chihuahuas are distinguished by a wide variety of colors and types of wool.
c8a3c60e4ceebf5ec42724013c04bc2d13aefd5b	see also The largest dog breeds
e26e3d90979d525f6dc51708ba7e25f2552f7a9f	17912378
fa6fad2c0425d41d7a5bc6e3e1955a25b3849625	Posted in Nature / Animals Tags Dogs
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0ca736c78b347f875f216ff60043b3f4eac873d4	Top 20 (with photos) The largest breeds of dogs.
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505bbe145081a0d58d8042587ab6be008b806d0a	# valeria 03.08.2013 16: 49 dogs nyashachki : -): -)
79ddbfa92b5d352f4878b964e66bb4857c43d4f4	Reply | Reply with a quote | Quote
e11a627bdc8032501f0dcc2900201c8345daa680	# Nadezhda 02.11.2014 21: 50 I quote Valery:dogs nyashachki : -): -)
86024500edd144e1beff8060dbb5e54fe6b95841	Nyashachki?
dc0cd524a9c30a79fa77745ccc0bc6ec160e23b5	Maybe it's right to say cute?
0bb1cebe108c5108808be9495e3d71915ca27033	God, what is happening to the new generation?
a8259b1036f6c7d728e282e4be7b5cd8a9a9fc59	# Vyacheslav 07.02.2015 18: 32 She meant the Mongrels)))
4a191692b4766d9a1150a74e9234df5108c3e29b	# Alexey 16.02.2015 12: 31 And what generation do you belong to?
042d843f08cb25cec374288176642cc9f5eb42bc	This is the Internet and nyashachki - the most innocent thing that you can meet.
976acf676e0ee2010a585d44d9517c31289afd03	# Rita 24.02.2015 05:31 I quote Nadezhda:I quote Valery:dogs nyashachki : -): -)
9775b6880f41801e025b484b27645fa5726713d0	The girl was a little mistaken.
22c242b32b6c5590cd6cefbc9e700dd9bfddb9fa	Not "nyashachki", but "nyashechki".I find it strange that you accuse young people of using borrowed words in their vocabulary.
e5f09985aefb2ae8ae46285c97b0519410a26756	It is believed that any modern person is guilty of this, but this is not a mistake.
4ff24888474f3ea0265518097399582225907088	Only a violation of the aesthetic component of the great and powerful.
5875be6a87b0e3b2e9d31dcc12062796940e29db	# ksenia 22.02.2015 14: 41 So good)))
5fef1d90af242b27227bedc80a6f95504b0b9d0f	# carolina 25.02.2015 00: 19 Yes, I have a small chihuahua dog and I vote for chihuahua
9d4ad356a3fe70d9defdacb66001416cbfc3eb6f	# Svetlana 03.01.2016 17: 32 my aunt had maltese an evil horror, there were problems all the time, a lot of dogs were bitten ,and it ended with the fact that, we did not look, she jumped out of the apartment and bit a neighbor's 4 year old child ,he began to stutter ,we paid for his treatment for a long time, and the dog was given and sighed with relief, and they took it with documents, from good parents and brought up...
b879e01654b712b250f33fd8d559aa3e54e92e5a	# Kristina 13.02.2016 14: 24 I have a Maltese lapdog, a very cute creature!
517efeec3e0dd222f9f94eef0db6b5cc8948a39b	But, yes, he can bite strangers and bark, but this is a dog, not a soft toy!
7cef84c49c889e2f1602782ae9cdc1ac46c52fc3	# Anastasia 28.01.2016 21: 12 I agree
7d45bb0f5d2da8e742f57b80a39be0a8df9eaf65	# Artem 26.08.2013 19: 13 My parents will probably buy an English Toy Terrier for my birthday.I really want a dog.
5449790fa1a1fe6329ebd4b4915534fbe3f03944	# yana 30.09.2013 00: 44 and you are from what city?
e2e1b1f6e9f2157c88fe7ee250e7d541244a5955	# serge 02.11.2014 18: 40 Actually, it's not from what, but from what.
39904beaef4be187d81689fbf4f2195a21211616	# beautiful 14.04.2015 13: 01 well, maybe you shouldnot fix it))))) )not everyone knows how to write correctly
9e04f97a34ce48e6ab4b8c5e6a2ff468b7adacb3	# KIRA 28.02.2016 17: 25 I AGREE I HAVE ALMOST THE SAME PROBLEM I WAS TOLD THAT THE CHIHUAHUA WILL BE BOUGHT ONLY IN 3 YEARS
54f7f919fb116acebeefc283aedd3943135ccccd	# Dasha 09.09.2013 23: 01 We choose between the Russian Toy Terrier and the Chihuahua, we lean towards the toy.
36b42e1640caf561b41e44f78ed8b7f649561c70	The most intelligent, beautiful and unpretentious dog.
2f9f28050c05ede447fe0f607d40e40884679418	Per 100,000+
2beab3a85f93ea900b9aa70de5e517efe283653b	# Oksana 12.11.2013 06: 37 Well, actually the smartest breed of dog is a Border Collie! the most beautiful dog is a Poodle! these mutt dogs bark at everything! and they are complaining about their size. so donot say that they are the most no they are just ordinary little flawed dogs.
605bfdf899d2fdb464a637a71db5927e2918093e	# Elena 30.01.2014 11: 56 Flawed people who think so....there are NO comrades for the taste and color
5c07da4a46eba96800c04f45b07d2fab0cd0d874	# Katerina 22.09.2014 19: 35 God! how can a poodle be considered beautiful...
9f98b1a5ac33db4a4c066eb5ec424daa13191dc1	# Maria 03.10.2014 18:16 I quote Oksana:Well, actually, the smartest breed of dog is the Border Collie! the most beautiful dog is a Poodle! these mutt dogs bark at everything! and they are complaining about their size. so donot say that they are the most no they are just ordinary little flawed dogs.
d4d0528362d3a2b2cfa06ce52088695a699e761c	Since childhood, I canot stand poodles.
6576dc0b840cb218def555811fc257cbf2df952e	They are ugly and stupid.
ba044c73ace3b3559df069253a58c5585488b639	Here the Staforshisky terrier is a dog.
2168ce0903170157153519d043f03371b9c6428a	But not everyone will be able to bring up such a thing.
54fa11c55049e24d384408adfa058d8cc8dc527a	# Sofia Alborova 07.10.2014 23: 29 Are you driving???poodles are very cool beautiful and smart dogs they are very easy to train!!!
ac49a2c939d2ee01295f2003f8a751e343da6113	# Seraphim 30.04.2015 17: 42 I also wanted a dwarf poodle, but changed my mind and got a Pekingese.
350e677f3700551c91b8cd2c876a45581be6b8df	# Natalia 12.08.2015 16: 55 Sorry that I got stuck..., about the poodle..., as far as I know, poodles are considered the smartest dog(namely,in 1st place)..., as for external data - there is no dispute about tastes...
26c14c043c3203ed6c7627f1e63f7b7e6508e059	# Sofia Alborova 07.10.2014 23: 32 !!!!!
e3e152975e99fb2f03dfa58bf769e74ca3b528f1	# Sasha 07.01.2015 02: 40 You are very wrong, poodles are very beautiful dogs, and they are also on the second place in the list of the most intelligent dogs!!!!!!
2050c402320dd42c438c33e9a0b5e8e87ceac30d	# Irina 16.05.2015 12: 26 Sasha, you are right!
db3b22e1bf6b0e808700889f78a0b97cce1f643b	I have a French bulldog, but I wasnot going to buy it, she just looked at me and it became clear: this is my dog...
f5aee1cb6d7d62b6650035356a5a6ad13d8ffda8	You should choose a dog with your heart, then it will not disappoint you!!!
28e6ee5ef04b0e30b252516c41213d37a21829c9	# Maxim 20.09.2015 17: 26 Poodles, for your information, are in second place in the intelligence of dogs, and I agree about Amstaff in general.
e98f09aeae404c15e5be141561ca8aea43965598	# Masha 12.11.2014 18: 30 is not the most beautiful Poodle dog at all !!! And these are not mutts!
ed2d805ae48eefcccce1928e12e7288be7eea8df	Elena is right!
028afab3c79da3171adf11c92834a5678c7f19c9	# Mashik 20.11.2014 23:46 Quote:the most beautiful dog is a Poodle!
1fee538368984704a663919fa86bad0c93ff4a27	Actually, the most beautiful dog is a Scottish Terrier!!!!!!!!
047d7ce2694ddd7d4023935310af5382c6fec328	# Maria 02.04.2015 14: 20 And I really like German shepherds.
6b4c0eddd31392f3f22a28ec8f857e8148bd86cb	# Vika 08.06.2015 12: 28 I quote Maria:And I really like German Shepherds.
12cb27279e1a48bdecfe4ffffcd9dad2e611c817	I also really really like German Shepherds!
db44868fca464a51650308eb1653ab2698a84a99	# Sasha 05.01.2015 18: 30 I quote Oksana:Well, actually, the smartest breed of dog is the Border Collie! the most beautiful dog is a Poodle! these mutt dogs bark at everything! and they are complaining about their size. so donot say that they are the most no they are just ordinary little flawed dogs.
5fd7ec0fa3bb3d431bd5a4c33fac497ee73d0402	You shouldnot have done that !
91be35da5fbbf6c9577bb2bc90de412f87637dce	The sweetest creatures of toychiki!
d3116d7950c72139af5fe9a37c54cff8fb630cae	I've been doing them for the eighth year and they donot bark at anyone!
c53424668b9acc453da10e5ac8fb1638caef23c6	# Maria 02.04.2015 14: 19 The most beautiful dog is a poodle?
58886da9f5ebee2a51da5feb2ec098cd9c6dfed1	I'm sorry, but there are no comrades for the taste and color.
22d6c642eb632670d8c890c42e6c942522b3c83e	Personally, in my environment, everyone unanimously treats poodles with disdain, let alone their "beauty"...
8ee24ae664d85d8c1b85e9e813d655ecdeac3652	# Stesha 05.07.2015 00: 52 And your giant dogs are generally the bottom.
7f425238fe59e756dcb102856b00cf8833d84f25	Yorkies and all the little dogs are adorable!
da6b4ada64d16e4738ba56010c533c3069938c53	# Lena 12.03.2016 17:22 I quote Oksana:Well, actually, the smartest breed of dog is the Border Collie! the most beautiful dog is a Poodle! these mutt dogs bark at everything! and they are complaining about their size. so donot say that they are the most no they are just ordinary little flawed dogs.
f0874fa918dcca090b1f0e45d38e3759994466a5	Apparently, Oksana is not very smart and besides, she is mired in her own complexes.
fd82a6f62a1f905928a09392fb11c84042da110e	# Elizabeth 04.01.2014 13:38 Quote Dasha:We choose between the Russian Toy Terrier and the Chihuahua, we tend to toy.
c505a9eeb430a21657d3cbc59643606ba6e7efc7	Chihuahua
4726fc9850c88166666f3cdb4c16379227706164	# Dasha 17.01.2014 16: 46 We also chose between a sneeze and a toy chose a toy.
777f94d8e03b8415d8614dc8282b14fa8e8e0236	They were not mistaken, they are smarter and their appearance is more sympathetic to me.
7320c96d33cd6f37f7b54d98032f32a0a22db0e2	# Elena 30.01.2014 11:54 I have a sneeze and that ) and I will say by the intelligence and unpretentiousness, sneezing definitely prevails....
9fde84f48c2d27257c47f644921c1535bb2f4e43	# Lera 24.09.2014 10: 19 I am glad that you will have a dog!
4098085f17baf9b268056577846b3d9066b01aa5	Here I have a Russian black terrier.
605ccba3ff2209b930f25c3efcf069ee48ab26fd	Russian Russian # Seraphim 30.04.2015 17:40 Choose a Russian toy, with a Russian character.
4605cf6e4d80850d44a337655a47389affd5496d	# Seraphim # Seraphim # Seraphim # Seraphim # Seraphim # Seraphim
e0341bebe05e3de9935935225e68612396e1f906	# bayakhmetova 28.09.2013 23: 21 what cute
60dac31decaa559019bb4d59eb5d85fe319c537a	# Tanyushka 13.05.2014 19: 17 And I already have a toychik.)))Girl, so cute!!!
66a995be87d76c937d678fb6fddd131c4adf5ed9	# Polina 29.09.2013 22:32 Rabbit dachshunds are the most
ba8e7123580c324c396c28ae76769bb71e843ad9	# linda 06.10.2013 01: 06 The smartest beautiful papillons!!!
c48b171543229f8ca2f9de59efe5912afa2f01e2	# SONYA 19.10.2013 22: 02 They will give me a smooth haired girl, I donot know who yet, but I know that the price is 35000 rubles
96bcf3480a80552fbbfcc0800c8d36148f6521c9	# Natalia 27.10.2013 16: 45 I have a long haired Russian toy!
95f59c31d980caebf71e617ba1400a1b3e9d12e4	Awesome breed, smart guy!
4c828e6bb29cb4b0ad1dd8f54fec0f6da786528c	My two rabbit dachshunds are also not stupid, but toy surpasses them in intelligence!
aa3b1112dc6ff3a9c30cb6a45cd8bb74a9055422	# Guest 24.11.2013 21: 51 The best breed is York or Beaver York .
7b2777d40a423dcc545d852067a04e74fce6c1f0	# Stesha 05.07.2015 00: 55 Plus☝
ede6e9f907a10ec4e476ffca453d7712f2d3f030	# arina 23.09.2015 19:54 This is exactly the yorkies are the coolest here and the Pomeranian
d8bd8ca490d97cf6d45568e8a7acee7f894da0db	# Anna 23.10.2015 15: 45 How can you love small dogs as for me it's NOT DOGS Dogs are needed to protect and hunt, etc. D.
089ac6f5a62dc2441a4a4b20fee920d5205e57fb	And not run like a bell and bark.
2050c734cd3f3b7e4e9b4cdab429e06fbb1baaef	Small dogs are very nasty
36ac8dd49a426fd7786a47c898b4304d0a9dc17f	# ksenia 20.11.2015 11: 07 I think the best dogs are whippets and big dogs.
764b20b34d7b900b2670ec5309a011e79053abe4	And small dogs are invented for bullying!
d07225415af17662e6dfe9b6b7b5cd289d390e67	# ksenia 20.11.2015 11: 08 I agree with you Anna
24d0fa79f6931b3662b889d5b6f53d4f1492ad91	# Geologist 08.12.2013 14: 10 And I have a Shih Tzu.
1f3b5e4aeae2b3641f63028cc5e72c56bbc44a46	The most intelligent, tactful, affectionate and loyal dog.
eb5c4a405fa244e6239aadc1605a29f65fc11bae	I adore her.
90cc93c0ba1dfb26385b811893b83dc650dfd546	# Varya 14.12.2013 15: 03 Nyashki!
fdb721f10b7a543a042609e490ec73c3321ae162	Tell me which one to buy?
643bc573a94a58c08aaafbea0d77f1c67b195bdc	# Elizabeth 04.01.2014 13: 39 Buy hin or chihuahua
5bce30a9f87acb96f798e83ca47f83ffe93cf60c	# Ksenia Polishchuk 05.08.2014 13: 12 Buy Chinese crested not pzheleesh
8819da00dd31499860f62f05150b0f4835a06c45	# Anya 13.10.2014 23: 17 Bichon frise definitely))) They are just the smartest,there are no allergies to them,they are hypoallergenic, they do not shed a drop, fluffy beautiful and just adorable dogs))
a1eb49ace405cffb3cd2904578db43bbd2dcec14	# tonya 14.04.2015 19: 00 Varya choose a shchi tzu or a very small dog like york or beaver york
4fc7b440b3bffbc7ce04b936edffda23bf9c3ba9	# Vladimir 23.12.2013 10: 56 The coolest and smartest dog is a Jack Russell Terrier.
c7a23daf69ea7768e8cc5dc09ea573c09a9569e0	# Olga 22.04.2014 00: 18 I completely agree
5c9cbc70adb73a11b2412f03772f95217c93ba0d	# dasha 09.07.2014 14: 39 I also really like her
584ccba0d564a83f93e00c70d7a2d3a1863652e9	# Anna lesovsky 30.12.2013 22:21 they Say that York is better but it's the word people buy them to impress well, for example ...
d888bfe36a1479f1fd17523f4006802a86c69965	The one I go with my poodle to the pet store and see on the shelf is a clip of York and to think how much it cost 120 UAH some idiot to buy a hair clip with a bow 120 UAH if you can go to a Regular store all for hair to buy 20 PCs RS 5) )) Yorkies are very cute but if you want a dog, you can buy a regular one, for example, a dachshund or take a mongrel from the shelter ) )) And so the dog is needed for the soul and not for the fact that you would be envied that you have a champion dog or with a fashionable pedigree ) ))
be1bec09832b65391c442083cfd85e70b34589aa	# Lena 02.02.2014 13: 55 Oh, Annushka, you are right of course, but alas
62e4dafac435ba6467eb37131db9bf0a853761e3	((people are different and their values are different.
b1ed3501b2a3a5cd87135064812dd3f3bcf96251	If everyone were like you, we would live much better
03a67b769a56ece095071f7cea848797419e39ec	# Anya 03.01.2014 19:44 That poodle is the best.
c4779d19cfc07ca8affb555acb59e2562636c2b9	Easy to educate.
92e8b0eacc22140d4594fe27697c9905b7031539	The best!!!
b5df9cbd3408613af9dfd90069d1f8bf68203da5	# Tonya 14.04.2015 19:08 if you buy the toy poodle or more th this is a mistake, they are not very beautiful and if you make a cut it's just awful you just donot know how to select a dog uuuuuuuuuuuuuuu of uuuuuuuuuuuuuuu of uuuuuuuuuuuuuuu ouiiiiiiiiiiiiii of iiiiiiiiiiiiiii aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa of yaaaaassssssssss sssssssssssssss sssssssssssssss SS this dog skukata
752c6a58a1a5dfd937eedf312df59e0d1e85ab1e	# Medlin Hetherr 17.04.2016 20: 38 Not beautiful??!!!
b31703ad6696ec560b6765b8f9dc7d87473bbdba	Yes they are cute!
d70a7b4667412b933969a59da88ac39d8d6cd5f5	It's just that a different breed is presented here, a completely different poodle!!!
c91bc51026407bdc854ae84c7225f3ac6f4260ce	# Elizabeth 04.01.2014 13:36 I really really like hin hin hin hin is the one I was looking for!!!!!
e710aa6a49b08cff400b5d0b3ffee75dd55bcb54	# dima 11.01.2014 19: 12 I think the most beautiful dog is a Pomeranian
08f1c6603733abb2f9da5ed34e398caae1b6597d	# Marisha 15.09.2014 01:42 I quote dima:I think the most beautiful dog is the Pomeranian
da6197fbd18e2421f8b50b217b1819afeb6b24c1	I completely agree!!! my dad gave me a Pomeranian Pomeranian. very smart, funny dog, Ice's name is^^))
839b9ff23762445485291a898fc69c74ddb483cb	# masya 27.03.2016 15: 45 But you do understand that it is strictly forbidden to cut hair as in the photo, and so York,the Pavilion,and the Frieze will be beautiful.
2792ed66cda84cdf0d8589d7a061e6ecd3e01607	# Ariana 25.01.2014 23: 30 For my birthday, they will buy me a York haired terrier or an Italian lapdog, and I want both of them!
898f85017a405c43d520d36b7fb66540f9df0eac	# elena 28.01.2014 22:57 I think the most beautiful and smart dog is a SHARPEY
e372f2e51e6791877caee944b318e794bfa5ec8f	# Lena 02.02.2014 13: 52 Didnot know much , it was interesting, thanks to the author.
6030ee801fe59500f318ff4518710d891017226f	I have a dwarf pinscher, a Chihuahua and a Russian Toy Terrier (similar to the Prague rat))) The most beloved and the happiest dogs!!!
06af1eea155931c8fcdd63ccd2569feecd590542	# Bob 05.02.2014 03: 27 The best breed is York or Beaver York .
8bf9598f08f976d38e8eab3814cd512e170944ef	=== And I have Beavis York.
99a420061c3158720fb6a46bbae62671e4939939	# OLGA 06.02.2014 22: 15 I want a dog!!!!!
e187fea8dc1d26cf9467bf1ab6547958880dbe13	# lisa 09.03.2014 19:22 it's great they are so cool
4ad5b0c25d53fde0041e364598945203b401c7ea	# Varya 24.03.2014 01:42 Cuties
92d6b2a9f07d053dfc362ab803e6ed8506d83401	# Yana 28.03.2014 18:56 I have a dachshund!
30bf7cd29c6c2f9ebc45e5e1c684d836a6dc3631	# sonya 28.03.2014 20:51 They are so cute!!!!!!!
d5a5cbae0cc7f0eea2224d251e36d6a4c72846f2	# Masha 02.04.2014 15: 13 normal dogs!
ffd4cb290178eb174f2037258a07a55dba1647f6	# Danochka 03.04.2014 22: 27 all dogs are so cute!))))))) )
3c87f6d2e81e74335220d60455356a5ec59d21c7	I'm trudging) it's very difficult to choose, but still help!
07786cec23c9d3fbbea9420f896870ddf31529c8	Thank you in advance
ccc524c32170ba1c9502d7db0cac0b62b9c38b02	# Anya 13.10.2014 23: 18 Bischoon frise!! just cute))
ac40254ab1d3bc64ca2f123cbbb9ea4cc7be2433	# A L I N A 06.04.2014 20: 06 They will give me a chihuahua!
0f657fb0a9a0321e842f4e3f18b976e88953e95e	Congratulate me
9242cec2617c455e92ba2a34ec42d557e47a957e	# Oksana 12.04.2014 05: 04 I wanted a chihuahua or a Yorkshire terrier, and the children forced me to buy a German Shepherd.
20c5b3da63a0f75eb2bffbd9412856eed62fc541	I thought I would carry it in my purse,braid my pigtails ... he's dragging me by the leash,my whole body hurts.
9da85baf4d8f987dbfeacab7d5fc6c0bc720017c	But now I would not change it for any other, neither breed, nor dog.
57331adb735444df0dda3d12d49be2e3c8346bbb	When he sleeps next to me, he looks into my eyes,he runs around the bed like an elephant,I love him so much,this is my third child, my son.
58d814ce79592a128d587b081502ca2111287a2a	# inese 03.05.2014 09:57 I have shih tzu and pigtails and a purse so funny
fa1e4e486e9dcb092ad46c0dba902634d0ece3be	# ♥Dashulya♥ 10.05.2014 14: 07 Hi, I'll be honest, the best dog is an English pointer and an English Cocker Spaniel, the kindest and sweetest.
cbbda086bb4e03a1db1b3b13193937b38592547e	# Andrey 05.03.2016 23: 28 The best dog is a German Shepherd!
a75126440de6dc5e5de4ddf7bc8b153ea5a3ac9c	# ♥Dashulya♥2004 10.05.2014 14: 19 Dasha is right these are very cute dogs and they are hunting
b359243842c500e69b10364dad424d009bc28252	# J|entyayka.
a5ee6f7a4c1aed89a9d8c4c19825eda8d6ce2450	15.05.2014 13: 23 For me, the best dogs are Yorkshire Terriers!
a206fbc24c8f320b42dae76fb37f82ddbed8e70d	Mom and I really want to,but Dad is against animals((.Help him persuade him.Thank you in advance.)
82cee641ebd141735c33e5ae145fd205f740aadc	# Yulcha 27.05.2014 21: 10 they are such nyashki
12852c6c0ceb8867c01aaef180d11db52e7a95eb	# Katya 13.06.2014 00: 28 I like shih tzu!
5b102283888ea03d48a8de1acf7d109c6cebf235	# yana 19.06.2014 22: 09 I had a dachshund.
d8ac5c2465a53ceacbfe01021f8df9223a42a63a	I am in love with this breed.
11fa5a3f83898e23387d1b15063bfc2b3258f161	# Natasha 25.06.2014 09: 31 And I like the Italian lapdog so much that I'm ready for anything for her!
7b3fdb17f44cad053adc3acd3be1f874e5d3bd28	That's just Dad needs to be persuaded(
7d4d8235f17fa24e7a05a58a8f0e5bc69621fa60	# Vladislava 26.06.2014 08: 05 I will be presented with a Maltese lapdog ;) in December 2015;)
fa21f924bddeedd7971df47857d464d57087ced3	# angelina 29.06.2014 12: 50 such cool nyashki I have a chihuahua hua is sooo cute
7b8ac193ecad95eff11a1bb8fa108710f4ee6380	# march 19.07.2014 02:58 And I have a Russian toy
947c90586206f97e5cb82f37d8a32b77d622a04a	# ksenia 31.08.2014 20: 10 I also have a name rich 5 months )
7651211d0553973e3101df5fb7a8546457b1d580	# Anastasia Porokhina 29.07.2014 18: 09 Hello everyone!!I really like Pikemen..I have a car.pekingese..
86415f24f5bfcb8f55ee14c2d6b984a5415ef7a6	A girl, 3 years old..
353b395a7245da4c5c40a43ad348769569869c18	I would like to consult with you about stereolization..To the steril such small dogs..The dog is very small.
19ea5eaa326b25abf671dde7c9129c8a2f05384e	We want sterile.since childbirth is very difficult for her..But it's scary..
e08788992089d4b0da221e6e13245a60572f3405	# rose 16.08.2014 17: 34
947877f90a3028e57f3725fbf1c0caa45df67cd2	# Damn help me choose 31.07.2014 11: 45
ec70d772deaaf364f8f15d0e76960897c1fbda88	# Tatiana 02.12.2015 02: 11 I have sneezes lovely dogs, smart, beautiful, do not require much care, like, for example, yorkies or poodles, which need to be cut regularly.
95d3c4d29b73d3b7a883bed2c99ed27e7bef8678	And I also like papillon, Russian toy.
3a7ac67b0974130d6f8d8f3886c2e8858f1ddb18	# diana 03.08.2014 02:56 hooray they will buy me for york's birthday)
f5c5b7912b5e902721c3085fa78c64abf3a611ab	# rose 16.08.2014 17:33 I so want to look for a dog, although I already have 10 of them, tell me what to do to me ????????!!!!!!
24dacaa893d4a47038e1737663e4e1bc65c3cdf2	# anna 28.08.2014 19:39 Please tell me where you can buy Russian your or chi hua long haired for 10 thousand .if someone sells 9119929833 in advance, thank you .
ab5c6a228cb5f378d7c1a5d0f99f432953df7ace	Ania
2668d79e9b5685d878c35231267721d09b20533a	# KSENIA 19.09.2014 17:36 DO YOU WANT TO CALL ME I CAN TELL YOU
784fd8a87032feec691b0069e2e8a0fd23151052	# Valeria 03.10.2014 13:55 the coolest Pomeranian here
fde70b5b66bf10e6d008502221df583399ce2786	# Spool 24.10.2014 18: 44 do you know how much a Pomeranian Spitz costs????!!!
c81373c6ffae0d23cdf4ca7a76c3ab6754abe63a	It costs ABOUT 3,000,000!!!
2babe74435682e706f25c67136c7235d884d61c9	# Victoria 02.03.2015 21: 25 Is not true!
8fb7fa10170cc4139f3e02920d9dc5a86d1fd3cc	A Pomeranian is worth 26,000 with a pedigree!
9087ab0af0b634ca8abb6af81470ce74d69e2b36	I love Pomeranian Spitz!
644e084f89cccdcacb9093dd6ca9a117409ee55e	Just angels) Pomerans are the coolest dogs themselves!
078c7b3b94e893aefb96aa8a265f27531c219a38	# Katya 21.10.2014 21:36 Very cool site.
541c893a29a0309e8eb788f301153a94cedf46fb	Many thanks to those who created it !
138d9ca102a5aab59c88e758f08da61002409b3a	Although I donot really like male some dogs, but the pygmy pinscher is cool .
8b5084baa2a32f6afdc47a0a7d163f951f1dbafa	# Adela 30.10.2014 19:38 Such pumpuski, cuties.
f1aa182187888b60823c8869bf584e9cd8d805ea	# adelia 31.10.2014 20:56 I have a chihuahua:)))))) )))
b971d06db7c97abf922b509a8b3d5d4786606be6	# Arina Kozhikina 02.11.2014 15:53 I have that poodle girl!
ee8cc623782791569c145eda71dee9444a183080	I want to say very beautiful,smart, friendly,fun and easy to teach!
00e0a12db1046346a8ff1f54f544398f0d921777	Also, my older sister has a long haired chihuahua, also a very cute dog!
c67228dc030a93d3d2bda3734469b375f3a7d461	# nastya 13.11.2014 21: 18 the most beautiful and intelligent dog in my opinion is a Pomeranian!!!!
074e02e24adf8b58c980b1b25aaf8f21bb05105c	# Rassamacha 19.11.2014 13: 33 Hello everyone!
9e7760f185522ede10d6eba5e0b53cd19f3e3331	Write to me here the average price in Russia for the York, toy, Chihuahua breeds, etc. thank you very much to everyone!
209a18f2eeef552b0cb13ff8012e030871782901	# Arina 24.11.2014 00: 06 I have a lovely little creature that is a Chihuahua mini.
c6890ce96d5923345e3261e2197cc8ba42d3cb91	And you know, they are smart, beautiful and very fond of playing, and when they are bored, they either whine or sleep* I am very glad that I have a Chihuahua.
684856043043723eed57ef3a494d318c8501a3d1	And in general, purebred dogs are not show offs, first of all, not all mongrels are smart, some are aggressive and wild.
b4a31c02ac3f2f8f33a548074e7ab2abd2dce0e9	Some are very beautiful and smart .
5e1284bedb6359a2c3ab66b6ddca09e96df5cf1d	I have nothing against mongrels and in general I donot care what kind of dog breed ...
76d88337f24e2a60b7617937a9689901a95cb773	The main thing is that she listens and understands and also loves:)
2e753aa97ecf05a9e3afe5bf20e05f062082403f	# Kira 02.12.2014 15: 28 Some people are also so stupid, stupid, aggressive and wild...
fafb4623906da110790bbb2ca7803b9a83058a90	And there would be no mongrels (or there would be much fewer of these unfortunate animals) if people were more responsible and did not throw dogs out on the street.
2190e1575361f7dffec22eca6a6e9ac07d77bd25	# tanya 25.11.2014 22:22 If the most good
208ffb1a77fc80d2a2f7da0c5ece798eb910507d	# Tatiana 02.12.2015 02: 20 Well, I think that If there are different things, my husband Kolya is good.
29bcc67e566220d0f4959844fc534edae56c3798	Friends, at least you follow the literacy, you'll laugh at what you write.
5082e54fdba8378a6e3f587365d04faccf517c0e	# tanya 25.11.2014 22:23 ioni the kindest
fc6912b586a861f90417aa3c01a01f9576309c84	# Sofia 28.11.2014 13: 29 I want this for myself
7a5047614c933d604eb58ddf3ff12c5d8ab172c8	# I'm also Sonya 14.03.2015 22: 07 Do you want a dachshund can I just give birth to a dachshund?
97d7e6b07933b85acfb953253516b6ac9d32f64f	# vika 14.12.2014 20:59 the most is the shitzu smart beautiful unpretentious
89a0773aca9d2f9eeb7c2c874ec0da46e70445f0	# rose 15.12.2014 20:47 Savetuyu buy Pomeranian Pomeranian he is not bad but kind
a59cb5ac869cd9f81c605a31dcfe7c1373d65f1f	# svetlana 17.12.2014 20: 53 there are a lot of problems with small dogs.although they are small, there are a lot of them.I have Bordeaux the best dog in the world.
18f6635056e90d0bf48121387fcf87767577b7b0	# Ivan 22.12.2014 19: 24 the best dog is his own dog. and what kind of breed does not matter. and the purity of the breed is not important (considering that almost all breeds are bred by humans by crossing other breeds) especially for those who have raised their furry, twirly, loyal friend. and as we just donot call them....
329727cf2a4eca0abfd8e4b0755b07d9ca010f40	BUT with what feelings.
fbcfa6b469582bb9549e4f816a508f29425f6cc7	# Slava 25.12.2014 19: 49 And I have no one :
28ed3a797da3c48c309a4ef792147f3c56cfec40	(
3c5a9d36cdc29587a894af9bcc46d3f243a283a8	# Elena 25.12.2014 22: 20 Maybe someone hasnot chosen a friend yet.
6f985fc4acd615c1c6835649b07b069636d9beaf	I have a Shih Tzu dog.
f80db0ec41106fe3cdd278d19e1cc884a074e98a	Very beautiful, when we prepare for the exhibition, now it is no longer exhibited, just a family favorite, so a haircut for a "puppy" saves a lot of time.
a08e4f2e7caef2c640d7c2bf7cc43003dada3d25	The dog is very intelligent, intelligent, barks very rarely, in exceptional cases.
41119666813c23746c0194f43fd668dcee17eb8f	Understands human speech, is friendly to children.
ff0b1634d1679929267797eebe0fbcfd5d48c345	Among the disadvantages: like all long eared
40cf398ac7f42d2591f513adcb5e36281c806414	Insanely kind cat Marcel is looking for a home!
bb2aa80eb54730228e93939b66d56fb42cba98ad	Vakhmurka is a megapositive kosh with a golden character
4212ec425e6b140946cbab67726975a69f15e825	Now on the website raisa sineva, roksi, Katie Mays, JulG, Blue Veil, hog, lida0109
2cc382fa45d350c7248529432b5780fcdc1710bb	7 users, 173 guests
04f0f77f9ba0cbbad655562adf88a6a579e5c667	Hunting dog breeds 15:33 iohenio
6759444fca70da8cd67a3e1f4914e803b7e20ccb	Help determine the breed of the dog 00:38 LifeForce
eb1fdde7882681db4c3a2e1889aa057eb76c460a	Help determine the breed of the dog 10:36 199100
aaa719a106707fb488d52dddd85232cbcb176f81	Help determine the breed of the puppy, looks like a husky 11: 35 simka19
c850ff11e6a397e61893acb4add31f28e68d45be	Good news 20:33 Levushka
37b41a844972b77769d94036bb59c97499439aa0	We have free kittens maine coon 00:54 Fiola fm
b1d3751230a13d2854410707d6cd6693d7b16fa7	Nevsky masquerade kittens.
a630bb625c615645aa3c65a6823804317e9a7c2e	07:16 Samira
2485a822b3a436e57dbfd94ff914bcc46cd906fd	Balanced food for parrots and birds.
c0544bc9b1fbb34eed054d3b12868785c77ff236	Porridge 02:36 MrParrot
c7d3e183a539ddac2cec3e8284bb897c969d3e15	Direct Training of dogs in Moskvenddg. gyOpytnye cynologists!
0ad2570c40cbfb2d0a9c62968c2ec8211bbc3245	Various programs and directions of dog training!
2e20781c214331d1ba77d245feb44ea325c9a3f4	Dog Walkinzoohostinitsafitness for dog companyadres and phone Open the ad Thank you.
94117d17cb2bf9a0256570291188df76cb1743cc	Cynological Center "MirDog" mirdog.
736c2b4ca2a1075e36d703cca71f11627170515b	Giprofessional cynologists.
a1a7816d5e0138496d7cdc094fcca152e7f75947	Training of any breeds.
aa8a469855a8252128f258a5b85aba334dd294d3	Hotel and overexposure.
fbcb5208e94feffeefd02c1958449b0bf45edca5	Training ground in Gzheli!vetmob.wix. somposlushanie, pliers, sports!
f8d2ef4fe4470b29086fd00d3cbf15630186a00c	An instructor of an extra class!
6f9243c45b661d9d856394faecf0ca09f95107a8	It will be interesting!
5b598ff7c8181b82b09817339d1404b170bcab55	Hide the ad Thank you.
cd7a8519bb5cefa867235c30718e3325a3a04136	Kangal (Anatolian Shepherd) puppies with pedigree
69a68f0ad165040db27670d7be061ebde9fbf540	Schipperke is a shepherd dog for the city.
f05f337569256a1c23c870db5009419d5942aa0e	Stuffed puppies Kai and Gerda are looking for the best home.
4f35a6f735af9a964234615ddd7ee540fa766e04	Australian Shepherd Dog
b729daddd4e2051a185452ef0d2b123c0f0f31cc	For many years, this dog has been an indispensable assistant to Australian farmers.
0d4f5e93979fed0214939bcb084ce6eef8bcb77f	She is equally successful in herding herds and guarding the farm and the dwelling.
aeb0f6649c5b05fa7e9da11c7bbc1c46b17c2e99	Australian Kelpie
e6fd6bdb92445d2ff14bc3bd65e18ed76e348457	Aidi (Atlas Shepherd)
720bbc5280e903e0fd54d36025265d5d8d3bef47	Atlas Shepherds or Aidi are more often kept in rural areas.
77d6572ca204ac455359c5b76bb3f8b7d68423b7	The original purpose of the Atlas Sheepdogs is the protection and protection of property.
88c0cec37bc80913a4b5fc4e171b0406f3efe04c	Akbash
87724de55d4861f7141a7ac9c1be15382d35788f	This is a beautiful noble dog, which is still better suited for protection than for the role of an ordinary family pet.
02f5e7cff5a794cbe300b90e724cad7fa44a127c	Akita inu
f1806380f5b0e281b50f79428d1e8359397d89bc	Akita Inu is a reserved, proud dog with an independent disposition.
d09debd132bc8c350a0c803e51345ddbf3bb62a8	For a long time, this breed of dog was considered a fighting dog, it was also used for hunting a bear.
587bf59bb16f5d1e74e28f11c0b961676be755cd	Alapakh purebred bulldog
b95703d8f7c3ff103753a1753c110ae5c5847654	He is distinguished by loyalty and understanding.
291157fec34f57642692cc6acb3aaf6460cf6c91	According to the owners, these bulldogs are aggressive only when attacked and there is no need to keep them on a chain when guarding the estate.
77a0cb296a52ed38d9f70dfa8d5255fa461f0762	Alopecis
377b8b6948497d9f354f414ca91187f44b6188f5	Alopekis is a breed of dog, bred in ancient Greece as a universal assistant watchman, shepherd, hunter.
59cd9a36ec1a4222330a71c2e01c0b0fbe502c14	Alaskan Malamute
4bc819c29493c0e83dfb3dd94ea36358e36ab73f	Alaskan Malamute this northern breed, despite its impressive appearance, is quite friendly.
370e1c1c42cee9b55c8a6f3044170586613fa8d4	They get along well with other pets if they have grown up together since childhood.
ec04fb902deebdd5982870674eec1da5c6ff825c	Malamutes can always stand up for themselves and defend their territory.
5f71c2f7f6118f3f8de299b553e8d0b16972e740	Puppies are very energetic, they are happy to play with children and adults and love walking, with age malamutes become calm animals.
410bd6c0719d27a9aa019cb542a2458bcbd4ac34	American Akita
f20a479aebc332574bc377349236152c192c2456	A large Japanese dog (the former name is the American Akita) recalls the history of the Japanese akita.
55dea864df326aa78525563e74b1122badfb9930	American Bulldog
6164a47b83bafef4d50a70f3e65683e053ff8f75	The American Bulldog is considered a universal breed of dog.
deecfeac83be86d10c846576d7a3883d433e5f5b	These are large, strong and athletic built individuals who are not only excellent companions, but also hunting dogs
63be356daa70a4031f7b45a6e8dcf69f7d3cee5a	American pit bull Terrier
4f7e86a6f42752362a359f7ea2e4cafd75907434	American Staffordshire Terrier
7dac6ca930073215a4892ed4fa2a01d82cd553b1	This dog traces its lineage back to ancient fighting dogs and therefore has extraordinary courage and vitality, it will fight to the death with the enemy.
ef781dfe596b31b752ff864d5b548ba74c6ceb4f	Anatolian Karabash
781adf2556a056cd47f6f9dae570acd33e6288f0	Very smart, easy to learn, calm with children, extremely loyal, very developed possessive instinct towards home and property, determined, persistent, temperamental, she can fight with a lion for your property.
17151b32a699e19654a9a572fb9ef36710cffb39	English Shepherd Dog
2a0ce4725f73c69c9ec6726974a1f84e6eb0ec89	She is balanced, never shows aggression or lethargy.
793db23b8e0d1b33bc8f09582330498ebe1fda9a	Appenzeller Sennenhund
8eb452327471cfefa078cd98162e0252a12df763	The Appenzeller is a cheerful, sociable dog.
9aa1d7e7ef19c6205cb4a82e620cac7b227f1334	He has a wonderful character and is devoted to the owner.
2754c4dcf7b6fc1ee429f1a529e8ac2fb826af5f	Great Dane of Argentina
a4c34199749c31588a1dc26408db2db2c53f29d2	The breed was created in the 1920s by Dr. Antonio Nores Martinez.
98416dbc400fba0be9b0c9a56cb78698799b0f32	Ten dog breeds participated in the process of creating the breed...
7f16f37dc2fe6d40c41531e0621ab0b427606c46	Argentine Mastiff
b4f15a02d6b144b09599d285217d062b578ba951	The Argentine Mastiff is a breed of service and hunting dogs from Argentina.
0df7da2bb1c40015a02cdbbb5f2280e55097b943	Bouvier of Arden
598122bcff00830fcc3b17955769e940bc6bebe2	She is friendly to family members, distrustful of outsiders.
95217653d212837a3b27e77ec8237ef0cc479486	It requires regular physical activity.
f448e2ec04fc42743c5c942b62e36a578245757e	Armant
c951e239ec941e6b1175dc2b6dff1f8ff30e6570	Armant is a dog of compact build, strong and hardy.
51dab91e071681a45777d1cad18f338220bec09e	Basenji
1d349f3863116a515f9485e73d9a7dfa051eb89f	Basenji are elegant and light dogs.
5b0a532ebb68e828978e138c7571e2aeea1b9b2e	Small and quick witted Basenji are perfect for keeping in apartments.
4dc3eba666f174e9df6bacab93420f9e7ffd9e7f	They are able to make various sounds instead of barking, which are difficult to describe - these are giggling, howling, snorting, growling and other manifestations of emotions.
aecb664fb089471e456143cc0c7b569badca9977	White Swiss Shepherd Dog
c115eaefe8cd703ac6be44b886d48f2a8068fc9a	The history of the White Shepherd is inextricably linked with the history of the well known German Shepherd.
38da8c2f43c7d63945107273ef6ae1d0fa8b0b87	Belgian Shepherd Dog
32c969bf52816e46a0734b2c71b7155a32ea42c7	The Belgian Shepherd Dog has 4 varieties.
0073bdc893dd738c08463ee1f566a0529b7ee75e	Each of them is special, but has common features with each other.
cde0de18ac3fe5440b7ba7da63d285d011cb31e4	Belgian malinois
c3a7cc4d6494200f586246da0eb6c1f791fe9df6	This dog is very vigilant, it is never timid.
808934261a5c41d5af6d3d2c33b80cd7f03f81e7	She must be calm and balanced.
7b0d877489f0a2aa17b6d4b17c1e2409d174bf27	Nervousness and pugnacity are currently disqualifying signs.
258ab5f013f889b5185d052c794798aece1bffb4	Belgian Mastiff
c26103fad2872299997437614a702cbd9bccbc5a	The Bergamo Shepherd Dog (Bergamasco)
4eafe41e26c2366e1e2aabfaec6657ba87cfbbbc	The Bergamo Shepherd Dog (Bergamasco) is a dog with a wonderful character.
f34ba969d3929b9f675ac55ed21be5a03a4169f1	She is smart, brave, friendly, obedient, loves to work, has an excellent memory.
5385db84270cb2c1725203a4a15b0514fd29a3b8	Bernese Mountain Dog
81a6d7261597b256968bf6f5bc0e16e5b89a50e9	Blue Lacey is easy to train, she is easy going and obedient, she is a wonderful worker and a pet.
06efec196f4d9abb285077a487f1c017f964bef1	Boxer
2532295278f598a913d04e971a373521b73c3e4e	The German boxer or boxer is a breed of service dogs that is famous for its strength, bravery and loyalty.
8c5abf0db7854634fa1e9bdca7115151c77a6bf3	A boxer is an ideal companion who is attached to all family members, loves children.
4156fd2d655eaad755c9969fa6e1e2fdee58c08f	Such a pet is not just a service dog, but also a real friend, who is very convenient to keep in the apartment.
a93c62537e93f1698a5181cd3a0507cde435ebf8	Bulgarian Shepherd Dog
600c73d681c0639981a7326653b77b3733394298	The ancestors of Bulgarian Shepherds are dogs of Central Asia, Afghanistan and the region of Iran, this is where the process of moving the ancient Bulgarians began.
00b67c0c0f0b7929dbca62cb958ba424dcb1ca0c	Great Swiss Mountain Dog
dedb98d21e8a60ad8429b1629afd2f0ac70b76b5	The dog is loyal, brave, smart, friendly with children.
585ff9cfd88586e150a2703a80758ea84845b959	Border Terrier
c7f8f3465f471cf1cdb868f2c2d6241a9f40476e	The dog is brave, very lively.
8da7abad8c64e51e419c3e8205d6f27a46c40dad	When hunting, she is merciless to her prey, but at home she is very affectionate with all family members, especially with children.
7609623b08199913590a1f6ecbaa58a60fe046f0	Great Dane of Bordeaux
9de02094eac9746e821de2e16c9d17e968825bae	By nature, this dog is fabulously lazy and, if it were up to her, she would prefer to live her life "going with the flow".
a90bb375eff0eb736681429287d30f9e229603db	The thick skinned and powerful Dog of Bordeaux is aggressive to other dogs, but in experienced hands it becomes an excellent companion.
992246477a6bd7d574a79bfd096ffcb9e191736b	Bearded Collie
c7573de631196eb397aea74d774971760a0ee866	Briar
c7917379e9cafabc09a6b5d34df63e7bb691213a	Briar is a peasant from birth, but it is a very sensitive and obedient dog.
f5dff19fee32d646134db0566e9f6a7753cfa939	Bouvier de Flanders
8a795d889f853fe14bb3be74a861ab981d5661b9	Bouvier de flandre has a wonderful character and therefore can live in a family, easily finding a common language with all its members.
c9748af6e22ce04d3f959c742c43f88b4e782c70	Bouvier des ardennes
43e1d1f6d34e322eb27031139976cae18bc4cded	Dogs of this breed have a rather harsh appearance, which fully corresponds to their character.
101a718f0a3023fb25d99ac4a9f21ed7095f36cc	Bullmastiff
9f149467ad4cd1b38412855f05101ae1d18c991c	The character of this dog combines cheerfulness, fearlessness, seriousness, obedience and devotion.
cd66638176da818ec4ee1043799f1034db577540	However, a bullmastiff needs a firm hand of an energetic owner.
9c91a2c91858ef8ffcac3584e50f747175154beb	Bull Terrier
cdc34751e854cac61da95b861a028c318b5002dc	The bull terrier is a breed of dog with a contradictory appearance and a calm character.
d4fb1bd3029ced815bba5f645b9044e7f1ced788	This dog requires a lot of physical activity.
cf091188d30510174143376d9959317386f0d787	It is not suitable for keeping in an apartment.
cae3f4be72326a59d5e2a7daf15bf7813c5b086a	Welsh Corgi Cardigan
9c27a56c9078006c78a63978d30cd1d2f565ce38	A friendly, sociable dog is well adapted for living in the house, but requires long walks.
2d85d519f7cd8c8dd796e5c11a281d7bf85b973b	Suitable for the watchdog service.
a53526300430b3a7fcdc5a5d9baea49dbd59514c	Welsh Corgi Pembroke
2817c479cf4702a6c6b8f4adb411cf27e109efec	The Pembroke Welsh Corgi is a cheerful, loyal, loyal, intelligent and capable of learning dog.
8c9779707f0f9119926de47efaf151d7a2ee1c68	It is recommended for large families, as this breed is very fond of attention and communication.
de2c435fa6ad3b6f09a183e1868010d9903c7877	Hungarian kuvas
f55be7cb8f63150b2a01165f3d828ffe4c0b6efe	This is, of course, a good watchman, but in no case not for a city, but at least for a village located in the foothills or a mountainous area.
20d1293757cd8bf1e0da00321a750c4fa5febe62	Eastern European Shepherd Dog
0dad50e182854dfb7afde7cbe823921e1bdf2dd2	The East European Shepherd Dog is a powerful dog designed for various services.
bef561a7c215d5b67c52f95fbaeff64d33afe930	Such animals are distinguished by boundless courage and protective qualities, therefore, a lot of time should be devoted to their training and socialization.
217f889205cb58df0ac1c101ac7f2bbc2edbd21a	Himalayan Shepherd Dog
75fb8c49ed1f561808d73e27c838676983e093fe	A wonderful watchman and shepherd of livestock.
571079466ca2027c0237d6edca530a964717148d	It is not recommended to start a car in a city apartment.
846a2aae46dfed3260e9a662fc095275a8cbde93	Tolerates any weather.
0a7ca5df95b441ea1bdd9bdfad21e02697b1798c	He is unfriendly with children.
f993a8d4c64cfa740d7daf04010e16ffb2b6aef5	Smooth faced Pyrenean Shepherd Dog
b39872ace89559507d02432744c926d1548f117f	The dog is cheerful, brave, intelligent, more cheerful than its long haired relatives.
d5ce2cc3dc6effcdb1d27774457415076559f2d4	Smooth haired collie
ea98b9044810836b172051cf338a62f3364b7e01	The dog is smart, docile, obedient, extremely loyal to the family in which he lives.
664963c1c4e5f7e2eddcb3de5f01f478ef801738	Smooth haired St. Bernard
be1de59c96b25c32d106b923889fc04da010b061	The dog is loyal, calm, obedient, pleasant in communication.
c99fc047f36ed620c85c4b864d5ff84c88aabd03	Glen of Imaal Terrier
534a059f10eda48b2eb3d52b97c1edc9e252304c	Glen of imaal is persistent and pugnacious like all terriers, he is very loyal to the family in which he lives, but does not always get along with other animals.
beffb2cf20cd2861fa767bf66ea39e692eda9b0b	Dutch Shepherd Dog
9e4164166722f707d310fc673187e6d8692cf7f1	The Dutch Shepherd is an obedient, understanding, mobile, hardworking and very attached to his home dog.
180868db80cf1b6bf6a666aea6d61d092b6d9caf	It is unpretentious and can withstand fatigue and bad weather.
6ea6b25f7620443174f58c5d090de78337d4c199	Greenlandic Dog
ed57ee855cbb1053b54ef12a0e0483d4a0ab25a0	Like all northern sled dogs, the Greenland dog is very loyal, cheerful and pleasant to communicate with.
5dd86af9bd3ff995ccd39a605bbf6c0bb7d42927	Grunendahl
2b65c18a22166f69efb2ad5e0944a4cd016384d9	Grunendahl is a fearless guardian and defender of the family.
d2f7070828419b61f57bb8461ee20ae12fd8b326	Needs to work in the fresh air.
85f487970789b86ad23fe10de11124879d79b509	It is not suitable for indoor maintenance.
d09e92a7009d193444d1782e395b2d6dafb7d4c3	After special training, he can work as a blind guide.
e40e3766a791d8e5bc99097cd283937751abc91c	Long haired St. Bernard
032e8957354509b43d05effc00af6c6d94fd3555	St. Bernards perfectly find a common language with people.
81da34eddf294e494393955e14f0fcba8f004a32	They are obedient, exceptionally loyal, calm and intelligent.
3a81ffbae84b21cb8c123f6b485169ca5dee2828	Doberman
6a6efff71b2427a48c57eeaca4835ad71de8fc25	Illyrian Shepherd Dog
269a6b17eabbf76d79cbf4eead9e48af1b8437cd	The dog is brave, alert, energetic.
041fcd82dd45a8c8e4396c33d658ce4bf0fd2d74	As a rule, he listens only to the owner, perceives everyone else as enemies.
f7fe063034e2d1373dd53dfaa21a8347cb550497	Icelandic Dog
4d948f4157729d83951b4cf5d9b7f0bfe0da722c	Usually Icelandic dogs are cheerful, loyal, mobile, intelligent and pleasant to communicate with.
8073b122efff27c891e8e335b1dc141dca2d8604	However, in order for the dog's character to be properly formed, it needs close contact with the owner, at least up to eighteen months.
06eb368e31ace17d6a58480e41b8144e9dfcf436	Spanish Mastiff
cef2fcaa20d0bebdc273b7bc61b748a83b15f6ce	The dog is energetic (despite the apparent phlegm), obedient.
2c8b04f6fa4f6cac60d8d5839d5831b396a2495d	She is loyal to the owner, but she treats strangers with distrust.
d65b4741455daf3b875063cc0a5881ceb0fa274f	It lends itself well to training.
e06e6e583eacb87274a2534e4215cde4ef26947a	Ca de bo (Mallorcan Bulldog)
5061f077f3b76a8d3ba0655103cfb7a063049624	The first mention of the Mallorean bulldogs dates back to the border of the XVII - XVIII centuries and it is this period that the bas reliefs correspond to...
348e0c163eec3b7bdf56c3c41373c51613a5a571	Caucasian Shepherd Dog
a63fd63811959df45bd1825be6744e9048509792	Can di castro laboreiro
3652566fcafe029e13a8b130384022833c6b40e8	The hardened and hardy can di castro laboreiro are designed for hard work and need daily physical exertion.
250589982179431ee2e5eb2effacb9795a28f1b8	Unpretentious, they can live in the harshest conditions.
58ce900c9d011513979e49b42aeb7f016c337b64	Canary Dog
c50ae89bd78fc37924cec1cac20eda8b8649b237	The Canary dog needs an owner with a strong character and the attention of the whole family.
ef2dbe45335f6254f0e3d74c7300364c797c86da	This is an excellent guard dog, its ferocious appearance will stop any uninvited guest.
e9bb28065d8c2211a42b78ea522d470aee14773e	Kangal
320bdff02e30e37ba70f928d6a3806954861719c	Agile, energetic, extremely obedient kangal has earned the most commendable reviews of Turkish cattle breeders.
f30eb0f2dc7a48d37469a9de7008310750f2f3e0	Cane corso
99a0bbe16f7821394eb6a4f36a23f48df820ef3c	Cane Corso are famous for their loyalty, intelligence and courage.
81ad5fec7eadb30fbe0a91cba6462ebf29236ab7	Cane Corso is easy to train, they are very obedient and need the approval of the owner, so they will do whatever he wants.
9583c4a02025b050db5ee9e0c8485438bef8ac13	The Carolina Dog
8ee11a6064a4a369bf71742fe83f9ac5c46201e3	Not only a reliable watchman, but also an excellent companion.
04da11b15acafceaaf498887879560212e2c3606	It is not recommended to keep it in a city apartment.
e73568c41ef1c20e843a81909f43e8c015b7096e	Karst Shepherd Dog
626586c2d4c66fb94b1305c0549704cee888e45f	The Karst Shepherd is a pleasant, homely and cheerful dog, but it will not tolerate the slightest attempt to disturb the peace of its owner or the herd protected by it.
cb9c2e337a858cf6d9617764596b549750e4262c	Catalan Shepherd Dog
338dc6befbff5832f3bd2109f49fb638cca835c2	The Catalan Shepherd Dog is an intelligent, obedient, energetic and hardworking dog, easily amenable to training.
3b9e56c9fad9adeec9ce10103ad444dc79e24290	She is very bossy with other animals, but is correct and friendly with people.
b2e9889129d3575c16b701a753c0756a0ecde26c	Keeshond
9824f72a4e44f8f636c2a39529bb643a2e3637d5	Keeshonds are very strong, healthy dogs.
81c51518396889247f4b81c8278882b8259613ae	Kerry Blue Terrier
2b1d70a4fd7bbff083b41984e6bf03228e25ab23	A true terrier, brave and witty Kerry has gained worldwide fame.
66a43d9a2fc189992adc540c51df5760f4ef494d	Collie
ff05a2856a91864a948e0474a66359b96e7b5fb2	This is a breed of service dogs, which is distinguished by a good natured disposition and will become a real friend and constant companion for the owner.
5285ffa306879e9026f5be51edb733e0f439a5b1	Komondor
13558fe5ee5fbe5134dd859e155316b49e1e0ed4	Obedient and respectful to his master, Komondor is adamantly harsh and vicious in dealing with wolves and bears that have wandered to the protected herd.
1be719845966d07bd5583ba19fe3352f65ec4d57	Labradoodle
c26f006a1ba48c24edecac6aa88f5c3458d44830	The Labradoodle is a wonderful companion.
30e82227dd917627de66e24226af16cf68d7bb7e	Loves children, friendly character.
d088dc7227b823fb4fe888eb1bd410e4dac33b62	It is not bad for training, it does not bully with other dogs.
0a01e607c39e115ac29e2162864ab66e36d7b627	Needs long active walks.
33a28af875101bab81cdd974ba5d5539d198652a	Lakenua
371d8dd5814ec489fc2c831a9a1a2347dca76030	Lakenua has a firm character, an innate watchdog instinct.
5a0d4e75b80a3469b754a2a16fd17f3b45409794	The dog is very hardy and efficient, but vicious.
035a386ebe3af48a3572e8d5c942955810494b7e	Languedoc Shepherd Dog
25351f64ba4dc5b55ec0cef291554731540de714	The Languedoc shepherd dog is a multi talented watchman and shepherd of sheep flocks, who performs his duties with zeal.
66df0b0eebe807201c54c4f107db74b437a5a8d2	Landseer
dd8652cdef9cf5ae11f31113151ec3b0f10bb3ca	The dog is loyal, brave, intelligent, friendly towards children.
0abea5f5b4ffd2f6befb41b2c3ff79cdb74c7d2d	Lancashire Healer
496ef871f954824335e9a5447c3dada775511144	The miniature Lancashire healer has the extraordinary strength and agility necessary for work.
b6dd105aaa1035c5e730b6d958903df2410aa365	Lapland Reindeer Dog
82ac15cd100c1894ae50dbb449b500bfd434cc5a	The dog is energetic, obedient, hardworking, often barks a lot.
3e5d11b22d041a2d17874a3e53d25b870ff6881c	Leonberger
37af7a22b2fbbb8da85e8562e4c8a56fe0037094	Leonberger is a balanced, loyal, mobile and very pleasant dog in communication.
3e89e530bd3b07a4f8518661e913a380492c4626	Catahula's Leopard Dog
6418bb3cfdb443a0373bac61df44e00633afaef1	The dog is loyal, loyal, capable of learning.
a0b3d399e33f3f7fc3ad95c36ae954727fef2999	She loves her master very much, but can be aggressive, guarding the territory entrusted to her.
87dde5acea1ef27292d0a307fe7d7c1d2dea82af	The Mallorcan Shepherd Dog
db9a34c4314c832185eb18b587e8b842ab65ccdf	It is distinguished by a somewhat pugnacious disposition, but it will guard the owner's house and land with zeal.
8331dd041ad94829f8de7fce8cc31005b3b7236c	Manchester Terrier
7d2adafb37f96c78ef32d7ee35d338483ba5734f	The Manchester Terrier is famous for its ardor, love of life and good mood.
16bf5341c56dc006f21ee6835987849e198eb851	Maremma
eb3b55ac93edecec19f132b3b5a06aa50e7ed5fd	Maremma is a wonderful shepherd and loves her job very much.
9e225cfd772b52ae7c5bd669668c714275aab052	She is irreconcilable with wolves, but obedient to man.
bf010bd1f49bc3fc59f73561d85b8cfd06c71f59	Shepherds, especially in mountainous areas, highly appreciate it for its ability to graze cattle on snow covered pastures, enduring the cold with fortitude.
907aac06598dfc65a71da21b7295d637e1a86569	Mastino napoletano
9c1ae0596ea6ac1ef20c78b97e7285e562473429	A Neopolitan mastiff.
6efc57929e21b81491f6aed337df2793f4c3d177	The most common name of the breed in Russia is Mastino Napoletano.
3ecbef1a3ca5f5e96a8ab3fa54c11035eabdc278	Mastiff
ea6ac0b8247dc5b7d4ce81815f21e6fdb408b452	Currently, these are balanced , attentive, very loyal dogs to their owner, who treat children very well.
2b366589978c135c5405f42c7b92d4255edc1219	Miniature bull Terrier
e5f6eaece827cf3186b6178af8b9f01fc0bea551	The appearance of a miniature bull terrier dates back to the beginning of the XIX century, after a cross between a bulldog and a now - defunct white English terrier, which resulted in "be a terrier", later known as a bull terrier.
6d1ca399130ab868045b116f16bcc3e8171c806f	Mittelschnauzer
96e7a4726c5d3d72869396020965099af1cdad57	The Mittelschnauzer is a brave, loyal, loyal and noble dog.
84acf761397ab7113d4d45758562d512c6a02d3a	Representatives of this breed are very mobile, but not too hardy.
4f641cb9d8914a6183f2a37d64c0aecee68eb6e4	Mongolian Shepherd dog banhar
ff84341f36d19dc34eba40dfd9290a03ea2e0e56	The Mongolian Shepherd dog Banhar is a relict of the first breed of dogs on Earth, which has a prehistoric origin.
4a1e3b506cca41715e8f968e72d02c7cb0a8a490	It can be classified as a wolf like dog breed, but during the period of full growth, dogs of this breed look like dog like.
5737bc6016e1083a71909b9819fd5548a1d4ffa9	Moscow Watchtower
f9a6d8180c0ec4a4460b0c9b8b81bcc28b57c125	The Moscow watchdog is a massive dog that is better kept in an aviary or in a country house.
ee327d5f76f380a3b89eff87a707b05410ebef77	An unpretentious dog, but requires strict upbringing and training.
e84f44dd091f25098123c393e61c1ad3be93c067	Moody
1be61f3cc8d3ccf073a8b929cb21582eab14ab3d	The dog is extremely intelligent, loyal, fearless, loves any job: she is both a shepherd and a watchman, copes with the herd alone, without requiring anyone's help, a wonderful hunter, assistant, family companion.
b82b5a61ac571dbee5bd4e76fa40f5d850da7531	Neapolitan Mastiff
b7755223e067aa8a77d38c7a6b95b096096e9b3e	Despite its belligerent appearance, the Neapolitan Mastiff is a peaceful and balanced dog, loyal to its owner and friendly towards family members and their friends.
beea8b486dec44e4800389f917e5e17802f193ef	German Shepherd Dog
615001c44075af77e362495d1646dcae00209769	German Wolfspitz
e1bef7adb68c83ef8629685b0cbef57cf5703b32	By nature, the Wolfspitz is a very friendly and sociable dog.
322e3b72b4a36c9b996b34ceb78662426a40fbc3	It feels great both at home and on the street.
9215cf1c855a49874f662b40f436bd7ce374fc90	He loves walking.
e5f4155be37ac4e04f15cb0bac1250a701c184a4	Great Dane
2c692f9b9a47a90ea6ea5018c2fde8d532fc2250	The Great Dane has a friendly and balanced character, for the family he will become a reliable and loyal friend, devoted to the owners.
6068b871bc3bda48ee9f22f19009a0640273df2e	Great Danes are perfect for guard and guard duty, they are easy to train.
157c860b157478d6380b1ce4ec6a91e6bb0ef774	You can keep a dog in an apartment or house, but long walks are a prerequisite for care.
b871ed25a7b29b2866e077bed2fde68e20c87f23	Before you decide to purchase a Great Dane, you need to estimate the size of the apartment, yard and wallet.
5431d6c791563ff5340fcaacbb994aeb2db025b7	German pinscher
eb1c0465c1502cd9fe17d250990e8e4d9ad7e5b5	The friendly and playful pinscher is easy to train, so it's a pleasure to have him as a companion.
5566b30d747456ac4649c60c269b89d30440e00e	New Zealand Shepherd Dog
a60db283eceb2da52ddce2e4dcf4e6211f8ce82b	Despite its strictly defined functions, the New Zealand Shepherd has recently gained popularity as a pleasant companion.
e1b4b2f25441cf633044d94678c671a9224c7bba	Loves children.
96d41de482246d1f558c584ec114ed9fec3b54eb	Norbotten Spitz
ace8486fc51c83c1e6ccb130d81dd9e8c22e3b7b	Dogs of this breed are characterized by a cheerful and kind disposition, in addition, they are balanced and silent.
f0b5a705f3bedfe91b6da97cc6d96c88ad620a2f	Norwegian Buhund
9c65aa27f418b88940c60a3bef4c9197b6e991d4	The dog is brave, energetic, obedient, loyal and hardworking.
26141861d44d2617bf4bd86ad8752444595487c1	Newfoundland
a760f3f8533da040c584f70d194a00e4515a1460	Pyrenean Mountain Dog
89c75e3ff4671dffedd86f8c1ce52d0d7b40dc22	This is a hardy, not demanding dog, a formidable watchman and a patient nanny for children.
97d5bceaccb344eb4ceee0ac36b7612eeeca7647	He can live in the city.
f195dd40224ca201fed4f7c90ee78c347c208659	Pyrenean Shepherd Dog
462c1cb88eb540b38f161a3b084a1370ee0b856e	Pyrenean Mastiff
dcb2a74f28ba183831fde049bd9a08561a38ea2b	The dog is silent, friendly, intelligent.
97b69cea92a2f7e124b1d1a417e3ba1d081721e6	She is unpretentious in food.
79a001e147e8b1510b2de8591db49beb894280cd	Podgalyansk shepherd Dog
928fb972e2550a27acc0bcfe4bfdd7813425f1dc	This huge white dog is distinguished by its independent disposition and does not need human affection at all.
2c4c2dc492f7e4aaefd6dc6f4bc0f686ac040d62	Polish Lowland Shepherd Dog
78b06698a1d673fedcfa8a42b3bc3fc8ec45bb46	This dog has an excellent memory.
092d65a1f5a9a28263adb5fda3b8edae14b8bd6a	For many years, she will remember the praise or offense inflicted on her.
c77e3c6786de378352241357e58ee2cb54c2448f	She is kind, calm, clean and perfectly finds a common language with children.
15d1bcdee5255c642dfcbc52c79d55147ce33bb0	Portuguese Water Dog
98f74920f24d5feaa832b203ccaa4600a69ea243	A friendly, intelligent, hardy dog, devoted only to its owner, prefers a free life.
79195a468769e54b186fa32434736636ed552c09	Wool should be regularly brushed.
f75ae4334712e3d0f47597207a485fa73c5e989b	Portuguese Shepherd Dog
9d8f40ddd2626682fa76745341e51d274564c10b	This dog loves only its owner and the cattle that he grazes, it will protect them selflessly.
375cdf001e5f212f00bc11c80505f76764b480d2	She really does not like the presence of strangers.
a8cde8c5d4e1133685c7c67fe474af104dfd8845	It is believed that this is one of the most intelligent dogs.
49e9eefc2541ca17e2776559dc49ad489230d8d6	Portuguese Watchtower
5b231bd5d7d1430bddf65fe697d6db0a35bf99c7	Strength, energy, quick reaction and unmistakable instinct make the Portuguese watchdog indispensable for the protection of livestock.
7509c5747e5db3dfa3373afc42eca9f5b27a8599	Bullets
59932a3ffbdd7b1cd5e035412b9caad23c76edd9	Puli is a very dynamic shepherd dog, a fearless and reliable watchman, an excellent game apporter, even out of the water, obedient to the owner, loyal, devoted to the family in which he lives.
b309bd44e7fb9e5b653a808097649c82a48f16f5	Pumi
c3546bc80964db485bb605c58122ad1c97819fa0	The dog is easy to train, prefers to always be in the company of the owner, but is suspicious of all non family members.
624133bf199110373306107109a646a8fd1e503c	Wheat soft haired terrier
4d5973abd3c20c64ecef463ea199f6f9def91ffc	Although in the flail it is a cheerful and good natured dog, it can show assertiveness and uncompromising.
2f989950d6bff39b70bef2d2435030c9c828c580	Rafeiro do alentejo
9cbc08012b8d86d616fe622847beff22ede5174e	Despite the fact that at first glance Rafeiro looks sedentary, sleepy and even tired, he is actually very hardworking and hardy.
011065093f62f8afcd863f05434f550df260197b	Riesenschnauzer
437839c433fef1e016cd88b8390022a2abc39a25	Romanian Shepherd Dog
9935c6485de27de1b01be9e669e3a964a46be9e5	A strong, hardy dog with an instant reaction.
b6680a8c9bca50b2610baab12167ec23e40b2c1c	He will protect his territory for life and death.
373789c21e073a6b6641203d40a1492bb4ce7a69	Sansu
d8a48ad78ea7bf2a8b6f6621e89514e8a07420fb	An affectionate and loyal guard dog to the owner's family.
a52e601d71c16568aea4851260a536bc69dd2eeb	The popularity around the world is explained by the interest of Europeans in the East and its culture.
009a4e4d51253e79f4842c0cee68d4133ed9e410	Sarlos Wolf Dog
ba9a5693eb0f82320750fe5a641d68e687299393	Although the temperament of the Sarlos wolf dog is smoothed out in it by the German Shepherd, it easily goes wild, it is characterized by unbalanced behavior and a tendency to vagrancy.
b8575a1f31bfbb1a58f541c4db9c661e97fcf685	St. Bernard
df38852a37c7b066337de9a6e3091a6ed77795bc	The stern, but never aggressive St. Bernard is one of the generous dogs.
69c036ca92308e3c579dbe4fde34ba98b506d954	He is kind and loyal, a wonderful companion for both children and adults.
93d60c5ea0baec19ce74852282fce40700f4a4d7	Siberian Husky
cee8f443bac1afc35eeab2c66463ade8e0dc14d3	The dog is loyal, sociable, very stubborn.
f4178f368db268bb0d69b2d0e379fd4dc80eb0a7	Loves society, does not require special care.
a57fb8e2735b207c8aba6f6e574a40313f7ad3bc	Needs regular physical activity.
47b0ac143bb84456c7922f08fe30478c13370207	Slovak copov
c4964cc3402c3d2d847cc7e3537541e6eb224d76	The Slovak cop is popular in his homeland as a versatile gifted service dog and just a family favorite.
100c66722a74344ae181979465b71c48d6f8cb8b	Slovak dude
ace839be82357bb20f8e5fb50280d423d0cb6303	The dude is a brave, exceptionally loyal dog to his owner.
c4ec42860cda26069710c08b54e04a5d9351f672	It is an implacable enemy of wolves and bears, maintaining vigilance and agility even at night.
f38c5fc1f4eae7a939940d0b01192e19463fdcf6	Central Asian Shepherd Dog (Alabai)
7ab5d1dae8e1127231274e2ad9b806a9d50bb1b9	The Central Asian Shepherd Dog (Central Asian Ovcharka, Alabay) is a fairly large animal that is characterized by high endurance and courage.
b19a634cea42b6463c107fa9157a7d776f241100	Alabai is not the best choice for keeping in an apartment, the best option is a country house.
8e94229e0f999df7cde73dff9b4fa345b67386c2	Taking care of them is simple, the main condition is regular long walks, so that the dog has the opportunity to throw out energy.
892f75f3b54b558bf8216df8636501d1e8395cb8	Old type English bulldogge
add29772488ab0d56301f172ab2f34d2926d537c	With a strong stubborn bulldog, a person will have to measure strength and perseverance to make a dog an ideal companion.
a77a30964d90d705441e8d5fdbbfe77cf3645616	Staffordshire Bull Terrier
c57a9c073be8600497285a1b46405d415c87edf3	The dog is pugnacious, but balanced, obedient, friendly to children and so devoted to its owner that it can sacrifice its life for him.
004ed26d7e20ad66c43c08973205b225b7f56540	Staffordshire Terrier
e16fae5eaa1d1df26707d18edc420aa5f47ded63	A breed of dog bred by crossing an English Bulldog and an English terrier, introduced to the United States in 1870.
2364958f20ea48e2bea31aa59396ff41d4c395c3	Thai Ridgeback
7d10d355f07b9f33bdae7b2f71fba0e293b1b0da	Having a very fierce character, they are very loyal to their owners.
de7edac66518eedec6fd8804a024c4689f32e5e9	It is able to feed itself by tearing holes and getting a small animal.
3e03428c13aeaecd54ac7da51c44f78fefefa64c	Tatran Shepherd Dog
ef114bc6b66204fc166360f5b4f0e07be196d92d	The Tatran Shepherd is a smart, brave, resourceful and cheerful dog.
b9ea0e05d4b08c92f28614c0e1d5234a24b22a24	She is never nervous, but sometimes she can be too emotional.
f1dc8c9315220384874e45175eaff42c405c2464	Tervuren
50f6a7cf62203559c75343c394bf58d3ef9b4716	A versatile working dog.
6fbcf553c368a4678d647f4e4b6b180931b8b354	It is perfectly trained to work as a guide for the blind, for search and rescue operations, it is suitable for guard duty.
e437495f9266a90a5c48f9822a7281e5522495b5	Tibetan Mastiffs
6933749a31805d1ba4cc3a844527eeb6fb68d6bf	The Tibetan mastiff does not have such a ferocious temper as other mastiffs.
d85047e995e04380f4d6ed81645b07db7809248f	He is very understanding, attached to his master.
60267feb51fd41a6a5241b3775181f516ee9cbd2	Tiger Boxer
06457ad1fd0662215a619d1f72ca23712d037c37	The Tiger Boxer is a loyal and pleasant dog.
ac4e8c24a8425a4eaefe027fd0f7b42f3e60322c	She is not vindictive and loves children very much.
64d5acf1b8db82c78f1a4c8f776edd68286edcaf	It is easy to train.
dff350722ab08afabae0d28e9e3b736f12b19ed9	Tosa inu
9939c091318e59543fa89d3fbe2c3f728adb2a24	Tosa inu copes very well with the duties of a caretaker of the house.
ff1ab2aeb4263c0fae9a45c944e59c05957b8929	A properly educated dog works perfectly, without bowing to danger.
83835df7966a0d046072eaf63ff0c03f1611779e	Utonagan
912f04b6077c987db4afc94706b66cd12c9ec5c8	The word "utonagan" comes from the ancient language of the Chinook tribe and means "spirit of the wolf"in translation.
35a3703b695099eb5792f3ba5f69a057b1b807be	Phila brasileiro
a14c51b7b17f4a7d97ac1d41bc20e78c3ce5fc3f	Fila Brasileiro can easily adapt to any climatic conditions, has excellent health.
5051e562b35ee8e94c84818215767107c24572a1	For beginners, such a pet is not suitable, a strong and confident person can become the owner of such a mastiff.
ba44456dfa1ec597e8e45ab019fd33e617e3a143	Finnish Lapphund
6b49ffb52287081e68a8887dddb6b8ab4652dd7a	Lapphund is friendly and cheerful.
6aa9fb35d513172be023f2af30b4a131b5035e11	A strong physique and an excellent coat that protects from cold and snow, allow you to use the Lapphund as a sled dog.
4b5c73676779dfbb22b3f18e8a53958a7366d3b9	Flanders Bouvier
3580ff08cd26e299c1276ed8fc7e1703dd640ce2	He treats all family members with trust and loyalty, but recognizes only one owner.
87dd488a5e538ecf0a00f08092e185f55a2a5c41	The Canaanite Dog
47697c4d13729e73b600cb313db804a2163687b7	The dog is loyal, smart, loving the house, a little pugnacious.
d37e55addf6b936dd1f968ce1887656f46d9b2e1	Howavart
0638941b4b3950b1713e573aa95cd3db76c8c573	Hovavart is an intelligent, obedient, loyal dog with a strong character.
43a3d5a97ee38e62a1cd45769b4919e9a211c9ad	At an early age, she usually does not respond well to training and retains a puppy like good nature for a long time.
d401b3a41d294868459e63fcc84b292a47936560	Croatian Shepherd Dog
f8d3d7a536dfc90eeec064f23e53e3b6935b3788	The dog is vigilant, pugnacious.
85d5d276b5f9a3db48728f1f82cca59cc1d4b2b8	She defends the herd entrusted to her very aggressively, but at the same time she is obedient to the owner and easily trained.
99c326ab8bef456dfd50ce665582fc8baf591c4d	Hottosho (Buryat Mongolian Wolfhound)
120186e2b7f2c2b84773c7f0ebf326847ce8d24d	The Buryat Mongolian Wolfhound is almost unknown to the general public, although it probably surpasses all domestic breeds in antiquity of origin, in fact being one of the typical variations of the Tibetan Great Dane.
6dfdd6aa9b7988a4562197104663d34cd2be2480	Miniature Schnauzer (mini Schnauzer)
2ea193ad132d08756a1eb272c3593f3e5ba57c48	Black Terrier
45a8e66f9c256f75d20d4d6e85e5c38514bc658f	The black Russian terrier has only just crossed the threshold of the West and is taking its first steps at exhibitions.
2926e372502a4de5034a7397324ddbb6b03da2bb	Owners should not even puzzle over how it will get along with three dwarf poodles.
fef6ad4a7c790fca4d59b326ac04dea396d9c6e3	Czechoslovak Wolf Dog
d4044847716ad34deb1e59dc6e3aaab4d6c78ce2	The Czechoslovak wolf dog is one of the most serious breeds that require proper and, most importantly, professional education.
07c1734d7149cdbe75d03c517204b787fe69ac0b	This is not the best option for lazy hosts and families with children.
ebf8a9b0cf9f4f52be1d941209d16a405a628e23	A puppy should be taught to communicate with other people and animals from childhood, otherwise it will grow wild and aggressive.
18646041a5cda0452220d3573c293b6346ed127e	Chinook
48d0aac11d0c148995910774c6e2da4564cc8aad	In addition to working in a harness, it can perform the functions of a defender.
4f09d24278695d6b35af85713f7fdbbeb8263ba9	Any task is possible for a dedicated and hardworking chinook.
493c904c41a274eb65532ec16d10b01f155c712b	Sharplaninsky Shepherd Dog
4a716923a578b3c6a1a44608b58996e56f6003e5	Full of strength and energy, the Sharplaninsky Shepherd Dog is suitable for the role of a companion and a family pet, but responds with loyalty and obedience only to the owner.
a4fce45f690fdbfcb8eaa3d65394b9ace40c1647	Swedish Shepherd Dog
168dd992fd67ed95a17077e4d0048797ff5e828a	The Swedish Shepherd is a bold, agile, loyal and independent dog.
b45a4b191252e808bf0996b622b2e2446cdd0415	Brought from the countryside, it often does not adapt well to urban life and can cause a lot of trouble.
82f198142f89732290c6248f51d33e0bc29776af	Swedish Valhund
7d03116a7761df6f237bd749b52cb01faa26c555	The dog is disciplined, loyal, mobile.
525412387f8eb324f26e17823e20f2d6ad6e5c36	She is friendly to children, treats strangers with distrust.
b4e54347f3b5197a9d20f6d35bdf04f909f4eed6	Swedish Lapphund
4eeaa60672ffb6426add0b7cd80a9ad90b91b410	Schipperke
9b02f3997bcdd13ea53464f9cd6068c35cea20be	A hardy, active, intelligent dog, the Schipperke is distinguished by excellent health, is a long lived dog.
3cdae7a434e6bd333a6bbed397ae994c041957c3	Schipperke is not only an excellent watchman, but also a pleasant companion and a reliable friend, loves children.
9fd6b3e2ac0a061644cda7c54e8c39fec962ff4c	Scottish Terrier
b53a30fef99337b5857ab60497e81e8d5924d7ca	Usually, he directs all his attention and love to the members of the family in which he lives, remaining completely indifferent to strangers.
4ab7095d3dcecd17ce552ba958f089469ac7209f	Entelbuch sennenhund
abf02917b1c8362a3a1ba76fdd7e59cf72f5e3e3	He feels great surrounded by the owner and his family.
dbe5ed07956310d9b1d75711cd3609fac931463d	He is friendly and affectionate with children.
7f5fc552a3f85bb0fa55474668df0bfa57b6aed9	It is suitable for the guard and guard service.
09f1476eb615495613ed7004bdc4900a3a6f5f48	It does not need special care.
2d9f163e8563a92e45d77877716f09482786ea0d	Airedale Terrier
5f287b21c88c0bc6c9a3af31357a703afdeb07c5	Eskimo Dog
86bbe5d1555a2feecbd6b9de4121fdd1847151b0	The dog is smart, obedient, loyal, hardy, but sometimes it is indecisive.
0e074d3d95cb5158e6a539f67a09c997e05ef6b1	Does not tolerate rough treatment.
a98c9fe33dbee2f560a09164ebd608566aeea029	South African Burbul
941aea7e3c4bfb937e9fc288839b767f792651c9	South Russian Shepherd Dog
a806795e3ac9c7c268e6c88a5c87094cccb3ff13	The possessive nature of this dog requires that it has a large territory, a large family, as well as animals that it could protect.
da28852d11a458434c5c8fb7cb1b142eb3a58c08	Direct Dog training dog teacher. giindividual training of dogs.
98a887d4622ad51140e5b66e3aa4228b8bd4512c	The first lesson is free of charge.
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72970ac167e0c3436d5c11ea17f7a1f2630d7dc0	Free training training programoadres and phone number to cover the ad Thank you.
e05fa09cbbb7e1f04b3944abaa44a05033d69e60	We bought an Akita Inu puppy!my doghome. giLikvidiruy 20 bad habits of Akita Inu in 10 days!
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fc018451d5c2f102b3232ece2c38a6d5d5dca6eb	Japanese Akita puppies, Mai Hoshi No.
2bd1ac77460d5bbb9b6d18f3e3b8936a8ccef4a9	1 16+mai hoshi.
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7806a987c5a0597339b02f4185bc2404bcbd2ece	Red and White.
6116cea7b222a30f9faad0a4fb8891d4417eca80	Parents of an imported Akita Inunashi dog Contact Open an ad Thank you.
3fb5fef5bfc6c0c9de86492bed57b977eeebe56a	April 22 (Friday), 21-22 (Moscow time)
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a9a86f09150a9b6370ba9fa9f8c4173743e1c9b6	Indoor decorative dogs
2c17934e2a2a8f9af4a013907baaaac4b0024e60	[edit / edit wiki text] Material from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
6d8c610992d31806f2b5c87ce26e53a6bc228869	Bichon frise
8622e91562f9dff3b15cfb55d2d9061fab4e8f38	Indoor decorative dogs (decorative dogs, companion dogs) - a collective definition of dog breeds that are not intended for performing any special work, and are used mainly as pets.
0a2df4508acbc20aab9a7b90cdeb13b91951a058	The classifications of the English Kennel Club, the American Kennel Club and cynological organizations of other English speaking countries contain a group of "that breed" (from the English toy toy), in the classification of the ICF there is a group IX "Toy and companions".
4280b900a0e988bdb5ff087f232c83dcff279425	However, the list of breeds that can be classified as decorative is not limited to the corresponding group.
c1476c041f8e25534018aa7b7041a8bafbe1042d	This is due to the fact that some breeds were originally bred for work, but later lost their working purpose and turned into decorative dogs, whose main task is to give pleasure to their owners.
63cee85ccd6e5cf5b5bf9278e52c9787b5d3d713	So, there are decorative breeds among terriers (Yorkshire Terrier, Australian silky Terrier), pinscher (dwarf pinscher, affenpinscher), in the group of so called primitive breeds (Pomeranian), etc.
9249e9200678e0a212f1ad8ab45001f6eef7cab2	[remove]
d7313949baf8f403d7a59957dcbfd0931c9b3a06	1 Origin 2 Features 3 Breeds 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References
8f778e5bfc47d181a4c9f60c262348e772f7fc67	Origin[edit / edit wiki text]
a0f99209ba1f01f3bb8b7562c1daed6d97fcc55e	Lucas Cranach art. Portrait of Duchess Katharina von Mecklenburg
0b0e0d0a5c2aabf945339ab756ce991c922f6f5d	A. Pen.
87c90e650b54705a83874864e38e873f56118757	Portrait of Sophia Dorothea of Prussia
b170bff75cbd9f7faf991bf4af3119292100a6ea	High ranking and famous people from the most ancient times are often depicted in portraits in the company of a dog.
9dcf272c13e7aa1d46ff14af7ef34642ae016d14	Such dogs were called "knee" (English laptop dog).
d9dd4cff1ea0da544749d2367e6fa7dbdc4a7b3c	It is also claimed that wealthy people kept such dogs so that they would distract the fleas that inhabited the owner in abundance.
49cfadc61ab5590ed1258e601b86ceb6a42363bc	The oldest decorative breeds include, in particular, the Pekingese.
4fbed5bb9fdcb29bfa46c6b629efe858f339df2a	Other decorative breeds appeared in the process of directed reduction of the size of some working breeds, primarily hunting and guard breeds.
ff0cd9ac71df92d7a4247ef3bac02c523e54467e	Small varieties of hunting breeds were intended for the work of a specific type (catching rats, working in burrows for small animals).
c9974266235b114f628d4fd0a656906ca109b9af	Reducing the size of guard dogs was aimed at the convenience of keeping in the house.
52b8a4966f785d4dd89e054d833e9402ddc04189	Features[edit / edit wiki text]
4f76e25a4a399aef1f259d5bc4a1e6e0a8f90c89	Poodle
41031437b28075e872a39e10f9e4b9c534e02f33	Chinese Crested Dog
4a5d28bc5e20a7d1669be9ca0d7b82cbbc6f956f	Pomeranian Pomeranian
72a29597a8f312b6309f303642f6772740acdd88	French Bulldog
fc5f556f96a00c60df16e9709c3745f7c88f03c2	So, Pekingese were valued for their lion like appearance, and pugs - for cute wrinkles and a monkey face.
0d445570539a873755007529845dd402185c00b3	The appearance of decorative dogs is often exaggerated, mutant and dwarf forms are fixed.
de3427858a3514fa9c93022ac5d25895d4626b1d	A decorative dog should not be aggressive, hunting instincts should be suppressed so that the dog does not run away from the owner.
011a0cf636f29bdf3108b4b92569ae77720dcd93	Dogs should be attached to the owner, actively express emotions and be highly social both in relation to humans and in relation to other dogs.[1] If a decorative dog is aggressive, hysterical, unable to get along with other family members, we can talk about improper selection aimed solely at fixing exterior features to the detriment of behavioral ones.
fab74f65987f5f9721b5604e519d34cca79880f6	At the same time, there are no special requirements for traditional working qualities: sense of smell, endurance and unpretentiousness are not necessary qualities of indoor decorative dogs.
3548288fdaec91befe8114675e47701b343207a0	Breeds[edit / edit wiki text]
effa6b50559650c65f4c532ce1f7c4236206ec71	Yorkshire Terrier
7fd0ea8031a8e928d545b4aabb22c624d9e43bde	In accordance with the classification of breeds of the ICF, indoor decorative dog breeds are assigned to group IX "Toys and companions" and are divided into 11 sections.
1d1dccf6c205f628c03b72c1067133cfdd7119bf	1. Bichons and related breeds: maltese, bichon frise, Havana bichon, Bolognese, coton de tulear, small lion dog;
d68bbfd7c9e16f83bddf847ca758b05cd650e1e4	2. Poodles (different colors): large poodle, medium poodle, small poodle, toy poodle;
0a89b2767d730d6c2a0cb3e4f93f95eae6fd1952	3. Small Belgian dogs: Belgian Griffon, Brussels Griffon, Small Brabanson;
162588d66c351cb123979a329c2e8042d98d731b	4. Naked dogs: Chinese Crested Dog;
1f847d2a505bdfb8edc5aec79a94f0d0b1d62376	5. Tibetan breeds: Lhasa Apso, Shih Tzu, Tibetan Spaniel, Tibetan Terrier;
1c12e591eb9c8a461a436819684e921b34219376	6. Chihuahua;
604113201a050a51d9d0173901ebfe043a3df310	7. English Toy Spaniels: cavalier king Charles spaniel, king Charles spaniel;
b3438a08f8009afd993495f63e5aaef7ae64ecb4	8. Japanese hin and Pekingese;
c21e29fbd6c66b1bef20774595c4df5424e6bc0d	Russian Russian toy 9.
3b05d4b63b4d71acab5be51790e2e7349fb144e8	Continental Toy Spaniel and Russian toy: Papillon and Phalen, Russian toy;
09d024446ff1219444b262b0a209238d775cf754	10.
030c9fe73f034fb99a96732e11262e6bcb96d431	Cromforlander;
f7629dabfcbdae576adcd4692b0bf8658cc65230	11.
c54a7b73340388e85f76f893eb7624d0c1409986	Small molossoids: Boston Terrier, Pug, French Bulldog.
80c6c2e0ec5b70c2d14fe671797f79f9dd5b21eb	The Russian Cynological Federation refers to the group of indoor decorative breeds, in addition to the listed:[2]
aebdabe299408b5ed321bc47d4e347db70906b62	english Toy Terrier (group 3 according to the ICF classification); breeds not recognized by the ICF: American Toy Fox, Beaver, Prague rat, Russian colored lapdog.
bcf43e04cdd18e68397393cb4d1ae84b03698ea4	The English Kennel Club also includes breeds among those breeds:[3]
dbef86ee2fe7f42c5889237bef2110648e40162e	from 2 groups of ICF: affenpinscher, pygmy pinscher; from 3 groups of ICF: Australian silky Terrier, English Toy Terrier, Yorkshire Terrier; from 5 groups of ICF: Pomeranian; from 10 groups of ICF: levretka.
2baef3496b0404d39dc6029bba8c818f104d058e	The American Kennel Club complements the group of those breeds with a Manchester Terrier (that is a variety), which, according to the classification of the ICF, belongs to the third group.[4]
051b7b59dcb8285f1ea92d8ca31fa7cebf648cbd	Many other breeds are also used as indoor decorative breeds, although in accordance with the classifications of leading cynological organizations, they are assigned to other groups.
1f107f02b1800426632ae540bd86a30c367594f5	In particular, the American Cocker Spaniel, Sheltie, miniature Schnauzers, West Highland White Terrier and other small Terriers, miniature and rabbit dachshunds, Beagle, xoloitzcuintli, etc. are kept as decorative dogs.
1a6df7ea122eecb671aef9bc27be3cacd1b29ac3	Animal companions
6a2661547beb6d149a995aeed7e8315e37455b86	М Mychko E. N., Sotskaya M. N., etc. Psychophysiological signs and type of dog use // The behavior of the dog.
75103eab0cbc0981beed1994776cb19f6241b86b	- Moscow: Aquarium Print, 2004.
914550a22fd0ba674529334813ba3e687b5f12fc	- 400 p.
5d5ae1767a78709a5c1c69fa602a31f423e320bc	— ISBN 9785–98435–091–2.
b0336e3ffd5b714ebf6e62f299ad5297f650b70e	Положение The RKF Regulation on breeding work.
77b8a7c191ab8eb2cf3f3014cb3373b13c8258ac	Appendix: List of dog breeds with classification by size ↑ The Toy Group Breed Information Center.
b1f33414db46672786fbd90c608aac6288f937be	Checked on January 7, 2013.
08a8a62ba744662a0d852490165fbec8b990b7d8	Archived from the original source on January 30, 2013.
03be4745a560c67ccd0e0e9b2e59d7368f5a0db4	↑ AKC Breeds by Group - Toy Group.
dca118f884e9a07cfb8311f786abd0076933a975	Branch S. Decorative dogs.
22c74bff9fde9ca526058c6a0a27937bfc009b3d	- Rostov on Don: Phoenix, 2000.
d63de98fb62af9b921b4ba68384f210faed65dfe	- 320 p.
7cb05e576eeea2c421c0addcb052184b618cccce	— ISBN 9785-222-01383-9.
a0c413e77f141fa4878148f338fbea303110e2bf	Khasanova R.
fba38ac1654c273cdd0b1b784ac5af146fcdc86c	A. Decorative dog breeding.
75d51d01259aab30af816834ec140d4948dfd377	- Tbilisi: Mehnat, 1990 — - 256 p.
f81949901cab71a22197012adfc083a243cf0416	— ISBN 9785-8244-0441-0.
b3b2fdd2a19b591ba0d9d72b30e64f38a58deac4	Levshakova O. Training and education of decorative dogs.
5c4e86b812dd6422d1b97f7ef1d3248eca431672	- Moscow: Aquarium Print, 2009.
7ba4f83ac7a3ede8efaa723b2b7c0e5340db858c	- 64 p.
671a5e0514d4ae77bbeb04ed1c02d025d30c64f6	— ISBN 9785993402260.
6211e30d01d10783f2082d69a50440a373b7cf1c	Golovachev A. F.
ddb2f8a22ca9ff1a623e364fdd387c53ca7507c2	The smallest dogs.
0572cb50018017006dfef754c0dc7de092cb96f0	- St. Petersburg: Dilya, 2003.
ea2dd4fbcd7f03a69c16aed82bec038eaf9ebc9e	- 189 p.
489c882b362e8fa21fdea5e06b1c7d9d8978de46	— ISBN 5-88503-115-0.
09982bb355bcd1b8b5ffe2981fdaf60b5004a7a1	[hide] Small dog breeds
9a6d113056cafc0c529bd45432a50c2a062cdf59	Australian Silky Terrier · English Toy Terrier · Affenpinscher · Beaver Yorkshire Terrier · Bichon Frise · Lapdog · Boston Terrier · West Highland White Terrier · Volpino Italiano · Havana Bichon · Jack Russell Terrier · Yorkshire Terrier · Cavalier king Charles Spaniel · King Charles Spaniel · Chinese Crested Dog · Continental Toy Spaniel · Coton de Tulear · Cromforlander · Levretka · Lhasa apso · Small Lion Dog · Small Belgian Dogs · Maltese Lapdog · Pug · Norwich Terrier · Norfolk Terrier · Pekingese · Pomeranian * Prague Rat · Poodle toy * Russian toy · Dachshund · Miniature Pinscher · Miniature Schnauzer · Colored Lapdog · French Bulldog · Chihuahua · Shih Tzu · Japanese Hin
ae3004154150bb8edbbaee26d14aeb8bc05c02b0	"Dogs"
5f413563ef302873819bafdd73bc1de7e48c7a5b	<img src="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"
537fa6e787490e9ecba018a19d88d636eee975e6	/>
e8d3f62c07057d07916d44f7cba6ff968060dafd	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indoor Decorative Dogs&oldid=77347776"
cfc8c26fa4e96021a5d303a06a87826c2d042219	Category: Groups of dog breeds
96edb4c82b657a366e96a599fa2efc72d81fcc26	Read Edit Edit wiki text History
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cb5a650022a2a6fa8091784f374929e530d803b4	Breeds Greyhounds Hounds Cops Burrowing Huskies
ccce0538a76356848f23ff367c576862500a55e0	Legislation
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832f03eb0dc027a197705bb5b1d7f17d2f4404a4	Exhibitions and tests
993df76830cbc343b3cdc00ebbd2a99633c99783	News from the fields
5ffe772c6bdf441b006c018b84cfd6551222a4b3	Archibald
106ff3d39f05ded67d56d733d1bdac4ad25bfb17	Back in Solotch, an Irish setter entered my service.
5a3f0e798d9d395db9f596bae15679b88e9943b1	His name was Archibald.
a3ca9f99f7c36b203f9c843597afbd8eb728ea75	The dog was two years old at the time.
e323ff043065106bdfd2036abae394be51a6830a	They refused him, and I took him to my hunting base.
4487b7169ae52e8837faaae4a1a646a59d58421a	Archibald was trained by Viktor Selivanov, had two diplomas and was a good working dog.
8f1ebb231c57e62eaae743a999237f553b6de816	Igor Staferov / / May 6, 2016
eac34aba609390a49f968464d0b7535a3a68ed66	Yellow balls
821228c1cecf2c428868e586e3682995b355af74	Gennady Ivanovich Ilyin calls me and offers to come to Kadanok to the base to work out with a friend's dog.
eb4ac004e96188f9f7bbfe25a5be927e5451cdf1	I must say that the health then began to fail the Master.
205ac5a5475dac36b6b1b350c45b61a4b23fb539	And it was impossible to refuse this person.
4a535a0dc524f2e5ebb6c952f2fa10b5d3734ed9	Igor Staferov / / May 4, 2016
f9ff2c08f69058464e1750b8166f7ba619cef30f	How I taught Aytos to swim
a22078fc06489c40533f387cad781fd0a436fd17	A week passed in trying to get in touch with the duck people on different lakes and backwaters of Uvodi and Klyazma.
f3b7e9aa57397a93ef00e48ca5d6e68322ff2f61	There is only a week left before the tests.
6188eba80725ed1e2351d3428dad30fb40df929d	There is something to be upset about.
a815babdd805756d3927ddba55fa616b48159f66	Finally, thanks to a friend, he suggested that Aytos be paired with a dog who already knows what kind of animal a duck is.
b6fddf1820d3d995a86c35753c89899e6e85b764	Leonid Kandratyev / / April 30, 2016
b28797b8cae9b934d51ad687a95b364f27986d93	A gift for Easter
bfe9da43e7dc406371d7fc5a8799ebea08d6673f	I look at the surface of the mirror of the lake and at the same time feel a state of happiness and anxiety.
4a71422941ddd2c7374d7c214dc8a5d0f9337743	It is impossible to admire the bright colors of a spring sunset when two beads of dark dog eyes are looking at you attentively, in which an insistent question is read: "You wonot leave me"?
753d5c100b50e77c6af9496cd1647654062eb825	Marina Brunova / / April 30, 2016
eade0cfd7199f7d0bd8facc13f7b44d4ee47713b	Choosing a kurtzhaar puppy
2fd663726ba7a0727e9f78d04df928cc7b85945a	The purpose of the article is to give the main directions in the selection of kurtskhaar puppies, guided by which many hunters and dog breeders will be able to take a more meaningful approach to the inspection and selection of puppies and to the analysis of ads for the sale of puppies on the Internet.
4da4d33a34c5a1c266d782a62c45170ce2c2bc10	Comments: 1
e167ce641133e0c9e891f66e6d6629fbca544050	V. N. Vorobyov / / April 28, 2016
f286b5ff9ea8254af46371b499b666c2d05da472	Terms of spring hunting 2016
8aac17c9600fed27cc431cb42ce51bac92724f07	Terms of spring hunting in 2016 in the Russian Federation.
6e78a3d1ee139f711239c945aec3388240bd1377	Dates of opening of hunting by subjects of the Russian Federation (regions).
efd8f2cf89e733a98cc37818213bf6068b199dbb	A list of areas where spring hunting will be closed.
81a14ee26c84a547950342a647ed987aba8ecd83	Operational information about the shifts in the terms of the spring hunting in 2016.
6cf54cb0f381e3f75703daa00a9997a16f22cd91	Comments: 63
8b4aa16d6ca4ad7382ea111cbd14eec6022dcb1f	Mikhail Semin / / April 26, 2016
48bb6eb76731dad9c063af85f802f6cda9ada83e	Air trail
170ec0bd0f54575aa453bd0e656b41731bac3b84	The day has just broken up, and we are already there.
9071589ad80ed6c95a3fa1cd20572cc0b06b419d	Tents have been set up, firewood has been delivered from the forest, and a bonfire has been lit. We are sitting at the table, talking, sharing plans for the evening cravings.
ffe95c2dea0cd6b223ede0fee9f293f23ab9718f	The most impatient are going on the road.
3c096ed24d5ddd051735fe1548aee41c25c6c357	We are stagnant in the city I want to wander through the spring forests...
25258f4d3bfb9dcad9c9f36e054b2820b6ead6ae	Comments: 5
537fbfa2b095e1fb2d865711792ca727895be11f	Alexander Gavristov / / April 26, 2016
fd91edf0af2ca926c9fdde8151891866dbca77d0	New rules for testing spaniels
fc9a15b1e45cdd848d9514bcf8480a5ca1707e01	In order for the decision of the meeting to be legitimate, more than 50% of spaniel testing experts who have been re registered in the RRS had to participate in it.
4099f67d6f4e084526ca948b883a01f14ab9c79a	The right to vote was given to experts who were personally present, as well as those who voted in person on Skype.
373b133b75ae05a424d18087f14361801cb9e005	Leonid Kandratyev.
7c3ec5bbaeb8d39cb57e3046ed9219aad9d88cd2	Oleg Yanushkevich / / April 25, 2016
b447d378411aa05fe1cf8f2a9070c57f267ccc1e	A moment of good luck
5f47c30888223699b864dcfafe174f021cd42f58	Sometimes it seems that it is not the dog that runs after the hare, but the hare after the dog, because there is a gap of ten minutes from the hound to the beast, and fifty meters from the beast to the hound.
5af2af1aaff2a0e49b7008f6238f416737ccbd7a	He follows the dog, keeps it in the field of direct visibility and scribbles, scribbles, scribbles traces.
c94bd3b3d8f07c1be81038b69e895e0e690bb07c	Sergey Kudinov / / April 14, 2016
1f1a9259491d6e957ccd164260b20e609402a3cc	Potter's Lessons
e5955bb70c5c896077319a5d52067160ee12ecce	I myself have noticed for a long time that every new generation of foxes uses the paths of their parents — along forest belts, streams, reclamation ditches.
8148291a64901b2ebd435bb1d91cf414ee74fd7b	Perhaps they are the most convenient.
a91a5c30259de050eeb581c0c7fcf88e2e7d82c8	Or maybe the parents took their children along them, and the children, in turn, becoming parents, their own.
325d3c850b6693e065d757e2f3bffc7c18d31c72	And so on…
9e5ea470914b09e869cbac2745d3319b59a116af	Anatoly Gulyaev / / April 11, 2016
40ad4fd4a806acb00d629d86b8b1011208a726d8	Huskies and hares
63bda2e6edf3b4f1db9ccb03d4c7d33045341d49	And when she had only nothing left, oblique rushed to run and at the same time screamed terribly.
2fb0e6d4137bece72ed9f8115132b85c50251cc3	And now everything has probably turned out the same way.
f92e523594be8626e7ed497788d433a252462b13	But the husky got into a rage and does not miss a single trace.
770e605d0dabb55163b0773e69259e082ddb5cbd	Old Kara looked disapprovingly at the tricks of the young dog, but she still sniffed the hare she had caught.
28ee2e798b95e6d775f09398fe1392f511c00f7f	Comments: 7
80bd469adc689caf9cd92ed495f48b6a77128e9c	Evgeny Dvoryanchikov / / April 11, 2016
b8365a98de9bc56a73f9561bb48520f0d6df6cc9	About the standards of Karelo Finnish huskies
c9f36f4b04273d457d166c4a4d9adedb87b57db8	The change in the standard for the Karelo Finnish laika under the influence of the introduction of the Finnish Spitz into the breed led to the weighting of the dogs and, in this regard, to the deterioration of their working qualities.
00b2b179c6e83e71124496fb1cbcb1663d74c6e5	Larisa Gibet / / April 8, 2016
d0877fcc1e0d031f7214017a6c2016160fda3a7b	Eggcellot
41ac30319c3681483f3a7da245697e3f5a4136d6	There were a lot of people at the station.
606866191172b363799cc32feceec9c1528365ef	It happened in May.
50de084b851ff59cef550bc3960b20a9481c63fa	All the hunters present immediately drew attention to the excellent exterior of the young dog.
3175312cacfba5368a7794241d41ae0f02a2d430	But that wasnot the main thing.
49880ceb2fe5eb122774ab21c26f62952b987aaf	They noticed that he had a huge scrotum.
a657413f3b086db5f55f458ecdcc2a14293b9993	On the same day, a new nickname stuck to the dog Yaytselot.
a516d778363015a033d5f7b513d780349d95571a	Igor Staferov / / April 2, 2016
396ef33b7755de0fe61c2c17f64f88cd98efc687	Retrievers in Russia: step forward
3f78a29e977d61fa9b27c86e94321263b8b59454	At the end of February this year, the case still got off the ground.
1f6c8157537ed11c382ebfb890e28b5761cab313	The RKF managed to bring together most of the heads of clubs, sections and experts on retrievers interested in the development of the breed and hold a round table on changing and finalizing the rules.
306bb2f86088f21ce677cdf201ebb2f1c0992db2	Comments: 19
70c2fd2db07aa50ea9fe97fd29cb76c5e848116e	Dmitry Karmanov / / April 2, 2016
0fcf8d03ca258b83ce31fd82d163fc6aae2babbd	An exhibition of huskies was held in Perm
6f120f5451bd5b0971affba8e4c569d030d24c46	This year, more than 130 huskies of four main breeds were exhibited: this is the West Siberian husky, the most widely represented in our region, as well as the Russian European, Karelian and East Siberian husky.
be29b39420c14bf699b05380d52d349c0101fe4b	At the same time, most of the presented dogs received high marks.
3cba0c064ef60c140759043be5a0a651df19d2de	// March 28, 2016
20063e59088adf7caf2da1bd5ce01e67f4e69211	The costs of democracy
671b9596ddc45143c155bf3380b303935b5d4279	It turns out that the direction of the breed's development is determined by a full time cynologist?
047d2db2d6637afb0eb4767886f28d6567b5fc62	In fact, it turns out that all the issues are solved by a kind of"intra sectional inter party".
3b1057638c713bb03302accefae624f69358c78a	Nikolay Mordvinov / / March 28, 2016
082664aa756ed49e863751dc6d3d23dc5e90af5f	Brave Oblique
941c76db43475e05aeb1d1c67163c2ff86065d71	My hound dog Orion is an excellent assistant when hunting hares.
81b343efd884bdd2693ed16c4d681e3e97a42c30	He has proved this many times.
3d2a9e8c973d99ea8b1a882ff534f6504b102453	But he also, although rarely, has failures.
8e789f7fd7c614a8b4c5c7c9067a60e504be6a55	I will tell you about one of them…
c7b4d6484433ff50c9d362837288487e1e31fca8	Alexander Nosov / / March 25, 2016
8ea84b44ec68f9b927086bc5abb0eedd55f51c69	Unjustified innovations
d4266640ce177f83d85a0b39f072ee983e5dac99	In February 2016, a new version of the "Regulations on Breeding Work" (hereinafter referred to as the Regulation) was posted on the website of the "Kurtzhaar II" section of the Central Committee of the MOOiR.
5be83bae44b1fb2d8601f64ad096cc8a874e30e8	As the owner of hunting dogs of the Kurtzhaar breed for more than 25 years and an expert cynologist, I consider it necessary to express my opinion about this Provision.
b9b5e9f0fed73aa3507fcc8856fe9e6e6f1d099f	Comments: 6
61f2573f97f9620eabcff5b5becc099e8dc23057	V. N. Vorobyov / / March 25, 2016
ffbacf31f5b0d0ef08d9fe79786d6d222d3d1618	"It is very difficult to find a dog owner without a brand"
10a2b1f1ca2979b8d599f446e795a0fc7c8be65a	On the Internet, we often come across such ads: "a dog has been found";
79da3d87d4d83019e4278495a4d8836bb0eb2c6e	"we are looking for good hands for the dog" or "the dog is lost".
7d190268d0429af8d1dc95320bbdba53e930938a	Elvira Hafizova / / March 24, 2016
8826cdbc0acc94f2f5450aff298602abb93cd664	A scam
ec81ee9947c771010dab75120edaa8518ac13c64	Getting anywhere on a corral hunt, the first thing you think about is whether there are good dogs in the hunting farm?
04252cf408f7117b5c9db5c36764e2e99e015739	After all, it is the presence of well trained dogs that is often the determining factor of the result of hunting.
6064d59d9ff01576e5ae345b6ab9b5d686791fee	Sergey Gulyaev / / March 21, 2016
4c7b838855e76adc9896686386debb5a1fee6d11	page: 12345678910→
20f0a4d69979bdfeabcc92f09aace8a92cb00778	From time immemorial, dogs have been used for these purposes and, although hunting has undergone serious changes today, this aspect has probably remained the same – there is simply no one to transfer the functions of a four legged friend.
ebea107da6d72ef5c3b0a64dd647d03a4979bdbf	Information on how to choose the right puppy, how to raise it and what needs to be trained, how to protect it from diseases, you will find on our website.
bda20eafe306e22855b9814c1c5ef1357c819ab4	In this section, we have collected a lot of useful information about hunting dogs.
4e7ba6f792ebaae11ccb1dfe116737e5147746f7	And this is not just encyclopedic " dry " data.
b8d50ea46853682b0f0f1c9c1d04c833f1926b16	Each of our articles is someone's vivid experience, life observations, the informative value of which may have different meanings for different readers, while the relevance and practical orientation of the articles is always consistently high.
019bca3dee0463d51ada3bf0d086ad81580478f2	Regardless of whether you are the happy owner of a four legged hunter or just planning to become one, we are sure that you will always spend your time here entertaining and usefully!
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6115ec4d3faef722342c76b6afb820f5c4cf8975	The return of a dream"
0f23205fd5ee7636ac3d88ffa809150ad1341443	The last cordon of Meschery To hear the silence Before the shot - let the bird go away Miss the woodcock at point blank range
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f1053387aca8e83d0f654d7f0e11557a93c500a6	Genser The health of your beloved pet is in your hands!
b4650937802dd86464cf852c98abc9c0a385b9b6	Protect it from ticks
ecf541ccb37b13e635ebe5e9c391106f7b043c88	The beauty decided to take a ride with the wind, but did not expect such a turn
3d0e2c54113260cadcc559543d746c45cad9ec79	Stunts on the road that make drivers speechless (video)
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7a5fc0e22b5a701c349bda7a2c05c917d1d05e62	The most interesting thing
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3adf212701bc7367b51f69f386cdd2afbc842e15	Weapons of the brave Shooting Flying Wolves Tears of the spring forest Spring Song
566e97390658b000b6a16b3fcdf6a8596948ce2a	Terms of spring hunting 2016 Exclusion zone Oh, these French women!
7e77bcb027335d22dde88d6bee8820ad96783086	A gift for Easter The National Guard
c8af9ca27759967abb2087b52a1c7b9ab0bb60a5	The most commented
29eed087f76968d8ba01265e55e54cf818555f45	For a week For a month For a quarter
c51fc7fa57b68a5cc72fec8c1f7fe6c76ceee7fc	The excitement of hunting We need shooting ranges Weapons of the brave Forgotten hunting Wolves
373a69dd5ed0e7d4d3fc013e9fd96ac5a0f63754	Terms of Spring Hunting 2016 National Guard Hunting should become an industry With a gun and a calculator The opening is just around the corner
59355765df5824b42cf6208de141d99fc1570a64	There are no bad dogs, or...
bd5e0ac0ee01a90fd09d1d3adfd53f8dab1cdfbb	"there's not here for you" My house is defenseless The timing of the spring hunt 2016 Will hunters pass a drug test?
ec1c55cb890198be55ef3942040a74f359452cfe	Kamchatka.
b0d2b635ac9ca582507d3e24ceb8b6ae47c83500	For the first time on a bear
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4b671a1a19e4544eb48c0b0315c4a96f3950b025	The moon is a natural satellite of the Earth.
071788ad6a8b4bfe9814ba96a35cda7dafcf4155	The closest satellite of the planet to the Sun, since the planets closest to the Sun, Mercury and Venus, have no satellites.
19f3f798e139091fcf77635202dc066fdd0efc00	The moon is the second brightest object in the Earth's firmament after the Sun.
ed33708383c81a1a8325c136b279fd9ffdb38f3b	Due to its size and composition, the Moon is sometimes referred to as the planets of the Earth group along with Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.
579b91917e76e73dac2dfc9d7807584108346895	The moon is the only astronomical object outside the Earth that a person has visited.
9b3b5bbecca01078aad359e0dc32fa1d1df01953	The moon is the most mysterious object in the Solar system.
d79df75b506bda7ea06f2b23a556aa16814f1fe5	Since the most distant times, the moon excites the imagination of people.
093d0bab246ae0e4662dc7bc71d498f0555f31bf	She was credited with a very strong, sometimes mystical, influence on the Earth and its inhabitants.
37a9bb16d1a667708e173a9c376e6a449827029d	The gravitational influence of the Moon causes some interesting effects on the Earth
961aaa34e0c364e9142415f0807d822d29c75a8a	The most famous of them is the sea tides.
15ee01f769341e8b164bc26cb294d4b0a5fc6f09	On the opposite sides of the Earth, two bulges are formed (in the first approximation) — from the side facing the Moon, and from the opposite side.
faa39e65d1d9bc8b6318a38262958ed21db75b1f	In the world ocean, this effect is much more pronounced than in the solid crust (the bulge of the water is greater).
5817b24364443b2a6c6a9cf61368af6fdd50c842	The amplitude of the tides (the difference between the levels of high and low tide) in the open spaces of the ocean is small and is 30-40 cm.
335ae1c0fe9ef99115d026108f0a4e4f6c8433a8	However, near the coast, due to the raid on the solid bottom, the tidal wave increases the height in the same way as ordinary wind waves of the surf.
113b91d3f2114da36d47eab815462df4a00dcad8	Taking into account the direction of the Moon's rotation around the Earth, it is possible to make a picture of the tidal wave following the ocean.
ec8789a24bbc76c5c33211a9046922e0a87f7f44	Strong tides are more susceptible to the eastern coasts of the continents.
de68e9eff6f42aad048e105e2f85edf7b06c73f4	The maximum amplitude of a tidal wave on Earth is observed in the Bay of Fundy in Canada and is 18 meters.
c4460d1511d04722cd81448567bbe2f9e73f49c1	Although the magnitude of the Sun's gravitational force for the globe is almost 200 times greater than the gravitational force of the Moon, the tidal forces generated by the Moon are almost twice as large as those generated by the Sun.
9353c7cc694767c724a0a425c476e423c5aead19	This is due to the fact that tidal forces depend not only on the magnitude of the gravitational field, but also on the degree of its inhomogeneity.
ba1a6138feec53246a52c84b86d56d6003da331e	As the distance from the field source increases, the inhomogeneity decreases faster than the value of the field itself.
dfd7f0ac8e8eade4611f5a2eee6a4e4a78ea78aa	Since the Sun is almost 400 times farther from the Earth than the Moon, the tidal forces caused by solar attraction are weaker[15].
64c1ebeaba81a0cf1d4e88343b1a9775fe114394	However, it remains a mystery where our neighbor came from.
b54415d0c0d90e880bc3b5af4669b5e8495b4734	Surprisingly, modern science cannot give an exact answer to the question of where and how the Moon appeared near the Earth.
3db75351b826492c10859af96a0acde7fb1e8e17	There are many theories of the origin of the Moon, and in each of them there are conflicting facts.
8437ac16743ff3a32ad6729fc9acf365df505cac	Initially, scientists thought that all the planets were formed simultaneously, from protoplasm.
023a5147a3a95e3bf109d20d74eda9766edbc19e	But later we came to the conclusion that this is not entirely true.
1fae3ea584c5cfc5c3275437cd2aed9ea805e4e6	When the samples of lunar soil got to the researchers on the table, the researchers gasped in surprise — the Moon turned out to be much older than the Earth-about 1.5 billion years!
c01368591f1106b66247acc36420121f8e9d6b9b	So far, our science is not able to explain this.
d85ce9c44f9bbf9eb8e86528beae6ce342caf889	But it rather added more questions than answers as the moon appeared.
616210dea1564c788ae4d05f6d42c90244da8eb7	According to modern data, in many respects the Moon is very different from the Earth, primarily in its chemical composition: there is practically no water (although noticeable ice reserves have been found in the circumpolar regions[1]), a low content of volatile elements and compounds.
1533a73f4ce969c7f160800c4aa80a89d138bde9	For the first time, information about the discovery of water on the Moon was published in 1978 by Soviet researchers in the journal Geochemistry.
b2420ee8dc9e008d343b641a7463ca5ad75ba3c7	The percentage of water found in the sample was 0.1[28].
d88950b9d1f240f668761a0a1d9f12b47db6066c	According to the data transmitted by the Mini SAR radar installed on the Indian lunar vehicle Chandrayan 1, at least 600 million tons of water were detected in the North Pole region, most of which is in the form of ice blocks resting on the bottom of lunar craters.
4c5806fea6f7e04a5b501fdc96f6cc4acd00498d	Now scientists have no doubt that the found ice is exactly water ice[32].
79f3331f8c8cd0b63e230afdee2d8ec3dfbfcc45	Analysis of lunar rocks suggests that the Moon has undergone a complete meltdown, unlike the Earth.
f04970cf19482ec8d6d8058b04251c3405f75cdd	The density of the Moon is comparable to the density of the Earth's mantle, but it has a very small iron-nickel core.
e5a2d526ff4c48ddf0d77eacda4d11edadb58046	However, a great similarity between the Earth and the Moon has also been discovered.
998fff653ca9cf72ccb08f64c547558f27cc2cd3	Radioisotope analysis shows that both celestial bodies have approximately the same age: about 4.5 billion years.
09cff171f9eee7227fc7026be8124f75d0d22409	The ratio of stable oxygen isotopes on the Moon and on Earth is the same, at the same time, it is very different from this ratio for all known meteorites.
07d6d4b9b28c8ed69d2c24392f8ecb96b1cdb736	This indicates that the Earth and the Moon were formed in the neighborhood — from a substance that was at the same distance from the Sun in a protoplanetary cloud.
39f5945aa27e4d56513c40f3975d63fd249c4336	This combination of common properties and significant differences in the structure of the Moon and the Earth gave rise to three groups of mutually exclusive assumptions about the origin of the Moon:
af361ad6ec348484ba687ae042b13368c8694d10	And finally, the latest theory, which is currently considered the most well-founded.
92fcf7a651a903a70077bcb17f7766a415e17644	After studying the samples brought from the Moon, scientists are inclined to conclude that our satellite is just a huge fragment of the Earth.
c8159c7f86baf67cc72f2f827a4d6d90bc89e9ce	The first of them says that the Moon is a huge fragment that broke off from the Earth about 4 billion years ago, which left in its place a huge depression where the Pacific Ocean is now located.
440fb129c2c67512f4afe6d9cb82914576c8f742	According to supporters of this theory, this happened as a result of the collision of a planet the size of Mars with Earth.
0e8990c3cce87a377ccd1b00e115f1ce11039ac9	According to which, at the time of the formation of protoplanets, a certain protoplanet Thea, crossing the path of the Earth, hit its surface.
f8a12b32e8690d11806648295538b198e05d8b4f	But if the Moon is a fragment of the Earth, then why is their composition so much different (it is known that there is absolutely no iron on the Moon, while the Earth's crust is very rich in iron ore).
7c4818198f069abec3ba05542083d229e17bba58	It turns out that this theory explains this as well.
f50191e9e85f20c2af5aa5c3c3b1d54afbcaff58	During the collision, molten iron flowed out of the core of an unknown planet, which spread over the surface of the Earth and absorbed into its crust,
007882f7454f3767faeefa06023bcbf7531f3123	The moon, having broken off, remained without iron.
de09bd2c6eba1e3f58122d63f30fb70afd8e3f85	However, the different chemical composition of the Moon and the Earth, the age difference, as well as the fact that scientists do not know of a single case of planets flying around star systems as freely as Thea, slightly corrected the theory of a mega-impact and the appearance of the Moon.
9d0aef37448ba12f0d3581f0e4594459386402aa	According to the updated version, at the time of the formation of the solar system, the planets revolved around the star in unstable orbits.
8a9bf295dbc33501a5c79cb9e53abf79a82584da	And where the asteroid belt is now located, between Mars and Jupiter, there was once another planet — Phaeton.
90c0514c0f33dd978a13720f49f8c5bbcba4ab39	In size and mass, Phaeton was twice as small as our planet, while the angle of inclination of the planets caused a serious danger of collision.
d4e10e9a9c5e395013aff902a177fcdb49b35cc8	The Phaeton came too close, and was caught by the Earth in a gravitational trap, the Phaeton could no longer escape from the larger planet by mass!
65f296443b1d7b442e552057655f7058148be515	A large piece of matter — that's all that remains of the Phaeton, which took its place in the orbit of the Earth, and became the eternal satellite of the planet-the Moon.
6029bc2aaa47e361c14635632d9ba7602b5ee97d	The reliability of this theory is indicated by the remnants of a weak, but still magnetosphere — satellites do not have a magnetosphere.
c418b6a64fbeb56a484956bb42f243eaf3742471	It is believed that the source of the magnetic field of the planets is tectonic activity.
15b1fd5a1c75b34a6185dc1ff3bf2aea6257d50b	"Luna 1" in 1959 established the absence of a uniform magnetic field on the Moon[16]: 24.
1fc957cf203c43963e458571287b030bca395df6	The results of research by scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology confirm the hypothesis that it had a liquid core.
25e23463f4d5dbe1e4539b0ac1c623969badebf7	Experimentally, it was possible to prove that at the early stage of its existence, the Moon had a magnetic field similar to that of the Earth[17].
0bab01ccd355ea3230ed0bad91d17d0e079dd3c8	According to another theory, the Moon is a small lonely planet wandering through space, which was attracted by the gravity of the Earth.
e5bf201ffdd77c61c49d82b90a747deeda9ecff5	The moon formed in another place and was subsequently captured by the Earth.
96f70eabad8c7e97ee721e22cc4801973178fd17	This hypothesis is jokingly called "marital".
9e565e834cd24eb6e68b314d314e898008e1e874	The scientific community is quite skeptical about this theory, since the Moon is not so easy to be subjected to such an influence of our planet.
52809f4f41db17be46c1ce7749ae71fffde72332	The gravity of the Earth would only change the trajectory of the moon.
10c99ec69988f518d97b795251925bf0b14fe4db	However, there are also supporters of this theory among scientists: they claim that the mass of the satellite has changed in a big way due to space debris collected around it for several billion years.
de8d9ba6fd2317dcecdd07dd8c77279715aa3bc8	The existence of the planet Phaeton in distant times is not denied, but what happened to the planet...and whether it became a satellite of the Earth, is doubtful by scientific researchers.
04a06073654b04d93b2331d05e41cda5d16a5f13	Researchers, based on the latest data, believe that the planet that crashed into the Earth could not be Phaeton at all.
f582b4a0452433ccb3684187de71913fbce4a995	As you know, the equator of the Moon does not coincide with the earth's, but it perfectly coincides with the plane of the Martian orbit!
a285ea65d06ed01d2a790b3df82427c04d8a6294	In addition, the Earth's satellite has a strange character trait, despite the stronger influence of Venus, the Moon tends to get closer to Mars.
332a0c6645c891b9df26b655f2228898520a7b92	It is impossible to explain what this phenomenon is connected with.
7ddfdbc314c987f1a359ada966c36f87906f9cb2	If we assume that the Phaeton exploded from a collision with the Earth, then this could not but affect the neighboring Mars.
74e38ac887d0d00aee0613c472f1b0c673fd3da9	It is now that we see the Red Planet, with a lifeless, dead desert.
30ffb12dcaee43dd28bf2127b11aff94c5a4ebfa	But once everything could have been different!
76450a8ea124cd64a4a8b37c2b71b4c865d4f6ea	Huge fragments of the exploded Phaeton began to bombard Mars nonstop.
eb1d4d8137f2a400dc36e4e5dc989d43f164c105	No one could survive on it, the planet was doomed!
789767b3c5220ee665f4bdf3c1c09b8fb212c733	The fact that Mars was subjected to terrible blows is evidenced by the discovery of 2000.
c2fcd27db9d1d854200ce13104fdd4408d7a08c5	Then the Yamato meteorite was discovered in Antarctica, it is believed that it was brought to us from Mars, which was broken by a massive attack.
f72a87417d037e57c49f64568f3e404240ab8e86	The age of the rock in the core of the Yamato meteorite is 16,000,000 years!
869902abaa2520cd023d4ea966169d16aa4d0de5	And the upper melted crust of the meteorite indicates that Yamato entered the Earth's atmosphere 12 thousand years ago.
e52ee4e7d53849bc27a63508a6886582f2824ee6	They are badly damaged — according to experts, the destruction is characteristic of a catastrophe of a planetary scale!
6d00324151a1e8d290a51067c601894da3dafe2f	But we must not forget about Phaeton — because once there could have been a fertile time here, when the planet was alive and blooming.
36840b3a426cee28e48cf2834b1f39b203d951a3	And an intelligent culture lived on the surface of the planet.
c4b572df85e4c46df3f10160c636c7007e13f82f	Academic science has laid out the formation of the Universe and the Solar system on the shelves.
1ab1732ac2758b8ca6a8b199e6b9b19410cdcf43	But some facts "fall out" from the generally accepted hypothesis of the origin of the planets, and the Moon in particular.
d0da0ba7efd67e01eaaa7b5430a2ae61e19a8fbe	All ancient civilizations have records of how the moon appeared.
53279b6a2f79ebecf1ea0a4c329aaeb82a947bf4	It turns out that the legends remember the times when the Earth did not have a satellite yet!
4a889641b14b53681e1d4d7b06cf90cebf1dc41c	Moreover, the facts are murderous for the generally accepted theory of the origin of the Moon.
d9812ea919b862ef9988c486c968f237509bf980	But the moon was put into orbit by someone other than the Gods! - after a terrible catastrophe in the solar system.
ea56b5034d7ba218266ee57b02cac90252723981	These writings coincide with different peoples, with small blemishes.
32ae3e14233f00330b667d583658acdacc481300	It is obvious that different ancient cultures describe the appearance of the Moon in their own way, but the essence remains unchanged — before the Earth did not have its own satellite.
b2bd25225e8d9ab75824d44d186a1f34decdafe4	In some civilizations, the Moon appeared from under the water, in others from under the ground.
7f7f767546cbfbcf5f5a6747b3010f2353d4150a	They associate the appearance of the Moon in the sky with the Great Flood.
bd017aa32b06a0989664d2080a4263526b99781d	The Chinese and Jews say that when the moon appeared, a long rain and earthquakes enveloped the Earth and that it fell to the north, which means a change of magnetic poles.
ff97b3a94dc3aeda190193da07408a5663bfe469	After that, dramatic changes take place in Egyptian mythology.
6b5dcaa3fc28942b856466bddd031e63d314fc82	A new God appears, the One who is responsible for 5 additional days a year (perhaps the appearance of the Moon slowed down our planet and the number of days increased)
e959ed0e2f3b6606dbd7773468b9389d244020a4	On the other side of the Earth, the ancient people described the appearance of a new celestial body on the walls.
3b7267137ac11b0b679160fe3b9f4418a2187305	Not far from the sacred famine of Teoanak, on the walls of the Kolosasaya temple standing stones, symbols are inscribed, according to which it is said that the Moon appeared on the Earth more than 12 thousand years ago.
9771bd8647fdf0cdbd241973ed5de0f58032cb16	The drawings of the Kopi Indians say that the appearance of the Moon brought unprecedented catastrophes,the Earth tumbled and swayed.
da756aef0be3b16298e1a71b337f05bc707b4229	By the way, with the appearance of the satellite, there is another legend, although it is still obscure.
fbbce3f3c55fb5cd94fec47be4faaf42a6069505	According to Indian legends, people used to live longer, and stood on the threshold of almost immortality — life up to 10 thousand years.
71b89e4dc3ce0fa19c7c7116a0debf0baba6b7d0	However, everything was changed by the catastrophe, after which the life expectancy was reduced to 1 thousand years.
0079323418f83633fe31f1bf7c226c60b77d211c	This is also mentioned in the Bible, and later longevity was completely lost.
722b17c3d00b5ec597bc9960b098abfa7b09fe4d	Is this due to the appearance of the moon? - it is difficult to answer, but the fact is remarkable.
2aea0c1d7e2ae89db0d58fed88a2f4f63e84f7fb	According to the most fantastic theory, the Moon is nothing more than an artificial object.
c3ddebfb632c16e3ef5997cd8919c87d58396286	It was allegedly placed near the Earth in order to collect enough data about our civilization.
24176fc835129d44f1e16990867b0906a33ba6e4	Oddly enough, but this idea also did not arise from scratch.
e7eacc4a7a27e516b9acd35a714bad1642f55041	The birth of this theory was caused by an unusual event recorded by a seismograph that was left on the moon by American astronauts.
7aa73fe0836b75bfd3d2e03765c94125a1d55b7e	It consisted in the following.
1867c9ab6ea3ce2983c034e2a52ff75fdbe36122	When the separated stages were dropped to the surface from the space probes, the Moon vibrated for several hours, which could only happen with a body having the shape of a hollow sphere.
abe5390cced9e8fabd4002561c7154fdeb7cc3b6	There are opinions that the Moon is artificially created and is a spaceship of the Phaetonians who escaped on it before the destruction of their planet.
7782cf4f2572db5cf7767abf7174cbecc4658f9e	According to ancient texts, the planet Phaeton did not die by accident,but a little differently, according to researchers.
cbaf54c47071104d92ce62349040a57624c2cf68	In those distant times, two powerful powers came together in a fight.
ce1f8d2d4f9332f0e858a814392d28f685532d61	Developed cultures, weapons of unimaginable power - and as a result, the planet was destroyed and broken.
cd7c0aeb2edc452e1f294283f2c75b6d92b90ed8	And what if not all the spaceships of the warring parties were killed in a long-ago battle ?
662088e3716f3fafdab495942756801bed93906e	Then the damaged, but not completely dead ship could "gain a foothold" in the orbit of the nearest planet — and the crew of the crashed ship could settle on the planet.
44de524aa65bb4f8971a52c7c59ffe9e121c4cdc	Numerous and well-known lunar anomalous phenomena are said to prove this version.
6627ae28aba1e51fd795eb29b36ef851c44a7188	These are the jets of the emitted gas, as if they are vented by the on-board system, when purging modules or a certain working system.
c1545c36d5b38f79ec7be44587515b13a86075af	Moreover, we are not talking about the short duration, but about the frequency of emissions.
db054f2b41d8ac5b7a1829edc040476c1520d7f5	And also observers repeatedly notice mysterious changes on the lunar surface.
1e6c8688eaca077bbbf57595c9277760621d78fa	It's like the subsurface mechanisms of a huge ship are working.
dc050b11a0defade9c1882871fcfcbdb1b07691c	The moon is perfectly round.
fa61210e0acee35b3542313fac9507b4cd5b4911	(no cosmic body has such perfect forms.
11d9fbe1d723b8fbe97801ea7a60aa15aadfad70	During an eclipse, the Moon completely covers the Sun, which confirms this fact.
342719bc1cfaf78c55827db28959cc827d8ca27b	The moon does not rotate.
450006f91a818e19ca70933bd8aa98d62c38be60	This is very strange.
3578dce257c33dffa718bddb182e13f02e515966	The moon is oriented in the gravitational field of the Earth so that the large semi-axis of the lunar ellipsoid is directed at the Earth.
2cbcb62ecf0b7c63ad1d6b26658dda86582043eb	The libration phenomenon, discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1635, allows us to observe about 59 % of the lunar surface.
cf7077f450411cee171a0c24d6144fe10bf6550f	The fact is that the Moon orbits the Earth with a variable angular velocity due to the eccentricity of the lunar orbit (it moves faster near the perigee, slower near the apogee), while the rotation of the satellite around its own axis is uniform.
ff4756db51cbd3aec1766db563747356652de9f8	For the first time, it was possible to look at the far side of the Moon in 1959, when the Soviet Luna 3 station flew over it and photographed a part of its surface invisible from Earth.
8fe54e38a9cbe3ed64010b61d1cf2f8416b733fd	Most of the craters on the side facing us are named after famous people in the history of science, such as Tycho Brahe, Copernicus and Ptolemy.
0a7d7a9cab0087631869ed55c9dd1ba00a6e80af	The details of the relief on the reverse side have more modern names such as Apollo, Gagarin and Korolev.
53cf75886a8d1dec1201cfd1b7b34c24be637851	In the 12th century, chronicles were written in which it was correctly described that there are some flashes on the Moon.
2a709410d242ed7fff8af7863081ae99804ce3fb	Strange shadows moving across the moon are recorded almost every day.
976c4f9be736805644c1b69920aa5c257ea80f7f	Currently, the validity of none of these theories has been proven, but it has not been refuted, and now more and more countries are joining the study of the Moon.
ccf923f477eb1688d78ffba85fe2e921d48025f1	The hypothesis of centrifugal separation: a piece of matter separated from the rapidly rotating proto-earth under the action of centrifugal forces, from which the Moon was then formed.
9cd375e49bb23d8a48b0f903440d0751385dc22d	This hypothesis is jokingly called "child".
c0bd76144ffaae1fb87e2d31c37578d2b5600588	This hypothesis was supported in 1882 by geologist Osmond Fisher (English)Russian: in his opinion, the Pacific Ocean basin was formed exactly at the place where the future Moon broke away from the Earth.
e51d90d93bfe27f31b9c429894ef4849fb2cca22	The separation of matter from an excessively stretched equatorial protrusion well explains the existing size of the Moon.
cd08f95f0d71ff69e41843e9db497ef1c58c277c	However, the rotation speed required for centrifugal separation is excessively high (one rotation of the Earth in 1-2 hours).
f0bc249a7dd6627b34b333033981ae8a5dfbe339	The angular momentum of the Earth's rotation in this case should have been 3-4 times higher than the current angular momentum of the Earth — Moon system (which is already unusually high).
7ff0e4884ee8d28c6ab390d0183e3003dd44f48c	The appearance of such a moment of rotation momentum in the formed Earth cannot be explained, just as its subsequent disappearance cannot be explained.
9161205297399ab89cc60def8376a33770c47e06	In addition, the modern theory of lithospheric plate tectonics believes that the Pacific basin in its current form has existed for only about 70 million years, and could not have been formed by the separation of matter from the Earth.
eff66c4e2651da98f024daa3496115c02b2e5768	In 1955, Ernst Julius Epic put forward a hypothesis that partially combines the hypotheses of centrifugal separation and joint formation.
beeeb8e1dd0d4c0ae19e2506a6da6869d6af684d	According to his version, the proto-Earth, surrounded by a ring of stone particles bombarding it, warmed up to a high temperature from constant blows — about 2000 °C.
b437327b331f9021c133484770b7e7b9154e297e	Significant masses of matter were evaporated back into near-Earth space.
bf00aa2e21debc56d5803311c6056f13b1820393	The solar wind blew away the volatile elements, and the heavier components condensed and combined with the material of the rotating rings, which then merged into one large piece of matter — the Moon.
d59f2df420a556a1c5359bf93fa009fbf5d66752	The evaporation hypothesis explains the data on the chemical composition of the Moon very well, but it cannot solve either the problem of high angular momentum or the problem of the inclination of the lunar orbit.
c216741c0d0bba65951f3e42c3c807e5efbfe664	Geological data also do not confirm such a strong warming of the Earth at the stage of formation: the composition of the rocks of the Earth's crust indicates that the Earth has never been completely melted.
fa6b22df5aac4077aa6fff9662a2eba174a8a8a3	The hypothesis of the formation of one large moon from several satellites was presented in the 1960s by Thomas Gold and Gordon MacDonald.
b1a80213554c906821eb73eedaf1fbd26d021272	Their main idea was that it would be much easier for the Earth to capture several small celestial bodies flying by separately than one large one.
9af64278c3e2359f95a7097099e9557be27bfad8	For about a billion years, the moons could have collided with each other, and the Moon would have formed from their fragments.
e1795c8e783484611091818ec6a4b58a8dc3a2dd	The moon has attracted the attention of people since ancient times.
8a8db62ee92307d6e3c7024a4b7d961562416b4d	Already in the II century BC , Hipparchus studied the movement of the Moon in the starry sky, determining the inclination of the lunar orbit relative to the ecliptic, the size of the Moon and the distance from the Earth[46], and also revealed a number of features of movement.
81f06da8d09c49a3e3649aed28d0365dbe22c0c1	With the beginning of the space age, the amount of our knowledge about the Moon has increased significantly.
e0a2e1c955c607b2ff772e8be9a06b4a6d34d158	For the first time, the Soviet spacecraft Luna 2 reached the Moon on September 13, 1959.
b0126a872cfdf4405b431d23b6937c7dd9a4c8d5	The American program of manned flight to the moon was called "Apollo".
bc1a7cd6f32b3df96c8d365ffe8ab2837a3ebc48	The first landing took place on July 20, 1969; the last-in December 1972, the first person to set foot on the surface of the Moon on July 21, 1969, was an American Neil Armstrong, the second — Edwin Aldrin; the third crew member Michael Collins remained in the orbital module.
a8a91d1691c7639f920ccab132d6e96cc8ec59de	One of the main goals of the American lunar expeditions of 1960-1970 was to find evidence for one of the three leading hypotheses of the "Big Three" (the hypothesis of centrifugal separation, capture and joint accretion).
4a8a23a80e39375c89130b74080a0c53e28fd798	But the first data obtained revealed serious contradictions with all three hypotheses.
0639080a42b5aff9dd3a4f242200b9ae7fc6b8d7	All the facts accumulated to date are believed to support a hypothesis that did not yet exist during the Apollo flights: the hypothesis of a giant collision.
7a3bb8b7468c148a89865e28a975d47f4c45bf28	Private companies are starting to study the moon.
1ec8f659bc1ba69d450fa0a395f5ae292be02dcf	And why do you need to study the moon?
50e95143d3c13d64d06e0f7a449af570f53aefb4	Firstly, due to the fact that the gravity on the Moon is six times less than on Earth, it is an excellent launch pad for launching spacecraft exploring the far reaches of space.
b66975ce6158cef4d539be9a1cdb061ae212e6a8	Secondly, there are a lot of resources that will be completely depleted on Earth very soon.
0e2ab0bdc892f7d9fec81f792a235c61f336538a	Thirdly, the soil of the Moon is very fertile, even more so than on Earth, but no water has been found there yet and there is no atmosphere.
e1ca74f10431296175139523a2552b5882991464	That is why it makes sense to study the moon, and maybe it's worth trying to build settlements or inhabited stations there with the necessary life-support equipment.
3a4e5af619fd0fd53de7e98bfea3f63f2c937815	But for now, these are just fantasies that may never become reality.
ab78f48e37d778e913ca32e961b368e958a01e54	The Origin of the Moon
e319088bd65b767088ced36796f7f7f966f232e9	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on September 29, 2015; checks require 24 edits.
0567ae423619bf52bcf1080432ede71d19ecdaff	The density of the Moon is comparable to the density of the Earth's mantle, but it has a very small iron nickel core.
543645b4971cb3a2f62e530ad778e7004c851507	the joint formation of the Earth and the Moon from one protoplanetary cloud the capture of the already formed Moon by the Earth the formation of the Moon as a result of a giant collision.
d03e7d9ffdda741a03e982c5ae17c8ced3b5d558	1 Historical views on the origin of the Moon 2 The emergence of the Solar System 3 General and special in the properties of the Moon, the Earth and the Earth Moon system 4 Hypotheses of the origin of the Moon 5 Consideration of hypotheses 5.1 The hypothesis of centrifugal separation 5.2 The capture hypothesis 5.3 The hypothesis of joint formation (joint accretion) 5.4 The evaporation hypothesis 5.5 The Hypothesis of many moons 5.6 The collision hypothesis
c2bf933214f9cdad75cc1e3dd77fe357c09cc32e	6 Conclusion 7 Notes 8 Literature 9 References
aa6af0fe2846dd5fb618c5546a86d11a87ebe98e	Historical views on the origin of the Moon[edit / edit wiki text]
ed27621e6b540b514335fd8ac54fe04ac5c01fd5	The moon has always amazed humanity with its appearance and the fact of its existence.
1854a7292de9425ebc52a0010e6d94f214db4700	In ancient times, many peoples worshiped the Moon as a deity.
754cbbd29bed2e1551de309363727819f22eb5fd	The ancient Greeks may have been the first to study the moon using a scientific approach.
c086616981c51402e8406d95538fc6e269973d35	In the third century BC , Aristarchus of Samos, observing the earth's shadow on the Moon during lunar eclipses, estimated the distance to the Moon at sixty Earth radii (a remarkable result: according to modern data, the radius of the lunar orbit varies from 55 to 63 earth radii).
a92d0d40032cee1257fc30b32577ce99c032c493	Plutarch assumed that Selenite people could live on the moon.
c55c9e8b62b8f6c6127a5fd43eeab2776991ab78	It was believed that the dark spots on the Moon are the seas, and the bright places are the land.
6724526cc8e43ade45d8d1c151a6e319d871b820	In 1609, Galileo Galilei discovered mountains and craters on the moon, having seen the shadows cast by them through a telescope.
b767efe6084c256c0eee5530e3099d0a601b1788	Based on his observations, Galileo came to the conclusion that the Moon is a rocky body, like the Earth.
5fd119f4d15192f12f7c62a71cf134ba9e0f4249	Since then, many generations of scientists have pondered the mystery of the formation of the moon, starting with Immanuel Kant and Rene Descartes.
7cbebe40b778705c0728a1a21834838f91ec62f6	From the beginning of the seventeenth century to the middle of the twentieth, several basic hypotheses were put forward, which had their supporters and their popularity ups.
8b85289038190b7b9f9e4cbc162e9a6d4de00a4f	A new era in the study of the Moon began in the 1960s, with the flights to the Moon of Soviet automatic stations and American "Apollo".
3c67b39eaae587a0e1b9d0053d11a0632c2f6b4a	A new science has appeared — selenology.
406aa1e80800b2070f6ed99d38c513fcc43b70ea	Samples of lunar rocks were brought to Earth, which provided rich material for reflection and re evaluation of old ideas.
8c2bc928e0ba94765265ddf2e85fb2a0716d8bf2	The emergence of the Solar system[edit / edit wiki text]
d2bad10d6b3b689eff79e04d5919922122b04a64	The origin of the Solar system began with the gravitational compression of a gas dust cloud, in the center of which the most massive body, the Sun, was formed.
d91aff5aa9c519c4fb9342e518a49dd5f88fcf97	The substance of the protoplanetary disk gathered into small planetesimals, which collided with each other and formed planets.
9c2fbb165f2a2c12bfabe346d61f869a6c852957	Some of the planetesimals were ejected from the inner regions into the Kuiper Belt and into the Oort cloud.
12abc74faf35eea7c251cf8b6447044457863f49	General and special in the properties of the Moon, the Earth and the Earth Moon system[edit / edit wiki text]
353737cc4e779d4d2090b2e592b4609cfff075be	Any considered hypothesis of the formation of the Moon should not only comply with physical laws, but also explain the following circumstances:
554d44284cc0f08c8f8d1236cf822e7688db02bb	The average density of the Moon is 3.3 g / cm3, significantly inferior to the average density of the Earth 5.5 g/cm3.
dadc1eff38ab7d0d55d7377b97f40e0d8128342f	The reason is that the Moon has a very small iron nickel core — it makes up only 2-3 % of the total mass of the satellite (according to the NASA Lunar Prospector mission).
23ef4932c7b4666ccedebfccec667d1e1bfb70b8	The metal core of the Earth makes up about 30 % of the planet's mass.
85b7fa41c89afe68befbfdb38d34636e1304efac	The moon, in comparison with the Earth, has a very low content of volatile elements, such as hydrogen, nitrogen, fluorine, and inert gases.
7503edd26c12181fa4b8d2f2a85cbcccc5e81030	On the contrary, there is a certain surplus of relatively refractory elements on the moon, for example, titanium, uranium and thorium.
833b88050adb8a6b29e157416f50c4e44f12ca8e	The rocks of the lunar crust and the rocks of the Earth's crust and mantle are almost identical in the ratio of stable oxygen isotopes 16O, 17O, 18O (this ratio is sometimes called the "oxygen signature").
2ce3f309eb2f33853309f2d62f7906fac8f019f1	For comparison, meteorites from different parts of the Solar System (including the so called Martian meteorites) have completely different ratios of oxygen isotopes.
a8db9ccb1e521bda8fe5ab1e1d1f55c4f04ef029	This identity indicates that the Earth and the Moon (or, at least, the surface of the Moon) were formed from the same layer of planetesimals — at the same distance from the Sun.
80b04fc55271ae3a7ae8b5da7a7547f0e9d3e750	The moon has a powerful strong crust with a thickness of 60-80 kilometers (several times thicker than the Earth's crust), formed from anorthosite rocks products of melting of the lunar mantle.
974ebce20aab72011d23567f6f606dd98d399727	Therefore, it is believed that the Moon was once heated to complete melting.
dccc4c5aaab20869cf27fe75c2213bcdfa9d609e	The earth is believed to have never been completely molten.
e7d52a6ec314d05ffaf04d56cc7f9d65abe1ef21	The moon and the Earth have an unusually high ratio of the mass of the satellite to the mass of the planet, equal to 1:81, in comparison with the other satellites of the planets of the Solar system. (Above — only Charon and Pluto, but the latter is no longer considered a planet);
5649a5d1ace3926bb7b2bfadbdca1b2b9715df5e	The Earth Moon system has an unusually high angular momentum (second, again, only to the Pluto Charon system).
a130801c8950e1ed1490f6ebe5eb12324d1e00a0	The plane of the Moon's orbit (inclination of 5° to the ecliptic) does not coincide with the equatorial plane of the Earth (inclination of 23.5° to the ecliptic).
0e2c93b4072eaf19220b3fc27583340c1e0716f9	Hypotheses of the origin of the Moon[edit / edit wiki text]
cb097820cf43e8203411cfb79757b94ea45c2859	Based on this, the following hypotheses were put forward:
2a9874586b6430eef909dba23729f938cbceea25	The hypothesis of centrifugal separation: a piece of matter separated from the rapidly rotating proto earth under the action of centrifugal forces, from which the Moon was then formed.
f0c912f6ccd51396f28edf3b6e34230b57f95c0c	Capture hypothesis: The Earth and the Moon were formed independently, in different parts of the Solar system.
306aa6ae4864dfe7c4668d54b102f122f14389dc	When the Moon passed close to the Earth's orbit, it was captured by the Earth's gravitational field and became its satellite.
8f64ab88460105c75d542bd4a6e3db477a2e99c5	The hypothesis of joint formation: The Earth and the Moon were formed simultaneously, in close proximity to each other (jokingly — the "sister" hypothesis).
118ea4769900de987417ae3e6db958ee4dc14d56	Evaporation hypothesis: significant masses of matter were evaporated into space from the molten proto earth, which then cooled, condensed in orbit and formed a proto moon.
c6afd90b0573c8afcff00e924500ce9f209929fc	The hypothesis of many moons: several small moons were captured by the Earth's gravity, then they collided with each other, collapsed, and the current Moon was formed from their fragments.
f94d6ef4c9c175f168a52c2538c65ac49c907795	Collision hypothesis: the proto Earth collided with another celestial body, and the Moon was formed from the matter ejected during the collision.
7603736d3e61ee8dc00c8604f3362c42bbf67ac1	Consideration of hypotheses[edit / edit wiki text]
876eeffeae47a6fb3cde8cc7db6d2d2e3b7f494c	Before the Apollo flights, three hypotheses of the formation of the Moon were considered the main ones in the scientific world: centrifugal separation, capture, and joint accretion.
35b71c6a4ea562958321e4354d1b7ff75ef66a99	In English language literature, they are called the "Big Three" (eng. The Big Three).
bedb40bb72e369b38c294fb9f49086ff0fc1d0fb	The hypothesis of centrifugal separation[edit / edit wiki text]
0b144624bae4f3e535624ee27ed544e26ea1c86c	The hypothesis of the separation of the Moon from the Earth was first put forward by George Darwin, the son of the famous Charles Darwin, in 1878.
72e4acc505995700ae69c4e72a08ac99caf909c3	He suggested that after the formation of the young Earth, it rotated at a very high speed.
a36cfbbc5f3a9783f516dee7ecae4bc6a3f959bd	Under the influence of centrifugal forces, the planet became so elongated along the equator that a large piece of matter broke off from it (perhaps this was facilitated by the tidal forces of the Sun).
841f18eaad712fd28cbafdb28fb2a36eb4397f1d	The Moon was subsequently formed from this substance.
a1c8cb5b1e168d94122cb1b8c73a09b879f3b961	The Darwin Fisher hypothesis gained great popularity and remained generally accepted at the beginning of the XX century.
886ebdd592b7ea9ad1b1cb1c15fb76c0ca6358c1	Considerations for and against The separation of matter from an excessively stretched equatorial protrusion well explains the existing size of the Moon.
0ccd9f450c369b2ae78665e1200a437cddb9cc98	This hypothesis is also well matched by the lower density of the Moon, since it corresponds to the density of the earth's mantle.
3c58c44bb5646d8fbf7a2194ccbcf64af571c236	Modern data also confirm the fact of a faster rotation of the Earth in the distant past (see tidal acceleration of the Moon).
050c0665d897f27c7b0918806a3f4068dd4dfc5c	A lower content of volatile elements in the lunar substance than that of the Earth does not fit into this hypothesis.
710feb45287143204955c0427c7f47f67589ebb3	Capture hypothesis[edit / edit wiki text]
91f9116c65dd447335517227f8e26bb6d30bcfaa	The capture hypothesis was first put forward in 1909 by the American astronomer Thomas Jefferson Jackson See.
d4b8d9ee2d0b0f2ba0302ca59cabbf6b043ac34c	According to this hypothesis, the Moon was formed as an independent planet somewhere in the Solar system, and then, as a result of some perturbations, it moved into an elliptical orbit intersecting with the orbit of the Earth.
12da4fdb8d33dd5db67af0340f53d93102c1cf92	During the next approach to the Earth, the Moon was captured by the Earth's gravity and became its satellite.
093478921a7e1ae60633af2d29444a09a95a2cd2	Considerations for and against For:
2e959250597a279b1384d5302f804c43be0504ef	Legends of a number of peoples of the Earth, in particular, the Dogons, speak about the times when there was no Moon in the sky yet, and about the appearance of a new luminary (Moon) in the sky.
e8939e8b66e7cad5f04ea659452149a4657782f9	In preparation for sending the automatic descent station to the Moon, the Design Bureau of S. P. Korolev had to solve the question of its origin.
487b371d8023e99f0d4e96cfa6ad3c74a95fdae9	If we assume that the Moon has been orbiting the Earth for billions of years and, since it does not have a dense atmosphere, a multi meter layer of dust falling from space should have accumulated on its surface, in which a station designed for landing on solid ground would have sunk during landing.
2933886f1cdd02ec935ab26629a87be5031c3bc5	Disputes broke out in the Design Bureau and two approaches appeared to create the descent part of the station.
dcd3f24d3a474ae0ea8db097dea123683ed20154	The first one assumed a layer of lunar dust on the surface and the development of means of landing and movement on such a layer (for example, dust boats).
7157300cadee0b620d903e07d1dfe9daa1f976ab	The second is that the Moon was captured by the Earth relatively recently and therefore the surface of the Moon, respectively, is solid, which can be counted on when landing.
fe220dd9d881048437e439527f77a8dc04eccd7d	Since there was no confirmed scientific data, neither approach could prevail, and it was impossible to take into account both for technical reasons.
fdbd03e0a3e31b915889bdfbe41cd2b0b39e6cbd	It is known that under these conditions S. P. Korolev made a strong willed decision to consider the surface of the moon solid and calculate the station accordingly:
4b40e54e21f152c8d474cdb753156bc9456ddf7b	it is necessary to count on a sufficiently hard soil of the pumice type[1]
b3686d1c405f7a588d09acf313fc5a9414c0a563	Against:
2a8676c63a2367c618e1113abe470adde6b2dbcd	The capture of the Moon by the Earth's gravity could well explain the high angular momentum of the Earth Moon system.
5e0c7e932df04079ba506e2eec549e47584a97fe	But the simulation results show that the probability of the Earth capturing a passing body with the mass of the Moon is negligible.
95b980335db5147526032b1f8cb43b092d0d0534	It is much more likely that a passing planet would have collided with the Earth or vice versa, would have been thrown by the Earth's gravity far beyond the limits of the Earth's orbit.
d51ea7faadc17502ce23082102345d96ae5dd23a	The option with a possible capture requires the passage of the Moon at a distance less than the Roche limit, that is, the Moon would probably be torn apart by the action of tidal forces.
a00e662fddb162e9d1518ecb73a739e78dd7ab32	If the capture did occur, the Moon would most likely revolve around the Earth in the opposite (retrograde) direction (as is observed in the captured moons of Jupiter), and in a highly elongated elliptical orbit.
7b5754932f9119c8d0a64524c29562fb51664608	The low density of the Moon and its lack of an iron core can be explained if we assume that the Moon was formed outside the zone of the terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars).
054445225f493b80037cd4e3005db2e8229e3ede	But then it is impossible to explain the shortage of volatile elements that are abundant in the zone of giant planets.
fd389c41734033e11710d042b432a25c17a08884	It is difficult to find a suitable region in the Solar system with less content of both.
c0d227bc5bfd322f53fd3682376a6737fbc5f66d	The identity of the ratio of oxygen isotopes on the Moon and on Earth does not fit into this hypothesis at all.
da64bdd4283c34c6ad1e1b47dfe09f94327fb465	Oleg Sorokhtin and Sergey Ushakov proposed their own version of the capture hypothesis — with the destruction of the captured planet by the tidal forces of the Earth — in 1989.
4a16e80efdd4c2e25134119a0f35635202c1165b	According to their theory, a planet from a neighboring orbit, called a Proto Moon, was captured by the Earth and moved into a near Earth orbit.
3354b5680d9f2fc23dbd6b06888af2a0a71592e0	Since the new satellite was orbiting faster than the rotation of the planet, intense tidal forces attracted it to the Earth (at the same time "spinning" the Earth).
74d2766eb38257b6443467cc5663c774b532db89	Finally, the newfound satellite approached the distance of the Roche limit and began to collapse.
e98a3095529ee9928808b01fe91c44b596c3fdf0	The matter from the Proto moon spiraled towards the Earth.
40220c632efd89203fa18116fdd7242fc7eb0c24	Then the satellite was almost torn apart, its iron core fell to Earth, and a significant part of the crust remained in orbit.
649a12df0ce96ead463902ac271b880b51f97a95	From these fragments, the Moon began to form, taking on a spherical shape and moving away from the Earth.
bf4007584ca45e6704b730f0748dc876de4d775a	The last part of the hypothesis looks weak: why did the Moon begin to move away from the Earth, if before that the Proto Moon was rotating faster than the Earth's rotation period and the tidal forces of the Earth slowed it down, bringing it closer to the Earth?
c45a646d42c4af5c0d775f92588746feb954a87c	It is also unclear why it was the iron core that fell to the Earth, and not the substance of the crust.
de1c5dba2d6f9ef078a33797656f5f12cd6eaf53	And finally, the very possibility of such a successful and "smooth" capture of a neighboring planet still looks extremely unlikely.
b1b564fea01fbc14799771697663cdf8fb9384f1	The hypothesis of joint formation (joint accretion)[edit / edit wiki text]
95070fb4e05677ce4e2cc7442bcab9300a02c3bb	For the first time, such a hypothesis was presented by Immanuel Kant in his work on cosmogony, in 1755.
13b3c4f1cda7fd767d78843db301204cc7bad1a1	He suggested that all the celestial bodies appeared as a result of the compression of a dust cloud, and the Moon and the Earth formed together, from a single dust clot: first the Earth, then, from the remaining matter, the Moon.
384c7b9fbf8c28d52adff937d4df474267efa1c8	A great supporter of the joint accretion hypothesis was the famous astronomer Eduard Roche.
25c3ee97c1f8076e09555e1bc01cb662cc62fc0b	In the Soviet Union, the coaccretion hypothesis was actively developed by the school of Otto Schmidt (Viktor Safronov, Yevgenia Ruskol, etc.).
8367c1cb6e84cf45a5f8258e220e443ac01fc14d	Until the 1970s, the joint accretion hypothesis was considered the most developed.
d0a6d903d22e269ab99e4cd8df5cabb8dfdbdc67	The hypothesis suggests that the Earth and the Moon simply "grew" in the same orbit as a double planet, from the original protoplanetary swarm of solid particles.
e2ea4a1e01c00b8a8ad2002f3d8011ac2eda41d6	Proto Earth was the first to form.
6e0c8b59a5533d69e96fea7344ce3a63f8db0d48	When it gained sufficient mass, the particles from the protoplanetary swarm were captured by its attraction and began to rotate around the embryo of the planet in independent elliptical orbits.
a2871db589c284af20d62f31c6658be19f8cc179	These particles formed their own near planetary swarm.
3006456d10353c8cf0aa33f524382c0e03b86726	The swarm particles collided with each other, some lost speed and fell to the proto Earth.
de189a03b9cacc08882f8217b32b0085f81c05b0	The orbits of others were averaged among themselves — the swarm acquired an orbit close to circular.
af681f3e7c10096020c3f4d24fff4c54cf130890	Then the embryos of the future satellite, the Moon, began to form from this swarm.
0aa38e23ce5afccc9f3526ba85a61855b00eb340	Considerations for and against If the Earth and the Moon were formed in close proximity, then the identity of the oxygen isotope ratio is easily explained.
b7e460b0e70a3b8fe83a686369e116ad002de3cf	But then the difference in the density of the two bodies, as well as the lack of iron and volatile elements on the Moon, become completely incomprehensible.
14253c0109468b287045c233462c6d1699307373	According to William Hartman, " it is difficult to imagine that two celestial bodies grow side by side from the same orbital layer of matter, but at the same time one of them takes all the iron, and the second remains practically without it."
db2f92a581a153b03d0a27459564544ac27b0c20	Proponents of the hypothesis explain this by the fact that pieces of swarm matter were crushed during collisions, then heavy iron particles fell to the Ground, and silicate dust remained in orbit.
5f0e0928f0344aca203d52e8dbbed9dccf590c8d	This explanation can hardly be considered satisfactory: for this, almost all the particles of the swarm had to first collapse to the state of dust.
2ae573160474a2974d8651245398ddf6a33cf388	Similarly, this hypothesis explains the lack of volatile substances — they evaporated during collisions and crushing of swarm particles.
759efd259629dae64be8c68b3f977ad28ebba291	But to do this, the particles would have to collide at high relative speeds, and they are all supposed to be turning in the same direction.
ac67f84b834bbda5442bce41b9ec72d06cec633c	Moreover, a similar process should have occurred during the formation of the Earth and other planets of the Earth group, but the results of this are not observed.
a8b1980bff18396dcf9279aca7430ba0c5ce2c1f	This hypothesis also could not give a clear explanation for either the large angular momentum of the Earth Moon system, or the inclination of the lunar orbit in 5° to the plane of the Earth's orbit.
297b82a0493e6d9a39faddf1d02a458c5934bba4	The evaporation hypothesis[edit / edit wiki text]
b6b095fb194c424897ccb89bd0a46f32225351a4	According to his version, the proto Earth, surrounded by a ring of stone particles bombarding it, warmed up to a high temperature from constant blows — about 2000 °C. Significant masses of matter were evaporated back into near Earth space.
76b8df35acb777965f7a919edae90ab8f0a8f16c	If the Earth was heated at a late stage of its formation, then by this time heavy iron rocks had already sunk into the core, and the iron content in the surface layers of the Earth was significantly less than the initial one.
dd0b7f1273379b2c17d55e92a65cf1447986d2fc	Considerations for and against The evaporation hypothesis explains the data on the chemical composition of the Moon very well, but it cannot solve either the problem of high angular momentum or the problem of the inclination of the lunar orbit.
866924628d28677f656413be6d7828bde868d3b6	The hypothesis of many moons[edit / edit wiki text]
aef16bd48fee251d0278389e49b938f2df572647	If the Earth "caught" from six to ten small moons, then their orbits could later be changed by tidal forces.
01eb28410e0362f5a5447da694d66a111faeebcb	Considerations for and against The very possibility of the Earth capturing a large number of satellites with their subsequent destruction looks improbable.
77d7019e5cb056fd069191c90c2e44811cb379d5	Mars has two small moons (Phobos and Deimos), which still coexist in near Martian orbits.
973a8e43fac302d5b04936b12323295d89029aaa	Venus, whose mass is close to Earth's, has no satellites at all, just like Mercury.
8c1fad995bfb10f79f11948f8bb62c023458fb32	This hypothesis also does not explain the identity of the isotopic oxygen composition of the Moon and the Earth.
dcb06423ba82a40ee2446353903e437e53f5510f	Collision hypothesis[edit / edit wiki text]
fd4350fbe2e7906434290a02324d797434b54d16	The collision of Theia with the Earth, as a result of which the Moon is supposed to have appeared
b229386c3fd35fd347fb5bf2c70025ad4daabd14	Main article: The Giant collision hypothesis
c41460b7558a65561a02137350a95c10bf7f21e9	The collision hypothesis was proposed by William Hartman and Donald R. Davis in 1975.
e2675066789c0cc2884e5c27e74eb4ea33095bb6	According to their assumption, a protoplanet (it was called Theia) about the size of Mars collided with the proto Earth at an early stage of its formation, when our planet had about 90% of the current mass.
fd9f7eff643cf25a9e40b5ac0e4bc0adbc8849b1	The blow fell not in the center, but at an angle (almost tangentially).
a5b454de2f1d5537b0fd9371755a85fcd164364f	As a result, most of the matter of the impacted object and part of the matter of the Earth's mantle were thrown into near Earth orbit.
2bd691728e6c51bbc363644af2de732f08b77194	From these fragments, the proto moon gathered and began to orbit with a radius of about 60,000 km.
9ee0d456efb546c88a89d46764b9160e163026c1	As a result of the impact, the Earth received a sharp increase in the speed of rotation (one revolution in 5 hours) and a noticeable tilt of the axis of rotation.
f8e20327d8fc1d56b55edf17b5481836f511ee9c	Considerations for and against The collision hypothesis is currently considered the main one, since it well explains all the known facts about the chemical composition and structure of the Moon, as well as the physical parameters of the Earth — Moon system.
d904781e3272e921bdc7e4faacf97583bd958879	Initially, the possibility of such a successful collision (oblique impact, low relative speed)caused great doubts such a large body with the Earth.
26b52e2f660f2ca1f1a84e1339c6c1767c81d59f	But then it was assumed that Theia was formed in the Earth's orbit, at one of the Lagrange points of the Sun — Earth system.
b2b45986173f3ea0f91c1f04d5cc2cbd6c43264a	Such a scenario well explains both the low collision velocity, the angle of impact, and the current, almost exactly circular orbit of the Earth.
79f48fa81b5ee9e12f6c04e421d7b1477550ce89	Vulnerabilities of the collision hypothesis[source not specified 1095 days]:
f256a40681bba0ac5fbcb8ae95033ba3b51e5e58	to explain the iron deficiency on the Moon, we have to assume that by the time of the collision (4.5 billion years ago), both on Earth and on Theia had already undergone gravitational differentiation, that is, a heavy iron core was released and a light silicate mantle was formed.
3d4ef293030981f9d14cfd849145a215e27b066d	Unambiguous geological evidence for this assumption has not been found. if the Moon somehow appeared in the Earth's orbit at such a distant time and did not undergo significant shocks after that, then according to calculations, a multi meter layer of dust settling from space would have accumulated on its surface, which was not confirmed when spacecraft landed on the lunar surface.[source not specified 1095 days]
c62de984f0118289aeae74bd6fc06ba75cd3eeb8	Conclusion[edit / edit wiki text]
9c7001fa77878f54f4c001d26b68b5a5bc81d64f	1 1 2 The Star Road of the Middle Kingdom
d8af2b120f962766c80789afbd30980f3ad3735d	(interview with D.
b9bec9ed4921aaba087a72983f1ce444207826d0	A. Gulutin, who worked for 15 years as a test engineer and design engineer at the State Space Research and Production Center named after M. V. Khrunichev.
e966eaaf261b7b83d54af76d8e9442b27ea03b92	Now Dmitry Gulyutin is the head of the Department of Museum Pedagogy of the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics.
d6320ee7d1e273452a3e039f2461af0e59d27c87	// Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 2012, April 25
2aa9d28a581b17d37e6de83fddeac81f0880d422	W. K. Hartmann & D R. Davis: Satellite Sized Planetesimals and Lunar Origins, Icarus 24 (1975): 504—515.
50beced60f1e51b2ee0529a3c7e9f251206d3313	Hartmann, W. K., et al., eds 1986: Origin of the Moon (Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute)
7861772f823bee0e9505cb634d07fde94e9bd790	Dana Mackenzie, «The Big Splat, or How Our Moon Came to Be», 2003, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-15057-6.
8865c34a2277541a6fa969de9aba65d1296d54a1	"The Origin of planets and Satellites", E. V. Ruskol, O. Y. Schmidt Joint Institute of Earth Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences — on the hypothesis of joint accretion of the Moon and the Earth "V. S. Safronov's model of planet formation and the global evolution of the Earth", O. G. Sorokhtin, Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences — on the hypothesis of capture and destruction of the Proto Moon The Origin of the Moon.
b58607addb7f09f0b3d197341814cc1dc5af1c61	The Russian concept against the "American" - " ZiV " No.
95d026b81cbf89a23996a199ef66cdef9719a771	6/2005 E. M. Galimov, Academician, GEOHI RAS.
2db12f0a675c8d6a3a90983730c4479302fefcf7	NASA: The moon appeared as a result of a collision with a huge celestial body Russia Today, December 12, 2012
846b90266cabf4b353bbba66c67a975f6510709b	Moon
fc338f87a058158eb824b53705961801516a9460	Features
1ac0c1122fa9766c9ed15e94fffe64c0906f11ff	Internal Structure • Gravity • Topography • Magnetic Field • Atmosphere
72ae800a6dac60eac4699730c66fcf47eed41d19	The Moon's orbit
6aaabc2eecd80d5b93f12d3b1799962587682b2b	Phases (New Moon • First Quarter • Full Moon)
9cb92fdcfc0ee98f4bb9aea1ee1d965a16b0806f	* Ashen light • Solar Eclipse • Lunar Eclipse • Solar Eclipse on the Moon • Ebb and flow
cda05ca6d84a03a6a21fb0309b7a2d8bab187f63	Surface
59493823a0890c3286ece7e05f63f1b0d028972b	Geological structures (seas • thalassoids • craters (list) * circuses • calderas (English) • mountains • valleys • furrows • volcanic structures (English)) • Radiation systems (English) • Selenography • Visible Side • Reverse Side • South Pole * South Pole — Aitken Pool • Ice • Eternal Light Peak • Short term lunar phenomena
f8ed44bcc0f5f211a55fbf9688e4a2021afbb42d	The science of the Moon
17219fbf49b44ea26841219a4d0bf71a55a9b180	Geology
6c2d6a1d22ed6b7fa57f70deb6ad19d866e206c8	(chronology • * Mineralogy • Seismology • Lunar Impact Formation Model • KREEP • ALSEP • Laser Location • Late Heavy Bombardment • Weathering • Mascon • Regolith • Meteorites
14143a8428e158b765dae6c9ab4eab9317eba6d2	Study
f39a5f1d8fb2c4185f1e2e046c90b9bce5217703	Study • The Luna Space Program • The Apollo Project • Colonization • The Lunar Conspiracy
6e6a6f2086bb5fe5dbfd17d8d5f502d48759834b	Other
d66e6a6bf27ab89dba3205f5cb2e094a2e3dcf5a	Calendar • Month • Crescent • Mythology • Art • Illusion • Blue Moon • Supermoon • Origin • Hypothetical natural satellites of the Earth
cbf48149cab3d9d6f5e74d069747901a02039909	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origin of the Moon&oldid=80821359"
65dfeae2b6fc4f5df15e67186e0cad1df993c06f	Categories: Moon Earth (planet) Solar system
3687b70938c8b695b9452224ca2c32ee6324acfb	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:No sources since January 2014 Wikipedia:Articles with statements without sources for more than 14 days Wikipedia:Articles without sources (type: hypothesis) Wikipedia:Articles without sources (type: event) Pages using ISBN Magic Links
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f07eaf22ecd09a13d07ca50155f1936ce7160cf2	Last modified on this page: 14: 20, September 15, 2016.
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4ff2f4ba6a403679d50523e9e2c47f40ddebd781	Where did the moon come from and what is it?
b50760fdf1c3b8c029662831f42b47b92dde5d91	Section: Astronomy and Astrology
5cc59b497e7e5520e974945b2ca0de9694c6a31e	The article presents the theories of the origin of the Moon, as well as lists simple reasons why it is worth studying this space object
c3273a20fefe5f2ad69ed572749ec2689b0d103e	What is the Moon?
c6fe6cc0e6486c80681132f632fcda0ed1f34cd8	A piece of Earth?
9d2b4ff9b08400054adf44f4b04079da5c7c7ecb	Or maybe an alien spaceship hidden from the human eye is a spy?
36aed260e0bd40b8098fbd15154192f84f269ffa	The moon is not a planet, it is just a space satellite of the Earth and it is the only one of its kind.
229ae725c16e49fad3624f7d15b12333ed5ff5c5	It is located between the Earth and Mars, that is, the fourth from the Sun.
ca8379978d5d85b0b3322228ad0a5b54aecc3a21	Now it is no secret that it has a certain effect – it is the force of gravity, thanks to which the tides occur.
b4275f3e4a20ad4afdcf19a717f30a5f7e6307f1	There are currently several versions on this score.
e72d931ce52ae9a61a0272677d700d0febe591ad	Theories of the origin of the Moon
ee9d52c3e2f121fdebf3b4bf3eeb33620b0eabd3	During the collision, molten iron flowed out of the core of an unknown planet, which spread over the surface of the Earth and absorbed into its crust, The moon, having broken off, remained without iron.
f17d5947de4080ecc9c0cd9dc981ede40587f6a5	However, this theory looks unlikely if we consider it from the standpoint of dynamics.
805c730a5a9b67754bb053cf4e774ac51f8a681c	The moon is not so light as to be attracted by the Earth.
5678b62fc743be02e9a93f25ed599750fea2dd37	Another hypothesis suggests that the Earth and the Moon were formed simultaneously, attracting objects surrounding and flying past them.
b227a682a4a781c401e5350ea6c024371cfdb322	But this theory cannot explain the difference in the composition of the rocks of the Earth and the Moon.
e3e95981c32ad9c61c439b79d0f11264e2ef862d	And finally, the most fantastic theory.
303e65776c69a53bd751b23f33bee95e601c36f8	She says that the Moon is an artificial disguised satellite of the Earth, launched from remote parts of space to observe the inhabitants of our planet.
f87a6e8cde108b8128f49aaf3079fb4ff3b51e31	That is why it makes sense to study the moon, and maybe it's worth trying to build settlements or inhabited stations there with the necessary life support equipment.
d79d74c975cfcdcb15f49d7807ef27566a6ed54e	Photos on the Moon
bf5b5745fd5eb64500de5032873797c8a325356f	An American astronaut on the moon
e6f1fd045eb41c3569c01a2aa24071fc0640a1d3	Author: Editorial office TutKnow.ru | Photo: from open sources
fb377bf8e243a5a2db524040f836d6a3d6ba1170	Related articles:
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83e4ba6548ea9a5a79ebdc617519a98acbef09bf	When the Moon foreshadows
6c34345bb4dd34237ef575ace5ce58629f287b33	Comments (2):
be13aa9de8efb22368c2d59e78ac9c07aaabfb66	vanya March 8, 2015 23: 37
33cd837aa9062f6d20cd2b7106d1e48bb612233d	Conduct an experiment .
8774c34e96886d1bef961ce88dcdb431dabf4261	Say bad words to the moon and you will see what will happen to you .
d205366515b336d6678850b612ce54aa46621bc5	It reacts to words addressed to it , which means it is a living organism, an extraterrestrial intelligence that we are looking for .
988d71a9a95fc1aa74653a33fb82db4e3b1564ce	Life on earth was a long time ago , but with the arrival of the moon , the tides began to throw plankton ashore and under the influence of ultraviolet rays, cells began to divide, this is the beginning of intelligent life .
48b846e63789cb987bf1fbded5c86080e0fb2af2	We are all her children, sleepwalkers .
206d8d055d38fda47855389931bfccaca724016c	She controls us .
c8edbb5b8d23220cbd8268fc3241e045136d0667	Truth
b4f228bd4d2f2a2668c5ef5093b2f4a93c8ecc73	Quote Reply
8ea15f886bd9f5a68f8662954666c4afe806b3d5	Roman 9 November 2015 13: 58
946372e39174322e02661d391edef5dc300c6344	Damn it, they've already found out that there's a spy.
32093128b7dbae23ba1ad5eb2573484870c097ad	Adding a comment
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0025e021ba2933b613ee969dba2a6fb2e6b8e0e8	Magazine about ufology, esotericism, space, history, science
33a722567d8ba819a6695fb5e95fc82483b376f3	"The prophet Michel Nostradamus — - 510 years since his birth.
da09fcaa6f4d43763373b5146873811461c275cb	Chinese Jade Hare studies the Moon "
8095a287ae36c4c822d7e1e9646f615c65106c34	Where and how the Moon appeared near the Earth.
108188d0e5a2f8903fa32e64cfdabdf8d9e9113a	Mysterious Moon, unknown age
b87b15fdd072aa1947cd333ab8a14a2567a1e5c8	When the samples of lunar soil got to the researchers on the table, the researchers gasped in surprise — the Moon turned out to be much older than the Earth about 1.5 billion years!
8c37830af3a0530d42073741769bd69c7e638973	And immediately the theory of the simultaneous origin of the planets turned out to be untenable!
f8bf8c901d66691d9bf904ef4dae718a743f94f1	For a long time, they adhered to the main version of the origin of the Moon — the megaimpact.
177f379d4ba0f088d6d6731923b19f9dcd81fc5e	And it knocked out a huge piece of the Earth, which took its place in its orbit, becoming a satellite.
e209272ef744cbf2c45a2175e8571ea3d27c3c2f	However, the different chemical composition of the Moon and the Earth, the age difference, as well as the fact that scientists do not know of a single case of planets flying around star systems as freely as Thea, slightly corrected the theory of a mega impact and the appearance of the Moon.
b335ef3c656377866f170dd4782d6adbc8e6cf2f	And the collision happened.
d7994a8ad4e31d196c1dab63c73966e5f0ae8cfe	Fortunately, the trajectories of the cosmic bodies did not completely coincide, and the Earth suffered little.
3df6bce79b501a38157802df7d7178575adbb69b	But here is the Phaeton — the planet was literally torn apart by the impact!
188e77d0ed7ba538a3871b1c801592ce30f6b4f5	A large piece of matter — that's all that remains of the Phaeton, which took its place in the orbit of the Earth, and became the eternal satellite of the planet the Moon.
389bc5522cb7043d51622848d59846a9d8604efe	Everything else was scattered across outer space in different directions.
d85062a157f93b5b3d9c7c088174c0175873bc2f	The surface of the moon often changes its shape
d54c110b31b4fbf9c4dca6bc4c7928a2849a7144	But even this version does not satisfy the researchers.
43c50f7e163be7f02f9bd5538d23a01538107a22	It's like an invisible cosmic umbilical cord connects Mars and the Moon!
bd4bf8d6e847aaae5e2afc4fb7d23623c373653a	[su column size= "1/3"]Read"China will build military bases on the moon [/su column]From the powerful blows of the fragments of the Phaeton, the planet shook and lost its orbit, the atmosphere and magnetosphere of Mars died.
93ff8538e1ed87255347455b8aa79dc0cb3f4b16	Under powerful blows of unprecedented force, the fragments of Mars also flew in all directions.
940ad7dec8a499f4fddd89480a630813b6761f2b	And the upper melted crust of the meteorite indicates that Yamato entered the Earth's atmosphere 12 thousand years ago. But we must not forget about Phaeton — because once there could have been a fertile time here, when the planet was alive and blooming.
409affae6cf928868e6e25c16f963de7f33de276	Let's remember for a moment how the Moon behaves in orbit.
3cf5807811612f0374892c54f16da056b8f6fbd6	The moon is an amazing satellite planet, whose shape is almost perfectly round.
c625d35aa7c0cda07d555e1859ec0fc13078a896	It is also interesting that the center of mass of the Moon is 1,830 meters closer to the Earth than its geometric center.
38d79ff326a51d2a98be3c79a6fb999fcf1e6c9c	It would seem that with such a statement of forces, the Moon should rotate chaotically.
d5eaaaaa6dcc21b243590d4d31f930a2e4f34e22	However, nothing like that!
3f0114316fc16d6b3688cca278af86bb7aa46f08	The flight path of our satellite is perfectly accurate and verified!
bb6ff4b095075d06a6b3c9b6e00b1fadd9549f36	It moves strictly maintaining a stable speed and course.
9b6d2476b14e0ff25186b63e68957fa471d4722f	It is impossible to explain such a thing....
58124af1eb50578363f183195f2026c4ec5d59c5	Along with this, no one has ever seen the back side of the moon!
5caef942d0fb7bb4205c6220a2a1f73336577769	It is as if it is forever hidden from earthly observers.
da31e838ecc01dc7ccb6a3eb4e0b283cb1fc2b7e	Why is that?
9c35bf5f420e675a9d82e342986e0b13820140e8	What can be hidden in the darkness of the invisible side that earthlings cannot see?
a76a7cf9dcd87bbd245b3d7bd6cde6bb6180c0db	But even now, despite a sufficient number of satellites of probes that have explored the Moon, it is rare to find images of the back side of the satellite that are not corrected.
80fcdba4d5d0c2edcc9a279227185f5121bed319	The mystery of the Moon and the Yamoto meteorite in the legends of ancient civilizations.
fb80fb606f4271b58759ade5f516edeb328faf4c	Ancient texts describe the appearance of the moon very curiously.
91a980fd804b5eb1d0f394986002c6bc9706f5ab	But the moon was put into orbit by someone other than the Gods!
27aa952fd1124c44f3ee1d836a6d9bd13b92d328	- after a terrible catastrophe in the solar system.
a67e8a6c9a8298d652fe2b8fdbdcca7ce4e9e1cc	The symbol of the Denderian zodiac, which speaks about the origin of the Moon
53371b90485732ef5ec9242b674b00cf6abc39db	Egypt, Dendera, a place known as the temple of the goddess Hanhor, there is a Dendera calendar here it is believed that this is not yet a fully deciphered chronicle of events of the past, records of great catastrophes.
18e1faa22f481ff6d8c7dcf96a56c8b86fdbe145	It is believed that the female figure represents the Earth, and the baboon in her hand symbolizes the Moon.
e74db105698510de2a4a17cfb0af015bf8037b84	The outstretched hand indicates that the moon was attracted to the Earth!
4b4d786ed9d55959ace40ed017c7094bc7574dd7	And the Gods did it!
9ea0ec95ab5dd6de84c309621ac6cc27507b0d01	Tiwanaku, far from Egypt, the walls of the Kalasasaya Temple /Temple of Standing Stones/ here researchers read that the Moon appeared near the Earth about 12 thousand years ago.
106e0271fdec29950e43b205fbb403c7d424722f	The walls of the temple are speckled with a reflection of the scale and significance of the event when the Moon appeared.
65a0c603e622feebfa3a700d37af0b1aa5814037	And all ancient civilizations have similar inscriptions that speak about the events of the past.
5a445ca3edffcf41bfa9e2b0205324ee55e7a60b	The recordings of the Greeks, Aristotle and Plutarch, the Roman Apollonius of Rhodes, telling about a certain people who lived in the mountainous area of Arcadia, sound amazing.
cd9c6bfd7c1bc2e822554056f6dd4296e5acf3ea	And they spoke of themselves as a people whose ancestors came to these places even before the Moon appeared in the sky.
ee92cf76aa49cfde34cbeb889b9a62b575cd1544	— And people remember this, preserving knowledge for posterity.
c5e565146e0151e634a731c471d7897ab310e53b	Is this due to the appearance of the moon?
8af911cf3266ec33cddebb5272e7634f0d91e089	- it is difficult to answer, but the fact is remarkable.
2b70f743bb174f1d182bfc05c06aa0dd1c190ed6	How the planet Phaethon died 16 million years ago.
6237ba075d7bc1f602c2be4207fe901109a8ae04	So what did our ancestors so carefully preserve, carving on stone?
00997762eb2978e06e42c6d43915ac0e97023264	What did they want to convey to us?
ab6cdde617c9148f5e7354f98c12e36fed98821a	The story of how the planet Phaeton died, and Mars was destroyed, and at this event the Earth had a satellite ?
6bba84159d34e6ce79395c07e20e30558bca450f	Isnot this what ancient legends tell us, convey the history of our planet to us, and also display phenomena of a cosmic scale ?
816beb9487a0644d960a9021fd6d53e1741fbfd5	The Moon and the Earth, Jericho and Giza, and how similar are they
cc44d5fa18b3ee7767d6f37fa3cb8a89e5a8efda	But this does not explain why the gods dragged the moon to Earth.
dfde18d9f9e5f16e10def662667aaf14118e54d9	Unless we assume that the gods did not do this.
56347e6cf51d273f6eb02e4b148f1e71ee98ac73	And in this case, an interesting theory is seen.
6790fbff075efab72254478d88afff27b969ce41	And what if not all the spaceships of the warring parties were killed in a long ago battle ?
9b5b1e2ab7595018e430a9c36c8d18b5db1962e0	Numerous and well known lunar anomalous phenomena are said to prove this version.
44b6de7f871d5276566e4ceb27bfb96ed2a08969	These are the jets of the emitted gas, as if they are vented by the on board system, when purging modules or a certain working system.
8a896ac52b699685782023fbdf71e448485390aa	The scientific elite is well aware of what is happening on the moon, and in general does not deny the phenomena that are happening.
0410d39788a120142fb14896699632d63e25b807	However, for some mysterious reason, he does not want to admit what is happening, and written by ancient civilizations.....
5f69dcc26f138f3dfa3fcf71bd03f3abc011b330	More articles on this topic: The Moon, the history of education and the plans of mankind.
1ec2089f0211084df21ba29a327e8c9e730c793d	The shifting magnetic pole of the Earth will show the Russians the aurora borealis.
af69046f44c2d7a62ca59e7a8ee8211dbf199da4	How Ebola appeared, the red code of the threat to civilization.
b1b103506fffb6181d5a0dd62080f61541a770bd	American scientist Arnold Lieber called the moon a recidivist killer Flying saucers, these are alien UFOs or airships.
df461fa2a02d8f7450e1a7ef46f581618a41e396	The Earth is not the cradle of humanity — but a prison for it, Chinese expansion, military bases on the Moons.
f2c4127490a27194bbfcde4f93b8fe394e6bec23	What NASA found on Mars in search of life.
7bd709be26d4ee4b4e0b66a29a8ebf503f7345e9	Tags: abnormal phenomenon, Ufology
07c9e814dd8e67b16c9aaca6ba82b7d4e9e38b61	This entry was published on Sunday, 15 Dec 2013 00: 15 in the category History of Civilizations.
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fe5313127d007531c90942820d66dc9b1ed737f5	The moon: where did the Earth's satellite come from
16bef9735e0f39a99498f21616e19ebdac60385f	SATURDAY
b8db515e7ae68f1c717ad3a54916d702c75a025e	Look
852b438f91ad9eb2cdd84419a675a216d543c687	Read
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499906f6c93652c43ff747571f43ee3a69498063	Hobbies
4efb6cb7c018f0c686d4e9d68b615950223b4dd1	Family
1828913c66d829d2068ff01ada39f1ac8377fff8	A new study published today by the authoritative scientific journal Nature has called into question the relevance of most previously existing theories about the origin of the Moon.
033ad54a330aca213c4a1114b93a605dcc1e9a6f	Until now, the most likely cause of the appearance of the satellite was considered to be the collision of a small meteorite with the Earth.
a08870270a0a625fea957fbecee70468e12c931a	Now it turns out that the impact from the outside was much greater.
d1ae7ac820c36a09487e3d80cfd01fe23e2d6579	Lone wolf One of the common theories says that the Moon is a real planet that came to our system from outside and was attracted by the gravity of the Earth.
0c6b6665c92a2d0bd8c03b25b9e493065b23745b	During the landing of the American astronauts of the Apollo 18 mission, the seismograph recorded the lightest vibration of the entire planet — only a hollow sphere could give such readings.
9df4b54efbd4c4bc1e424101c035bc3749d89878	Modern interpretation And finally, the latest theory, which is currently considered the most well founded.
2de5b09f5de46dd1ad6d15647aba7955dcf0278f	About four billion years ago, another planet, the size of Mars, hit the place where the Pacific Ocean is now located.
6408ef028dd01fbf323a74177103c542599937d4	The broken fragment moved away for some distance and stopped, held by the gravity of the Earth.
70604ace914b0ecb2a378c43e595ee66541b8b4b	Source: Donot Panic
6012231df4ac80b1e30c83eeea85fd4ba63d6f55	Read also from dnpmag.com
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24d565dee6175aa63cb3dcb66ce83dd9cde392ce	How depression was treated earlier
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a435dc5ef91ac2495ed14d3067b956eb88d34376	the 80s are back in fashion
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cbfd8d54e4b83b1abde16faaaad0aa98d166f063	This is the stable version, released on January 12, 2017.
9ca05499fb3094561072712a3fe003c905e85c63	The state is unpatrolled
42ea462c0e66aee67942814692f019b77074312f	This term has other meanings, see Moon (meanings).
d823074ebd642667284213a3757016355fa856e4	Orbital characteristics Perigee 363 104 km
cef8274c183cc3db02180ff11cff8be0b8991dc9	(356 400 – 370 400 km)
72e249e2550de671b5c3f824239f1b30186256bf	Apogee 405 696 km
fa532ca79a39dad23b88add29f10c181b902c8e2	(404 000 – 406 700 km)
b4814a1985daeb86b82e27bfefc65795c2ede39d	Large semi axis (a) 384 399 km
d7cff33c1cff0d589b788f1395c9ec4592f694b6	0.00257 a. e.
59f0d5ec03d83a50c7891806ec507adf07c38a85	The eccentricity of the orbit (e) is 0.0549 (average)[1]
3bb231ff09386d1e025840af542868e78bc58746	Sidereal circulation period is 27.321582 days
4b10c0def3b1fe734cab152f634c98211728e8f5	27 d 7 h 43.1 min
cfa1414b6a15707bed44e40fd0fab1ee2a8e429b	The synodic period of treatment is 29.530588 days
28ab66939ace5d3cf8a2130002095f09307e0a9c	29 d 12 h 44.0 min
54ef73a1338108d1aa94f4aa1d060f93569530cc	Orbital velocity (v) 1,023 km/s (average)[1]
eccfdb001a047d92f37d302867e43bbcf008854b	Inclination (i)
343b631df542bc739238724c8bbccb420113628a	5,145° relative to the ecliptic
316cb24a66891aced6347c9a8e15dd40c7899ed6	Longitude of the ascending node (Ω) (decreasing)
6404cd5e1774361774e7d2424420a534597059b8	1 turnover for 18.6 years
bec2c6da028ea720f29f837b7292ae1c00b09346	The argument of the pericenter (ω) (increasing)
aed52599d0b6398a9472362e7c6e853141326e8a	1 turnover in 8.85 years
f323029c0677a040c45e83c9a7daa2d83e3a842a	Whose satellite is the Earth
faa23f032c62f2ad43d797f0686d5068a679602c	Physical characteristics Polar compression 0.00125
c91532f565c4f375e43b2850f9218b1135531544	The equatorial radius is 1738.14 km
1e7ada1e479180f70d9420ec6a9da0551ee61adc	0.273 earth units
1153a459366615bf5ea74f2e522b10869d8f2038	The polar radius is 1735.97 km
d8bbdf67722d3443b26064a05cc738ccde1cdad1	The average radius is 1737.10 km
df0ee81c15ee3c13164765b8f761961edef6f3d9	The circumference of the great circle is 10,917 km
effb463827a22dcb0771e1c10e3f6eab03b200e5	Surface area (S) 3,793·107 km2
a46e39c6d703480a17baa27da14468c3032341d4	0.074 earth units
9b4e09be91fbb0c019fd0fdcfc7afb56afbbbd6e	Volume (V)
05d11776109133475207f67569b4178604ec68f5	2,1958·1010 km3
bdfe14c81856bf9c834214d53fcb5c078dbafe3d	0.020 earth units
70dc63f4fa27131ce4a3737e9733b888fa258653	Weight (m)
d2cbc48421a8c0d3368d95636601dae2fe60a254	7,3477·1022 kg
aaa5354b9ea5e790c3070d3b9fc55ee6b009f9d9	0.0123 earth units
392789b410faf5b9bfe8112f901721e7ce412ed9	The average density (p) is 3.3464 g / cm3
b2e02790cc693a5e35ae475b96a16882ffc0b489	The acceleration of gravity at the equator (g) is 1.62 m/s2
4c4bd10474e2c72c852b0d2d7eb93d8fb705f478	0,165 g
2eaa9f1fde3aa11987c3f0b4d1a2e1a53471f807	The first cosmic speed (v1) is 1.68 km / s
987eebf04bff95cd812306ad55d4c8dd0156b109	The second cosmic speed (v2) is 2.38 km / s
4c0d4cf16a52d30f02282b1f6a3ce02616024638	The rotation period (T) is synchronized (always turned to the Ground with one side)
37372450a31276b90fbe86b3597499068e6f343e	The inclination of the axis is 1.5424° (relative to the plane of the ecliptic)
37c5d8ee7e3858a0e536feaa73cd8b8fe2178a64	Albedo 0.12
d7382eb0f10b217395a7a649f7a44fbdaea6a46b	Apparent magnitude -2.5/-12.9
7bff06c044287103a5c55ae681a31e02841be148	-12.74 (with a full moon)
0a9062a9cb51995dea9fad8d50a651dd75a226f9	Temperature
3154dcda2b86a3985abb5169aefba48d4fa9e59e	min. of environments. max.
1208ddf140025471758e1a21b9c1691ff17961f5	Temperature[source not specified 331 days] 100 K (-173 °C) 220 K (-53 °C) 390 K (117 °C)
97686fd19a3d25e528037e22ee2b11f00798599f	At the equator 33 K (-240 °C) 130 K (-143 °C) 230 K (-43 °C)
221026370f53e1284044ff5809ddc81d8665f9f0	Atmosphere
c05823784bd565944b37d53208f25086ec96c79e	Composition: extremely sparse, there are traces of hydrogen, helium, neon and argon[2] Information in Wikidata
abd9b8d69dbadbaa9e208556027039b0da5c5610	The second brightest[comm. 1] an object in the Earth's firmament after the Sun and the fifth largest natural satellite of a planet in the Solar system.
f75be4b925be408f31c4397e3d67c714b0feaea5	The average distance between the centers of the Earth and the Moon is 384,467 km (0.002 57 AU, ~ 30 diameters of the Earth).
2f981b8fb738a9cfc5a8e9bc88be6630cc1f5862	The apparent magnitude of the full Moon in the Earth's sky is 12.71 m[3].
3d47432020baa7761a1b84363205a359351f07c4	The illumination created by the full Moon near the Earth's surface in clear weather is 0.25-1 lux.
57aaa8c1abe6b4e7f99e359d3a30862799be7c11	1 Name 2 The moon as a celestial body 2.1 Orbit 2.2 General structure 2.2.1 Conditions on the surface
d9941cbb97cddd3e1071d81050f4a7a1508f490f	2.3 Gravitational field 2.3.1 Tides on the Earth
f6e6d1afcf71f7bad055f2f8df8502c59a2f3bc5	2.4 Magnetic field 2.5 Observation
18008367fb1774ed409266d94c3b12bf804818d8	3 Selenology 3.1 Caves 3.2 Seismology 3.3 Water Availability
74a9674b7ac2111d44a16c79cb42ff877090c8a3	4 Rock chemistry 5 Selenography 5.1 Origin of craters 5.2 "Seas" 5.3 Internal structure
2699ed5d4a235e46e40831afe5096d3dff97f8a9	6 Map 7 Origin 8 Research 9 Development 9.1 International legal status 9.2 Colonization 9.3 Questionable Transactions
96f75fb19f4566dee3f8b4da13c70a4d401caa8c	10 In Art and culture 10.1 In Culture
9489c1ef25c7293593c4d8be2d1b3d19027ce75a	11 The illusion of the Moon 12 Short term phenomena 13 Influence on a person 14 Literature 15 Notes 16 References
da09a3f90fd8de4981b9e3e38110bd891adda3c8	Title[edit / edit wiki text]
3d8732211f99dc27c252041548a458e835a9e8ea	The Russian word Moon goes back to praslav.
47afa05045bd44701c4c137baa4111526af1f2e6	* luna < pra I. E. * louksnā "light" (zh. r. of the adjective * louksnós), the Latin lūna "moon" also ascends to the same Indo European form[4].
d48b263981f04352713474027b9fb43b4787c239	The Greeks called the satellite of the Earth — Selena (other Greek: ΣελνΝη), the ancient Egyptians Yah (Iyah)[5], the Babylonians Sin[6].
12f8f1eaeb30af0ce80a1670622cdeb5cf12dc92	The moon as a celestial body[edit / edit wiki text]
aa7f9a072d7f2e8cd4ed534172b53cfdace38bb7	Orbit[edit / edit wiki text]
827f8090765ea1a9d62b09f3fe93ca888775c35e	Since ancient times, people have tried to describe and explain the movement of the moon.
4b1719c24e63fdcd8810a649595f7a55ca4fb71d	Over time, more and more accurate theories appeared.
f6f3e3b30b929baf5fb8eeaad4989b056730d994	The basis of modern calculations is the Brown theory.
d13308e514bd19c2a9fc816aa6383e7cd445cd0f	Created at the turn of the XIX XX centuries, it described the movement of the Moon with the accuracy of measuring instruments of that time.
6fb6b24a772d90e9e0477fd3a9cafed70d12f055	At the same time, more than 1400 terms (coefficients and arguments for trigonometric functions) were used in the calculation.
a849520a7f6e29e65c77273ffb55c22b2c3cb8fc	Modern science can calculate the motion of the moon and verify these calculations with even greater accuracy.
c424e8051da67c50a7e88606ec7f0841f5eb41e3	Using laser location methods, the distance to the moon is measured with an error of several centimeters[7].
5670cc13787bf4227ac8607862e24d34f602024b	Not only measurements have such accuracy, but also theoretical predictions of the position of the Moon; expressions with tens of thousands of terms are used for such calculations and there is no limit to their number if even higher accuracy is required.
d01fdda89b7ee4bafef031727ecabc6fdd50af2e	In the first approximation, we can assume that the Moon moves in an elliptical orbit with an eccentricity of 0.0549 and a large semi axis of 384,399 km.
80b7257f108932e5f536f6dba9d25f57485c1e5c	The actual motion of the Moon is quite complex, many factors must be taken into account when calculating it, for example, the flatness of the Earth and the strong influence of the Sun, which attracts the Moon 2.2 times stronger than the Earth[comm. 2].
724c108824b79c6152658e0b0564e880f3ce9c9d	More precisely, the movement of the Moon around the Earth can be represented as a combination of several movements[8]:
77f90a96035879f177c415761ed26d6bd018a94a	the orbit around the Earth in an elliptical orbit with a period of 27.32166 days, this is the so called sidereal month (that is, the movement is measured relative to the stars); the rotation of the plane of the lunar orbit: its nodes (the points of intersection of the orbit with the ecliptic) shift to the west, making a complete revolution in 18.6 years.
e465dfdc90d5e3d2a8ce701a4ddf71f394de64f0	This movement is precessional; rotation of the major axis of the lunar orbit (apse line) with a period of 8.8 years (occurs in the opposite direction than the above movement of nodes, that is, the longitude of the perigee increases); periodic change in the inclination of the lunar orbit with respect to the ecliptic from 4°59' to 5°19'; periodic change in the size of the lunar orbit: perigee from 356.41 to 369.96 thousand km, apogee from 404.18 to 406.74 thousand km. the Moon is gradually moving away from the Earth due to tidal acceleration (by about 4 cm per year), so its orbit is a slowly unwinding spiral[9].
3d7b9410b21653751e96ec72d9fec93c91fae12e	General structure[edit / edit wiki text]
e7730e98659c1994acf5b4cfe4e52faea10eb5cd	The moon consists of the crust, the upper mantle (asthenosphere), the middle mantle, the lower mantle and the core.
5c50d9c8a9e1fc6817fd46338ef1424433492ecc	The atmosphere is practically absent.
1db1ed05460e929d1dae9709789b6823314c6878	The surface of the Moon is covered with the so — called regolith a mixture of fine dust and rocky debris formed as a result of collisions of meteorites with the lunar surface.
f7efff39a28be37dcaf7333a94d63e40ad7aeabc	The shock explosive processes accompanying the meteor bombardment contribute to the loosening and mixing of the soil, simultaneously sintering and compacting the soil particles.
403b097d60778dd3b5273f99cad1f72ded617032	The thickness of the regolith layer ranges from fractions of a meter to tens of meters[10].
0231d410586bf0c62b113b51dc957ddd11b43a75	The thickness of the Moon's crust varies widely from 0 to 105 km[11].
38420b6241b91dad804bb19c0f83cadab309a5ca	According to data from the GRAIL gravitational reconnaissance satellites, the thickness of the lunar crust is greater on the hemisphere that faces the Earth[12].
8db13123196d76150b87084323b83fa30ffb5e83	Conditions on the surface[edit / edit wiki text]
858134129c63c05cfe7b5b402786b1e6093ee079	The moon's atmosphere is extremely thin.
70a27ae40706cc41444c7d574993fbe6f2800bbc	When the surface is not illuminated by the Sun, the gas content above it does not exceed 2.0·105 particles/cm3 (for the Earth, this indicator is 2.7·1019 particles/cm3), and after sunrise it increases by two orders of magnitude due to soil degassing.
4d266edab6f3f6a10247080736c407e11d52325d	The rarefaction of the atmosphere leads to a high temperature difference on the surface of the Moon (from -160 °C to +120 °C)[the source is not specified 1799 days], depending on the illumination; at the same time, the temperature of rocks lying at a depth of 1 m is constant and equal to -35 °C.
ce58b41a263ec731067704f70947cefbd16e3b1d	Due to the practical lack of atmosphere, the sky on the Moon is always black, with stars, even when the Sun is above the horizon.
2dcb3dee0e6e6592308beb2de5a9088ec49bf9ad	In daytime photos, the stars are not visible, since the exposure level that would allow their display would completely spoil a significant part of the photo with the Sun's radiance.
6d60a0388b4036530ad04998734b40d0dfcfd663	In the case of shading the Sun, the stars are perfectly visible.
630dd0c5ef4cc06ab57e2c8ec47685a3124176c5	"On the moon.
8a574517af1cc23f8d14b2b2de61db145d2e6eb0	The Earth rises.
da2c6136fbd04761cacf8ca242682e14e8f52c08	" Postage stamp of the USSR, 1967
a76e7e2333a4ed1c1135d5f1669fc310d4ffe28a	The Earth's disk hangs almost motionless in the moon's sky.
f34ab9988c3add631d6ca72c42a1ab55daea6769	The reasons for small monthly fluctuations of the Earth in height above the lunar horizon and in azimuth (approximately 7°) the same as the libratii.
d11f615e2e0f8894dbde85bd10673086884af856	The angular size of the Earth when observed from the Moon is 3.7 times larger than the lunar size when observed from the Earth, and the area of the celestial sphere covered by the Earth is 13.5 times larger than that covered by the Moon.
a3a9941d761692eb1acf70fc0ab412c2b945897b	The degree of illumination of the Earth visible from the Moon is the opposite of the lunar phases visible on Earth: during the full moon, the unlit part of the Earth is visible from the Moon, and vice versa.
3e765784281c49ee9af26706cc227f4ec5c706cb	The illumination by the reflected light of the Earth is about 50 times [source not specified 215 days] stronger than the illumination by moonlight on Earth, the maximum apparent magnitude of the Earth on the Moon is approximately 16m.
be04f267d90e531ac6b0d5c4aec9a195ec364cd5	Gravitational field[edit / edit wiki text]
f07f44f7eee7f5c9a17d196e34916903563fe761	Coefficients of sector and tesseral harmonics[13] C3,1 = 0.000030803810 S3,1 = 0.000004259329 C3,2 = 0.000004879807 S3,2 = 0.000001695516 C3,3 = 0.000001770176 S3,3 =-0.000000270970 C4,1 =-0.000007177801 S4,1 = 0.000002947434 C4,2 =-0.000001439518 S4,2 =-0.000002884372 C4,3 =-0.000000085479 S4,3 =-0.000000718967 C4,4 =-0.000000154904 S4,4 = 0.000000053404
c22dee42534533425abfb933185280cfe2d4d5c8	The gravitational potential of the Moon is traditionally written as the sum of three terms[14]:
dc7d38b9c2837dba0549bb54c1f269575035a9df	W = V + Q + δ W ,
4d1904bbb22b1d1f1d8dd99c970eafb07be8182a	{\displaystyle W=V+Q+\delta W,}
61c7c49536c55e195dc4d1a626f99f26cf393cac	where δW is the tidal potential, Q is the centrifugal potential, V is the attraction potential.
699a6cb5d6c869434a52a39f1ca1c12e97da4c4b	The potential of attraction is usually decomposed according to zonal, sectoral and tesseral harmonics:
c9ee5681d3c59f7541c27a38b67edf46259e187b	V
21606782c65e44cac7afbb90977d8b6f82140e76	=
8a505e66b5ac6266090a6c833326f01f8faeb444	G M
4dc7c9ec434ed06502767136789763ec11d2c4b7	r
96f5f32d3ed93242461a8a04ec988fdda3fd5e6d	( 1 −
2c64364f5b3308d1304b7ad2550ba86cd35a8500	∑
9a3240ad86b2b1d076825686aaf98565beeaac04	n = 2
38f64525a956ba808409ef7c2efb5d2228adb775	∞
58668e7669fd564d99db5d581fcdb6a5618440b5	J
d1854cae891ec7b29161ccaf79a24b00c274bdaa	n
067f32da0babc4ff738d19aab110dc4b8e9152a3	R r
e7064f0b80f61dbc65915311032d27baa569ae2a	)
511993d3c99719e38a6779073019dacd7178ddb9	P
585e7d54d822f0b72693f4108d97c17f6ae02760	( sin ⁡ θ )
01db933e12a7ffceebdaee92355d5c9269a965f2	m = 1
32096c2e0eff33d844ee6d675407ace18289357d	C
bcbd4243d53fda1602cbb5bab9e01f67cc9dcde1	n m
0211e9ee27d31cf639248e2f5417f79f82cc4d29	cos ⁡ m λ +
02aa629c8b16cd17a44f3a0efec2feed43937642	S
6bfdfbc1422d98be9965849cc0554ceb1a861d14	sin ⁡ m λ )
6b0d31c0d563223024da45691584643ac78c96e8	m
60e1807496e7a9fc75eda2f23c5dcab0212a3c05	( sin ⁡ θ ) )
5c10b5b2cd673a0616d529aa5234b12ee7153808	,
78f945a86b8ce34e0755c35cb47ef6841d838855	{\displaystyle
3672cc112be4663f9b17c685593e393954d5b235	{\begin{aligned}V&={\frac {GM}{r}}\left(1-\sum _{n=2}^{\infty }J_{n}\left({\frac {R}{r}}\right)^{n}P_{n}(\sin \theta )\right.\\&+\left.\sum _{n=2}^{\infty }\sum _{m=1}^{n}\left({\frac {R}{r}}\right)^{n}(C_{nm}\cos m\lambda +S_{nm}\sin m\lambda )P_{n}^{m}(\sin \theta )\right),\\\end{aligned}}}
5be564087f93949cb3bb7c235f5122adc39f706c	where Pnm is the attached Legendre polynomial, G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the Moon, λ and θ are longitude and latitude.
de6343e7b2c11fd096f1cf3fd86ce0b3fa72a773	Tides and ebbs on the Earth[edit / edit wiki text]
46f0dfcf999d7af1e5fe1349fad7591daa23753d	Main articles: Tide and ebb, Tidal forces
0e0f98612cd6616820e417c63de644f57b757715	The gravitational influence of the Moon causes some interesting effects on the Earth The most famous of them is the sea tides.
aa5e3eff8a7e5e6c66471489f103be123613fdcb	Magnetic field[edit / edit wiki text]
c4f2e64cbbd15387ce7fb50212752523718b8d4c	For example, for Earth, the field is created by the movement of molten metal in the core, for Mars — by the consequences of past activity.
d7e47f167eb50a00f18c34ce456fc4c826805ee7	This fits into the framework of the most popular hypothesis of the origin of the Moon — the collision of the Earth about 4.5 billion years ago with a cosmic body the size of Mars "knocked out" a huge piece of molten matter from the Earth, which later turned into the Moon.
02faade0527ea10556ec3056f8ea6dd1ec6c6789	Observation[edit / edit wiki text]
ebf6522827eec25917948d066680c1bd2c5c5058	Main articles: Moon Phases, Libration, Eclipse, Astronomical Refraction, Supermoon
13cd92f85039441a6a7029028959b2e6a4d5fb63	The relationship of the phases of the Moon with its position relative to the Sun and the Earth.
214079e7093cb7b1522bafcac91bfaa5756a4f40	The green color indicates the angle by which the Moon will turn from the end of the sidereal month to the end of the synodic month.
7d818a9d2b31e7e58c952764b081ca45f12b8b38	In the southern hemisphere, the moon is inverted, as in this Australian picture.
80a3be9482682619211bceaadc03e149bf884057	The angular diameter of the moon is very close to the solar one and is about half a degree.
f9c933b2b234cd0e7ee4473d927e5cd295e35636	The lunar surface is characterized by low reflectivity and reflects only 5-18 % of sunlight; color differences on the moon are extremely small.
a2905915572084c503db22dbd4d1f992b2153a60	Its surface has a brownish gray or blackish brown color.[18] Since the Moon does not glow itself, but only reflects sunlight, only the part of the lunar surface illuminated by the Sun is visible from the Earth
2d6a6782871bf66319f876cb0173868f3ab81ed5	(in the phases of the Moon close to the new moon, that is, at the beginning of the first quarter and at the end of the last quarter, with a very narrow sickle, you can observe the "ashen light of the Moon" — weak illumination by the Sun rays reflected from the Earth).
6086b038518608037ee22ec1b9dd79dc6876d0a8	The moon orbits the Earth, and thus the angle between the Earth, the Moon and the Sun changes; we observe this phenomenon as a cycle of lunar phases.
95842f5182640590d384752761b84cb8a5f8d3cf	The period of time between successive new moons averages 29.5 days (709 hours) and is called the synodic month.
05fc993492d445c73739d02550083e793a011366	The fact that the duration of the synodic month is longer than the sidereal one is explained by the movement of the Earth around the Sun: when the Moon makes a complete revolution around the Earth relative to the stars, the Earth has already passed 1/13 of its orbit by this time, and for the Moon to be between the Earth and the Sun again, it needs an additional two days.
064fd9f13df24de2a68875a30fdb822d02c6e0ea	Lunar librations
17ce05103e15ee8d259d04094904f95136fdcf18	Although the Moon rotates around its axis, it always faces the Earth with the same side, that is, the Moon's rotation around the Earth and rotation around its own axis are synchronized.
4d9616f9770f874a403df21dae0ffe96e0b7d00a	This synchronization is caused by the friction of the tides produced by the Earth in the shell of the Moon[19].
d1af59e56894a2b5fc11be8b678ba156d3b864d6	According to the laws of mechanics, The moon is oriented in the gravitational field of the Earth so that the large semi axis of the lunar ellipsoid is directed at the Earth.
a9da518c5cac555bd96edccb9f52eec0aedfe25c	This allows you to see from the Earth the western and eastern edges of the reverse side of the Moon (optical libration in longitude).
942873a411f2db3fcdb429630bb74731cdacae88	In addition, due to the inclination of the axis of rotation of the Moon to the plane of the Earth's orbit, the northern and southern edges of the reverse side of the Moon can be seen from the Earth (optical libration in latitude).
556cf9488d2ea5a5cb16c2fbe72083ac050478c6	There is also a physical libration caused by the oscillation of the satellite around the equilibrium position due to the shifted center of gravity, as well as due to the action of tidal forces from the Earth.
ee88e788d02cc0d5fed312ad900031eeb9f0f180	This physical libration has a value of 0.02° in longitude with a period of 1 year and 0.04° in latitude with a period of 6 years.
50aa52f3eb8b96700d7bb84731fb70ca2f03549d	Due to refraction in the Earth's atmosphere, when the Moon is observed low above the horizon, its disk is flattened.
6ebfecdede3ed67259c3e6c4b0841cf3ec5093f0	The time (1.255 seconds) for which the light emitted from the Earth reaches the Moon.
32f355a461c5eb6893073fe6f1ccac55821aacae	The drawing is made in scale.
36d46da3b19f32c6714ccf745d8dd1cef73cd45a	Due to the irregularities of the relief on the surface of the Moon during a total solar eclipse, Bailey's rosary can be observed.
bd4f6b2788f01aecffc81e350e4181c1aaf38d5b	When, on the contrary, the Moon falls into the Earth's shadow, another optical effect can be observed: it turns red, being illuminated by light scattered in the Earth's atmosphere.
2d865fee05919d326eb26f037e46a59cad797488	A "supermoon" is an astronomical phenomenon in which the moment when the Moon passes perigee coincides with its full phase.
40053e86301c5c5ebec5096ec529e55926f6d100	The term "micromoon" is less common, when the Moon in its full phase is at its apogee, that is, at the farthest point of its orbit around the Earth.
e9993c503d9a2786c07aed8a04c3cd79b7122661	For an Earth observer, the angular size of the Moon's disk at the time of the "supermoon "is 14% larger and its brightness is 30% higher than at the time of the"micromoon".
3d875040f7d0b42e577d402409cadae40acefe81	Selenology[edit / edit wiki text]
edebfe99a73b72823d8062582eda4683602b57b8	Main article: Mineralogy of the Moon
fc7c16b3ee693bbbddb956a74cf4655c9a0617a5	A radial gravitational anomaly on the surface of the moon.
6f927a75a2f1ba7f3bf00a8e73e33d6e58ca859e	By studying the geological structure of the Moon, you can learn a lot about the structure and development of the Earth.
058bedc8cf7a95ca5e93481449d93bb11afbe799	The thickness of the Moon's crust averages 68 km, varying from 0 km under the lunar sea of Crises to 107 km in the northern part of the Korolev crater on the reverse side.
76bb31be41f7a51a59516aac443326ab087c5f53	Under the crust is the mantle and, possibly, a small core of sulfurous iron (with a radius of approximately 340 km and a mass of 2 % of the mass of the Moon).
af4323ae061e9d84d1f314b0b1ca829a8bd7ada2	It is interesting that the center of mass of the Moon is located about 2 km from the geometric center in the direction of the Earth.
5319d63d0836c02f35f3d13f19c3ffc5d6d47568	According to the results of the Kaguya mission, it was found that the crust thickness in the Moscow Sea is the smallest for the entire Moon[20] — almost 0 meters under a layer of basalt lava 600 meters thick[21].
d52d54a7a5574d1812f40d968f1449b1c1d41631	Measurements of the speed of the Lunar Orbiter satellites made it possible to create a gravitational map of the Moon.
5ebd56dae789a6e98e179d4249d14b23f9a2ca01	With its help, unique lunar objects were discovered, called mascons — from the English mass concentration) - these are masses of high density matter.
f86fc34cf7af955c6044c81f0762f67bb102d9fc	The moon does not have a magnetic field, although some of the rocks on its surface show residual magnetism, which indicates the possibility of the existence of a magnetic field of the Moon in the early stages of development.
364d1acde382c4105600d74b2b500ae233e5d6c8	Having neither an atmosphere nor a magnetic field, the surface of the moon is directly affected by the solar wind.
5c80f11ad23dc7283f3814827427eba4d9a31c7f	For 4 billion years, hydrogen ions from the solar wind were introduced into the regolith of the Moon.
b48375dd908391c343d82f05a7acc2b549d08f1e	Thus, the regolith samples delivered by the Apollo missions turned out to be very valuable for the study of the solar wind.
0523370f19c0cad652b1121b3f854bae40562f54	In February 2012, American astronomers discovered several geological neoplasms on the far side of the moon.
d3301e0acfbd102dfc31490bbf110d77affd032f	This indicates that the lunar tectonic processes continued for at least another 950 million years after the estimated date of the geological "death" of the Moon[22].
098f72f761a8f782faa5355fcfa167bc28e28e6d	Caves[edit / edit wiki text]
bd7cb10b666ca775acde54d6f1c54d54216ab436	The Japanese Kaguya probe has discovered a hole in the surface of the Moon, located near the volcanic plateau of the Marius Hills, presumably leading to a tunnel under the surface.
74ccf07ecdf014a61176e070d250b692752f6a3c	The diameter of the hole is about 65 meters, and the depth is presumably 80 meters[23].
5dc56065307e0340518c9fb4ca190fe7b074c2e5	Scientists believe that such tunnels are formed by solidification of flows of molten rock, where lava has frozen in the center.
6d82de5435d604f63a40e1744f914dac54a86641	These processes occurred during the period of volcanic activity on the Moon.
48976fd0d0d513f9e581bc29e02a2c19aac0d4a9	Confirmation of this theory is the presence of sinuous furrows on the surface of the satellite[23].
ecd27f0907ffb808833ed23590e71aba9bc2cc0e	Such tunnels can serve for colonization, thanks to protection from solar radiation and the closeness of space, in which it is easier to maintain life support conditions[23].
5c66f8d8cd18c78985cfcb46368fc8a99202ab40	There are similar holes on Mars.
79bebeb742aa42896e1cdec069dd0630b12b8afd	Seismology[edit / edit wiki text]
4cdd7d89e8c2083b0ff9a9e15ccd7a459d703bcc	Main article: Moonshake
d78dc8ff3c2111833b94adb20fe363c525685666	Four seismographs left on the Moon by the Apollo 12, Apollo 14, Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 expeditions showed the presence of seismic activity[24].
326b1dd598de1f66770d2d4a0c732441a66e068f	Based on the latest calculations of scientists, the lunar core consists mainly of red hot iron[25].
2be020fa2d055bd195f5cb9c6521a5d1793b6f3b	Due to the lack of water, the fluctuations of the lunar surface are long in time, can last more than an hour.
af727b4419059e52d0ee1982046850502c36a5a8	Moonshakes can be divided into four groups:
ee0f77d867b1d9bd37c63189834ef30e9c18491d	tidal, occur twice a month, caused by the influence of tidal forces of the Sun and the Earth; tectonic irregular, caused by movements in the ground of the Moon; meteoritic due to the fall of meteorites; thermal their cause is a sharp heating of the lunar surface with sunrise.
2a925eb0b741fa11c39e24c4ed992a1553b5c715	The greatest danger for possible habitable stations is represented by tectonic lunar earthquakes.
6f82877f8a04b68462fe1a4324087e68803317e4	NASA seismographs for 5 years of research have recorded 28 similar lunar tremors.
54c72aab3fcd43d7d5ba8ff9d3623f6450f766e4	Some of them reach 5.5 points on the Richter scale and last more than 10 minutes.
6b4375da273664fb01e16bf932b53d4aae004487	For comparison, on Earth, such earthquakes last no more than two minutes[26][27].
1c3799cedb60da77bb5f3216648a5af5a1fd5f6e	The presence of water[edit / edit wiki text]
baef0417a3f30f9abfce6f43c1f9d45ceb886a8a	This fact was established as a result of the analysis of samples delivered by the Luna 24 probe in 1976.
48e83656a1b90e40c403a298e258e7854ac614b9	In July 2008, a group of American geologists from the Carnegie Institute and Brown University found traces of water in samples of the Moon's soil, which was released in large quantities from the bowels of the satellite at the early stages of its existence.
bc22911b887d6f1a46eb1ee2ed9d795e67cfd0c6	Later, most of this water evaporated into space[29].
ae3ab01404856742101280e522786e4515ee6ff7	Russian scientists, using the LEND instrument they created, installed on the LRO probe, have identified the areas of the Moon that are most rich in hydrogen.
7e49039fb34d28ddda94e40be72284af2f1229fc	Based on these data, NASA chose a place to conduct a bombardment of the Moon by the LCROSS probe[30].
fd89d6351245e0b8382a07e04e19e9976e623ccd	After the experiment, on November 13, 2009, NASA reported the discovery of water in the form of ice in the Cabeus crater near the south pole [31].
fbeeb03b0f427d25047e176e6405a5dff3cf7142	In total, water was found in more than 40 craters, the diameter of which varies from 2 to 15 km.
05399f9f9f0fc29a5ebe173ad1ebec9fe951d300	Chemistry of rocks[edit / edit wiki text]
591e971996a9510da791f7df66495587b6fa5ba3	The composition of the lunar soil differs significantly in the marine and continental regions of the Moon.
ad1092da9c92c3ca21a1187e5520cf34c62d9bb2	Lunar rocks are depleted of iron, water and volatile components.
aa27fe8952e82923164ebbd241fd5254bfb6bcb3	Map of the concentration of thorium on the surface of the Moon according to Lunar Prospector data.
7d8f6679e4a9a45e31469e525f1312164f481125	The chemical composition of the lunar regolith as a percentage[33].
cf346175c8e16aeb778aa4da769a2cc350f61275	Elements Delivered By "Moon 20" Delivered by "Moon 16" Si 20.0 20.0 Ti 0.28 1.9 Al 12.5 8.7 Cr 0.11 0.20 Fe 5.1 13.7 Mg 5.7 5.3 Ca 10.3 9.2 Na 0.26 0.32 K 0.05 0.12
4ba24e70061a6af16ef7ed2293a2b90ad4bf228f	AMS " Luna 20 "delivered soil from the mainland area," Luna 16 " from the sea[34].
08d94fd11d5a945ff50a947297fc237d8abb5aab	Selenography[edit / edit wiki text]
79fce013745efb9f429c100d551dc8cf028d3064	Main article: Selenography
a157164e2ac585791345306e00c031b153f41712	The main details on the lunar disk, visible to the naked eye.
7e605b0600e98bce9cb763c7502eaab1d2d94205	Z — "Moon hare", A Tycho crater, B Copernicus crater, C Kepler crater, 1 Ocean of Storms, 2 - Sea of Rains, 3 - Sea of Calm, 4 - Sea of Clarity, 5 Sea of Clouds, 6 Sea of Abundance, 7 - Sea of Crises, 8 - Sea of Humidity
fb4427318f8fc393d458ab0255bc51a388d1e580	The topography of the moon, the height of the surface relative to the lunar geoid.
71acaa8bafce4daba8aa40e72bebf141e1e7d084	The side visible from the Ground is on the left.
25ec4b4f24bb0eb61ffdf6479e93c39ad76e06d5	The surface of the moon can be divided into two types: very old mountainous terrain (lunar continent) and relatively smooth and younger lunar seas.
31493c8baeb12a91da0993472c42df252edab08f	The lunar "seas", which make up approximately 16% of the entire surface of the Moon, are huge craters that arose as a result of collisions with celestial bodies that were later flooded with liquid lava.
8978ef3b74f01bea8c725b177067f75eab5ece2a	Most of the surface is covered with regolith.
8b93326d7a9130614640b873f6b302f51f1c633b	Due to the influence of the gravitational moment during the formation of the Moon, its "seas", under which the lunar probes found denser, heavier rocks, are concentrated on the side of the satellite facing the Earth.
d3f7198b022c1e4454df6e0363f7674d92757058	On the far side of the Moon there is a huge depression (pool) with a diameter of 2250 km and a depth of 12 km — this is the largest pool in the Solar system that appeared as a result of a collision.
64a19f4df57aeb18be5575afb002cec15afc837f	The Eastern Sea in the western part of the visible side (it can be seen from the Ground) is an excellent example of a multi ring crater.
bce58fb79e0001083819ab0ae68a6a9690545e50	There are also minor details of the lunar relief domes, ridges, furrows (from it. Rille furrow, trough) - narrow winding valley like depressions of the relief.
92cf860bf35316856f4fe44c8a8fed62929d5497	The origin of craters[edit / edit wiki text]
568a43a84bacf536c4d02d7d392707cd6f89f887	Attempts to explain the origin of craters on the Moon began in the late 1780s.
5738c92f3d00e02055b6c92dce3523ec9a3b2b6f	There were two main hypotheses — volcanic and meteoritic[35].
94a009d12214272fb793203fe9b6d48473bb3403	According to the postulates of the volcanic theory put forward in the 80s of the XVIII century by the German astronomer Johann Schroeter, lunar craters were formed as a result of powerful eruptions on the surface.
ae367a47312f09e386402a71586e3625cea93e0b	But in 1824, the German astronomer Franz von Gruytuizen also formulated a meteorite theory, according to which, when a celestial body collides with the Moon, the satellite's surface is pushed through and a crater is formed.
f9a3bbf71a5a8d50f373e226ded2d47c9f22e2f1	An impact crater is a depression that appeared on the surface of a cosmic body as a result of the fall of another smaller body.
cb5c7afe3a1b4a847fdfa97c9c56b34302c44b74	Until the 20s of the XX century, the fact that the craters have a round shape was put forward against the meteorite hypothesis, although there should be more oblique impacts on the surface than straight ones, which means that with a meteorite origin, the craters should have the shape of an ellipse.
5caa764c0fc32167affe5512fc1c7d6df7030d81	However, in 1924, the New Zealand scientist Gifford for the first time gave a qualitative description of the impact of a meteorite moving at cosmic speed on the surface of the planet.
98ff223dd1905332cdcde78f934798d37808459e	It turned out that with such an impact, most of the meteorite evaporates along with the rock at the impact site, and the shape of the crater does not depend on the angle of incidence.
37d60770f7b50c4e4b74ab6a4b93870029880e60	The meteorite hypothesis is also supported by the fact that the dependence of the number of lunar craters on their diameter and the dependence of the number of meteor bodies on their size coincide.
36499dd59348e2bfb94a6e7b6895c016e18b8d12	In 1937, this theory was brought to a generalized scientific form by a Soviet student Kirill Petrovich Stanyukovich, who later became a doctor of sciences and a professor.
901b36c908498c81dc7dfcca42b481335fd360e4	The "explosive theory" was developed by him and a group of scientists from 1947 to 1960, and was further refined by other researchers.
9ba52c9fbc84d82b145701098c34d586f06b9f19	The flights to the Earth's satellite since 1964, made by the American Ranger spacecraft, as well as the discovery of craters on other planets of the Solar System (Mars, Mercury, Venus) summed up this age old dispute about the origin of craters on the Moon.
3dccb7750b4e333d24feccab7eceb06d7fa82b45	The fact is that open volcanic craters (for example, on Venus) are very different from lunar ones, similar to craters on Mercury, which, in turn, were formed by impacts of celestial bodies.
1ab594a7c1c35d5d3a65855a0c999e01a4330ea0	Therefore, the meteorite theory is now considered generally accepted.
4855117e97a6bd653c35f34661dfcd68dbe29b33	Thanks to the collision of the Moon with an asteroid, we can observe meteorite craters on the Moon from the Earth.
b5ee874a49ef9fe39c882a4fcd0576da44cc810b	Scientists from the Paris Institute of Earth Physics believe that 3.9 billion years ago, the collision of the Moon with a large asteroid caused the moon to turn[36].
47f41c3e1051a0a56b1476e3e94e9f90b871f6a9	"Seas"[edit / edit wiki text]
b7530045b3f33cb9545f0895411d1d58155b3651	Main article: Lunar Seas
85d67cdd512b2a1edb59950f010f60ff072f0b04	The lunar seas are vast, once filled with basalt lava lowlands.
9aa59fd59ae2b73c54bb52cf2ea34f357d41ca71	Initially, these formations were considered ordinary seas.
9c2a699a1b13e78c5ace74d86718f9b3c59a5e9b	Later, when this was refuted, they did not change the name.
3e6d6c7fe22bf1d5befc13a8e47b645fd9ae558c	Lunar seas occupy about 40 % of the visible area of the moon.
48f3cff6beb247c2b571c1dc61392f4de9c721bd	Visible side of the Moon
11f1b13fa522503da8953dece586615ace4370eb	The reverse side of the Moon
f11a6ddef25c317add2c7134dd311b16157721bd	Russian name international name [37] Sea of Crises (Dangers) Mare Crisium Sea of Fertility (Abundance) Mare Foecunditatis Sea of Nectar Mare Nectaris Sea of Tranquility Mare Tranquillitatis Sea Of Foam Mare Spumans Sea Of Clarity Mare Serenitatis Sea Of Rain Mare Imbrium Sea Of Cold Mare Frigorum Sea Of Vapors Mare Vaporum Sea Of Clouds Mare Nubium Sea Of Humidity Mare Humorum Sea Of Smith Mare Smythii Sea Of the East Mare Orientalis Sea Of Moscow Mare Mosquae Marginal Sea Mare Marginis Sea Of The South Mare Australe Sea Dreams Mare Ingenii Ocean of Storms Oceanus Procellarum Central Bay Sinus Medium Bay of Heat (Excitement) Sinus Aestuum Dew Bay Sinus Roris Rainbow Bay Sinus Iridum
57f5aa7e18397f89b363cd87638b17752326724f	Internal structure[edit / edit wiki text]
927b27e9589894336ba5c81b7dccffaaff8826c7	The inner structure of the Moon
33b42bdf585099c1291990f818ae41f7cbc0514a	The moon is a differentiated body, it has a geochemically different crust, mantle and core.
a5bc4b88a74e5e4ea9496a0e1f087365abea3748	The shell of the inner core is rich in iron, it has a radius of 240 km, the liquid outer core consists mainly of liquid iron with a radius of about 300-330 kilometers.
91356b0593fc0d87de9075bc2b96abc36ba6c34f	A partially molten boundary layer with a radius of about 480-500 kilometers is located around the core[38].
a85d36f232b85a989eb7a4de894e61e0d807fbc2	This structure is believed to have appeared as a result of fractional crystallization from the global magma ocean shortly after the formation of the Moon 4.5 billion years ago[39].
f02b1f326fd88c43c297c57395292301055dc71d	The lunar crust has an average thickness of ~ 50 km.
f84ab237a3f6e8b4993a3386a69f2fb5489f655e	The moon is the second most dense satellite in the Solar system after Io.
61bb2b192cf591ac911b59b43f41537938ef9cba	However, the inner core of the Moon is small, its radius is about 350 km; this is only ~ 20 % of the size of the Moon, unlike ~ 50% of most other Earth like bodies.
07eeb2418b6cb18112c9ac1032a9a8e2c4c7f16f	The lunar core consists of iron, with a small amount of sulfur and nickel impurities[source not specified 1964 days].
25aa57b1701e14e2332648e0ca65e76bf217bece	Map[edit / edit wiki text]
b70223c1f5d0cb10333ecce5915160abaa54b169	The lunar landscape is peculiar and unique.
cae390796359e06786eeb9e37945786221f63963	The moon is completely covered with craters of various sizes — from microscopic to hundreds of kilometers in diameter.
38374779be202571591ce102d4788cd01358c301	For a long time, scientists could not get information about the far side of the moon.
43c3743d7da1b60f901295ce80a640325d7b0775	This became possible only with the advent of spacecraft.
6c9b6c82b67c921dd99e1fe77a889ae1bc25f070	Very detailed maps of both hemispheres of the satellite have already been created.
fadab8b41be0168293963e4083dd4d9e2da7e0ce	Detailed lunar maps are made in order to prepare for the landing and colonization of the Moon by man in the future — a successful location of lunar bases, telescopes, transport, mineral exploration, etc.
6283218e52d57050bbded14ee04864ad3c7b7a77	Main article: The Origin of the Moon
26d8124d8ea965c324b11e804f9565f8ac16c488	The orbit of the moon over the past 4.36 billion years
9cf68946650d63f953322ed2d30f73bad7882aee	Before scientists received samples of lunar soil, they knew nothing about when and how the Moon was formed.
bbdce309b46560b5d33105b15ae34f13b956f595	There were two fundamentally different theories:
398535528e9b801d50b39ec8eb3595b795ad091a	The moon and the Earth formed at the same time from a gas and dust cloud;
ac880468065b6dac9096d08d47bec6ef360e3609	However, new information obtained through a detailed study of samples from the Moon led to the creation of the theory of a Giant collision: 4.36[40] billion years ago, the protoplanet Earth (Gaia) collided with the protoplanet Theia.
e67f09de96c2a43faa27a3408da8938002e22737	From these fragments, the proto moon gathered and began to orbit with a radius of about 60,000 km (now ~ 384 thousand km).
a3af85fe83172135387bc48043f77c6af805ac31	Although this theory also has drawbacks, it is currently considered the main one[41][42].
ef1f7fcb5b91e0b7e9af0e22a144167eb761d997	Confirmation of the theory of the collision of planets on a tangent can be indicated:
2315cdf6e5ac847ba969919e3ab384e2da139203	The diameter of the Moon's mantle is 80% of the total diameter.
ff1e7646975c336ed88bebc1132c941566a02d71	Usually, for such cosmic bodies, it is 50 %. The mantle of the moon mainly contains rocks.
3b17f9eaf7541c3d91d4ae1affcc04cc2d80f676	The protoplanet Theia "stripped" the stone shell from the Earth, which it subsequently attached to itself.
da8b06da721896b32dab6abc80d5a8f9785424f5	The iron cores of the planets remained intact.
eb544fe67e9981e3f8b5519398e8e3115c63fea9	Otherwise, in a direct collision, the planets could completely collapse or the Earth would absorb the iron core of Theia[source not specified 61 days].
347f3b65617dac85eca60e2636021c8672105f6c	According to estimates based on the content of the stable radiogenic isotope of tungsten 182 (resulting from the decay of relatively short lived hafnium 182) in lunar soil samples, in 2005, mineralogists from Germany and the UK determined the age of separation into silicate and metal shells at 4 billion 527 million years (±10 million years)[43], in 2011, its age was determined to be 4.36 billion years (±3 million years)[40], in 2015 — in 4.47 billion years[44], and in 2017 - in 4.51 billion years[45].
c5f56cb83a1d0ee0d91796a7aa935d7d8a86b566	Research[edit / edit wiki text]
2c1795e77b96a759b5df12ba3eaa37cfede08bba	Main article: Exploring the Moon
38f97f53b34c4a9905136c570e00ac96bee70708	Daedalus (lunar crater). Diameter: 93 km Depth: 3 km (NASA photo)
386bf8ec7f51d7e763cf7ab1fb2a5b2d4e563367	The invention of telescopes made it possible to distinguish smaller details of the moon's relief.
d91529eaad4e937a7158de1b7f9deef7182489a1	One of the first lunar maps was made by Giovanni Riccioli in 1651, he also gave names to large dark areas, calling them "seas", which we still use today.
6963845d77dd206f01860db690c4440ed3f32849	These toponyms reflected the long standing idea that the weather on the Moon is similar to the earth, and the dark areas were allegedly filled with lunar water, and the light areas were considered land.
2978362e9c98ce10452bc6886ed1b15381194f7b	However, in 1753, the Croatian astronomer Rujer Boskovic proved that the Moon does not have an atmosphere.
312d1f45ef543705e870332ac46afeb6ea7ff834	The fact is that when the stars are covered by the Moon, they disappear instantly.
f18aa4f2dfa84a874b083c09c9d342b243071660	But if the moon had an atmosphere, the stars would fade out gradually.
8c19ac3f83140cb7ed0675ec41ca1f5357f2f17c	This indicated that the satellite has no atmosphere.
11e39e561912b19727226c9a5f55ed672e65ad76	And in this case, there can be no liquid water on the surface of the Moon, since it would instantly evaporate.
524c74f8a4c6117341fbd8f50955d731c670686f	With the light hand of the same Giovanni Riccioli, the craters were given the names of famous scientists: from Plato, Aristotle and Archimedes to Vernadsky, Tsiolkovsky and Pavlov.
21a621b4d5c9f449acf46d2e486c26373cf5571d	A new stage in the study of the Moon was the use of photography in astronomical observations, starting from the middle of the XIX century.
9c67d686636b6d0d62a3167d629799c507ecf560	This made it possible to analyze the surface of the Moon in more detail from detailed photographs.
1cac4e562360a391c9743468a6252a20fd1477f7	Such photographs were taken, in particular, by Warren de la Rue (1852) and Lewis Rutherford (1865).
81dccd53545d483fde26b248b95cbcff7eccfb01	In 1881, Pierre Jansen compiled a detailed "Photographic Atlas of the Moon" [source not specified 2154 days].
06f745c5b09afa8c983759d4f364191d7296a779	AMC
7ff36421df735c080c7ec373ffd9d5fd704b174e	The composition of the lunar soil became known, scientists received its samples, a map of the reverse side was compiled.
24bdd0694a3b2ace69b0bcb8d74b22fc8d868b98	A postal envelope dedicated to the flight of the Luna 3 station, which photographed the far side of the moon for the first time.
3c17971b19cafa4ef8bf8613e5f196c3cfc4891c	After the Soviet Luna 24 station delivered samples of lunar soil to Earth in August 1976, the next device — the Japanese Hiten satellite — flew to the Moon only in 1990.
249ee466d20056f86e5b2edf65a9f1eb2828c534	Then two American spacecraft were launched — Clementine in 1994 and Lunar Prospector in 1998.
5d0edb85b4a9cd78151a2fb56cdf144796bbfe3f	On September 28, 2003, the European Space Agency launched its first automatic interplanetary station (AMS) "Smart 1".
f8434fa1fbc0cd41b268599fbb45352b037fde50	On September 14, 2007, Japan launched the second AMS for exploring the Moon "Kaguya".
a74cf0fbec7c30fd4e99d26fd0db85ae77215662	And on October 24, 2007, China also entered the lunar race — the first Chinese satellite of the Moon, Chang'e 1, was launched.
3a76c1d240851c70ca7d3570341a75458d12b9b0	With the help of this and the next stations, scientists create a three dimensional map of the lunar surface, which in the future may contribute to an ambitious project of colonization of the Moon[47].
5182cabab35b2ef122384a883eb3ebfd3738d621	On October 22, 2008, the first Indian AMC "Chandrayan 1"was launched.
5a0b28fe5a2e00dd898adefc6c247359a853c542	In 2010, China launched the second AMC "Chang'e 2".
eea070545e136ce4001461dc30670e08b67aa8c7	The landing site of the Apollo 17 expedition.
4009abc040131fcd13515898f3a985d200f2185c	Visible: the descent module, ALSEP research equipment, car wheel tracks and footprints of astronauts.
3f5ffd52bd2200e4ff51cd3b137556952eea613c	Image of the LRO spacecraft, September 4, 2011.
8540c2a4640cccc4396a93d0eacd92e735b61476	On June 18, 2009, NASA launched lunar orbiting probes Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) and Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS).
6e738bcb1abb0d18a228af4ad607c37e7cbb7c6d	The satellites are designed to collect information about the lunar surface, search for water and suitable places for future lunar expeditions[48].
22e5c874f4e0b24a879846d00f7657ebecafce1a	For the fortieth anniversary of the Apollo 11 flight, the LRO automatic interplanetary station completed a special task — it took pictures of the landing areas of lunar modules of Earth expeditions.
5995f36cf592496aca3bcf29db4fba7df63f71ec	In the period from July 11 to 15, LRO made and transmitted to Earth the first ever detailed orbital images of the lunar modules themselves, landing pads, equipment elements left by expeditions on the surface, and even traces of a cart, a rover and the earthlings themselves[49].
d005945447a323fc2387993a6a5705c647ae422e	During this time, 5 of the 6 landing sites were filmed: the Apollo expedition 11, 14, 15, 16, 17[50].
c1a421b63601a59c04eee91e10f4c2f65afe84c0	Later, the LRO spacecraft performed even more detailed images of the surface, where not only the landing modules and equipment with traces of the lunar car are clearly visible, but also the footprints of the astronauts themselves[51].
ffeb13a85a6632865aa5c0c8f8a2025428be7a45	On October 9, 2009, the LCROSS spacecraft and the Centaurus upper stage made a planned fall to the surface of the Moon in the crater Cabeus, located about 100 km from the south pole of the Moon, and therefore constantly in deep shadow.
a7c8c3d6db95fd7fd1ac4b6d93550cedfc3c15d5	On November 13, NASA announced that water was detected on the Moon with the help of this experiment[52][53].
a40716a297d8d5499322d6838d618eae84c21341	In the early 1960s, it was obvious that the United States was lagging behind the USSR in space exploration.
9eacb8a0b708f924a9779114e563c5bd4a2b0cdb	John F. Kennedy said that the landing of a man on the moon will take place before 1970.
ce1c320777a6baea5fa56c919bf94b1577779b9e	To prepare for the manned flight, NASA performed several space programs: Ranger (1961-1965) — photographing the surface, Surveyor (1966-1968) — soft landing and terrain surveys, and Lunar Orbiter (1966-1967) — a detailed image of the lunar surface.
83fe9832f1b061c8f27b1e391413eeae053b39dd	In 1965-1966, there was a NASA MOON BLINK project to study unusual phenomena (anomalies) on the surface of the Moon.
5759fc24d24ee056454d91b7568c03710ebe6c65	The work was performed by Trident Engineering Associates (Annapolis, Maryland) under contract NAS 5-9613 dated June 1, 1965 with Goddard Space Flight Center (Greenbelt, Maryland)[54][55][56].
3aeff42ae52fa96eb79e2a68ac526f1a2c7ffe75	Lunokhods
5907fad0f1249ea1c7a49afd87c0bb7f3c2c1dc9	The USSR conducted research on the surface of the Moon using two radio controlled self propelled vehicles, "Lunokhod 1", launched to the Moon in November 1970 and "Lunokhod 2" - in January 1973.
58d27cc89899a1120ced5b4a97377c194905e31b	"Lunokhod 1 "worked for 10.5 earth months," Lunokhod 2 " - 4.5 earth months (that is, 5 lunar days and 4 lunar nights), during which it passed 42.1 km[57][58]
20d56aebcf9e426eece71bd628033ec553c81162	(as of June 2014, this distance remains a record for extraterrestrial vehicles; in second place is the Opportunity rover, which passed 39.6 km[59]).
a481261845daeb87ab696de91e0f93f5596c58b2	Both devices collected and transmitted to Earth a large amount of data about the lunar soil and a lot of photographs of details and panoramas of the lunar terrain[16]: 26.
18a4b7e2dd7154715b5f57193904c8bbe3a92ac6	The lunar landing in December 2013 of the Chinese lunar rover "Yutu" was the first soft landing on the Moon since 1976, after the Soviet AMS Luna 24.
9dfd9ed1ab4dfbe9bf2655eef15e5cbc8f526580	Also, it became the first planetwalker operating on the Moon in more than 40 years, and the PRC is the third power to carry out a soft landing on the Moon, after the USSR and the United States.
1e54d696d9087c75493c491bd22caf56c17eef34	Manned flights
0c76e4df5df2dd75ad12b05564e833df788dc024	See also: Moon Race
1e8fdbb1a57984a3cf8d2e7169b862c404763c1c	The first landing took place on July 20, 1969; the last in December 1972, the first person to set foot on the surface of the Moon on July 21, 1969, was an American Neil Armstrong, the second — Edwin Aldrin; the third crew member Michael Collins remained in the orbital module.
597ed64a938d398aa6293bdd2112413737036ad2	In December 1972, Apollo 17 astronauts Captain Gene Cernan and Dr. Harrison Schmidt became the last (at the moment) people to land on the moon.
2b92978a5da60e442776d032ce513324523f1ca5	Thus, the Moon is the only celestial body that man has visited; and the first celestial body whose samples were delivered to Earth (the USA delivered 380 kilograms, the USSR 324 grams of lunar soil)[60].
47a49c81b2bb92aca75af7ff80ec0f94eef9d9b3	Private projects
0702a52bfd0576bc55966cb10ab8ba41390f6584	The Google Lunar X PRIZE world competition for the creation of a small lunar rover was announced, in which several teams from different countries participate, including the Russian Selenohod.
91d3de32cc0a3c0b35e75364c7a96a6993fcb0fd	There are plans to organize space tourism with flights around the Moon on Russian ships first on the modernized Soyuz ,and then on the promising universal Advanced Manned transport system being developed.
66f48c14fb3706b3f2c26490d76ee541a01d2721	Mastering[edit / edit wiki text]
89b71bb9f8cc16c2426f9abe4be429b51dcad181	Edwin Aldrin on the Moon, July 1969 (NASA photo)
f227bcc18e033b0d1ffb34891d7ea642162453cd	International legal status[edit / edit wiki text]
6fedd3d576b55eb5f91d41ac7ed2d789f75e06ca	Most of the legal issues of lunar exploration were resolved in 1967 by the Treaty on the Principles of the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies[61].
a4ab03f33044b0dbdd8faaee3efd58391a957b74	Also, the legal status of the Moon describes the Agreement on the Moon from 1979.
28aef062d16b02ca6446b535be7293d12c3627ea	Colonization[edit / edit wiki text]
ffae6d37d948abe5551851823ca095a7b8430be1	Main article: Colonization of the Moon
e9cf095b2eb9134221982404a2f6d2de77cbe8aa	The moon is the closest and best studied celestial body and is considered as a candidate for the creation of a human colony.
23fb70b78b2337bd0d734a8a57964d81cfba580d	NASA was developing the Constellation space program, within the framework of which new space technology should be developed and the necessary infrastructure should be created to ensure the flights of a new spacecraft to the ISS, as well as flights to the Moon, the creation of a permanent base on the Moon and, in the future, flights to Mars[62].
72777dabea1ec5e2e9a0a81a789fcb4a6cf26265	However, by the decision of US President Barack Obama on February 1, 2010, funding for the program was discontinued in 2011[63].
ded15c16b5a4283dfc10682ec3d6aa9abb768f22	In February 2010, NASA presented a new project: "avatars" on the Moon, which can be implemented in 1000 days.
b763257c2ea72fa468c0d4a54120ce4a522575db	The essence of it is to organize an expedition to the moon with the participation of robot avatars (representing a telepresence device) instead of people.
76ee5d5665bac2886f82c0edf549a51c1c0059df	In this case, the engineers involved in the organization of the flight, save themselves from the need to use important life support systems and thanks to this, a less complex and expensive spacecraft is used.
b28414892a32a63eaa47a92562e59139e087ef5a	To control the robot avatars, NASA experts suggest using high tech remote presence suits (like a virtual reality suit).
b8e59ce1cde848ed42c46a9abe8f7f4d9201f210	The same suit can be "put on" by several specialists from different fields of science in turn.
4c5813921a475da7df894a3da17b6590762a09c3	For example, during the study of the features of the lunar surface, a geologist can control the "avatar", and then a physicist can put on a telepresence suit[64].
15596e997c6cb64e67bace5e80bb4b2bf4be6b55	Russian scientists have identified 14 most likely lunar landing points.
26b45f258d02a034f9f794471e3c4dd6ba9daba5	Each of the landing sites has a size of 30×60 km[65].
fe3d841845eef1b07619e2f24587b2a6161d6f81	Future lunar bases are at the experimental stage, in particular, the first successful tests of self sealing of spacecraft in the event of meteorites hitting them have already been carried out[66].
973251b030dc565fcb49c33cc45e7de295ef30d0	In the future, Russia is going to use cryogenic (low temperature) drilling at the poles of the Moon to deliver soil with inclusions of volatile organic substances to the Earth.
52a0db530bba9a89ce3230f01f49c2f26595f6b6	This method will allow organic compounds that are frozen on the regolith not to evaporate[67].
2b86d7fefc841c73b99045780827ac847b4fa701	Questionable transactions[edit / edit wiki text]
01900970e63913c581055c09dd8fec7fc0b464c4	Main article: Lunar Embassy
53215249b524f6028090d8e7f70b5b520033eb86	There are dubious companies that sell land on the moon.
2bd708d6c58795cce2e28820b1388f8503f9fa8b	In exchange for a certain fee, the buyer receives a certificate of "ownership" of a certain area of the moon's surface.
96b42e5c0503fd26b3187ba09813fee196dd5ce3	There is an opinion that at the moment such certificates have no legal force due to a violation of the terms of the 1967 Treaty on the Principles of the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space (the ban on the "national appropriation" of outer space, including the Moon, according to article II of the Treaty).
9595bd0c96b15bf13d25f110c3a510e7f7150fa6	It is worth noting that this Agreement stipulates only the activities of states, without touching on the activities of individuals, which was used in this case by organizations.
b1d178bf869ee73a6415177900f4317dcb104afc	In art and culture[edit / edit wiki text]
bd16d638c5f39348e722d24b86972fa755000224	Main article: The Moon in art
179a8b493adac64fa398ffd873e40af7633b25bd	The moon is in the daytime sky.
60ec8a693d51c86430d1d8da9605ed93774d0bd8	The moon has repeatedly inspired poets and writers, artists and musicians, directors and screenwriters to create works related to this only natural satellite of the Earth.
06dc1c6a3615d277388e3b611609bed4368f3119	Worthy places in libraries of all countries of the world were occupied by such works as:
8d8a1ec82e0ac64c05f6a1c5d3e2263b3f027d54	"The Man on the Moon; or The Extraordinary journey made by Dominigo Gonzales, the Spanish adventurer; or the Aerial Ambassador" by Francis Godwin;
4a1ef96735be158b0bd1a7f3d62a9c9d4f5050f7	"Another world, or the states and empires of the Moon" by Cyrano de Bergerac," The Extraordinary Adventure of a certain Hans Pfaal "by Edgar Poe," From the earth to the Moon" and "Around the Moon" by Jules Verne, "The First people on the Moon" by H. G. Wells;
d1d28e356cb42cd775c8c5dd1d8a72383d74c50f	"Exiles of the Earth" by Andre Laurie;
563c7d36847036bc7069815b59d924ae09dbeb07	"On the silver planet.
dffe61df8c4f9f9dfac80b7eb3b1d5f4d1d8ba68	The Manuscript from the Moon — - the first part of the" Lunar Trilogy " by Jerzy Zhulavsky;
4db63a46030e80268187e67755b1f636b5e3bceb	"On the Moon" by Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky;
9bc8c69f2f2b0d5957bbf4d190ee4f0e13ddff58	"Moon Bomb" by Andrey Platonov;
c3dcb834c752354f74ea5e7f4b2b5c1c7c1ed68d	"The Star of KEC" by Alexander Belyaev, "Dunno on the Moon" by Nikolai Nosov," The Man Who Sold the Moon "by Robert Heinlein, "The Gods Themselves", "The Foundation and the Earth" by Isaac Asimov;
652c55258ff3adb8baaef3caf9b3d5adc9a40dd7	"Moon Dust" by Sir Arthur C. Clarke;
a82ebed2f4276770cef584c01b9906037e361eda	and other works.
ab2cbf4ab4287a00d1c7098e42c7f27db6a1729b	Musical works:
e4759433eec758c522c8a5f390e96ba5755f62ec	"Moonlight Sonata" by Ludwig van Beethoven," The Dark Side of the Moon "by Pink Floyd," Ticket to the Moon " by Electric Light Orchestra.
9c18ad14a66d6229316f82c8e9d3cf38348cb1be	A large number of films and cartoons have been released that take place on the moon or describe events directly related to it, including:
5101dbd8c4c3d55d7a0097385781b905cf3e1dcb	"Journey to the Moon" (1902, France) — the first science fiction film in the history of cinema;
b73fb08ccf779c89883b99a31a0bb11799458458	The First People on the Moon (1964, USA) is an adaptation of the novel of the same name by H. G. Wells;
1562388744a0ed6bdc7fee402a14935f414e8b92	"Apollo 13" (1995, USA) - a film based on real events that occurred during the flight to the moon of an American manned spacecraft;
ffd9ae2ba08596c288c7b9f71ede49e8e417fcdd	"Luna 2112" (2009, UK) - a film about an astronaut watching the production of helium on the Moon;
68b2c07571ae1eb2e58e3f3701a1108002de0cc7	Apollo 18 (2011, USA) is a horror film about the secret flight of Apollo 18 (which, according to the official version, never took place) and the alien life forms that the crew encountered after landing on the Moon;
cd184518b0bc87157766be3908d93bd5c0fdf49d	"Dunno on the Moon" (1997) — a full length Russian cartoon based on the book of the same name by Nikolai Nosov;
c684f70ac6f87bc4fedd0b50a58ef2cecb3cf458	and many others.
995c09b3c89dcd789543375ce4b815ae7e3fa3ba	In the manga and anime animated series "Sailor Moon", the Moon is personified by two female warriors: Sailor Moon (character), aka Usagi Tsukino, and Sailor Chibi Moon (Sailor Baby), aka Chibiusa.
04a8482b46443da268c7301380a35997573cba27	In culture[edit / edit wiki text]
e42514e3fedb0ee5ec4b9e10c7c42d16f925b720	See also: Solar and lunar letters
42121f4d34d2f09bb5f72de9c0181734fe7f5116	"The Moon and her children", an illustration from a medieval German book, 1480.
b9717e861e2b085018aeae98d0c35f644d15035d	Once a year, the birth of a new moon marks the beginning of the Muslim month of fasting — Ramadan.
799fd606636c13b4fdf170d082000f33bcaea32a	Christians determine the date of the celebration of Easter by the date of the first spring full moon.
1515af15fa57f95f478e4b2c11d4a90d444a1dd5	In the Book of Genesis, the moon is called "the lesser luminary".
cfd151943a957355b2e2711d096e445ad1cbe58e	In the biblical book The Song of Songs, the beauty of Sulamith is compared to the bright moon: "Who is this woman who looks down from a height like the dawn, beautiful as the full moon?
b2bbb4716f4704fb525957004a2f11e9d566253f	"(Song of Songs 6:10 NM) The moon is the eighteenth card (arcanum) of the Tarot.
6c94ea690177b02c6759bb9ab3fb9c15b110f9b8	In ancient India, the moon was called the lord of the planets.
a37e1a907cb601ca726dba2578c289974e3716b0	According to the Vedic traditions of that time, the moon was farther away than the Sun.
136e89df71d23f5992265cc4021be2bccca51320	The moon is also mentioned in Japanese mythology as the habitat of rabbits, servants of the moon goddess Tsukiyomi.
b39a8cd4ab23b3febe40ed56a92ff00687c904ab	The rabbits help her bake a rice snack called "mochi".
4068a933882ec465902bcbada4ecfe84922d9a21	The name of the moon in Japanese mythology is Gekkou (gekko:).[source not specified 39 days] In alchemy, the moon is a symbol of silver.
391ad8981bfbfa0368b93f01426b199885752ca0	The moon as a crescent moon is depicted on the flags of many Muslim countries: Turkey Turkey, Pakistan Pakistan, Azerbaijan Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Uzbekistan, Uyghurstan Uyghurstan, Malaysia Malaysia, Singapore Singapore, Brunei Brunei, Maldives Maldives, Algeria Algeria, Tunisia Tunisia, Libya Libya, Mauritania Mauritania, Comoros Comoros, SADR SADR, Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus.
086557ef41b4a72e7d386e8302db13bd7e1de3a3	Also, the moon or crescent moon is depicted on the flags of some other states: Croatia, Croatia, Mongolia, Laos, Laos, Nepal, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bangladesh, Palau.
c4ff7cb9652d80dbe0dea801c75667299dba58f8	The illusion of the Moon[edit / edit wiki text]
94a0c0d0e42f6213fc1d57d0992546aefc3e651e	Main article: The Illusion of the Moon
509007beedc8b9e6676535d73934dcd384085eee	The illusion of the Moon is a deception of vision, which consists in the fact that when the Moon is low above the horizon, it seems much larger than when it is hanging high in the sky.
081fab03738fa5b5835dbd990eb2aab8f62d0e87	In fact, the angular size of the Moon practically does not change with its height above the horizon (or rather, it changes slightly on the contrary: it is slightly smaller near the horizon than at the zenith, since in this case the distance from the observer to the Moon is greater by the magnitude of the Earth's radius).
15d43971adadb6bb526097d8f76c1242a6f58044	Currently, there are several theories that explain this error of visual perception for different reasons.
adf2796b71de56b0c6f2cdf9a86aaafa2a64bc0a	Short term phenomena[edit / edit wiki text]
336802ffcc146cfcc14d5e2600c9e39cfc89f4b2	Main article: Short term lunar phenomena
dcaa8342b9b70d816212241fd6caf0c1c6e9d71e	Short term lunar phenomena are various short term local anomalies of the lunar surface and near lunar space, caused by non stationary processes on the Moon.
926500b904d9fc1d2cf22e3b2e2309c90f2b5ca6	Influence on a person[edit / edit wiki text]
1ea85a56ab27c8c852e3314e83c302cf3afa6c78	Main article: Phases of the Moon
ac6f3362ad004de0ee548acd3ceb9af81dd32dd6	Petrov V. P. Hello, Luna!
2e505a7d44258d849e509c27249d1bb7a8fe7f4f	/ Petrov V. P., Yurevich P. P. — L.: Lenizdat, 1967 — - 191 p — - 24 500 copies.
b670f45d916a3dd62a84d45703dfd969baa9df3f	Umansky S. P.
bbb0b8d4cbdfe68b602ef45b21250617c929afb7	The moon — the seventh continent.
f50d8dba9033c1d7755627b96df93280fb47edf4	- Moscow: Znanie, 1989 — - 117 p.
44fb23ff56e6f5090e1fd361f6d38540355c3e3c	— 45,000 copies.
c93d1a090174c164fb57d7dc2511b1ce02eb7883	— ISBN 5-07-000408-5.
1e69b157dbb93114bb7e15635035db1da51ff9cb	Shilo N.
5bef552642fceab0c038dc24831c9da3d1e1d986	A. Broad perspectives: (Old and new problems of the Moon) [On the significance of the method of delivering samples from the surface of celestial bodies of the solar system istemy]
9a94f7181cdb1036bd2b3ebb44d4ae21b4803513	/ / Komsomolskaya Pravda: gazeta.
dd0a34f81c98b4c8bbb0e83823fefd846f5fa2f7	- 1970.
08acdc8dedd4bd85c49b752878a934b55fd8dbe9	- No. of September 26.
618f58c2f70d7b46243a9e30a89bb09b505c10e5	Here, brightness is understood as a stellar magnitude, that is, the total luminous flux coming from a celestial body (and, as a result, the illumination created by it), and not brightness in the physical sense — the value of the luminous flux per unit of the solid angle of the object.
dbf683843fad1133cdded8efaa0c5a76368807fa	Many planets have a much greater significance of the latter, but in the case of the Moon, its proximity to the Earth and, consequently, its larger angular size plays a decisive role.
40293bba97c284f68e1212df14a59a504ebcf6a5	↑ The mass of the Sun is 333 thousand Earth masses, and the distance from the Earth to the Sun is about 150 million km / 384 thousand km ≈ 390 times greater than from the Earth to the Moon.
fe6a67623b09aedee114cf4ec01973062b4c5d08	Accordingly, the ratio of the gravitational forces of the Sun and the Earth acting on the Moon will be 333000/3902 ≈ 2.2 times.
2256ff53d4f6e354725062053e5cfa2ca956bddc	Used literature and sources
51ba12af3a4dc0bcf3162e8b1d429a65f8cf7cf0	↑ 1 2 The solar system / Ed.
2d5190d5097df6efc454b51e39e5c0074e96bd27	- comp.
aa6bfa6e55f7db539f66fc130cb612385a6a0789	V. G. Surdin.
34531208b38565d1f7b4ace883273744ce5bcc8d	- M.: Fizmatlit, 2008.
f184f890d2ddd55d584d94f907660bddbafffa65	69 — - ISBN 978-5-9221-0989-5.
798790610d8027aa356001024476f84f10a16a2b	Атмосфера The atmosphere of the Moon ↑ The Moon an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
67f597dc2693784edb85f61742c54ffee898be84	Фас Fasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language.
6095221b84eb9388a1081caa05cab2b5d3a83748	- Progress.
27423f3ddd9e8c1097e7c0c4d6f66f47cc72295a	- M., 1964-1973.
c505f3d81b7cede62bf4ee0b8c42f95d01c50d60	- Vol. 2 — - p. 533 .
1a9f01c19f1f48bf435820c5febd4d47e1b9f731	Ко Korostovtsev, Mikhail Alexandrovich.
8be8f734fca252398835f8f74b4edc13f4a092b2	The religion of ancient Egypt.
acecf64fc67a4e77ad2cedff85aa4326082fdba9	- Moscow: Nauka, 1976.
221e0da33a860a81a0ddb78c55de9dab6a667305	- Vol. 3 — - 336 p.
610231244b4bf549ad248ba8972b4809e25b3852	С Sin, the deity // Brockhaus and Efron's Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 86 vols.
13ab6329197d6c49e8c25fe1c111383c5733894b	(82 volumes and 4 supplements).
9df0cefc8c0c706bd60acbc06edbd16422b66b12	- St. Petersburg, 1890-1907 .
c68b1bfb70c76aeb8de971a4e82e173bfc65224f	В. V. E. Zharov, 2002.
9668c97dfe2f4d01da03d2deee5c5535ba78c727	Spherical astronomy.
0a0a1f5cf98d772a40d8aaa511a01e41209db679	5.6. Pulsar time scale ↑ See M. M. Dagaev.
cf44ab6192555b332cc4b5b648118560728a33fb	Solar and lunar eclipses.
0567b8da7e2bb737a963a074efd5ac0780bfdbb5	Moscow: Nauka, 1978, p.
7e127ec16393c78756434dc6ecb486abc499518d	50—54.
4b109ab823298dc024fc203b7c20e65f86ee8938	Популяр "Popular Mechanics" No.
868ee820e076568e13c0f98c281e807843acf886	5, 2008 ↑ Galkin I. N., Shvarev V. V.
b35b13be71a6e6c17734b3586ecdfc0590830b69	The structure of the Moon.
7a6b2ae64d0170ba6f6f163813f611d89ac2ab1c	- Moscow: Znanie, 1977.
612ce4565de5a4200c3d054856499931d2d144be	— (New in life, science, technology. The series "Cosmonautics, astronomy", 2. Published monthly since 1971). - ISBN ?; BBK 526 G16.
7c9139075587f095eadd9d630553780ca3e9e4f7	Spr SpringerLink Space Science Reviews, Volume 154, Numbers 1-4 ↑ The lunar hemisphere, turned to the Earth, is much thicker than the reverse side of the Moon ↑ The orbital ephemerides of the Sun, Moon and planets.
0dc58fe4d9f6774c48d83b7d84205c0875155a73	8. Initial conditions Астро Astronet: 7.3 The gravitational field of the Moon ↑ Prof. A.V. NEKRASOV.
530db76f120418f26254ad57e479b6a7f5052e9b	Sea tides.
19b777c359cf1276e278c5fc2393fd00823bfc34	Archived from the original source on July 5, 2012.
dc428d643c99af165c3ab241ee2b756dc6c9e981	↑ 1 2 I. N. Galkin.
1b3701a2fc954a73333f0a447ab07f8499849ffb	Extraterrestrial seismology.
8e951e4c1659ee3f268809f2784f0490de90735a	- M.: Nauka, 1988 — - 195 p.
656e95e9a345b845da33f0bbaf79fce2c47d473d	— (Planet Earth and the Universe). — ISBN 502005951X.
a527c910801b49f4cd1c46bc95547a30a779fcf1	Ученые Scientists have revealed the secret of the Moon's magnetic field ↑ "The first results of determining the physical and mechanical properties of the Moon's soils", p.
956c7fe1be0680874ae5ee5b8fd97ee1d82ba350	8 m.: Gosstroy of the USSR, edited by prof. dr. tech.sciences V. G. Bulycheva .
b34bb06f92a71535b0849f844004a0a93a55b620	Э. E. V. Kononovich and V. I. Moroz.
7374a3e242f1335905ae60b38de38a4c0486c9f2	General course of astronomy M.: URSS.
9a84cba0cec3b379447c23f37b4e18724bee8454	- 2001 p. 119.
80b37e10a1eba86b245fddca1a2d4eeaa21be306	↑ Ishihara, et al (October 2009).
ecceb04801c948393ccf8349e9c9b0ffe2d589e1	«Crustal thickness of the Moon: Implications for farside basin structures».
008af1a4d82f577f5ec26bb75cf8211d87a6aba8	Geophysical Research Letters 36.
54ddf506f07842fa8b939cd599529ca5e6e2eaf8	DOI:10.1029/2009GL039708. ↑ Manabu Kato, et al (2010-08-25).
47bbc886743ccbf65d354ddf1da64ab7fd844dd1	«The Kaguya Mission Overview».
e562116493d68c7e5c3e171c1226359b8f1ad9a8	Space Science Reviews.
89add1eeccabeb6df1ffdf34f6eb8243d5820aa5	DOI:10.1007/s11214-010-9678-3. ↑ Traces of fresh tectonic processes were found on the dark side of the Moon ↑ 1 2 3 "An entrance to an underground tunnel was found on the moon" - Tape.ru (26.10.2009) ↑ g.
71cf9ba0865cc3e506a30c35b7abc72bfb6d38be	Latem, I. Nakamura, J. Dorman, F. Dunebier, M. Ewing, D. Lamlein Results of a passive seismic experiment under the Apollo program / / Cosmochemistry of the Moon and planets.
3648638e99ea3baf9033ccd5e7b5a856e346b11f	Proceedings of the Soviet American Conference on the Cosmochemistry of the Moon and planets in Moscow (June 4-8, 1974) / Academy of Sciences of the USSR, National Aeronautics and Space Research Administration of the USA..
87999f0f55a303c643a5c86b757312fe29d77311	- Moscow: Nauka, 1975.
ac68f1889b8b2ea823cf4076cae3f034591fd196	299-310.
f9dbc76afa083b2c896d04058b8782dbd6a55e9d	↑ There is a red hot metal core in the bowels of the moon, scientists believe (rus.).
b0e6a0e0bd3a6d93579dde25d4fca7f45e4d8818	RIA Novosti (January 8, 2011).
51b655b5d7864ca2954e791a9288126b90582083	Checked on January 8, 2011.
38f568f0487037d0f047b4ace8bcf88775535acb	Американский Moonquakes ↑ Moonquakes ↑ An American scientist recognized the priority of the USSR in detecting water on the moon.
800267f282c27bce81ac23e1238f8ab31728f3ba	Lenta.ru (May 30, 2012). Archived from the original source on July 5, 2012.
5af87f9662b647f1bc0d0d8a215949f903767d73	(Verified on May 31, 2012) ↑ BBC | There was and is water on the moon ↑ Russian scientists have pointed out the potential locations of water on the Moon ↑ Jonathan Amos.
7022cea1d6c3d951883384d549558d3fcad1dfa9	The Scientific Department of the BBC.
7ed73a29d2e7a168301673984ee3bd0192fdcbd3	"A significant amount of water was found on the Moon" ↑ "More than 40 water ice craters were found on the Moon" А.
a08bbc86de3a3fae2db93dfcd861e52d7202a367	A. Tsymbalnikov, M. Palivtsov, I. Fran, A. Mashtalka Chemical composition of fragments of crystalline rocks and regolith samples of "Luna 16" and "Luna 20" / / Cosmochemistry of the Moon and planets.
91c24f4745e69ebedafcd496fe73a2c7d50e2ce3	156-166 .
177ca9a6106f4dfc4ddd4a9dc2bf745774e181e2	Ге Geophysical and geochemical features of the Moon.
7bc83e919ad9beb53f3411ec9c461261d2f2babb	Мете Meteors, meteorites, meteoroids.
f8828795fc48d9300210aaf31329f96f726947fa	Bronshten V.
0729c514d65765b6c2738ca70e90891bc9af92b7	A. Удар An asteroid impact turned the Moon the other side to the Earth scientists (rus.).
d8953b1fdc0c101c1f6944a7039a3ec9e343fb15	RIA Novosti (23-01-2009).
69d3618339580123e5eb025be732afe093a08b25	Checked on November 15, 2009.
0518619c79f8485fd099d35b130ecdcea3ecd057	Д Dagaev M. M. Introduction / / Laboratory practicum on the course of general astronomy.
d5567202050d242e6f3e67788c3bf2e5a223a904	- 2nd ed.
f012f2d5225e0df78c8034f95253abb92e51d4db	- Moscow: "Higher school", 1972.
d25f3f3e26604b5aa06ff492452e74ee42682ec2	- p. 309 — - 424 p.
15403a3b65f835b0180cbf92de1c0f70d7603314	↑ Lunar Core (NASA) (English)
1ce3428fbec0009f09dcd146870b7e83ac6afc82	↑ Crystallization of the lunar magma ocean (English) ↑ 1 2 Astronomers have determined the exact age of the moon, the Tape.<url> (August 18, 2011).
f3b56b48eec1c5f4d517bc1a935dfa9f9105ce92	Checked on August 19, 2011.
a42ce7004c82251da06511ff23a544fe1f213067	↑ The article "The Birth of the Moon" on selfire.com ↑ German scientists about the composition of lunar rocks ↑ Hf W Chronometry of Lunar Metals and the Age and Early Differentiation of the Moon / Science ↑ "Oreanda News": MISCELLANEOUS / Scientists learned the exact age of the Moon from meteorites ↑ Scientists estimated the age of the Moon at 4.51 billion years Три Trifonov E. D.
19f1ff95408d4523aa61820960d04129f0d8310c	How they measured the Solar system / / Nature.
bf7dc588278e1433cda02c9278fe560a93f2e180	7. - pp.
2b045b27182a6fc594980aea74effe0ed7e8e939	18-24.
4a15de152af5b0cd35531661eecc49464b797b51	(unavailable link history) Китай China launched its first lunar satellite — MEMBRANA, October 24, 2007 ↑ Savage, Donald;
835f578ac62b300f22fb05e0c97c0fed0d39e5d7	Gretchen Cook Anderson.
1e5d6359b3be4960eadafa2bf3cf326c1837ccb2	NASA Selects Investigations for Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.
882f290d8a4230cc51f944c243d058e67440f009	NASA News (December 22, 2004).
98fb4f6977dff47e663ebc062a85165cfa6e58e3	Archived from the original source on March 16, 2012.
3d09c4ea2c5b65a80c0cc8829290d9e4e0b89dec	↑ Apollo 17 Lunar Module Landing Site (English).
4c59f606b5a8a5e2df95748b6e5f015f84973f56	NASA.
0d1f23ea7c42a010d5edd2b8b5eacd15d0604ffd	Archived from the original source on February 23, 2012.
c491ff4504821ed1fd4f833f9f64c6eac5f655d8	Sobolev I. LRO: the first results / / News of cosmonautics.
2ed3cdcfcdd58fd12c32dcf24a9731b00d52b056	- 2009.
f3f9053f042cbdb96addafb5aef1d262cef1faca	- T. 19.
d9f381d4172465de54c85c5924813f02a3b93cd1	— № 10 (321).
00a72e90a38e9610433196e106bf22f1d73ca0bd	36-38 — - ISSN 1726-0345. http://www.novosti kosmonavtiki.ru/.
e7211054f01a53e126f9af049669041331876e55	↑ "NASA has published a high definition PHOTO of the Moon, which shows the traces of astronauts and the landing site of the Apollo "http://www.newsru.com/world/07sep2011/fotomoon.html Jon Jonas Dino.
d7eeeb71bf75a901a0de20a11ca22acd4c3904a1	LCROSS Impact Data Indicates Water on Moon (English).
f4c416ffa82f49d9a9186acfc1a8b535375cb592	NASA (November 13, 2009). Verified on November 15, 2009.
8ae9e0e999227233e314ba5f62ef8693be151d21	Archived from the original source on February 9, 2012.
711f814e09b9aac5229cb2f290a5181eee559182	НА NASA discovered water in the crater of the moon.
314eaf61915230f7413e18018ad44127c8f1678b	Interfax (November 13, 2009). Checked on November 15, 2009.
7ae37172e313efd685139cb77e85db32076441c1	↑ The project is in the archive ↑ The official website (English) ↑ The database of NASA photo and video materials ↑ Is Opportunity near Lunokhod's distance record?
51fae1f554acac96b9a97daea900512f6b73f874	Not as close as we used to think!.
ee945382de50ed9c5afb7c3890fe833d887a2e51	The Planetary Society (June 21, 2013).
8e0b2dcc133d04daf1fa1218bc5ddcb1a11e837d	Verified on June 26, 2013.
d6bfba41ab91be495369a67da1d4279e9c153655	↑ Space rovers in record race.
b0910b2f14ac243773fba7dc1d9d370c9ac1f902	Nature News (June 19, 2013).
d36959be8a2e95c2ca0cd614660824dcb56cb726	Retrieved 26 June 2013.
ecd44c8f535a974af40114b7e3a13b9daa7e8bfd	(eng.)
315af38816051ede13dce7a12948d3506b0cb569	↑ Update: Spirit and Opportunity (24 June 2014).
0350de289dab5fcb7e1251b9c3ea7079ff64b141	Moscow: how many grams is the moon?
de9906f89883a365668d219232af7872ee328f09	//anomalniy mir.ru(not link) ^ a b the text of the agreement, in Wikisource ↑ Official website of the project "Constellation" (PDF).
7339e1a9f5a74b3e1dc52f01150d4ea9ce072a03	↑ NASA will roll the Shuttle flights and the moon // rian.ru ↑ Website NASAwatch.com: "Video: NASA JSC''s "Project M"".
10cb4c7754f0e9371a6cd753b17dc03c042c8cb9	Р RSN.
e84be3a67f50d4ffddda48f09f4191e84c213933	Russia has decided on the place of construction of interplanetary stations on the Moon (rus.).
d5743d6a59a3d1cd8bf6f8b07e354234b040feb8	Ytro.
a27dda3306560debda4a5c4da7d25a4d73c1f2dc	Ru (November 22, 2010). Checked on November 22, 2010.
edbb367b050b1891ce598feeac47a29c14e868a7	Ученые Scientists came up with the idea of plugging holes on the Moon with traffic jams (rus.).
6d7d58d164705e82fe3518395b03d63e900b5886	RBC (November 25, 2010). Verified on November 26, 2010.
d06823ee0b3ead2779a9e55eb90b88504b3dea0b	Россия Russia will search for water ice and volatile substances on the moon at a depth of half a meter (Russian).
c59e8a4f1fccfca8fcdb0adcc46eee3ac9bde179	Interfax (December 7, 2010). Checked on December 8, 2010.
58dd9ccc893abfd8ee6ceb78368d59bc691bdd94	The moon in Wiktionary?
3e9ca617f24fc8e35ff3e6f9c449e9b69fc69caf	The moon in the Wikicitatnik?
bf25b0fac781bd3b9f327b2ea069b5ec69203d6c	The moon in Wikitek?
22cee233599eec52923ae82265c8d220f0bb5fab	The moon on Wikimedia Commons?
4efd8fc4bc05793cbe6fce2f0ff57b1ebc5173a1	The moon in Vikinovosti?
31a96a039e92827d842f945ffb21485c6a6987a3	Theories and versions of the origin of the moon moon Phases moon Phases, the perigee and apogee, cover stars and eclipses Data on the moon (SAI) Burba G. Great Odyssey (a Popular article about the flights to the moon) Color photograph of the moon Pictures of the moon taken with ground based telescopes Google Moon with the photos and maps of the lunar surface Virtual Moon Atlas Software (GPL) (English). An interactive map of the moon (English).
8b2e6edf4c68404aafad93ffa8fa973e76976f3d	The history of lunar cartography
4ad6ffba170fc8b9da143ed5a47ecd7f5be96e8b	Lectures
82dcad5b24d4e857e91f3b0a2a79b03d000ea33c	"Water of the dry Moon" Shevchenko V. V., lecture at the Moscow Planetarium, 20.03.2013 (video)
bbbb9015365b4d0ef5146d44daeac6e2cd596098	Documentaries
0b1bac50051c118e55ee4747b1b57a47411e7457	"From the point of view of science: The Secrets of the Moon" (English Naked Science: Moon Mysteries) — popular science film, 2005, National Geographic "From the point of view of science: The Mysteries of the Moon" (English Naked Science: Moon Mysteries) — popular science film, 2007, National Geographic "From the point of view of science: The Settlement of the Moon" (English Naked Science: Living on the Moon) — popular science film, 2009, National Geographic "From the point of view of view of science: The Earth without the Moon" (English Naked Science: Earth without the Moon) — popular science film, 2010, National Geographic "Mining on the Moon" (English Mining the Moon) — popular science film, 2011, Discovery Battle for the Moon documentary, 2010, (Roscosmos TV Studio)
6464a8bc105813124aacaaf6462720f793a4488e	Geological structures (seas • thalassoids • craters (list) * circuses • calderas (English) • mountains • valleys • furrows • volcanic structures (English)) • Radiation systems (English) • Selenography • Visible Side • Reverse Side • South Pole * South Pole — Aitken Pool • Ice • Eternal Light Peak • Short term moons natural phenomena
ba770eacd9269beee58f7439d80376b90ab3c9a8	Satellites of the terrestrial planets
4a527ebc641e7b9fef7071f75627e96952cfd6e7	Satellites of Mars
0bf774bd49fe71ec184c896cf9d07b29db818549	Phobos • Deimos
758003ec7083f8ec7889d56b0db82ba3e8371588	Earth Satellites
0da9bd58b52f6653ac4d803e44a9daa9fbf8a513	Moon • Other hypothetical • Quasi satellites: (164207) 2004 GU9, (277810) 2006 FV35, 2013 LX28, 2014 OL339, (469219) 2016 HO3 • Temporary satellites in a horseshoe orbit: (3753) Cruitney, 2002 AA29, 2003 YN107 (from 1996 to 2006), 2015 SO2
c322affd96fdc806b169c65e8736a1f5b107b387	Satellites of Venus
d0896a5f7e5150c480845c57cec960b5dfac6846	Hypothetical moons of Venus • Quasi satellite 2002 VE68
80f08eef72ae6f905e2fa21e2804ddb3e79554c5	Moons of Mercury
97c40fdad3769a78a520f78279c7f41a64384a5f	A hypothetical satellite of Mercury
2f9876a77a79463c6dfba5d1748b26dce377acb8	Satellites in the Solar system
6336df128a31e5121550c7833677fad32d6a19a0	more than 4000 km
bf019680cc860c2591bc5a74ab2e7f425589597a	Ganymede • Titan • Callisto
d5b2f79caadf6370c31c7b5b5f45efbb4d663ada	2000-4000 km
582c6a8677a9c3ae9332d49f31fbe89472476430	Io * Luna • Europa • Triton
d2f0cab7f0f58cf69f8b54eb3fd34fed827018e1	1000-2000 km
815de3b1fb09ae14fb54a8666a262ed7cd693fb5	Titania * Rhea • Oberon • Iapetus • Charon • Ariel • Umbriel • Dione • Tethys
6a9262cbeefc079766e7cd49b96405404f2a587e	500-1000 km
d31b7c3773375eeb75ce94dfe60a747db270a6ff	Enceladus
549695f3c83af207d54cfd831755d7841606ef8a	250-500 km
a9b421a586541c2cf78b13995902f425b7691460	Miranda * Proteus • Mimas • Nereida • Ilmare • Hiiaka • Hyperion • Acteia • S/2010 (225088) 1 • Dysnomia
d72dc0bccdb55e05022f8e277dcb3aaffcd2827f	100-250 km
5d9b8550520ce1c001abbc0959069e07b579cb42	Phoebe * Larissa • Janus • Galatea • Namaka • Amalthea • Pak • Sycorax • Portia • Forky • Vant • Zoya * Taviscaron • S/2015 (136472) 1 • Epimetheus
ebff42609207e6bb047d8d964dcb336d3f3ba5f6	50-100 km
f50f039b3ebe0fc7f4820e1a3d04929895de22ab	Thebes • Juliet • Nikta • Prometheus • Elara • S/2000 (90) 1 • Thalassa • Pandora • Belinda • Cressida * Hydra • Rosalind • Caliban • Naiad • Desdemona • Galimeda • Pacife • Neso • Bianca • Veivot • Prospero
45caad9edd5b98602501f06eae985053a6d65a49	By planets
ee62869addb220c2f197b216b4e745dc7d695405	(and dwarf)
3a07206bc81710d7b680267a8b724ae1bc48d7cc	Mercury • Venus • Earth (Moon) • Mars • Asteroids • Jupiter • Saturn • Uranium • Neptune • Pluto • Haumea • Makemake • Eris • Candidates: (225088) 2007 OR10 • Orka • Kvavara
54253bdd52d979a6cba733da247ae2ead4caedcd	The Solar System (list of objects)
5eca884f14b95ceff4ae3c5cacf4bd5a7bec5c6f	The central star and the planets are the Sun • Mercury • Venus • Earth • Mars • Jupiter • Saturn • Uranus • Neptune
ea56f14f12617a64ac922ded09bcea9ad0686abe	dwarf planets
db92911b39b3e916d5174cfce3f77f2fc90c00d4	Ceres • Pluto • Haumea • Makemake • Eris • Candidates: Sedna • Orc • Kvavar • 2007 OR10 • 2002 MS4
0c0f0fe2ffe9ad14ca2a1155823b17250b47c9b6	large satellites
bb0bd5630ba4d52067f06694fa7ab5a9257cb46f	Ganymede • Titan • Callisto • Io * Luna • Europa • Triton • Titania • Rhea • Oberon • Iapetus • Charon • Ariel • Umbriel • Dione • Tethys • Enceladus • Miranda • Proteus • Mimas • Nereid
a1774092083a904b27151e959761e743e5355577	Satellites / rings
091622466f17ef32b31a0651463f215ade0a64e2	Land / ∅ • Mars • Jupiter / ∅ • Saturn / ∅ • Uranium / ∅ • Neptune / ∅ • Pluto / ∅ • Haumea • Makemake • Eris • Candidates: Orca • Kvavara
3fb3819b46f396b779d9849a001093cc33b659ec	The first discovered asteroids
0fa0028aeab80213234aa292e83d1b6aa4c247ea	(2) Pallas • (3) Juno • (4) Vesta • (5) Astrea • (6) Hebe • (7) Iris • (8) Flora • (9) Metis • (10) Hygeia • (11) Parthenope
a51177f85e24836142ae4d95ade621d89bbc7833	Small bodies
18d6d212f6a8fc55f83d6d7993d5fd72782c948f	meteoroids • asteroids / their satellites (near Earth * main belt · Trojan * centaurs) • Trans Neptunian (Kuiper Belt (plutino · cubivano) * scattered disk) * damocloids • comets (Oort cloud)
d5589f8ab153b781af870bdb2479b28cd523e3d5	Artificial objects
8d07aba1e3f8a4167c40408eeaab763eb4fcbede	artificial Earth satellites • interplanetary spacecraft
bc42f141b3270ba233e388c0a65af1a977b7e3ae	Hypothetical objects
74f6597c18470424e0a86bd4ec07e8dab6e97b13	Volcano and volcanoids • Mercury satellite • Venus satellites • other Earth satellites • Counter Earth (Gloria) • former planets Theia, Phaeton or Planet V • The Fifth gas giant • The Ninth planet, Tyuhe, Planet X and other trans Neptunian planets • Nemesis
60379f9bb03e8533c48d7b16068e1351a67f4914	Astronomical objects • Portal:Astronomy • Project:Asteroids
c6f9cb175f2e75e82fb1d1e6dbba1e210b75256e	Open Directory Project (English) · Open Directory Project (German) · Open Directory Project (Spanish) · Open Directory Project
c6492a348acd12a1d7bcafb5bcd937aac144f27a	Dictionaries and encyclopedias of the Bible · Brockhaus and Efron · Jewish Brockhaus and Efron · Small Brockhaus and Efron · Britannica
4048913be5fe05e0d587576f09ffd14632c3e21e	(onl
6e529d8a5caa77749f67e13f1ac2528e96bca177	Recent Entries Friends Archive Profile Add to friends RSS
6c759ddf1b2aea7f52ca7878810c352c7df530bb	sell off
eb04cf6d3adc75c01209ac70d62d2ddfbe8f4271	Where and how the moon appeared.
27afdfd83969ea11ffabb0572fcf09d058fbb17d	The first mention of the Moon.
ada9cc00dbee3f610150db1878757eb439de010c	sell off August 19th, 2016
8203f44406135be29af0436a6c0558de5f2cc4b0	The original is taken from Oliver Queen92 in Where and How the Moon appeared.
850dfeba792a199039915ba3309b41cb29450ac8	The original is taken from maypa pa in Where and how the Moon appeared.
f9bd3e1014018d11c18906ae36c86876f53fa875	Various ancient myths tell about the arrival of various creatures from the moon.
76bebb1e4a2ea61b0449cf1562c53cf091c06cc8	The clay tablets of the Hittites and the inhabitants of Babylon indicated the arrival of the Moon God, in China and Korea it was indicated that some golden eggs flew from the Moon, from which the lunar inhabitants came out.
12bb29e4eced5074d07c9a9cabcd69ec8ba6b11a	The strangest mention of the Greeks was when a strange creature in a metal skin fell from the moon, which was called the Nemean Lion.
dcc4d31e8ccfec499f83c65609f8579defd88c48	According to legend, he was killed by Hercules himself.
db48ca2b1c78879fcbc32288fcdbdcaaf8740a69	In the Egyptian book of Hathor, it was said that the Moon is a kind of all seeing eye that constantly monitors a person.
ce173348032d1ba8b5a5dd34573c5574ee02176c	So where did the moon actually come from?
4903b6960fe5b230f7aaf51f01f718ed9e79c472	What is known about the Moon at the moment:
67cbb521f4d1a894fb31b8f42bf9e8e38d81062c	The moon has a magnetosphere.
cf7b57b2ae8d3b310fb60ba5262325c11440c003	Satellites, as we know, cannot have their own magnetosphere.
d2cf31f2aafcfa427a8564cba6b7bd152ee844d3	So the Moon was previously a planet, or part of some destroyed one.
ed5b99df0b1b035ba830abc6c71e46cfb098dfcf	There are suggestions that the Moon may be part of Phaethon, perhaps even its core.
21134b2718fd09aa21134ee88aa8e8951b8d995d	Between Mars and Jupiter, there was previously a planet Phaeton, which was destroyed in a mysterious way.
a5ac0ec6e106117bdb7472d655c598c967fb8268	The moon is about 1.5 billion years older than our planet
024b48584d9ee149c1a1cb74d231a34d41af9f8c	Taking parts of the Moon's soil, scientists have conducted research and found that the Moon is much older than our planet, which seems incredible and crazy.
050381d967f4add3b16c134643cf0730ff31d08c	It is assumed that the Moon was captured by the attraction of the Earth, before that it was an independent planet.
8e2acfca2613ef24887442d3e7147fcd02152f6f	The composition of the moon is similar to that of Mars.
163960dfe0de2d58c55d8c14a0bf1c3b868616f6	There is an assumption that the Moon could have previously been a satellite of Mars, since their composition perfectly matches, unlike our planet.
6384565399a404da349844644482ce02461023e6	According to the theory of Littleton, an English scientist, 2 cosmic bodies made of the same building material should relate to each other by mass, as 1 to 9.
30600e8ebadcb484ead85266d6300a4f5763807a	The ratio between the Moon and Mars is 1 to 9.
1a8b3e22a90bbacf10127032eb14d50a09fad07f	The law of similarity, according to which all the planets in the Solar System are located, also confirms this fact.
74fad93b52a92b19220f6b06b747eb19ce72cf32	The time when the Earth did not have a moon.
6fd6793d1f45028f71579c5fd4c05f774a6b54ed	Legends about the Moon.
ad865b314d232b089297fd413c5662b6b3e79aca	In the ancient texts of the peoples of the world, it is written where this satellite came from the Earth.
33a4c4614c3c22ce18f403031e1c84f89966e071	The same thing is said everywhere that the Earth did not have a moon before and that it was dragged by the Gods after the great catastrophe.
46aa83daeec9824f46b468fd7fdd0319717bf8d1	(According to Greek legends) When the moon appeared, a great flood came to the Earth.
18343fcef6fbed9fb96b8a64c0f215093487328c	In the Egyptian temple of the goddess Hathor (Hathor), all the walls are painted with a calendar, which indicates all the troubles and catastrophes of our planet.
3e1fc9cfe367623cb8ca25589a57d54b33c74900	According to the transcripts, it was possible to find out that the Moon was attracted to our planet by certain Gods.
c620357d6532c32958ee2f8ea6180d092e951b1c	A new God appears, the One who is responsible for 5 additional days a year (perhaps the appearance of the Moon slowed down our planet and the number of days increased) At the same time, the tides appeared.
98cff6f2bdb0c73e60ed08dd46bdb99c90211925	The Egyptian God Thoth is also responsible for them.
54888b14eb2cfa362d3ec31a3bc2091467e6707f	It is written that the planet changed its orbit and changed the speed of rotation around the axis,and the Sun and Moon began to rise from different places.
4880d455a5b003d0076833eb84dcb93e2fd4315e	Different peoples were described a little differently.
40683e570262b557c02523e3088a67b382b6e5d7	For some peoples, the moon appeared from under the water,for others from under the water.
ed8d8af3f36cb50493eea8615d0527c25e14dfdb	After the flood, a certain rabbit appeared in many ancient drawings, this is how it was depicted, who plowed the land and sowed crops, and it is said that some mechanical machines helped him.
89f4a5e1b084ac6928569a776d1fc7016e78b3ea	Before the appearance of the moon, people lived for 10 thousand years.
bf95b4d562ff9b390b687963306bb0b5f5479b6c	The ancient chronicles say that people used to live for 10 thousand years.
bcd7e174b58f605e79497b8a115647bb43bf08ac	After the great catastrophe, people began to age faster,and the life time changed to 1 thousand years,but later this was also lost.
848e6543ce202a364ff445270b98e475ceb9a2ca	It means that either the year was less, or the conditions of the wound were more acceptable for our existence.
140f9123be8d1c19dc62f4196de53c75ea3bfe90	The moon as an interplanetary alien ship
8803f3940a19b8c843ae1df03750d21d9c997986	What does the back of the moon hide?
9345e84a881fe1928c01921d20d6b55ac179e10c	Apollo 11 in 1969, landed on the moon was met by a group of UFOs that landed on the other side of the crater.
4ca51fcff92965b0a661830b7bc5c59315d1a783	There were 3 objects. aliens in spacesuits landed from them.
cfefd10124620ae9378d0277290c643cca7be64e	The Mission Control Center has banned astronaut Neil Armstrong from leaving the Lunar Module.
4aa02427bc775dbd042186df74979a41c0464962	So he sat for 7 hours.
2093846b3ebb5ff3e73f818d2f8dce90848af4ef	After that, he violated the order and stepped on the moon,for which he will be removed from the space program later.
049555e21defcb5384effcda9212e7643e34e69d	Later, all the ships of the Apollo program will be accompanied by UFOs.
553d86b7d161ce960ad255f0f09da55a6d6db26a	These facts are recorded on the films of photos and videos.
938c894625de7f9dd5a6a85c187c2eb0b0d6df99	The planned Apollo program was abruptly interrupted, citing insufficient funding.
c7dad0c4c6de825896e9fa957e3ae9ac657f12e5	However, the Apollo 17,18,19 was paid for before.
f5b19b91cad0cb3647e63bfa0475fd32de2f5d6f	Why was the program curtailed anyway?
350f147503544e64009c12fe9ada3595cf0bafa0	What prevented Russia from attaching the Moon to its territory when the United States folded?
15f420527a1a38fb57c487cbd3ef9ea79e3dbb30	The next attempts to fly to the moon were almost all unsuccessful .
335a35da6d264ae5a850890051c998245d2748ab	Some unknown force seemed to prevent them from flying there.
491613cf0a7e3fd9c6e12474725d8edaa2b3419b	Strange flashes began to be recorded on the moon, strange objects were repeatedly observed, sometimes reaching 15-20 km in length.
c444e5c48e282daba4ce671ae1dfdcef769d00d4	They then descended into the lunar craters, then disappeared without a trace.
c4887b4228fe12a37767fcf78f56ddd14db9cddb	On the Moon, strange high frequency sounds are heard from the bowels of the Moon, Moonshakes occur, possibly caused by some mechanisms that are located in its bowels.
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4ef60e3c1e04d496ee509255fde803346acfc30b	Abstract: the article analyzes the problems associated with the unfavorable environmental background of the life of large cities.
752c78b0d983211d0369a689448664ec62119019	The growing population, rapidly developing industry and the cutting down of green spaces in favor of the development of transport routes are the main factors that worsen the atmosphere.
ba6875626597a1ccc4d1fdea661761c95105f07c	The authors of the article believe that the increase in the area of green spaces is a mechanism for partial stabilization of the situation.
d4e7ab7cf1ccf69b9b2e8affca1b871ef95d2141	In this regard, the project proposed by the director of the expert club of industry and energy, G. Afanasyev, is of great interest, which is not just a compromise between new technologies and environmental safety, but also their symbiosis.
eac0b0a0c663dfac50feb0d6a08dbc6d8d044e1d	The project involves the restructuring of the infrastructure on the basis of "living systems", which will undoubtedly improve the environmental situation of large cities, as well as increase the prestige of Russia on the world stage.
70ba582665ed5e9748b0f8d4ca91c4cb7eb07c17	The most acute issue of our time is the problem of the deteriorating environmental situation caused by the rapid development of industrial production, accompanied by emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, wastewater and soil.
20bb1404532d634a0af39736e1ebc971a74e3d3b	"Bad" ecology, in turn, leads to an exacerbation of chronic diseases and to a decrease in the immunity of the population, thereby generating a deterioration in the gene pool of nations.
5d3efb48485b2621ccea61734cbc39cd6d654de0	According to G. Afanasyev, in order to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the environment and the energy needs of the population, it is necessary to introduce new technologies for the construction and energy supply of residential buildings.
7069acf64a83669c4b635df3f12bd12004acb890	The project can be implemented in three stages:
3fc1675475f869eadbbf8514c956eb6d64b7b8ee	Construction of the first generation of houses with reduced energy supply (25-90%).
fc8f1f8ce8c37674f6c79cf260adfe2424c64c0f	Houses with a reduced energy supply are buildings that partially depend on the city's energy supply.
059bcbe1f40106de2a530ecffb4043d07d66c861	The concept of a building with a zero energy balance is based on the idea that a building can meet all its energy needs at the expense of inexpensive, geographically accessible, environmentally friendly, renewable energy sources.
69d0f622b6cca71ee1fee856248f62e346e60b6b	At the same time, the amount of renewable energy generated must be equal to or exceed the annual energy consumption of the building.
5bb4f8bc5e479f24150301664800079f7bf56ab3	If the building's own energy production does not cover the energy consumption of the building for some period, traditional energy sources such as electricity and natural gas are used.
c9f170fc1652ab934e628bc662237f91c3e3373a	During the period when the own production exceeds the needs of the building, the excess electricity is exported to the external power system or their local storage is organized.
89c6ebb08223f4cce2424a3940ee595b0ea3a243	Depending on the goals facing the designer, there are several types of buildings with a zero energy balance.
c0c5784098727707c2533079a78ffeb4c69fed81	In the first four variants, the building is connected to an external network, using "green" energy from various renewable energy sources:
0927ec5b6c718c3052509d4413ee1defd9866d74	Today, there are a number of programs in the world that stimulate the construction of buildings with a zero energy balance.
75c95d4567c5748b76784ec93c76e2ded36197f2	Construction of the third generation of houses - "active houses".
8bc129ccc33dbdb2f47d6b795288e19ee584aee8	An active house, that is, a house with a positive energy balance, a house according to the "energy plus" standard is a building that produces energy for its own needs in more than sufficient quantities.
178ce210f91835e56316670a6af2914eed83f70d	The total annual energy consumption is positive, in contrast to a low-energy house.
8fd5c71e0a4aadc86a1e106640a2dd62f14b09a7	This project will significantly reduce the mass consumption of energy.
e5d53155b04e5264bf04cf6eadc7912c711e880d	However, the revolution should take place not only due to new technologies and alternative energy sources, but also due to "green construction" - increasing the area of green spaces that can improve the air in large cities.
5aa41996af70e8d77d8c424785f22d5aa7c97aeb	"Green construction" (construction using strong natural materials, many of which are capable of decomposition) as a necessary stage of the project, it offers an increase in the number of houses, the impact of the results of their functioning on the environment is minimal.
f317f60e425395daab8496071165ce6d5c80aa4d	The city project in the park belongs to the now popular theme of "smart city" and "creative city".
68f65086a3419ded660d013a5c845546c754e99d	The essence of the project is to create an urban infrastructure based on living systems.
924a74296cd5e6769742d01f86e517119ffb0210	Specially built urban biocinosis will significantly change the life of the city for the better.
9d22b9c2074e4e3a7415c083376e955c7d9b213e	We are not talking here about decoration, the function of which is currently, for example, parks, which are a small outlet, an oasis among the concrete and iron dead infrastructure.
639ad9e23f614d93af190778a61bdba719dc34e4	The task is to rebuild the infrastructure of the urban environment itself and make it the basis of living systems.
69c973fdcedcb2e4fa80b49d3d038be93ce5ecd6	Another obvious example: urban roadsides can be planted with grass, but not with grass that is sown anew every year, but with a culture that is really stable in the conditions of our strip, akin to grass that grows independently, for example, along highways.
8163569615cfad11e32848e8e41141fa1e52a3ec	This grass is not mown, very low-growing, creating a dense canopy that does not allow the earth to collapse and wash out, pollute roads, form dust.
7fdf383c4b4f1e8348d096fbb5c94f64362cea8b	No one studied it, did not think about how to transfer it to all the roadsides.
4a39cc46c0a79cf92a11abba8c579c916836c36a	Another example is vertical landscaping in cities, especially in the central part.
3f9a9352fb6c519942cc950586c2754c38cf5730	Such an infrastructure move will allow to saturate the air with oxygen, the lack of which is obvious with the existing percentage ratio of the oxygen producer to its consumer.
bc3c13d8beff7ad052ce402351bd3de4af59c06a	At the moment, there are several types of climbing crops that can survive the winter in our conditions, but they are still not used.
3b25c197c09f63c0b780856afe88883d35cd8e65	Such crops include Far Eastern grapes, hops, which can cover the walls of buildings with a solid, durable carpet of vegetation.
b95d5db75c289f9f195eb15fe7c2545d4e500c68	Instead, they plant decorative annuals in baskets – the most inadequate solution of all possible.
d9e16cefc7b61c58d595133b9a50511cdaab1a13	Until now, a yard is considered good if it is a completely flat, regular-shaped area, and if this is not the case by nature, then a lot of effort is spent on leveling the surfaces.
f932f6d65189164c1c12bab87f870146b67b342b	"City in the Park", like all smart city solutions, have a serious commercial component.
9200f4a494ca605d4e154c1cbfef8c76c8d473ae	For example, the "starter culture" for compost on the Russian market is represented exclusively by foreign manufacturers, a small share is taken by the supplies of Irkutsk manufacturers, despite the fact that there is a science city, a biological center recognized worldwide in the country.
5d898843d227cabbd093bf375ab132933d84b354	The problem of waste disposal is also relevant: the soil, water and atmosphere of cities are polluted not only due to industrial emissions, but also due to the presence of mass landfills, which are growing exponentially every year.
d12195bedb3b53726332e00ebc0ff6a3d83d005b	To reduce the waste of" vital activity "of cities, it is necessary to introduce "living systems", according to the principles of which water and air purification, mass recycling of garbage waste and the production of resources will be carried out.
4ef671e07ea26bbae087465d633ef3879bfc8655	Thus, composters for public and home use will help "cleaning" companies to profitably and efficiently collect and" recycle " waste, including with the help of microorganisms (lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria and yeast) that can process up to 90% of garbage into compost [Afanasyev, 2013].
5b74df32e43ed352abe9f0c9ea1a00a8d8c20a2e	Another possible way out of the situation is "Food Forest".
3088d0a892bb6ab48e1f372e40fd0ec4f19ab60a	"Food Forest" is a gardening method that simulates a forest ecosystem.
ce07ad581d9c656a268c01cebcc4e573d3549e8c	The concept of this project is that a person is required to create a territory, and not for its direct permanent maintenance.
ea4c4aeb4c718b7fe5c5d5115bfba17ad078740d	That is, this system, like a forest, develops independently without human intervention, but instead of ordinary trees and shrubs, fruit-bearing crops grow there, which will reduce dependence on imported products from outside if natural conditions allow growing certain crops [Afanasyev, 2013].
af552a5e5351c162bf7067dda831ae56271d8157	"Food Forest" involves the cultivation of garden and fruit crops, as "horticultures".
588019688057d3b38f82cf0254b5637757ee52af	We are talking about the simultaneous cultivation of trees, shrubs, flowers, vegetables and fruit crops that together make up a single complex.
75e2e0b22275e17db9e9959ad13e6dfc99b59e4c	"Horticulture" forms a different environment in which the park will be not just flowers and flower beds with benches, but will also include berry bushes, independent biocenoses, urban vegetable gardens.
baf1d94c507834c78ef3c4f93d595578b63a2f17	We are talking about creating a designed biocenosis in which certain animals, insects, and microorganisms coexist and develop an order of magnitude more difficult, unlike lifeless parks [Afanasyev, 2013].
7d935269a54fbd975145762ec181bf480bbc45dc	Another element of the project is "SimbioCity "(symbio – from symbiosis – "symbiosis", and city – "city"), designed to ensure the mutually beneficial existence of urban systems, to achieve synergy, with less energy consumption, while simultaneously reducing the harmful impact on the environment.
2f21b9961b51503161727421f7bda94d1fa94d70	The system includes a lot of engineering solutions, both in terms of bioenergy, and in terms of water and heat supply.
02407aee352e7764eb0d336d3da3caf3bdab3ae4	The total effect of saving resources can reach 80% [Sokolov, 2013].
9a9b2bf1cfce2f64970e175b93b2e83d18126ca1	The construction of solar houses also contributes to reducing the energy consumption of the urban population.
e3eb2278830a715ce455588f98f65d789bf7fd22	Solar houses are specially designed buildings that make maximum use of sunlight for heating and cooling tasks of the building, implemented due to the geometry of walls and windows.
01588b24ef44ebee15bb64fc4f9e614c2c392b72	An interesting, original and at the same time environmentally justified means of decorating buildings is vertical landscaping of facades.
d532bbc38b66ad79bca7a0edf72b91de1adf6b60	With the help of plants, you can get a stunning decorative effect, which is especially important where there is a constant shortage of space for planting plants, whether it is a country house with a small plot or urban residential and public areas.
1bb23e37b0bb003acdf87a48633c98ec10afc51d	The use of vertical landscaping of facades helps to regulate the thermal regime of the interior of buildings, makes it possible to disguise outwardly unsightly buildings and create optimal microclimatic conditions – reduce noise, wind strength, increase humidity, create shade, enrich the air with oxygen, absorb harmful gases and dust.
a0357ebaa4ad2626c0d6cfe2bbd2375e9d8e99af	In addition, vertical gardening has a positive emotional impact and can safely compete with the already familiar indoor flowers and winter gardens.
ef2e3d36d24ad97e60abe00c787e893d86ddfaee	Recently, vertical landscaping of facades is increasingly used in large cities.
a6600106a2117935a23b95f00ed8085065d90e09	Where buildings made of glass, concrete, plastic and stone occupy most of the urban development, and there are practically no places for environmental comfort zones.
aea9679d457079aa091521af5fc3aa1156c46259	The extensive method of landscaping the roof is the simplest.
74895eefbc2cad747623fd5ec5428cfd6e04cd93	It is often used on the roofs of industrial enterprises.
40eefd259d52e2a04a4696ca1579299219dc9a02	This method is used to green the roofs of garages, gazebos, terraces and various outbuildings.
c6a442f838d0a2f90010ae35b15e558ff4d89aff	At the same time, people are not supposed to have access to such a roof.
dcb1ea60216070f198c52f1136a5d31152c69cc7	For such a lawn on the roof, landscape designers select plants that require minimal care.
811d94f05f779b876c1173d519420487a748cdb8	Over time, other types of plants and even birds take root on the roof.
e74b11863ba5a0717bb4ec757fee7836f62c697a	Intensive landscaping of the roof imposes serious restrictions on the construction of the building.
84bc35e73fb349014d7bcb5462336bbe8240f4f6	Gardening in this way allows you not only to contemplate the green lawn on the roof of the house, but also to relax on it.
bee68c0f7c3cc6accaaa6e714fc3c1c1dba50fe4	A real garden with reservoirs, fountains, lush flower beds, paths is arranged on the roofs, and an automatic irrigation system is designed [14].
fd92df6ccad51ad232cd238cc07336f448814f71	The main advantages of landscaping roofs: Improving the environment; The vegetable layer of the garden reduces harmful electromagnetic radiation, protects the roof from ultraviolet rays, serves as an additional insulation of the roof, protects it from mechanical damage; The slow evaporation of water from the plant layer increases the humidity in the garden. The temperature regime of the upper floors of the building is changing – the microclimate is improving, - it becomes much cooler in summer, and warmer in winter – reducing summer electricity consumption; Dustiness decreases, vegetation catches dust, this effect is enhanced when watering and moistening plants; Noise-proof properties of the garden; There is a favorable psychological effect of people's contact with nature-a warm, living grass roof, flowers, trees and shrubs; The comfort of housing on the top floor increases, which also entails an increase in its cost; Improving the living conditions of people of different categories, their comfortable rest, improving their health; Improving the aesthetics of the building itself and the city as a whole[15].
cfc84bbbc845c7660264f8b3f09fa825c0b8a5a8	If the architecture of the houses does not allow the use of vertical landscaping, it is possible to use mini parks.
5a3947842b9ca0928394d2da9290367c08fc04e3	Mini parks (otherwise "pocket parks") are parks of a very small area located on the side of the carriageways of urban highways, bus stops, car parks, etc.
195c10b8d4b7e76897c1988255ac014036b34e01	Ecological parking is widespread all over the world.
fc5afe8a870be0102e39a6750ef3c8bc9f3f9ac2	Their main purpose is to preserve the ecological environment by ensuring movement.
97b06f6d87c0dca41b4c4f39b0d831495650c8df	On the scale of megacities, where “natural lungs” are actively being reduced, eco-parks have become a kind of salvation.
38f21db2641d57b1269e59dd3fa61145b1237bc0	Eco-parking is a construction technology that allows you to achieve comfortable living conditions for a person in harmony with nature.
11af4c4347c8cf4e97d3f775a4f5238ea86b31cd	In 20-30 years, Ukrainians will be able to move to round houses that will independently walk, swim and fly from place to place.
b6d9a3d2ef9e14863a475dffa4e61ce3b313e6d8	If you are not satisfied with a nomadic lifestyle, you can settle in the crowns of trees, in capsules under the waters of the Dnieper or termite burrows.
93faa6fc585270b6b7bc54b08c42b470117fef7a	All this is a fantasy of the architects who presented the ecopolis project, which they want to build on the banks of the Dnieper River between Dnepropetrovsk and Zaporozhye.
1fd53ce2adf1da9f4c8e479f027c2e7e7e4f0ecc	According to the architects, the ecopolis will consist of a system of 18 mini-cities located along the rapids of the Dnieper, between Dnepropetrovsk and Zaporozhye (two cities on the left and right side of the Dnieper opposite each of the thresholds).
82b039c14648eae03ee2e4c10dc5109d9fad852c	Each city will have no more than 25 thousand inhabitants.
f55dd03ee61f1c0169649d78ca7cc076884dd5e2	The authors explain the choice of location by the fact that the Dnepropetrovsk rapids have unique energy capabilities and have a beneficial effect on the entire surrounding ecosystem, including on human health and intellectual development.
86aa506b5078e50482d7035b3c95fc7d3186d9ce	The developers plan that the buildings of the "city of the future" will be able to freely mix in space and reformat inside to solve a particular problem.
bd12676dc0e09c5db9d6cada5b31005e3770098f	Moreover, the designers claim that such technologies can seem fantastic only to uninformed people.
abb19298509be7bb4558fd10860fa8f002bf5eb4	Scientists and researchers who will be engaged in breeding livestock and agriculture, studying the interaction of the earth and space, hydrology, and the lithosphere should become residents of the ecopolis.
0d0707a071c02e3d415b41ee382f67f0c5fd3ff7	It is also planned to create a large health center here.
3aeeca62a2d0c8cd22741218717fc4eb30ae98c5	According to V. Vorobyov, next month 200 specialists of various fields will start working on the project: teachers, designers and students from various universities and design institutes in Dnepropetrovsk and other cities of Ukraine.
c286f58f5cc4c2269583576b61f27afd3f4ccede	"Several teams are already conducting research on the territory of the future ecopolis, studying the soil, biophysical factors, historical parameters.
6d330180abce21211e052d4da66997debde182ea	The authors of the project are not confused by comments about the expediency of creating such eco-cities between two large industrial centers, on the bank of the Dnieper River, carrying the waste water of hundreds of enterprises.
d8ed468f30aa364334f5d644b71166b13a4f4519	And the energy centers of the ecopolis (thresholds) are flooded today, which, according to critics, calls into question their "unique impact".
815d3c75497028dba2867d74bad234b9ef16404d	Landscaping of the territory due to mobile landscaping allows you to place the necessary number of square meters of landscaping on small areas of urban space, use surfaces and territories that were not previously used for organizing green spaces.
2218a0f009457c16dbd6c86e057864d8a8fd8f32	Mobile mobile gardening systems can be elements of landscaping.
8d9d7e8f7a7559287a41b0230cfc47d5a7a01628	Like small architectural forms, they bring diversity to the urban environment.
97284a56462268bce961f5dcaf11178602f20dde	Mobile gardening systems are a means of realizing the accessibility of green spaces for the population of large cities.
1592106562ee8abb1c52baf2ce5a2b995b4a89e9	Properly placed mobile landscaping systems are able to perform utilitarian, aesthetic and sanitary roles, as well as diversify the urban environment, making it individual and compositionally attractive.
01f6abab3b8b954cdae6819cd7ce7b688c263b99	Measures to improve the environment, landscaping, greening of cities and populated areas are now becoming more and more relevant.
ad32b0baf9aa7b28e7ce6c43538d90db4399a2f3	The green spaces (garden and park complexes and individual sections) of a modern city are most often combined into a dynamically interconnected system.
615f5c5cecb6ec3b7aef6188de05ae0c119193c1	The importance of natural nature in the greening of the city, the formation of its external appearance, the increase in areas for green spaces, the creation of new parks, squares, boulevards, forest parks is increasing.
2179d881a711e6b4db3380405394bb8a2a7e4484	Modern requirements for the architectural and planning organization of environmental comfort zones are determined by the tendency to search for proposals for new solutions to green areas, and most importantly-to solve the problem of lack of space in the urban space for the placement of such zones.
c4350b9a1dd42361a7f6da54876f92d6624db9c4	The issue of organizing environmental comfort zones against the background of the dynamic development of the city will become increasingly relevant.
cbe8af9de180fa537bfb90ecd8486cb809ceb475	It seems that the project of G. Afanasyev, if fully implemented, can dramatically change the appearance of cities.
ed4621c8c2d127ef58f3a96566d9301e3489c31c	At the same time, for the full functioning of such "smart cities", it is necessary to develop the skills of "eco-friendly life", which represents active developmental and educational work with children, starting from kindergarten.
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ce04bbdf1294d89a951a8c76f258859cbe3de625	About buildings with a "zero" energy balance and plans to" reset " abroad
b526f922d8cb0c4b27a60bb82e74ff49c158fce6	More on the topic: Administrative buildings
78e89008c01a69f2d9e59eddfd5a009556f98a7a	The article published on the AVOC website provides the basic principles and concepts applicable to buildings with a "zero" energy balance.
0f2b000e7fbef5696b6c87ceb945c062209943fc	It should be noted that, according to European experts, about half of all energy consumption in the EU countries is accounted for by buildings.
00c3903c418ea1402d720806dc388013d3901fbe	This is the price of the issue.
ed0abe2c3d6c804030c25c2d2bf0bfdcf2b77d84	Both for us and for Europeans.
1646f34544d5b6394caa34960e6a46b5917b6c3e	Academician Yu.
d0b1724d79f3780f2be33aa4a406365952786a8d	A. Tabunshchikov: "An energy efficient building is the result of the skill of an architect and an engineer.
c3b0f24041fffed3e8948bce429fdfe3a73d227e	When designing an energy efficient building, the architect solves the problem of using the positive energy influence (impact) of the outdoor climate in the best possible way and neutralizing the negative influence of the outdoor climate on the thermal balance of the building as much as possible.
ca5c66926e073a5cf364bcbe2cff07dad25a7d1c	At the same time, the engineer solves the problem of organizing a building climate control system that provides the required indoor microclimate parameters with the least energy consumption.
956ff87521c1fdb385e6b37cfe1f19811c5ea571	It is extremely important perhaps this is the most important idea for the construction of the XXI century nature is not a passive background of our activities: as a result of our activities, a new natural environment can be created that has higher comfortable indicators for urban planning and is at the same time an energy source for the climate of buildings."
3e518d16e0aee0e6268e73d959c6d005fb3569b5	Written in 2001, these words are implemented in today's ambitious plans and projects, which is confirmed by the statement of the President of ASHRAE, Mr. Gordan Holness (Gordon V. R. Holness): "The ultimate goal of our strategic plan "To create a sustainable future based on the reconstruction of our past" is to create buildings with zero energy consumption (Net Zero Energy Building) and, accordingly, reduce our impact on environmental pollution."
ff60ba4b0afda165dd22fa76a16815cd0977fc60	It is impossible to achieve the goal of creating a building with zero energy consumption only by increasing the level of thermal protection of the building and improving heating and ventilation systems.
d9cb6c2d8a75efbd3af87c964c02731de66c93f5	This goal can be achieved only as a result of the joint creative work of the architect, engineer, researcher and nature itself, based on the optimization of the orientation and shape of the building, the use of daylight and natural ventilation, the use of heat pumps and renewable energy sources, etc.
ba58b97783724473631bde05aafd73ec814645cb	The term "Net Zero Energy Building" is widely used in the modern international community and has an ambiguous interpretation.
cf0af86053620c8c950f60fb66a2ba7ebd4f7954	Let's try to figure out what is meant by this term – a building with a zero energy balance (or a "zero" building).
4e227aefcbdd28a09dd25a772fbd7e27cc43799c	Formation of a "zero" energy balance.
a7f6506de827be3e0d69e486e22af7c319254d31	Examples of events
25689989526543c4e19f8d0bc38748f78ec13bca	Reduction of energy consumption due to the use of architectural and engineering solutions Orientation and shape of the building, daylight, high efficiency HVAC equipment, natural ventilation, evaporative cooling, etc.
b23ed688d7e597f8fbdf383167d9adcc60a43deb	Use of renewable energy sources located in the building Solar panels, solar water heating systems and wind power plants located directly on the building
f3d43be341727e6d8e04b6dd7f5e3e0028ab9c3f	Use of renewable energy sources located on the territory adjacent to the building
f64681e8b897c35e28ce2751f259f18ae914bce8	Solar panels, solar water heating systems, hydro and wind power plants located on the territory adjacent to the building
ce533be55bc84d53b24b4ff51c15b5d4fc80e40b	Use of renewable energy sources located outside the territory adjacent to the building
16ce6df2400287c074101fc96923523639e041a3	Biomass, wood fuel pellets, ethanol or biodiesel
22b5c936b26c89943fe655c5c08c5f201b69f1b0	Purchase of energy from third party renewable sources
1b15a4f8bfde4bc06dd88a90009c6c86162f08fa	Purchase of energy from solar, wind power installations of third party specialized systems or the use of other "green" energy purchase schemes.
765a4d7786f352bd2e7c80fcf032168e3f822e85	Sometimes hydroelectric systems are used
589953403e31c74d9a20c13d45868bfe907c0c14	Sale or storage of excess electricity
f23d2a6f78ac498b0e7ec7c41e55b61d554c087e	Excess electricity is exported to an external power system or its local storage is organized
04b6062bbc4b65478c0c4978aa9fbcb0aec38195	Buildings with zero energy balance.
c05bafdb56031bb64da1f1d1861f60118932c605	Concept
d49eb013c876a81dab26a7d0217509257b2b3b3b	For a building with a zero energy balance, various technologies are available for supplying energy from renewable sources (solar panels, heating water with solar energy, using wind energy, hydropower and biofuels), which are certainly preferable to traditional energy sources.
8d0ad292452e8e194703b6ec86c1a3b22e9b7087	At the same time, renewable energy sources can be located inside the building and on the adjacent territory (for example, solar panels and solar water heating systems located on the roof of the building, and solar or wind energy systems located on the territories adjacent to the building).
a7c8ec30a7c931ffa042ed3929b0473bfb184e34	The main measures that affect the reduction of energy consumption of the building and aimed at achieving a zero energy balance of the building are shown in the table.
15c858579a17a2e9a72fb3674d71c58b4e6e7d83	The" zero " building at the location.
bd1e050559533b2ce608775ed652d90366638147	The territory where the building is located produces at least as much "green" energy as the building consumes during the year.
a15de3aadd29b0d3f172d88b39c814fb7041ef6a	During periods when there is not enough of its own energy from renewable sources, the building consumes energy from the grid and, if there is an excess of its own energy, exports it back to the grid.
2456e7dcc7d7f851abc47212218540eed8647649	This type can be considered the gold standard of buildings with a zero energy balance.
77cfdec8abba4e743532316e2de489f857b14328	When designing it, innovative technologies are used, all the necessary calculations are made directly on the spot and dependence on external factors is minimized.
445f8ecfd1d46d910a1f0ca3611f930a78f19909	This type of building is interesting for owners who pay great attention to the cost of energy supply.
619083d0c1afcf409bae620f1f4aa0993ec5ff04	The building is" zero " in terms of resources.
30922d0dd5e9800254df02197bbff779c3df3877	The energy source of the building produces at least as much initial energy as the building consumes during the year (calculated for the source).
d26367eeb06584197520865a66cfd9a6c8c41ae2	The source energy is the primary energy spent on the production and delivery of energy to the building.
4ac2afc6b5f5278381383ffd178c8035cdd35bb1	To calculate the total initial energy of the building, the imported and exported energy is multiplied by the corresponding conversion coefficients of the source site.
2ec24aa30a3c536cbcf30211dcfdaeed89aa718d	This type of building is interesting for government agencies that set the task of reducing the consumption of primary or fossil energy.
b447ac8e4112f91a0a65b582cd6aac7367d8bb52	The building is "zero" in terms of energy consumption costs.
4361c4b5bbe61dd22b4b911ef1b6c91e1989d555	The money that the energy sales company pays to the owner of the building for the energy exported by the building to the energy system is at least equal to the amount that the owner of the building pays to the energy sales company for energy services and energy used during the year.
5ec9d03b47c0a6a8215c262cce8ba14fbc137d14	This type of building is interesting for owners who are interested in reducing the energy consumption of the building from the point of view of the requirements of energy supply organizations.
0bf8da500678ae878f3144b0c00ed4c5cd7a921a	The building is" zero " in terms of emissions.
0c82a5645061d956803663b5fa87905f66caa836	The building produces at least as much energy from renewable sources without atmospheric emissions as it uses from sources with atmospheric emissions.
5b73a4b1b0386543023be9038334e6886a9a7b7a	This type of building is interesting for organizations that control environmental pollution and are interested in reducing atmospheric emissions.
ff84e17f986da2f1a2431bb21af9b532e915901c	"Zero" autonomous building.
185b469a4d6608565b5d23c612bbda83ef07a8c5	A building that produces at least 75% of the energy it needs from renewable sources.
6dbfe6e77dd5a2a00bdaa1fd3642f027bf24188d	The term "zero" autonomous building is used for those buildings that operate outside the general network and cannot be attributed to one of the types listed above.
0ae826af0343af48a41e37881d54eb2e3af79f84	A building with a zero energy balance can simultaneously belong to several types.
f3a303db99123bfafc4805a076cb041739fe597a	For example, a building that is" zero " in terms of location is almost always "zero" in terms of emissions.
1bc89a2ede1dc755685df535150d5d0e64d0f44f	Main features
7dfc63f6e2c831e38e1f087e16db1401409c45ea	All constructed buildings with zero energy balance have a number of common features and characteristics.
4365936349274d120169c9683eca009344e44146	Small size
8e26839a1f73e10c4a4f13c569a747a7a58dd79c	One or two storey buildings with an area of less than 1,400 m2.
903de1746f3f6e082cb60651a86cb7927dcc02da	According to experts, this trend indicates rather that the concept of a "zero" building is still at the development stage, and not that a building of this type can only be of a small size.
46e1b59b43bef521d2d01bbf008ac2c049e40ff3	However, there is no doubt that the size and especially the shape of the building are an important factor in achieving a zero energy balance, since they affect the degree of use of the directed action of the outdoor climate and the amount of energy production required from renewable sources.
748c3b27e405c2234a4bb25c5b8ed2bb34e31801	Energy efficiency
512c89efd6a7dbdc8844294338ff63ecabbc52c7	The better a building is designed in terms of energy consumption, the less energy it is necessary to produce or buy for its needs.
3994b99fee4f0af9e97b5e3df5633d2e10e0eb34	The main methods for achieving maximum energy efficiency of a building are the following:
71bbd6e20bd432152164c57d2f4933fa3c5ec25d	Reducing the load.
a0ec30955a6e7b4e34cf4233281424d51e1e5d50	It is necessary to minimize the entire load on energy consumption and eliminate unnecessary loads.
fa47f6dacb01ce98aba2945d90860d21a675fa51	The efficiency of the systems.
6f6d1c66720cefbbe5f6149aeaac0be73528f7cf	The remaining necessary load should be used as efficiently as possible.
ca2c14392a6b7b63541b9b4e0db5b2c5f942236e	Optimization of both the entire energy supply system of the building as a whole and its individual components is required.
b9d308ec86e28ff6ff23ca1e19b00406c2c3fda0	Regenerativeness of systems.
e22927f82bc30ad57c4ef327862624d5c6351e09	It is necessary to use waste energy as efficiently as possible (heat from the removed ventilation air, heat from the sewage system, etc.).
57ba5baca31acb157e4ab7ab0edb287ce77f8a0f	The use of renewable energy sources.
b94a8577a03c081d90fec312a81083d7df1599d4	One of the most significant factors for improving energy efficiency is the fact that in parallel with increasing the efficiency of ventilation, heating, air conditioning and lighting systems, it is necessary to pay attention to reducing the consumption of electricity by household electrical appliances.
1dc00e2c4bda3a9d16e374c491f8b128e5bc6283	Therefore, to achieve a zero energy balance, a careful selection of the most energy efficient electrical appliances is necessary.
48b3da748b31d093b53cae49b0a3b849fc442918	Design and operation of a building as a unified energy system
5f131ff01859f369ec9121a167aff1aaf7a077c7	The creation of a building with a zero energy balance is possible only if all participants in its construction and operation from contractors, engineers and architects to owners work closely with each other and pursue a common goal.
3a026470487b70e54ffcc971b6c623aa171999c4	Moreover, even people who live in the building and use its equipment and household appliances should actively help in achieving this goal.
872e9cf095e3cb96126b2d1596f7935344f65318	Generating energy from renewable sources directly in the building
2a6b80ab03df79a123c64b8800eca9d0cac8a5fc	The generation of energy from renewable sources located in the building provides the greatest stability of the functioning of engineering systems.
c2a5d35ab287ce0b1b0c29d17b8f315efaaadd30	If there are available external producers of solar or wind energy, the building owner may have a desire not to rush to develop his own renewable energy and increase energy efficiency.
c98e81f9ea4dd99461304e80e07046ffcfe9a6db	However, the purchase of energy from solar and wind power installations of third party specialized systems does not lead to an incentive for energy saving.
422e34b09dc1b54839c6fa248bf6222cdf5ff0e5	In addition, "external" power plants may eventually have a more profitable client for them.
5e375fec8d2717aa6eea23bdcf61eaac5eb17bfa	Integration with a common power grid
a2f2118ff4ce3d197c8bdc44f4abbb8ff128ccdc	Buildings with a zero energy balance are very beneficial for utilities, since they (buildings) use less energy, thus reducing the load, and produce additional electricity during peak hours.
3ac07b9e36849ef67b2d231af1df9fd44f4155a4	For the owners of such a building, it is cheaper and more convenient to be connected to the network than to be autonomous, since in the latter case it is necessary to independently develop expensive energy storage technologies.
a105a2c165d74932d3f36ddfb83e71b9bf5ee5f3	The need for monitoring and control
2304193e673bb9a327f40bbbd831f4424129e751	In a building with a zero energy balance, it is necessary to constantly monitor and control.
134f15ffa2cdc1d066459a08bcddc183c3d78dfe	This is mainly necessary for the timely identification and correction of problems in the systems.
c1d764795b888d633b9eacbc4ffae3843ff81a1f	Also, building owners who share monitoring information contribute to the development of knowledge by providing up to date information.
6cfda9f3aa50156219c4a1580e08a25b3ccaadc9	This information helps to reduce future risks and speed up the process of constructing new "zero" buildings.
a624c2876a2126715a1ac3312dab66609b9df023	Interesting fact
977111e950ea5bf2cda4f075d6bdb8614d019c91	Some US states and cities have adopted rules for access to solar energy, according to which the right to use a natural resource – solar energy – is a property right.
8406eae0460fe451f9ef58a11ebafcbeb57ebffa	For example, in the city of Boulder, California, the rules guarantee access to sunlight to all homeowners and tenants.
e8d528ee6db999ad62ac22ad33537089d586144d	This rule protects the right of access to sunlight for existing buildings, limiting the shadow that new developments can throw on neighboring buildings, and preserving the possibility of using renewable energy systems in buildings.
5c2598a601cbcadb7869b71384a54587be0e9f70	Prospects for the construction of "zero" buildings
8a4ba6f98570e6346ff4c84b3540c574f87b0a23	According to the European resolution from 2009 to 2019, all newly constructed buildings will have to produce as much energy as it consumes.
b1bb7684c6547cf8b19712f2b487d94ab258752b	Also in 2009, the Massachusetts Group for the Study of Buildings with zero Grid Energy Consumption released a report detailing the strategy for the worldwide introduction of "zero" building technologies by 2030.
a97f1722152ed39b5b8b14e2fee9cc53f5f80ce0	According to the Long term Energy Efficiency Strategy of the State of California adopted in September 2008, it is actively recommended to switch to the construction of all residential buildings as "zero" by 2020, and public buildings by 2030.
987710eefeab7884368a660e89a92203363e8ad6	The US Department of Energy's Net Zero Energy Commercial Building Initiative (CBI) aims to ensure the commercial attractiveness of the construction of "zero" buildings in all climatic zones by 2025.
966fa99a5f654744b08eded9cb446c139ada8391	Moreover, section 422 of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 directs the CBI to develop and disseminate technologies and standards in order to ensure: the construction of all public buildings in the United States as "zero" by 2030; the functioning of 50% of the total fund of public buildings as "zero" by 2040; the functioning of all public buildings as "zero" by 2050.
9015161480a6161f6b0ef804451f760b40b32c0a	At the same time, it should be noted that, according to European experts, about half of all energy consumption in the EU countries is accounted for by buildings.
741f98f1d28787ca2daaeeccf7c4895c9d76067b	This is the central issue for us and for the Europeans.
c19c7411ada5967347572ea119719ebad93c44d4	21.02.2012 |
e03feab96158f5da7486dc45aa05fe29c603783d	Apartment buildings
1613b0858792b3fdb297a7beffa5f863c60260f9	comments 0
8fb937b602b4f2ef21c7fab00ac15de3b3ba49ea	Discussion
9ea90091cc294d6d5a9fc23ff8136de43dc13d54	Write a comment
0db53d64c6de2093309b9d301916328385eb89fb	Legislative support for energy efficiency improvement
f0e727ab77ce78247880df975158818940438a7a	Compliance of the legislation in force in Russia with the world practice of organizing energy efficiency improvement (for example, in the EU countries)
514ffde60aa6f73009857dd16f9f3f93c118d974	1 2 3 4 5
592369a81aec63c4bd9b4661d96288f9e2499db4	All surveys →
c0f820580a257d4611d33e703dd84e19cf81d0dd	The use of modern tools for the organization of energy saving
02842f592df80b4f7a71986b0bdacde225266fee	Regional energy saving programs (Evaluate the degree of use in practice 1 point - does not work, 5 points works very effectively)
691b5d1d4bcb09fe3ddb8debd7b1f7205110b22a	01 April 2016
fb916daaad261c8e4a519ca50d1669642c7439d5	Unmanaged communal needs.
5f06ee135eb8d85a0d0b1f61269492d411ec42f2	The end of the feeder?
027430d2a5f73a8219ad8a32f3d60c29aa80b8ee	March 23, 2016
39390e841e9c74dc9956a9b6b7e4604b51571d88	The company "Stark".
5424917518111105e162b73a66231a611b637125	Guarantees productivity when purchasing equipment for coal companies
20fc33060cfde8a33179e6f78020a55cb8606eb4	07 February 2016
592dcbebd9e03b01d4b74b2c172dd77e38d78c83	The President of Russia for the creation of settlement centers for regional sales
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497d089f0c89140f14180d264c5c07ead0a30719	Project and research work of students Within the framework of scientific projects of students, scientific reports and presentations were presented at the following student conferences in 2015: New Technology (in the languages taught at the department) and "International Communication in the professional sphere" (in German).
01425c4a66efa71da3cea1f1a9077d7950ca1fc1	According to the results of the conferences, a collection of scientific papers of students was published.
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397c32be3cdaf04f72af24719c026eba15b38ce9	"LIVING SYSTEMS" IN URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
40f7a096455a4cefc9b10f9a32635fc889375757	Zaitseva A.
e6b1ab605ad5ae8d86351eb37d9732c6624fb4aa	A. 1, Lukina M. S. 2, Smirnova N. M. 3, Sukhina Yu.
5201eab7928590918741ff36a0f4c6c218fb6aa9	I. 4
eb790668b4296793dc1d2534705dcde548df3502	Peoples ' Friendship University of Russia,
20ef8f4c10fcb789b876b801412a1c7abb842b26	faculty of Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Moscow
16e1d10817b18cb3b7db46273a84805715788544	1anna z96@mail.ru, 2notolgaa@gmail.com, 3snika6@rambler.ru, 4suhinsuha@rambler.ru
7e2c4b518e218f621064224e61eacbcd8c6881c4	Keywords: green construction, "living systems", green city, "food forest", "horticulture", "simbiocity", vertical gardening.
106b4f6623e274d08d8ae00f2c3dbc5cd48a59a6	Abbreviations: LEED is an international certification system for green housing construction.
743befaaaea549c1c1f2bc09866791117fb5ae0f	«GREEN SYSTEMS» IN URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
e54ca8cb6bcc02ba5341cec99a32c80434757b07	Zaytseva A.A., Lukina M.S., Smirnova N.M., Suhina J.I.
bb7ab740900ca6fc7b060d8a3cff1f91c3a6587b	Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
926780a50d3948bd1c31053a56738f1c4127ca32	1anna z96@mail.ru; 2notolgaa@gmail.com; 3snika6@rambler.ru; 4suhinsuha@rambler.ru
24de8e7daf17ce0aa5713b2ba5f540ecb23f5802	Abstract: some issues concerning unfavorable ecological background in big cities are considered in the paper.
b27d05d404b1847005ac77a0b36b1b36b66f248f	Growing population, fast developing industry and cutting down green plantations in favor of developing transport networks are the main factors, which make atmosphere go worse.
67b5d759b7eba687c064240716f7d054482219da	The authors of the paper consider an increase of green plantations to become a mechanism of partial stabilization in this situation.
e6ebb704d49c0a0bf9dc7ab7153512366911e4e1	For this reason, the project, proposed by G. Afanasyev, the Director of Expert Club of Industry and Energy, is the case of interest.
5383535772962928a5e14d2003c3d2887666dd02	It is not just a compromise between new technologies and environment, but is their symbiosis.
a106a0e62d3bcf1a146b35ba9eb78b8fb1fd8b7f	This symbiosis is in great demand.
84c68f4156b9bcc42e27a16ff761bb35e65c28af	«Living systems» may lay the basis for sustainable changes in urban infrastructure, which will undoubtedly improve environmental conditions, furthermore, will contribute to the nation’s value on the international arena.
85af8652301eb24ff8ff2dedd7ae53581ddad74e	Key words: green building, living systems, green city, «food forest», «horticulture», «simbiocity», vertical greening.
bbafb2d9636bd0d5af9145c15051f8c8667a6175	Abbreviations: LEED – Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design.
a2a7d0d2c00869f19e4921be12e6592309ab31ee	As a result, due to environmental poisoning and massive (often illegal) landfills, the level of ecology has significantly decreased (compared to the two previous centuries).
a67046b765157dc28377f378a2585754c0b99d7a	G. Afanasyev, director of the expert club of industry and energy, in order to overcome the current "status quo", proposed the project "Trends in Urban Planning", which aims to show in a structured way possible ways to solve the environmental catastrophe of large cities.
0e9a54bac495aa205ee510b7767ef3c4a6a514f2	The project can be implemented in three stages: Construction of the first generation of houses with reduced energy supply (25-90%).
5e96d764dd247662adedfc2357938cd87cbe18f5	2. Construction of the second generation of houses with zero energy balance (100%).
986529341eca0f7166ae31c30b67364ffe32c1b5	The concept of a building with a zero energy balance is based on the idea of meeting all the energy needs of the residents of the house at the expense of inexpensive, geographically accessible, environmentally friendly, renewable energy sources.
c0f27a3387606af3a603fc8187c25cfccf81b8a8	At the same time, the amount of renewable energy generated should be equal to or exceed the annual energy consumption of the building [Koval, 2012].
3d85115103bbdb3a590b2719e1d159f2d4a6cc15	3. Construction of the third generation of houses - "active houses".
6d45b94e3553c31ea4ae2fa890cc75dd2464e871	The total annual energy consumption is positive, in contrast to a low energy house.
f2e16e3287debd52a80e75966dc84ae726b125f3	As of June 2012, 7 million projects in 130 countries are certified by LEED (International certification system for green housing construction), 60% of which are in the United States.
0d704da9549f0426ea227612f23456dd906f7b13	According to world forecasts, "green construction" will grow 3 times over the period 2010-2015, which will greatly affect the real estate market, as new requirements for the living environment will appear, as well as the demand for buildings of old principles will decline until the acquisition of negative value [Afanasyev, 2013].
59e09672d6ceed7f8b4dd76cb630bc515903d855	"A city in a park" is one of the solutions of a smart city, which implies, on the one hand, the sustainability of the city's development, and on the other – comfort for people to live in it [Drozhzhinov, 2013].
e89a5f82bc9eb7c698cccfe783a100077cc77302	The main feature of the "city in the park" is the creation of infrastructure based on" living systems " (urban infrastructure that includes vegetation as one of the main components).
e2f98e0afd6bae264cb32c755e7210413264a365	This city is characterized by a certain complex that produces all the primary resources.
8d51df9596a0f1df32f81fd1cb96ebaf372c4a46	By comparison, now the same resources are imported into a particular city.
7cfa4bbde5f4e2efbda09c10e7581d4497be1a6a	Thus, we can trace the dependence of a particular city on external influence, while the "city in the park" is completely independent of its environment, which significantly emphasizes its commercial component [Afanasyev, 2013].
48cc8385d186dc26a6966ea0b9b152cb518a687b	That is, this system, like a forest, develops independently without human intervention, but instead of ordinary trees and shrubs, fruit bearing crops grow there, which will reduce dependence on imported products from outside if natural conditions allow growing certain crops [Afanasyev, 2013].
fa7f9738b1b43e6b33a091763bafdb7b8e1e57f2	The Swedish government actively supports the field of energy efficient technologies as a way to reduce the energy intensity of production, as well as the impact on the environment [Bringeus, 2013].
e4b4dd8aa4167a9b42e3efe24f6cee7aa59aa37b	For example, biofuels are actively used in Sweden.
fd88a74c9033577723ba06ec136a23bfd87b6c6c	For example, in Stockholm, recycled sludge from domestic wastewater is converted into biogas and used as fuel for public transport.
61624c515868d5dbea503802c4cff0d4286120ff	Over the past 40 years, a separate branch has appeared in Sweden, dealing with the electric power industry, in which about 400 companies currently work.
752a7e922344e9b15a4d88fd8bde8124d0b75335	During the implementation of the "SimbioCity" concept in Sweden, energy consumption has decreased by 40%, environmental impact by 20%.
779b0696843524fb5c3b43061bbf2887f0f0aa83	When the windows are facing south, they should be concave in order to reduce the flow of sunlight into the room as much as possible in the summer, while they heat up less.
9f5be2799acbd54988cf56532cd75e8e3ac68adf	And in winter, there will be better lighting.
db716aa7717c60d94049d6af668631991242825e	As for the windows facing south east, their design is radically different from the previous one.
39703bd9320fadfafcfd483155f666fe603ef73a	The walls should be convex, creating a smaller angle of inclination relative to the horizon [Afanasyev, 2013].
acb8fff308894fd4e4b94fa2a74e659f430275e1	In addition, vertical gardening has a positive emotional impact.
e89c64d4bf9c479226404be1249e32bc9e7c3876	Vertical landscaping of facades can be continuous, or landscaping by a group of plants or single plants.
267d04c7b4563cca9159f8c3a7058f1794370571	Solid vertical landscaping is used for decorating the facades of buildings.
2a9982233e91a25dada21c280ca454cd45e942c9	In this case, it is necessary to carefully provide for the formation of shoots around entrances and windows.
4c9cead30a2a1549233776558f51b2fe5b16e79b	Gardening with a group of plants and gardening with single plants, from the branches of which various combinations can be created, it is advisable to use for the design of facades that differ in a simple solution without loggias or balconies, with a uniform breakdown of piers and window openings along the facade [Buldakova, 2012].
7f4a70a4be1cf599b96c7b2822e0eea7a19a5bfb	Along with vertical landscaping, both extensive and intensive landscaping of roofs is used.
e59d958ef76d6c6483cadba13b5e321f063f7dbc	The extensive method of roof gardening is used on the roofs of industrial enterprises, roofs of garages, gazebos, terraces and various outbuildings.
0086a2d899f8d6780f9804292f89bcd3c950ed3a	People are not supposed to have access to such a roof.
d1b9ec4fc3c0ce146d205a7e9aeb70606dfab63f	Over time, other types of plants take root on the roof.
06446dbfdf505b585048f50ae44381e30058dad6	A real garden with reservoirs, fountains, lush flower beds, paths is arranged on the roofs, and an automatic irrigation system is designed.
51dd8217e8321016869c1508040df02ea38ff070	The main advantages of landscaping roofs: (1) improving the environment;
6156f3df8637d06ebbf853b7543d969a247315c6	(2) the vegetable layer of the garden reduces harmful electromagnetic radiation; protects the roof from ultraviolet rays; serves as an additional insulation of the roof, protects it from mechanical damage;
c852b42f58a7b9caca0b0e45644a75a024db6efb	(3) the slow evaporation of water from the plant layer increases the humidity in the garden.
875392cd7a6395906475a2fa240eff008ba94f82	The temperature regime of the upper floors of the building is changing – the microclimate is improving, - it becomes much cooler in summer, and warmer in winter – reducing summer electricity consumption; (4) dustiness decreases, vegetation catches dust, this effect is enhanced when watering and moistening plants; (5) the garden has noise proof properties;
48b914dce876f52e48195bbdd6e8a50c69a657ef	(6) there is a favorable psychological effect of people's contact with nature a warm, living grass roof, flowers, trees and shrubs;
53531a5e9905cd2aba0ef58cb1f6d90e9d5964fd	(7) the comfort of housing on the top floor increases, which also leads to an increase in its cost; (8) the living conditions of people of different categories, the comfort of their rest, the state of their health improve;
a8514f68e069b8aed6b2ea8ee9ee0262bf126e5e	(9) the aesthetics of the building itself and the city as a whole are improved
e8a188514e6cbe80bc9ab7483a411ab85ee516e5	[Buldakova, 2012].
c75f6660c1a84952f527b50eaccb125c3c66560d	Mini parks (otherwise "pocket parks") are parks of a very small area located on the side of the carriageways of urban highways, bus stops, car parks, etc. "Pocket parks" are the only option for creating new public green areas without large scale reconstruction [Afanasyev, 2013].
12029b40f0581b81acd21502d22dfb19d7f1001a	At the same time, for the full functioning of such "smart cities", it is necessary to develop the skills of "eco friendly life", which represents active developmental and educational work with children, starting from kindergarten.
7cb9c1b09bc25380b6d0c2db1e4d8fc49c0532e0	Literature:
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58818caf26f04278e617daa6cf231061114c697d	A. Urban green construction: Studies.
0997d420d8148840df1144e86d4a8e2b488493bd	Manual for universities.
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c49c0a457fbe37bf713def131ae8342650f829c3	2. Lunts L. B. Urban green construction.
0201f116be7f126c62fe2648317e04baab7ab9eb	Textbook for universities.
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96bd3dd991276e52ddcb0bcf08967c30fd7a6445	2nd, add. and reprint .
c81833cad655d544d3ab6bb3d01d134a4bd90893	M.: Stroyizdat, 1974. 275 p.
49ca8a19ff2e1357a9e5d7528a8461425e8cae6c	3. B. C. Teodoronsky B. C., E. D. Sabo, V.
19bdb208cbfbba41551c411f62d6ddd35994fe78	A. Frolova Construction and operation of landscape architecture objects: a textbook for students. higher. studies.
b19e88b4ed2ba8072929fb876b9b6f04a971567b	Moscow: Publishing center "Academy", 2006. 352 p.
b0d0a7a70e38e7d77f86c36254cf3aeb12349e89	4. Buldakova E.
d7ca460570c9eee43975620f6393c1df1f55b259	A. Modern methods of organizing green zones in the compacted building of the city / / Modern scientific research and innovations. 2012.
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96b9aa20d605efa4d1a7e73297931840637338a1	5. Afanasyev G. Green City.
0e7db02951e110169dade1bb3262fc5209814746	The city in the park [Electronic resource].
0d5ba3af704f3022d3b09d600869b746e166074b	Access mode: http://www.expertclub.ru/sections/design/publications/7 (accessed: 25.03.2015)
2fbeb0d6b66008e3e478d20312f76e7c3e89e02c	6. Drozhzhinov "Smart City" and the principles of its creation [Electronic resource].
05f8f296d54ab326dad59af4f29f9443f18ddee1	Access mode: http://ecpol.ru/2012-04-05-13-41-25/2012-04-05-13-42-08/946 umnyj gorod i printsipy ego sozdaniya.html (accessed: 25.03.2015)
236de71197edc90e2a2b399ccb113f4a5319cdbc	7. Dai Haifei (Dai Haifei).
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deefd011a8ca111ed7cc9cf132cb26351fc808b3	Access mode: http://www.bypas.ru/150311a8.html (accessed 2 -. 03. 2015)
881138038f85e02ae3c40bb62b9fc9eddff59329	8. Danish studio n55.
2f9f61d3e734baf9484ac1571f19ed530858ea42	The project of the walking eco house [Electronic resource].
65d69184acd12baad5dcfc135b0e795df2a4e313	Access mode: http://kr pro.livejournal.com/24326.html (accessed: 25.03.2015)
937f6c1218d3b78b3848bb46351d2086e302b657	9. Gracheva E. Mobile urban landscaping system "Sphere" [Electronic resource].
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c1d4094ef029a576ed12d45d4e3d247e83ef51ac	About buildings with a "zero" energy balance and plans for" zeroing " abroad [Electronic resource].
6b9b8a66198cb19a4996ac7cecdb2cd056a38777	Access mode: http://portal energo.ru/articles/details/id/493 (accessed: 20.03.2015)
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90022f87928c6cf4b8d6623006ab1c9bbde113cd	Access mode: http://archi.ru/foreign/guide/object current.html?oid=3898&fl=2&sl=3 (accessed 25.03.2015)
70ead5d51925ac5cc328ca502112cc7cdc8692f7	Vorobyov V. Eco houses.
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e362c3bf0196d9fd5c53b89326e6e217c4f73909	Vincent Callebaut Architects Amphibia Physalia Garden [Electronic resource].
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f059ac5d2b7f18e0224ece2d11f494ba82e3f990	Announcements 55 years of RUDN - History of the department Faculty Bachelor's degree Scientific work in the 2015-2016 academic year Project and research work of students The provision of additional educational services by the department International activities of the department Postgraduate study Master's Degree Extracurricular activities of the department with students of the PSO "What do I know about the country of the language being studied?"
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4052f9720f9cff9b6e03d47ee213990c52f6e03c	Green city.
7c5a5510cd74fd7f83f314359e20d6962695e8da	A city in a park.
145b033425ac51fb3da1efbca8156f1409c2e7e5	Author: Georgy Afanasyev.
9faa84b3afcf285ef8337595f28858ce16462093	None of the problems of the modern city can be solved by traditional means, while biological methods provide fundamentally new opportunities.
5a873d3a8fc9d54b40b5ced40c53b0df12498a4a	A good example is the solution of the global problem of megacities: garbage recycling.
d05005c91205981362ef6ed690938a6f4e7f699b	The use of microorganisms makes it possible to degrade garbage into useful substances in a short time and make the former waste the basis for plant nutrition, the production of fertile land, biogas, depending on the cultures of microorganisms that were used.
e9316c9c6fb28991dbee1bd7402a25ca4d0ed450	Instead of landfills in the Moscow region, which cause enormous damage to the environment and occupy vast territories, the city receives useful products.
2223456dc7a2c9f22c4ae34a75a8943ed59cfbc0	Whether we take the problem of clean water or a healthy food system, there is everywhere the possibility of using complex biosystems that should be combined into a biocenosis chain.
628674d6d0db379e20515ca9d4918b39ef6069e4	This grass is not mown, very low growing, creating a dense canopy that does not allow the earth to collapse and wash out, pollute roads, form dust.
da0b843bdc63886b68964ca67f3801a232c519b0	Until now, a yard is considered good if it is a completely flat, regular shaped area, and if this is not the case by nature, then a lot of effort is spent on leveling the surfaces.
dec61c414273b0bd8446f0819e0fd1890943de8c	But an uneven landscape is much better for everyone: this is wind protection for a playground, hilly terrain for walking, the ability to plant more whimsical plants in heat traps.
28d64579114b3ab9de874fedd30416975864f762	When another park or green area is created in the city, no one takes into account that small useful plants, insects, microorganisms do not start on their own, while they could work on this territory if you choose the right symbiotic, cooperating cultures and species.
5a041403277b2c6b16a44bbce978016465280327	Another example is the commercial side of park culture that exists in many countries: most national nature parks in the United States earn money, are self supporting (self supporting) enterprises.
e535cffa657c3d1c2dcfaf18a1979c4be9011b5a	Here I would like to note separately that there has been a serious shift and park art in the world is no longer park art, but horticulure.
2da9810aa418edcb2843d2fe3d8197ba44ad1a1a	Horticulture is the simultaneous cultivation of trees, shrubs, flowers, vegetables and fruit crops that together make up a single complex.
61125f5a7e6ae49456e1c05edf6f815dbd1c7e90	In Russia, it is still believed that the park is flowers, flower beds, benches, trees, while the horticulture forms a different environment: with berry fields where you can collect edible berries, independent biocenoses, urban gardens – the Eden of a smart city.
396f02be0052a217bc8af947b3140133d4edab12	But this is a designed biocenosis, in which certain animals, insects, and microorganisms coexist and develop an order of magnitude more difficult than lifeless parks.
6fea4ff43ae708e6d2a609c80c5a1132432b1223	A new direction of urban development, in urban studies, associated with the introduction of living systems, projected biocenoses in cities, is currently one of the most discussed trends.
f1dd197a0e55521c4f51da60d5459353808b758b	This approach will remove all the main problems that are unsolvable with the help of previous methods.
db284daa9d81618f39e9b6518ef8b34f4cfc7e52	© Expert Club of Industry and Energy 2009, +7 (495) 972-26-00
627ce1d50d9d826ecbb5dfcf00b049d74f7e9c0c	<url> Development
63b5ca4259345649f0ba28ca569e984f9d1e3ff9	> Home > ❶ Real estate portal > Real estate news > Real estate market news >Dnepropetrovsk 2035: Ukrainians will be settled in burrows
8c4178f786e182c09528932c181349bde31f0e0f	Wake up pridbati!
21b8885cb0f50ab630e764792648869b9f5e21dd	Lishe z 27.05.16 p. to 30.06.16 p. special tsina on the apartment at the residential complex "Familny" vid 14 500 UAH/m2!
b62ab745d34aa3e5b00bc1d83979fa5877537174	Until the end of the week 3 months!
d1180b3a2863d336c234c1e07ea56d81f8b8014a	Pospishay, the number of apartments for a special price is surrounded!
c018d05305e1dea863f54312e40d9c83c20e6237	Price: vid 14 500 UAH/m2Tel. 044 500 31 31
39546fafc484a674e60384e9c91dcadb17463fe2	Dnepropetrovsk 2035: Ukrainians will be settled in burrows
c804130c3af5c6c318dabde09207a770961fb969	17.08.2010 10:35 0 comments
d8d5e030ef534aac3b65b831d05983eb9a3d62e4	The idea of creating a "city of the future", built in harmony with nature, was proposed by the city organization "Dnepropetrovsk Community Fund", which, among other things, studies the properties of the Dnieper rapids.
e6f5120db788d1577ed65c8df353d281ec612d03	Five students of the Pridneprovskaya State Academy of Construction and Architecture under the guidance of the head of the Department of Architectural Design and the head of the "Center for Modern Urban Planning" Viktor Vorobyov were engaged in working out the urban planning concept of the Ecopolis in their graduation papers.
fd8613fcd2a07e13174b58b50ba639bb140446cf	According to the architects, the ecopolis will consist of a system of 18 mini cities located along the rapids of the Dnieper, between Dnepropetrovsk and Zaporozhye (two cities on the left and right side of the Dnieper opposite each of the thresholds).
f7ee17ef38673f20f86e3552d0f1097c3d8c83ee	In their works, the graduates built up the cities of ecopolis with walking, floating and flying houses.
84609d8f1f1316114e1403c3f80a6a2dd8ee8ff2	There are also buildings built in the crowns of trees, underwater capsule houses, "termite mounds" (3-4 storey buildings similar to the surrounding hilly terrain and covered with grass).
f1ae9c4840e35fba17776602de766d1c81141f5e	It provides its own eco industry, energy complexes, landshatfno recreational zones.
2a7e755893591abb535ddf3915209497a46af2a6	According to the students ' plan, it will be possible to move within and between cities using various types of environmentally friendly transport: transit (super high speed trains) and small vehicles (bicycles, boats or catamarans powered by solar batteries).
3e959baf5fe13a9207246f3042a187f3b02a3f70	"In our entire architectural life, we will still have time to design ordinary buildings.
d1ece1db9ce739f491323a9740d0039ad6d21500	And here we were offered to turn on our full imagination.
dd658c30c25a1c1c703e1aa8be45c40d066bd1fd	Ordinary architects, bound hand and foot by financial estimates, cannot afford this," the students explain their choice.
de6a4f907982a86b329e78a9625eab8039790d5e	However, even their manager does not know to what extent their ideas will be implemented during the further development of the project.
34a0a959e166052a2f8efde0f28a063c129bc082	"Theses are preliminary studies, a conceptual vision: how can it be.
3f668581cfb939769b2db862de687bd736949df4	In fact, they can be compared with the image of a helicopter made by Leonardo da Vinci, the real embodiment of the idea may differ significantly from the proposed "picture", - says V. Vorobyov.
60d05dc8070e6c19137aed2abaed9137ecc91597	At the same time, he identifies a number of principles that will form the basis for the further design of the ecopolis.
37577c854c38ccb01b003eb94845537eb785b9fa	So, for the construction of cities, it will not be necessary to dig the foundations of buildings, lay roads or underground utilities.
076e62d1cf57de1f127a7af4665593bf06050de9	Ecopolis with all its buildings, industry and transport will have to fit seamlessly into the natural environment, and not violate it — this is the main principle that guides the developers.
e228fb769394a7961c6c99f284106a002a69bbca	"All network issues of the processes will be solved independently, including the transmission of electricity also wireless," - says V.Sparrows.
607e281ccde76b143f368b436188a392f074c2e7	"You go into the house, you need to do some work, for example, solve a mathematical problem — the geometry of the room is immediately transformed in a second in such a way that the energy information of the room, the orientation of the building in space, its rise above the ground — fully provide a solution to this problem.
e6e00e1379bf869d44d2d0d8149852e5893a237c	This is a completely mobile system of building formation: kinematic complexes: constantly transforming, self organizing and self learning, " explains V.Sparrows.
1e4e9b6efa65e5ca36018d19eb781ec88c37bbd0	According to V. Vorobyov, about 40 similar projects are being implemented in the world today (including in the USA, Japan, Korea, Russia).
140db9955161980440cadb656f4355bd32c7f041	The only difference is that foreign projects are separate cities that are not integrated into the system.
f293db440feaf366404287f81f7fcd61d88a90dd	Some of them are at the stage of completion, the construction period of all foreign eco cities is 20 years.
f57be70a3122d5945e1243267d176f286ce32cf5	Ukrainians are sure that it will take no more than 30 years to develop and create the Dnipro Rapids ecopolis.
abdcd82024a6ac2557568aeebf86d33fd8edd219	Since September, it is planned to start working on the development of a general plan for each city, a system of connections between them.
ffcfeaefd937ee53958d18b7ff0fbde5f24fda7e	In a year, we plan to get a certain result, after which it will be possible to talk about switching to working design," says V. Vorobyov.
ac80f43a254d3e8a14afd7d87277b4189de417b9	The authors of the project are not confused by comments about the expediency of creating such eco cities between two large industrial centers, on the bank of the Dnieper River, carrying the waste water of hundreds of enterprises.
123e8349eabfb8d5b54afdcbc4c12446456c9319	"It is possible to solve the problems of industrial enterprises' emissions in an elementary way – to force them to install modern treatment facilities, "Olga Oskalenko, coordinator of the Dnipro Rapids program of the Dnepropetrovsk Community Foundation, is sure.
8f8d907b7c23a5fd083a8feea0871d1f2e56641c	And the impact of thresholds, according to V. Vorobyov, has not disappeared even in their current state.
4d8ae0158bd7008af6ec4e32e645332de8045b0d	In addition, he believes that sooner or later Ukraine will come to understand that the cascade of the Dnieper hydroelectric power plants needs to be removed, given its economic inexpediency.
1e20258e8cc223a29aac97ed8c774e296a1ffcff	It will be possible to leave only bridges from reservoirs, giving free access to water.
5de6185f2dc56b04dfa809cf5aa79d21dbe383c5	At the same time, the navigability of the Dnieper can be preserved by creating a system of slots between the rapids, where ships can freely pass (this idea was developed 100 years ago, but was forgotten after the revolution).
45ac0a6b65dd526a63d7051db165a5569e650cbf	The developers also provide for the cleaning of the Dnieper riverbed, which, in addition to improving the ecology of the river, will allow obtaining valuable trace elements and additional economic effect.
ba991388c9cdba101499ef3702bdeb7a4d04036c	Without openly calling such a project fantastic, Dnepropetrovsk builders and potential investors are skeptical about it.
35c7b6d9a91f9fe5383f8bf546793994039dd647	The main argument of the opponents is the financial side of the matter.
373b01da1aaafb3422fa5e46921cc9b371994b4d	At the same time, the authors of the idea are sure that this issue will be resolved.
252cbaf7e9e4f9d403ce18b37fb024f9d476bf2d	And they say that after a deeper study of the project, they intend to achieve the status of a territory under the auspices of the UN for the Dnipro ecopolis, which will allow attracting the necessary funding.
e38b5acee0e035caae278cfa108b04983f889149	Irina Oprishchenko
4889a47a791cb3f15ff469809d8e105da144632c	views: 503
7eb306c2a41cd331c44e50efd42ad386e974e07f	Based on the materials: ugmk.info
37813a826c719aaacb3817e00a7d6433de3342aa	Read also: New trends in the development of the Kiev real estate market.
66b5637304e67975e87ee191b824f974c69803ac	Results of May 2016 3
93d19c1b4d17997946228a32f2ffdf433c9e88be	Yak know "vilna" zemelnu dilanka, schob otrimati i bezkoshtovno
8a9925426156c882135e3958b5d7899b3e02caa4	Prices for the sale of apartments in Rivne in June
48ba5557094958d95692ebff935daf03111d839e	Perelik dokumentiv, neobhidnih for pridbannya nerukhomosti
8b67a7b6932ab5873cd9c975d09f6dac508dd7b6	Property tax: how Ukrainians propose to count the mandatory payment 1
bdf2bf2037f0d7f5f5d144fca3d3f0ab3def5433	Print To Bookmarks Newsletter Email to the Editor Send to a friend Share on Twitter
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72b7f908e827dbfa4833ec979ebafa55d81fe3b5	All rights are protected by the legislation of Ukraine.
4603623c3781fb06bf04f364ef80a2e54bed744d	Learn how to reprint our news and analytics, and use the materials of the portal Domik.ua
90b6104e42bf0a25481389afdc2f9d22b323510a	Dnepropetrovsk 2035: Ukrainians will be settled in burrows http://domik.ua/novosti/dnepropetrovsk 2035 ukraincev zaselyat v nory n99713.html
fb91e24fa52d8d2b32937bf04d843f730319a902	Update
8e12ab378ee2df36a0560f0aca48105a3e741574	0 Register on the site before leaving messages.
651baedd3aed7a72f9ac21b3f1d3bda32b756cb7	Then you will learn about new messages in this topic.
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87817593af2bf812d28763ac9bd25b7116b43916	Comments from New users - 0
1bcf69723addaebbeb5400d7a199579e2d7dfbf8	Rate the news with all the comments about the article: 0 Dnepropetrovsk 2035: Ukrainians will be settled in burrows
7be1ac86b97f282352397225db134013fa746da0	Last at the top|The first ones at the top|Are good|New ones
4abd2a3e51327e4298b8cd7728c52875db4e47b6	%user add name%%date add%
c6c9081a15ff6b30b2dbfbabc8d92437822ca9b6	%post%
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ab44535a0c46e39fe8443f423f511b7e5afe9f89	Apartments for sale in Kiev
7228c73849c5eaee92b9437cb30cf2ff9a77a80a	I will sell a two room apartment, Mate Zalki str.
5534c4af1baeebb514309f3bfc8510ac219c2461	70/44/8 m2 1 763 300 UAH.
d617c6512d804c24f359af53c78eb94feef43c5e	I will sell a two room apartment, Vladimir Antonovich str.
eccc1515a23e2c4a504aecd8f0a8c27ffcbb4cf8	108/55/23 m2 5 793 700 UAH.
dc4bdf2a9a65295865dba3651f641dcd312eb30c	I will sell a two room apartment, Friendship of Peoples blvd.
2db747b65602e5aec20aa2044822366c94f582ba	41/26/6 m2 1 275 125 UAH.
0395c9412f8eddd3f7ea0b5882baea92d1a37985	Apartments for rent in Kiev
e11359ab1a08e193476b96997fe6324eb52dd0a8	Rent a one room apartment, Light street 40/18/11 m2 6 000 UAH.
fa5738a51c98540d6d4e2c468fa44fe4ee0935ac	Rent a two room apartment, Alisher Navoi ave . 45/29/8 m2 6 700 UAH.
388c9bb00a6d9c941aedf308e0bd2e7278ebcda1	Rent a one room apartment, Revutskogo str.
44d4215745d8ad3b477d94acfb2d982fd13de15a	42/18/12 m2 7 000 UAH.
0b79195a2c1887758bfd0986b407b39b369c544c	Real estate Forum 22: 05 Where is it better to buy an apartment near Kiev?
3e74f8fd81772e741154baf352fbb291cd6e34bb	22: 00 What would you do if you had 50,000 dollars?
0060cf9d8d186a9258339871eb2fbb0ead207875	21: 34 The best district of Kiev 2016.
7a36e8ba50866aa7d1f0c139ea89478c71a8fd8a	Or where to live well in Kiev.
41d34e90fcca505d3e0cb95a94457771bbf847d5	16: 15 Registration of ownership of an apartment in the Registration Service
1b71eb7913ae6df81a9cbad8960e46e8a0809a74	14: 44 Purchase options 1 kom.
1fd4658a6795f8c3a15f3d92c8f583c38801e4f0	Kiev 35000$
5485cf7ebc19f752f8bb1f4c75d2e8cd4833d437	12: 08 Banks that issue mortgages in the current realities?
db1f5a6709b763ad74fa750ee278805d56396cd6	00: 19 The bottom of the PH and influencing factors
16b09b45fd35b917e86bd793bf037fc59d72df59	14: 06 Tell me the rental price
52ac177e960bfc162ae1584dbd95aa2d27bf29b8	13: 55 Is it worth buying an apartment at all?
7e871ad3bf775d51c9262f3f3f702288d3772b37	22: 32 Is it possible to buy an apartment for $ 25,000 in the center of Kiev?
0d4da3d622f2acce4234dbcbfa29321dc7b55665	23: 09 Disadvantages of the last floor
38a125d1b713908b7857cf8b0194ad2a79cf545a	18:56 Buying an apartment for rent
5d81be39f9f75d8501acb22740eccbe4edbdcb47	Developer shares
46cf08824bd6c083d4662fdc8fd067168380e65e	Central Park Price residential complex: from the developer, Live in the center of advantages!
78372ac16de07fdd36c71b16328062bdf5ba5d5d	Business class complex.
234f0713805307f62947a98e649bf5e5fbd26182	phone: (044) 374-11-11
8c52c12e4e04c43a417a1b36c6da175579cf8982	GardenCity Residencescene: Discounts from the developer until June 30!
4ff1ef78023e63fe26c313662721163bcaf66e14	Ready made apartments in the city center (r n pr. Victory) in a club house with a roof garden
cf079fe0c3f2412989cf7f66895c84efb056bf53	phone: 044 394 51 03
5aa4d4a50b635a4418cccde26446f4a9debd5e3d	Park of the mistocene: from the developer 1st stage: Populated!
df0ac0a06b6e63b22c8db4e4e94ee07a14914b22	2nd: Put into operation!
6bec075cbc7e550f53fa2ff46b87e8976b6a96c7	3rd turn - at a unique price!
3328c576847c8f15e636cf58246c02265a3debb2	phone: (044) 503-65-33
7b34dc773617aa93296b4b943c2c840bb998d952	Krishtalevi dzherelatsena: from 16 600 UAH./m2 Ready apartments with documents!
3fed83ae7a47f50cca16e253abe98893f519d25d	Znizhki, podarunki.
d33286f84b9c9ae317cf458049141839c1e14898	phone: 044 355-55-53
71bff7e66a25587efea2d003f1b5a4c140e646e4	Art Hallzen Club house: from the developer of De Luxe class Apartments in the Historical Center of Kiev: 2, 3, 4 rooms, penthouses.
b7ba3fa67b971e5cda4d42c5723653a0f3efa2aa	Installment plan.
b1cc4eff08b7a1a4d965cdf88e44bc1feec323ab	phone: (044) 484-40-10
95e78bdbf1e7950d8ad47204a7894fcc2eeb9a44	Residential complex " Tetris Hallcena: from the developer, the apartment complex on Dimitrov is a new level of quality of life!
8cc4bcac79f74938f692b10c9ee30913b4067ec3	Comfort of Tauntsena: from the developer For the first time in Kiev, housing of European level and Architecture at a unique price!
5030fb4b7d29297030bc3b69db5d2205bc819402	Installment plan for 10 years.
80c092d8ac45c7e6cb980504eec97c772c1a5b37	phone: (044) 364 64 64
90365e03ae7a4c5b3c48f2c19a869a5687f6551d	LCD Genevacena: from 20 500 UAH./m2 Delivery of the house this month!
302a786bcf0d271ece8129d7867b7be562ff5b90	Installments of up to 10 months.
b08d8c66e4daf5810cb92460cfef84240decb2a0	On the territory of the Orlyonok Park"
e580fca50bab3e50f09828ee5a22fd8195990ff0	phone: (044) 221-22-96
c1f3a71ae7cd35f9c6c64dc972d175f6f973709e	LCD Bristol price: from 19 885 UAH./m2 New LCD m Demeevskaya!
25ab397f119668b3f7927ca23905d3d8334472d9	Apartments from 19885 UAH/m2.
f9ec311621ec2d9fd254bb04cff833b4350a94b9	Installments up to 18 months.
584bd8fece3ffbc946eed7ed0d64923b04c33e39	The first payment is 10%!
75a1ec28cdad7b4e4474f1700b5d4611e03e2863	phone: +380 (44) 338 61
a7d6136cf2c985a83be382b762c613fdfbb77f09	LCD Soho Residence 2 price: from 20 300 UAH/m2 m.
360e21d11173303c94d9cfb567f61244b2407f87	Demeevskaya – 2 min. Installments from the developer up to 14 months.
ffc4d2a36af8b0d5462cc3e57c398bd4d5f8e494	phone: 044 221 25 75
d485b4af723f0f0ad63ae2e1a796bae80baa383b	LCD Mün Hausen Price: from 9 399 UAH / m2 Special offer!
b2c261ac41baaa51ff29222e6a550e007efc47f7	A room as a gift!!!
749264caa35c4e0332a3d37f05a31ed847c77746	A comfort class complex for those who know how to dream.
7f68786ca9d057f606c5a72c20b86d7f57e6534b	phone: (067) 411-11-00
a723099e008696420bd34b4263e918c4a6bf135e	Discussion of new buildings 22: 08 "House on Pozharsky", Troyeshchina - " Interstroy"
1109a59533418a029e7917ef2979a067f2dd6421	21: 41 Amursky Residential complex, 34a Lomonosov str.
312fda25998b9380f3471641281cdda6c39405ce	(3 Trutenko str.)
1f6482ef8c87a86a9b8337f30b9e53054678fd43	21: 14 New construction projects ☼
0da20ca734d82341c49cb1ecf12fb723ca61da58	20: 51 Residential complex "Novodarnitsky", Yuri Paskhalin str., 17
21482c2b85991f08d74dd201819e8ac7068cff4d	20: 32 Parkland Residential complex, 1 Praktichnaya str.
e92f2174931ace03ea764d88c173130b1ac9b54b	- " ZIM Capital Group"
7ea9e04e4f04ac9216a9be3b1cb0d8bdc198a72e	17: 47 LCD "Skyland", lane.
cfd1b47b67d2d28b14f7b92bcef664c7bca199b6	Moskovsky, 2a - " ZIM Capital Group"
a9c204e1ad94ae11f35366670ea6a63e6b611802	17: 07 Residential complex "Desna Residence", Zazimye village, Pridorozhnaya str.
55218f121958bc4cf058a1deb97c9d1ab4abe4ed	(Kievskaya str.)
8f87ba9756df8f1cba0684766b4f0125477929a2	16: 52 Residential complex "Stolichnye kashtany", Yakub Kolas str., 2 b - " Ukrmonolitspetsstroy"
5f1caaf19c23e1f8bd23485ece86c50463d26ab0	16: 20 Residential complex "New England", Mikhail Maksimovich Str.
a39106f3cee43ed3bb21c522356aa095dfecdeb5	- " Royal House"
7619aa3b16f4a759e071b47c06b95370c460120f	14: 57 Residential complex "Shulyavsky", per.
3e8991d8d2dd0cf6d417b8d746034b74998324b4	Machine building, 26
62a07c297abdf36878dbc762b920f55cd8ba50a8	14: 57 Comfort Town residential complex, Regeneratornaya str., 4 - " K.
1bb2cb0779576c9dacbd6ef8199e2090e4113291	A. N."
5a6527d18394c677f3e9910680e0f522b0019421	14: 42 How to decide to sell an old apartment and invest in a new building?
60308f19854984635c6327fa49cee02685a0cd0a	Near moving discussions 21:41 Who thinks the dollar will continue to fall?
ec8f40287ecec65e62c3129329ad8fc7ce6565a9	21:38 Is it worth constantly saving?
0ce232e5183a6e10f93a5bab7954c0e7889c2cc6	Or is it greed?
33c90306cb1420a087585f4a6792923ec97e95a4	16: 20 Internet operator " Pavutina.NO"
7e61d51b70a4b036b0d072452fbabb732bc7d577	10: 54 " Telesystems of Ukraine"
433a51e40966630af93de08884abac3279395ea2	23:49 Blacklist of builders, repairmen and foremen
a12d81da2e376bdad7c798f57ddabb72c423f95e	16: 37 " Colo.TB" - provider of the Internet and TV tower
2f67cb5bf3c7cbfe232abacb153a3f6582c6816d	14:13 Google jokes or jokes of programmers
1bf97c3f109cfea2b4e502f183a0c9f9166f579e	10: 21 Own car or taxi?
6ef21fa41c9ea303b2d196798b1c5ddf009d5e35	23: 19 Book lovers
6b70d8531323a79f6f3514ac4de0bcecd11ab691	09: 27 And what are we watching?
d80935ebe79858190a682ba55fadedcc794119ca	00: 05 What should I give a man?
6e5100c7808308cf9e9a6948ac700b3ad585a3cc	10:46 How not to fall asleep at work
796b9633cfa07e32751c5fb361972bff04ffccdc	News discussion 06.06 Ukrainians will now be able to buy used cars at normal prices 13
76181a06aeef312b56db42d4055f2b73f17a68f3	06.06 Our industry.
e070df7e4d2f916c00b853e779f986e3f3f7ba0f	Without politics, without myths, but with numbers.
b4d86e6e2eaa8cea54a83e4b005f72d5704d490b	Infographics 15
ff7f4e98f97cff9c2e97cd4544ca954b0026c376	06.06 Five ways not to raise the retirement age 6
288ff21b8793e25267eab333c4a982b4b677f342	06.06 "LOTTO FUN": "divorce" for money 1144
51b30ec4b4d6c2596de19ce5e1767f6e8978dcc8	06.06 New trends in the development of the Kiev real estate market.
4dd5c8b7dc225527eb84ab81c09722338c988b79	Results of May 2016 годаDomik.ua 3
5f265bd3b8143b7230f7c27bf560e1d6979d3ed2	06.06 TOP 6 deceptions in a car service and ways to avoid them 1
94eb874401b5a4f0691382ab5019ce62652dc0f8	06.06 The danger of labor immigration of Ukrainians 4
995d16aca54dce2ee5c9078f4fff70827128d72b	06.06 Property tax: how Ukrainians propose to consider mandatory платежDomik.ua 1
a69985bc5f3d4030d3c13239b8ec56823b46349e	05.06 The Minister of Social Policy told whether the retirement age of 11 will be raised in Ukraine
9f2cc540284215046a1ad5ed3d628088f2913656	05.06 "Anti rating" of insurance companies in Ukraine 1
8f0751796a3fefef85c8fecbd84fb6b83e0cff49	05.06 Construction scandal: a 100 year old house is demolished in Kiev (photo) 3
db023b1b39ac5cf1893883de934b5ff2574dec30	05.06 Residents who have created an OSMD can hire a housing office and monitor its work " 1
a63abe8a0bb944f5d4855c3964e72e0bc5dfd0a1	05.06 Laws of summer: how tariffs and taxes will change 3
d9452e1e29ae79b0de0373db403080c17f31c381	04.06 Bankers: Why Ukraine is being flooded with the dollar and what will happen to the exchange rate 14
908895848af2fab937454a2cff2afcaf2b065265	04.06" Key solution " from Privatbank: a mortgage loan without a down payment for up to 20 years 1
a6e6e6388fadb1d622a41220da1e265d3f69d7ac	Encyclopedia of real estate
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78db9bb25518f642d40bde314410e5e1077e26a7	The main thing about real estate, new buildings, housing and communal services and our life...
1257918980f9e0ad6574c95f37a3c5f423030c4a	ISSN 2223-4888 18+
eac362b070ec2ca3fd6aa77705eaba447837093c	Russian English
011aff2b734094da6640492c6263fd6c417dc4c2	Electronic scientific and practical journal "Modern scientific research and innovations"
5b80bc28de3b1548d5c485c39f331176579be93c	For authors
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e9722e01b113b0fc754aabed844850011d4c1023	About the magazine
c992c0b096e6488125b065413f0c5ee93bf602ec	About the journal Contact information Archive of issues Categories and languages of publications Search Reviews about the project
080bf0f138b30061b8caf1b11d746dcf588c4358	BULDAKOVA E.
59ed42e65495b681169e061465191b463a8dde10	A. MODERN METHODS OF ORGANIZING GREEN ZONES IN THE DENSE URBAN DEVELOPMENT
1e2a969e050a300f00d585768ccb11e12e949323	Keywords: vertical landscaping, ecological comfort zones, mobile landscaping systems, roof landscaping, modern methods of urban landscaping, Compacted urban development, eco parks
f7c02b6fc51ecfae0870607f1ca83d4af48b080b	Category: 18.00.00 ARCHITECTURE
3a43abe5f7a836da4bd61a261da47b9159ac7b1e	Bibliographic link to the article:
a82395934f080923483624026d4ebb56a72dc7da	// Modern scientific research and innovation. 2012.
5cd632585d2555c1ae40a40f5019c21ea1b73e03	5 [Electronic resource].
c30d82bc07f761f1292c7f70d8ca4dc291c85577	URL: http://web.snauka.ru/issues/2012/05/12660 (accessed: 24.05.2016).
69c4b9e3377f1242c8ddea5a2d5bb531d751b11b	In the conditions of high altitude compacted urban development, there is a decrease in environmental indicators, which is primarily due to a decrease in the area of urban landscaping.
2c3b528c6192867126561ec5d06816be10dd3bee	To solve the problem of greening megacities, it is necessary to search for new ways to return natural complexes to the structure of the city.
e5e290d97d8699de1816066c13e8041b03e8c289	Rapid, rapid urbanization, as a global problem, appeared several decades ago, and the development of large cities into megacities led to the emergence of new sources of transformation and pollution of the environment, as well as changes in urban space.
d301d9c6a87fdabe0523b2171618ff44104a53fa	The growth of the urban population and the consolidation of urban development gives special importance to the problem of creating environmental comfort zones.
91163794a8ae6ce89ba62fc654b3a764c1d2a3e1	The development of the city causes a reduction in the amount of clean air, water, green space and silence, which is so lacking for modern people with their accelerated rhythm of life in cities and megacities [3].
bcd5bd693bd3bd92f7822aca5cc6f3b18a1738f8	Large settlements make significant changes to the existing wind regime of air mass movement.
3066c80242c4196cf253439cb2366dc3886a9126	High rise buildings located in an urban environment, without taking into account the wind regime, can lead to the creation of undesirable vortex flows flowing around the walls of buildings.
b7be1f349062dacbac159d4163e0ff1da4c07538	Almost all types of modern transport are sources of urban air pollution.
714610add7e89bca83b1d496371b73d5b3030ef8	Any transport creates vibration, noise, gas contamination, dust [2].
c08f83aaafbc36ba73a6e639ae752fe0f2872603	The multidimensional and global problem of the impact of urbanization on the environment also has a psychological impact on a person.
3e89c482884e0e587004afa95e7c3820e469e82f	Information flows, the deterioration of environmental indicators, the accelerated pace of life, as well as a number of other factors, practically excluded the comfortable living conditions of the city's population.
2d9fda4983bbedc0c864f15140f4c5f4abbb0097	Modern urban planning trends (the growth and consolidation of urban space development) practically do not leave places that would separate a person from factors that adversely affect the health of the city's population (noise, dust and aggressive urban environment).
2f0a6a309ba679443efe13b32e50e3d1e165fb07	There are fewer and fewer places for a comfortable rest for a person.
092b0469ae4ec43e56f652b0d98e5a21d1ff6bbe	This is especially felt in the central part of large cities.
f612286215809af1342578f0bc3e1fbc7fb54326	Spot construction increases the population density and often the norms for the number of landscaping per inhabitant are not observed there.
a33211d4b9adb62e3ad0959fb89c6a1ff6ac4ade	In this dense development, where buildings and parking lots serving them are located, there are no areas for creating recreational areas.
41c0fdc0708e254b04a7977755e2b8e472082815	Modern approaches to urban landscaping allow solving environmental problems without radical methods of transforming the urban environment (without demolishing buildings to create a normalized number of green areas).
a918fe0ca147c660b139af895248d28d570ae247	Currently, an important direction in the development of the city's architecture is the development of modern ways of forming environmental comfort zones in conditions of dense development.
8d59a58ef6c6305b6a57ff1d6081473469ab3896	These include:
f57e1a04e588cc4594acc13ef48c89dba16d9549	I. Greening of roofs of buildings (fig. 1).
ab1652739f2da7a198347d842e844f76a4e53646	There are two types of roof landscaping:
e9691a0dce6469fc90e666ee7a1643977ed37f11	extensive
59aa8417abe69dfe1ea5d197ec37b8c855e9d834	The main advantages of landscaping roofs: Improving the environment;
fb62306fcc7e830ac9739991b70726e162bfdf50	The vegetable layer of the garden reduces harmful electromagnetic radiation, protects the roof from ultraviolet rays, serves as an additional insulation of the roof, protects it from mechanical damage;
7bc9e66d274622c805b51528811976b2cd1528e2	The slow evaporation of water from the plant layer increases the humidity in the garden.
3d36714a36e08bca6c205f9cf0b30f44af7d18b9	The temperature regime of the upper floors of the building is changing – the microclimate is improving, - it becomes much cooler in summer, and warmer in winter – reducing summer electricity consumption;
6ddba6de3870b0c68d7fdb8985095b512ac4f833	Dustiness decreases, vegetation catches dust, this effect is enhanced when watering and moistening plants;
460114d7c8ca4ab250cfd54e8c43cbe71cf608bb	Noise proof properties of the garden;
298d0ad3c80e59f6c1fa6a42f50853af33d41295	There is a favorable psychological effect of people's contact with nature a warm, living grass roof, flowers, trees and shrubs;
6162a11efe523e058a8a212426fe512f73c205d2	The comfort of housing on the top floor increases, which also entails an increase in its cost;
87e3ba7841887cc52c074f198d89f2b75bf96085	Improving the living conditions of people of different categories, their comfortable rest, improving their health;
a630ffbf8f17cc1090815517c79d726741d73e2a	Improving the aesthetics of the building itself and the city as a whole[15].
73318fc8baabb24522040cdaca84f5f9931e0c3d	Fig. 1. Greening of roofs of buildings in Toronto, North America [13].
986997c0cbd19c049cc6fe8202b68f06026726d2	II. The use of vertical landscaping of facades (Fig. 2).
f49dfa83afb1fd26bbe48b3fa7368c08205d9617	An interesting, original and at the same time simple means of decorating buildings is vertical landscaping of facades.
d6e59b44f4814383cf8efee232de59ecfb348a5c	It is possible to distinguish such types of vertical landscaping of facades:
286803bf3e66ca3fc8acd889eb5c2d3afce328f3	solid landscaping.
cec92627addb7c104e284af3c446619b70b9620d	In this case, you need to carefully consider the formation of shoots around entrances and windows.
07730d36be0228ac75d0014e526dc6b7483471ab	gardening with a group of plants, gardening with single plants.
d936a7958abd7e20ed429823ea850dc090ac926b	Gardening with a group of plants and gardening with single plants, from the branches of which you can create various combinations, it is advisable to use for the design of facades that differ in a simple solution without loggias or balconies, with a uniform breakdown of piers and window openings along the facade.
886b9a7a638fe9f175f0345f1ba21d60fac9b43f	When landscaping loggias and balconies, the fences are raised up along the end faces, along the piers and along the enclosing grilles of the balconies.
5464f39bfb39ccbd5c9937fd2e965dec38bcecbb	In this case, open or closed groups of plants are used [4].
1f9919fba69b3ab69310cb8eda90c4339d4e19e4	Fig. 2. Vertical landscaping of building facades [4].
2bc6364bf6a63879b06faeb1faed175b18e609a1	III. Construction of eco parks (fig. 3).
c6bf03756a2ba7de7b3a89baf50587f1e22d4c21	On the scale of megacities, where “natural lungs” are actively being reduced, eco parks have become a kind of salvation.
6a1c513ab49b1eb87e45f03267ff169c84f68292	Eco parks are created by strengthening the soil with natural natural materials, such as crushed stone, sand.
ad0bd8b72e1e99f1c50923e210ea847f1c78eff4	Then the lawn grid and the soil layer with seeds are laid.
1e394dc40dbbe52f567e2880b5cf5c12949b7689	Ecological parking is suitable for both passenger cars and trucks.
dfc278ad1fb645db13402f43548e619b76a63223	To strengthen the strength to high loads, more complex “pillows " are used (a geogrid covered with sand and gravel is covered with geotextile).
5d0a29a2530db7466732ac0c31dd89e6925b2c1c	Such strong ecological parking lots allow heavy vehicles, including trucks and helicopters, to park without problems [16].
bced0e6f9bc5b4d52400c066f7c69e5d953c6fc5	Eco parking is a construction technology that allows you to achieve comfortable living conditions for a person in harmony with nature.
998d47b99f801cfe829f98f2befa00d9f8edaebb	Fig. 3. Eco parks [5].
b6cb175a89da47bd85cf35f73331f072482258ec	IV. Mobile gardening systems (Fig. 4).
c6017c53499dddb144b4b9b19594598dc074eb07	Fig. 4. The project "eco cocoons" on the territory of Boston from the architectural company Howeler&Yoon and the design bureau Squared Design Lab [6].
712d43beccd97dd00efc0814e8a029ee0e371013	Mobile landscaping systems are the landscaping of the city, implemented at the expense of structural elements that can be implemented, moved, and, if necessary, completely removed from the urban fabric.
1ce32d57049d9e719fc7f21db23b1b97e71b1492	They are necessary in the conditions of dense development of the central part of the city or when creating recreation in a short time.
4a18b9d335cc160f778d1874178f003b816d49b9	These are easily installed systems that have a mobile, portable nature, which allow the city environment to change regularly, to be more diverse, heterogeneous and interesting for the residents of the city.
76f5aae8334cbe157560d5ef14994bca92499348	Mobile gardening systems are one of the ways to introduce green elements that are so necessary for a person into the city structure.
2712df4e91ba9f73563f8e53e4999348522c0aea	The mobility of landscaping systems is achieved by:
00d0b02ce5a26bc0a7d846a2f7d80e6cbfc1050f	the possibilities of movement (fig. 5).
8831f84cf161d0502bd2d587ec59fb022ead17b7	These are a kind of eco cells that can be embedded in any urbanized environment, be a self sufficient element of the city and meet all human needs in the lack of nature, performing recreational and sanitary protection functions.
d43cc13d394f7658974a0ba1cefd8a3548f03b56	Fig. 5. Walking, floating and flying eco houses.
9f4e7c3439753b207b2f68f41311cea9a8331b91	Pridneprovskaya State Academy of Construction, Viktor Vorobyov.
1c26aa164e3166951b8e2c940dfa5dfdab880738	[7].
824039fc4d8fa5c3a769472970653189ef5aa438	quickness (changeability). The structural simplicity, modularity of elements, ease of installation and dismantling of mobile landscaping systems allows you to create an environmentally friendly environment in a short time (Fig. 6).
ef128ab2482ad4c994a4c00c4ca16657e226dba3	Thus, a minimum of time and other resources is required to create and place such systems.
9b349cb103b2754d3f29492dbb0292711e3384e0	Fig. 6. Pavilion P.S. 1-2008 "Public farm 1" [8]
c92520cba6a9946c18b9302deade0304240526a3	The introduction of mobile landscaping systems into the urban planning structure takes place at three urban planning levels (Fig. 7):
d96785d1d34e4604a379400ba878b978e72bcec3	level 1: the layout of the city district, settlement, locality.
defba398ea161b8cf57a8a2b41f59c016a680fda	Current environmental problems of modern cities need to be solved at the urban planning level.
6281301c88c8e4b6c85101a2b4ef506c5b6f303e	The planning of urban structures should be carried out taking into account the formed urban fabric, large urban spaces and masses.
141f989b8f2c6c8bb783d99b0731013951269899	Only the application of an integrated urban planning approach can solve the problems of lack of landscaping in modern cities.
0b6e6f31171889934c2c4a8c64f9e91417e890c4	level 2: layout of the district, microdistrict
931600f61604bd71b7c66477cda2f7bd656173bc	At this level, it is necessary to solve the problems of lack of landscaping for a certain type of development, take into account the uniqueness of the area and the architecture of buildings, give a unique individual image of a green urban environment.
6bb8fe40b91533e88b054b61e54b65a95cd00adf	level 3: landscaping.
d4751f0e4a7488f66757f5d8606a22161291885b	Fig. 7. Examples of project proposals for mobile landscaping systems at 3 urban planning levels.
6f5d172444620477da663174611ed3879a8cd2fa	Modern requirements for the architectural and planning organization of environmental comfort zones are determined by the tendency to search for proposals for new solutions to green areas, and most importantly to solve the problem of lack of space in the urban space for the placement of such zones.
08fc23ab59965f4a345fc5d1bacaf6b7ff81f053	List of sources used:
c8885b0d3694f43332d5a50c7ab1e497c13b7557	Gorokhov V.
ac1d64ff7a9e5ea7e17960ce74c1146f36b40740	- M.: Stroyizdat, 2003 – - 416 p.: il.
a07669e7676da0897792cb4b8cdf7b1c2b683e43	Lunts L. B. Urban green construction.
f99b163ba3b1c94913b4692a3d880382071924de	2nd, add. and pererab .
398e9b524722045207ef6be366730a3c0c78978d	M., Stroyizdat, 1974, 275 p.
f0951da0ecfacaa25b5e5aba23d525a272feed28	Teodoronsky B. C. Construction and operation of landscape architecture objects : a textbook for students. higher. studies. institutions / V. S. Teodoronskii, E. D. Sabo, V.
556cc836de52de3a2cd30a687e84742208752940	A. Frolova ; edited by V. S. Teodoronsky.
b7c4df0dafc4c0bcd56c5a390146e128ca5d88aa	- M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2006 — - 352 p.
58cff992541b3e9239d9395e391bf5e6ae6b9660	Vertical landscaping of building facades.
dd2e52292b22eae73fc87e9958f67159961ddd96	[Electronic resource].
c759ebc81d81a3fb92038ef312536f87f0d713ab	— http://www.remontpozitif.ru/publ/idei dlja sada i dachi / vertikalnoe ozelenenie fasadov/66-1-0-593 Ecoparkovki [Electronic resource].
41a6e3c6c2721ccf7e2c3f88ce70087143c87b56	— http://www.gg gazon.ru/romb/ Howeler&Yoon, eco cocoons of Bostan.
3f220936c6da7f7f970fe4b1a30dab23a378f8f5	— http://www.geekcivilization.com/innovation of the scientific concept of eco pods architectural design with robotic arms in boston/ Eco houses.
fb061434a47af4053e19a64e5e0b5018141f0b33	PGAS, Viktor Vorobyov.
f85265e8ceda79206c37e1a6c4da45eb39717cf5	— http://www.domik.net/novosti/dnepropetrovsk ukraincev zaseljat v nory n99713.html Pavilion P.S. 1 2008 – "Public farm 1" [Electronic resource].
b06edba15ddfd37963c48e1e076a722f736044af	— http://archi.ru/foreign/guide/object current.html?oid=3898&fl=2&sl=3 Vincent Callebaut Architects, Amphibian Physalia Garden.
80ce964dae09a56746528aae3365c6726852bb58	—http://www.archiportal.crimea.ua/novosti/631.html Danish studio n55.
bb08f98e48b73c1863774f68d052c91a999a20c0	The project of a walking eco house.
01e4bf37693cdf54182a4a94bc72652d33f63bfc	— http://kr pro.livejournal.com/24326.html Dai Haifei (Dai Haifei).
365449b5f508ed506dd52967df3b63fff2dc14ee	Egg House.
ca01b313fbb60788484936c00d0e14148c4ed818	— http://www.bypas.ru/150311a8.html Mobile urban landscaping system "Sphere" by Ekaterina Gracheva.
2427a8f02581cf451b3c5b1779a10bec33e83221	— http://www.usaaa.ru/news/archive/news2010/bakalavry id Greening of roofs of buildings [Electronic resource].
e5f8181abff38e700dff91727eac87ac7a8708de	— http://www.zagranhouse.ru/article/2009/07/22/7 / Landscaping the roof of a building: new ideas.
9674c32898e18f61e86b7044c9522589cb470013	— http://domys.ru/2008/10/08/ozelenenie kryshi zdanija novye idei.html Landscaping of roofs.
ec0bf6cf28fb4322ba2c11fd9a75eb11cbdc42b2	— http://green life.ru/ozelen krysh.html Eco parking for any type of transport.
b82fa50726e605d02a8863d8ab3ff16575c02653	— http://www.newgazon.ru/ekoparkovki.html
e9703fae3afc963a470adaa04bca058d8cc9f05c	All articles by the author of "Buldakova"
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508b34cc66f556d2b292f48c13cfb87314954856	Electronic scientific and practical journal "Modern scientific research and innovations".
af3331049ce71df81b09f23107db3e1b113b1ae7	Byzantium, the Byzantine Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire (395[4]-1453) — a state formed in 395 as a result of the final division of the Roman Empire, after the death of Emperor Theodosius I, into western and eastern parts.
b231956a9093c13f024dcdd43d4b52178d55b169	The inhabitants of the Byzantine Empire called their country "the Roman Empire", " the Empire of the Romans "(Lat. Imperium Romanum, Lat. Imperium Romanorum; Greek. Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Greek. Ἀρχὴ τῶν Ῥωμαίων).
e6036b4dd0e0cf0bfdf213eafe895cb9fa295e3f	The "New Rome" was located very well: the sharp cape where the city was founded was washed on the one hand by the waters of the Sea of Marmara, and on the other by the winding Golden Horn Bay.
865f70779e94f7f2bd6fb8a8a57191370bb2b988	The bay was a convenient natural harbor: it seemed that nature itself had done everything possible to turn this place into a major port.
e6aa35a8dab744c1ea07f8887b5fbd8e02511600	Constantinople was also the most important military strategic point, which provided Byzantium with domination over the straits.
c6a7c26d95353fc59842f72be69e7f1b7f1fd982	Constantinople for the Byzantines has always been the personification of their empire, its power and beauty.
1b297ec5d165c2c70149588512d90a64b9a41486	The formation of Byzantium as an independent state can be attributed to the period 330-518.
64bd17e26e6c63fcbd363e5c11d66ec3d3a6c34d	During this period, numerous barbarian, mainly Germanic tribes penetrated the Roman territory through the borders on the Danube and the Rhine.
fea90b57d8b77ade4112939a1afce0dc300936d2	The situation in the East was no less difficult, and one could expect a similar ending after the Visigoths won the famous battle of Adrianople in 378, the emperor Valens was killed and King Alaric devastated the whole of Greece.
441315875aa155f46a607bb228736173bfb94be6	But soon Alaric went to the west — to Spain and Gaul, where the Goths founded their state, and the danger from them for Byzantium passed.
173e3668b603a594510dc84ae72550307bb516af	In 441, the Huns replaced the Goths.
61d1a02f11cb23b22fab9504804b029b6943c243	In the second half of the fifth century, the danger came from the Ostrogoths — Theodoric the Great ravaged Macedonia, threatened Constantinople, but he also went to the west, conquered Italy and founded his state on the ruins of Rome.
d2a83591d7a5035d962d00d8ebb140e195e8da69	In the first centuries of its existence, Byzantium had huge territories (about 750 million square kilometers).
b5ced2988ac0f128700dc45b59901ad847b03af9	They covered Asia Minor, the Balkan Peninsula, part of Mesopotamia and Armenia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, the islands of Crete and Cyprus, Chersonesos in the Black Sea region and Lazica in the Caucasus, some areas of Arabia, the islands of the Eastern Mediterranean.
a34b9ace425ebfbcd2669cf7bdc032d55df5d9d1	The total area occupied by the empire is-no less than about one million square kilometers-and the population numbered thirty-thirty-five million inhabitants.
ab602d886f863c61c1cd73094d02bef4f2430a82	As for the national composition of the empire, there is a great diversity of different nationalities.
b5a0ef8248270420b806c4dd72483650d8294d7a	The most important trade routes ran through Byzantium: the famous "silk Road" to China, the "road of incense" - through Arabia to the ports of the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean.
0655007ccf7532b684676866ed7341ec29dbbcb3	In general, Byzantium was sufficiently provided with raw materials, agricultural products, and minerals.
d5efa60d287dc5ef69392295f563e7a423310a19	The internal economic life of the empire was relatively stable, unlike, say, Western Europe.
7c20c664a75dcdb1c564600d957e8c018dbb5875	And it is not by chance that the Europeans described Byzantium for a long time as a fabulously rich country.
99155e11d97cd9690ea7456d15e999c84c7823d7	All this, of course, does not exclude the fact that the Byzantine civilization, which had an impact on many neighboring countries, was itself influenced by both the tribes and peoples who inhabited it, and the neighboring states.
7b68f8bf317809a92bfa1c81d6063193bdd2cf30	Throughout its thousand-year history, Byzantium has been the center of a peculiar culture that was formed under the influence of Roman, Greek and Hellenistic traditions.
04c2188e29b2815d63f00de159547ac2d668e24e	The Byzantine civilization occupies an outstanding place in the history of world culture.
fbc6b094069a4af095b1341534990aec5e8c31b3	The creation of the Byzantine culture was a complex, sometimes contradictory process.
13f96b4afa0710e0649db6de2667695459456983	Thanks to Ambrose of Milan and Theodosius I, Constantinople became the capital of the Christian empire: Christianity became the state religion.
3a6a82450535ada4ff34208d5b3c5b8d7e6c1d1e	It was the time of the formation of the ideology of the Byzantine society, the formation of the system of the Christian worldview.
aa7737941ddead81ac2b80affc05e09927153a87	Christianity absorbed many of the philosophical and religious teachings of that time.
93266fc3f13a23c18fe6241ad74fcee52c99d37a	In the Middle Ages, Byzantium was the "mentor" of the Slavic world: the southern and eastern Slavs owed it to the appearance of writing, they adopted political and theological ideas, moral norms from Byzantium, they learned to build churches and paint icons from Byzantine masters.
369271d974c7b8c8f5e7270c1131233ad08778fa	In the early Byzantine period, Christian scientific literature reaches a high degree of refinement, combining the elegance of form with deep content.
372e2c0f78fad6d81d57d918e164a6021811179e	If in the West there was a strictly centralized church organization and only the pope had an undoubted moral authority and a huge real power, then in the East the system of pentarchy - the simultaneous existence of five equal patriarchies-prevailed in the East: in Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem.
1e2bf26ffeee1fb89813304ce0271bb93579f05d	The rapid construction in the cities of early Byzantium became a powerful incentive for the development of architecture.
e93d9e4caf442e16ba12f40b3d18aa68873cb896	The churches of Constantinople were striking with their majestic architecture and the splendor of the interior decoration.
455ce77362ef1f9ef5297251dd941527fc9b647e	The unsurpassed masterpiece of Byzantine art was the Church of St. Nicholas built in the 30s of the VI century. Sofia.
5e5a412b03b6bbffb9f25de6c4ecaf53719378d5	Gold, silver, ivory, expensive rocks of stones were used for construction and decoration in countless quantities.
f50f819b2cd11fc5ad4fe0d8b3899664101be6ce	Columns and blocks of rare marbles were brought from all over the empire, which were used for the decoration of the temple.
040be11c24c8cf5b9993193f4bb9bdad05c6b954	The result was that the unprecedented and unheard-of splendor struck even the popular imagination, and in Byzantium there were legends that the heavenly forces themselves helped the architects in the construction.
1f32ab3aca4c1507df36a7c8262fb1917e8d4f4e	In the painting of the VI-VII centuries, a specifically Byzantine image is crystallized, purified from foreign influences.
e6e7806935ef1af6f3f81ef9c00c1a607cd72b67	In the Constantinople church of Kahrie Jami and in the Venetian Sobot of St. Mark, the painters are still trying to use mosaic technique, but all the other paintings of the late Byzantine period are frescoes.
4ecb01ff1a70a047cabb91540b2dc77aef402b93	The images become more ascetic, there is no place for not only the sensual, but also the emotional moment in such art, but spirituality reaches an extraordinary power.
7f42002567602d4cf2195cb0a18485f476377dd8	In the semi-darkness of the vaults of Byzantine churches, many candles and lamps shone dimly, illuminating with mysterious reflections the gold of mosaics, the dark faces of icons, multicolored marble colonnades, magnificent precious utensils.
edf912f16a7de5b69634a6ae88c5407e6b4476b9	All this, according to the church's plan, was supposed to overshadow in the soul of a person the emotional elation of an ancient tragedy, the healthy fun of mimes, the vain excitement of circus contests and give him joy in the everyday life of real life.
5edce566aa506d33923e6237d7a43009380995fb	In the cities, artisans and merchants were united into estates.
dc0bc80a5d44b47bb9588ac88d8d9d3299104663	Belonging to the estate was not a duty, but a privilege, entry into it was provided with a number of conditions.
248b78e0b2a0e9fde23ba0a79d9e93d776773011	Despite the corrupt system of government, very high taxes, slave-owning economy and court intrigues, the economy of Byzantium was the strongest in Europe for a long time.
ae0367427903765b25f775af2d52fca3a2b0142e	Absolutely everything was done in the empire: from consumer products (oil lamps, weapons, armor, primitive elevators, mirrors, some other items related to cosmetics), which are now quite widely represented in all museums of the world, to unique works of art that are not represented at all in other areas of the world — iconography, painting, and so on.
40773c67e8076a5e49fefdfd35d0371ce2f2c88f	The empire had dangerous enemies on all its borders.
5b0eeb60463a2b341fe8ccccd6a2d4c29f292bce	In 518, after the death of Emperor Anastasius, the head of the guard, Justin, a native of the Macedonian peasants, ascended to the throne.
418be0d94ce374f4f91f5f88e6a4fdd3ce37f960	Power would have been very difficult for this illiterate old man if Justinian's nephew had not been near him.
b28eba720f9a1fea826830660696e9dd81b332d8	From the very beginning of the reign of Justin, his relative Justinian was actually in power — also a native of Macedonia, but he received an excellent education and had excellent abilities.
c791bdc47f6d6e9370970dd5a69801e6688fd1c7	In 527, having received full power, Justinian began to fulfill his plans to restore the empire and consolidate the power of a single emperor.
6ffaacb3a6c787d40561a6736310b107b5d784d5	He achieved an alliance with the dominant church.
afd03d7695609f78f5847d8a814f5c74f6ac9adc	Until 532, he was busy suppressing demonstrations in the capital and repelling the onslaught of the Persians, but soon the main direction of policy shifted to the west
b8ea244885f903d4710741ddd4d59ddc4dc2a4d2	The barbarian kingdoms have weakened over the past half a century, the inhabitants called for a real restoration of the empire, and finally, even the kings of the Germans themselves recognized the legitimacy of Byzantine claims to suzerainty.
34a7fd4ccfe46e3cd2d4a142d6a61bcd837cb427	Invading the Visigothic kingdom in 554, Justinian also conquered the southern part of Spain.
082953daaf1d03ffa302308a03ea613acdd98ae9	As a result, the territory of the empire has almost doubled.
67094f2d4f2708348123241339ae82b9bea35d5c	But these successes required too much expenditure of forces, which the Persians, Slavs, Avars and Huns were not slow to take advantage of, who, although they did not conquer significant territories, but ravaged many lands in the east of the empire.
2b0a43ae2a802b17fc8c75c94e63cd4688810fc9	Byzantine diplomacy also sought to ensure the prestige and influence of the empire throughout the outside world.
1fe8a7586cbb677e2eaf67caf5e7ba3a3fb4f933	Thanks to the clever distribution of favors and money and the skilful ability to sow discord among the enemies of the empire, she brought under Byzantine rule the barbarian peoples (Seljuks, Khazars, Thracians, Phrygians, and other Turkic nomadic tribes) who roamed on the borders of the monarchy, and made them safe.
10cd2792789637da1e47d8442e1e503b4f72a716	The activity of missionaries who spread Christianity from the shores of the Black Sea to the plateaus of Abyssinia and the oases of the Sahara was one of the most characteristic features of Byzantine politics.
e62d2c89bba8f414766f7a118e74d1bd74fc43a4	However, greatness was bought at a high price — the economy was undermined by wars, the population became impoverished, and the successors of Justinian (Justin II (565-578), Tiberius II (578-582), Mauritius (582-602)) were forced to focus on defense and shift the direction of policy to the east.
aee55fcdc17369a486576c7d10f63ed192c397dd	Justinian's conquests proved to be fragile — at the end of the VI—VII centuries, Byzantium lost a significant part of the conquered regions in the West, retaining several disconnected territories in Italy, large islands in the western Mediterranean and the Carthaginian exarchate.
35a0a8d519366ca45c8f02e35e2f33fdc0422805	While the invasion of the Lombards took half of Italy from Byzantium, Armenia was conquered in 591 during the war with Persia, the confrontation with the Slavs and the Avars who settled on the Danube in the 560s continued in the north.
e6990470120b088dc5e2a7ad6f70d2da6e08dac3	But already at the beginning of the next, VII century, the Persians resumed hostilities and achieved significant success due to numerous troubles in the empire.
8dbfe7c5dcb4485d42b1ee1fa65e2fd6a507ca0f	In 610, the son of the exarch of Carthage, Heraclius, overthrew the emperor Phocas and founded a new dynasty that was able to withstand the dangers threatening the state.
19f5f88d8f92e188cc8eb7592263feb7a773ddce	It was one of the most difficult periods in the history of Byzantium — the Persians conquered Egypt, Syria and part of Asia Minor and threatened Constantinople, the Avars, Slavs and Lombards attacked the borders from all sides.
b00dc33583af3ab12099c9cbd79879051735392d	In 634, Caliph Omar invaded Syria.
245b261033b359ec085a82793a04c53f9eb95598	In 635, the Arabs captured Damascus.
e0bad765d5fdb58b690a6e6a7ef956e1de15de79	The decisive battle between Byzantium and the Arab Caliphate for control of Syria took place on August 20, 636.
dcefca3cbb691aaff07007b79e1ef967297a21f0	The outcome of the battle was decided by natural conditions: a sandstorm disoriented the Byzantines.
045394ff5740e4cb3750696a2e600a81d3d19dc8	The Muslim Arabs have won.
9b1ad591db174961b78b7b2351207d1b992986d0	Heraclius retreated to Constantinople.
445f462e709dbedb89239d9c9175bce75824b707	Over the next 40 years, Egypt, North Africa, Syria, Palestine, Upper Mesopotamia were lost, and often the predominantly Nestorian and Miaphysitic population of these areas, exhausted by wars, considered the Arabs, who at first pursued a policy of religious tolerance and significantly reduced taxes, as their liberators.
037a29664cfdadd0037e1af7d342d5c670da433a	The protection of the territory was therefore one of the most important concerns of the emperors.
967f226604f17326bccab8f215c00292f3f7687e	The national recruitment, which passed as a legacy of the Roman Empire, has always existed and retained its significance.
cefb05fecdbbf6773563246166428a28761efac7	During the 7th century, a new system of military service appeared – the "system of military fiefs".
b99c33698424d54f8ecd2c3a4b29e77f9d777c5b	This system consists in the allotment of land on condition of military service, in order to ensure the permanent nature of this service; certain privileges were granted to allotment lands: the land becomes an inalienable hereditary possession, passing to one of the sons if the father becomes incapable of military service.
002972bbc9206e553b5dd2ad02f0353d2b67b185	The empire willingly recruited soldiers from neighboring peoples, who supplied it with either whole squads led by their tribal leaders, or a large number of barbarians of various origins who were serving in the Byzantine army.
5ad1d0721380d7aa0a3562da0739dfd3a903a5cc	The emperors willingly provided large command posts and high military ranks to foreigners, preferring them in the interests of personal security.
a09278a6df7898468bd59aaa406b89ef7efa1c12	The army consisted of two parts: the line troops, very mobile, intended for large campaigns and always ready to be transferred to a particular area, and the border troops
a20d99e3f1f7b867f8550d5fa8440997a52aee5f	There was a kind of defensive system of the empire.
ded2e177c51eefe5f3b128032175b2ae3db0f3d9	Along the borders and obliquely, a telegraph was arranged in the form of a chain of watchtowers on the heights, ending with a large lighthouse near the palace of Constantinople: by means of lights lit on top of the towers, the news of the enemy's noticed movement reached the capital in a few hours.
b01a0e715cd98a0697c9b595c17f0efcbc468532	But it was impossible to keep 1 large army and move it from one border to another.
14fc9f75b142262bfaccb6eec163a10e121063fb	The state was divided into themes, or military governorships
842c519d8a9f01dbe88eceb4a1680ac08273d4ac	Instead of bulky, slowly assembled armies, detachments from the local population appeared, obliged to protect only their native land.8
40fe20802311a3d8af35d88341a986a466fa9f55	Without a doubt, this army also had great disadvantages.
f303961befd4524f27a127651d8134356a0b3346	But, despite this, this army was still a wonderful weapon of war, which allowed the Byzantine emperors not only to defend the empire, but even to expand its borders and win brilliant victories.
8f694f56ac461898fca061d38f1a3c12241d59a3	The political structure of Byzantium is an autocratic monarchy, assuming full power in the hands of the emperor.
e04e01ee72aacf57f237a958dab4bd46f00dfab4	He was also in the role of the highest judge, directing foreign policy, he issued laws, he was also the commander of the army.
2a7adcec355c602e3d941d7cb79b85022a61bdeb	The power of the emperor was considered divine, therefore, it was practically without any restrictions.
249b6f4818fd3f8167ac3bd3b74ab77e69595ee1	But paradoxically, the power of the emperor was not legally hereditary.
37e8ac0724be2e08ca6549cac756b005d149c042	That is why wars were frequent, and there was a turmoil for power.
4e90c5b5601fbf00d0210c75535c7d747a2b2f3c	In the history of the Byzantine Empire, there are many examples of a simple warrior, peasant, and even a barbarian ruling the country, who, thanks to their dexterity, were able to occupy such a high post.
fe32abe67b54b5a839e642ae2c862c36d7b2e371	But feudalism in Byzantium had its own characteristics that distinguished it from Western Europe and from the countries of the East.
b08190ee7b19d11790d48634df3693c5ba64ec33	The reason for this was the external circumstances of its history, and the peculiarity of the Byzantine civilization as a whole.
4888888a78c81a2705c02e1a8adee428c7805ea7	For several centuries of development, it combined elements of Eastern state feudalism and Western European.
21435717857445827a7b9d2cfc156d4f9e13b9bf	Byzantium was brought closer to the East by a strong centralized government, which restrained the growth of large private land ownership, limited the autonomy of private feudal estates.
5aca0d0f58b5deab6f92da9bebfe5e2438426bb6	And this is natural: after all, the Roman empire inherited and preserved Roman law, which legalized private ownership of land.
0eb38421c786883003891b256b9ff93137e6dfda	The more the centralized power weakened. The similarity of the Byzantine feudalism with the Western European one was all the more pronounced.
b35ff714ea2dcac78dd7b1b6c1eeb7b810a5efbf	The seventh century was a difficult time in the history of Byzantium.
aca8fe5e01cea9bffe4f0e7b75a5a03540377b7b	Torn by internal strife, pressed by formidable external enemies, the empire was experiencing a serious crisis.
e4d39d9d56267e9df682739bce940bcd87b58f24	The most terrible danger threatened from the East —from the powerful Arab Caliphate.
410e9b7d10fcf3d338dc20248f7a970c46c4ff5d	By the end of the tragic seventh century, the Byzantine Empire ceased to exist as a great Mediterranean power.
60ce4e4274cf85538c11b594c1ada4bba6ec6ecc	Its place was taken by the medieval Byzantine state, much smaller in size, but distinguished by greater ethnic unity, political and religious cohesion.
9ae34e142873d57eb3abdc2d38676629bd8535dc	The Empire entered a new period of its development - the formation and victory of the feudal system.
7a03714af9cc5758b9afddce202fd18e3d902755	In Byzantine culture, the tenth century was associated with the creation of generalizing works of an encyclopedic nature.
1e56a4b12edd9e17978bbb35d0b294ba9d7b10e6	During this period, encyclopedias on history, agriculture, and medicine were compiled.
4821cdf0aa2e5fdec46422e57c246e39dfccb03b	The treatises of Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus (913-959) "On the administration of the state", "On the themes", "On the ceremonies of the Byzantine court" are an extensive encyclopedia of the most valuable information about the political and administrative structure of the Byzantine state.
dbc9d1d61fce884c9214a8a815f1ae0d92068cde	In Constantinople, in the XI century, the university was revived - the center of secular education for the entire empire.
cf93a47f4500ff7319c2452c464bf37503d1237e	In the XI-XII centuries. serious ideological shifts are taking place in the Byzantine culture.
534837c19662196fe2fccf015890d0f90274edfd	The growth of provincial cities, the rise of crafts and trade, the rapprochement with the West under the Komnenos could not but affect the culture.
c009578c9b89278cf9a0deaa69da2117a1c85a32	A whole galaxy of outstanding historians appears, in whose writings the author's position clearly emerges, the narrative approaches the present, the chronological principle of the presentation recedes into the background, the characteristics of the actors acquire an individual color
5a0a9852f039eab3a7fe9ec8a478a51ed83f610a	The capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204 led to the collapse of the Byzantine Empire.
29a3cefcaf4194eddc0f677d28e9fc627081a0db	The conquerors brought with them new customs and laws, subjected the Orthodox Church to persecution, forcing it to recognize the primacy of the Pope.
81423dd3cc9acedcce89a5f07f946e9f65ce5407	According to the writer of the XIV century. Nikephora Grigora, the power of the Romans, like a ship caught up by evil winds and waves, split into many small parts.
54873e7c5c33f35421c38364497eb8d21ef7c52a	After that, the empire collapsed: the Epirus Kingdom was formed in the Balkans, the Trebizond Empire was formed on the Black Sea coast, the Nicene Empire was formed in the north - west of Asia Minor, the Crusaders created the Latin Empire, which occupied part of Thrace, central Greece and the Peloponnese.
00f75ce62743c7c75faf0df0bb1570d1745c4714	The position of the Latin Empire was very precarious — the hatred of the Greeks and the attacks of the Bulgarians greatly weakened it
162a6b278f8c93ba3baed8e741cd4dba2ad25b88	He had no troops, the Venetians kept a garrison in Constantinople, the very existence of the Latin Empire depended on whether the Europeans would come to save it at a dangerous moment.
c86dea0ae3fcac0de05cafed789def722bf27285	In addition, the Latin Empire was torn apart by internal troubles and the struggle for the throne.
06cc07aa6de2cf5c48c071821cd2b3b6bd45138c	The state of the Crusaders turned out to be very weak and existed for about half a century.
bdfa918f075fa53fdd663c0fa0fa87452ebb7942	Among the Byzantine states, the main enemy of the Latins was the powerful Nicene Empire.
3e3526c346a57e43a61f432cbaee67aa0df21d41	Michael 8 Palaiologos, an outstanding political figure and a brave military commander who seized the throne of Nicaea, conquered Constantinople in 1261 and partially restored the Byzantine Empire.
f9ad252d9d8b6ff8ab44aabd12a0b7a3a5f25e76	It was no longer possible to revive it in its former form.
bd0599aa6f296c3590c5c9d07e4787145c3339ce	Meanwhile, the Ottoman Turks led an active offensive, rapidly advancing into the depths of the Balkan peninsula.
b86109a8726f1fd6057f31019ae67d7a3627df80	The pressure of the Ottomans, led by three major military leaders — Ertogrul, Osman (1289-1326) and Urkhan (1326-1359), was constantly increasing.
19ca752146510a90d6e343423993c53b1bbe22b5	However, the fate of the Roman Empire was already inevitable: in 1453, after a long siege, Constantinople fell.
54458b0bbd4e619740622bf381f0266d72a411cf	The conquerors turned it into the capital of the Ottoman Empire and gave it a name – Istambul.
253af71cfdab806c37b1fc74dc91016122a33034	Byzantium has passed a difficult, but rich in bright events of social and cultural life, a thousand-year historical path.
0353d84b9325e5ee2b162803af4105dcefbe1234	The question of the reasons for the fall of a powerful civilization that existed for about 1000 years worries many historians.
e6969dc750f7a3bfbf78a5672682f7495be5ee72	Some put the difficult international situation in the foreground: Byzantium was weakened by the West and almost simultaneously it was subjected to a strong blow from the east - from the Turks.
fd4fcad6f621e5215d3daf6383ebaf213c634526	Another reason stands out: the separation of Byzantium from the West, reinforced by the split of the churches.
501edf35853a51dfed488039ced06ae6f5f7e872	But internal contradictions are still considered the main factors.
eca4355af7407a21490c94004126df58630e2b31	The central government, which did not give up its positions to the end, reduced the activity of society, weakened it, and thereby the empire as a whole.
adea957f55a17f000f0cacb3bd8919282a24dbee	Statehood, which for a long time was the main well-being of Byzantium, turned, due to its inertia, into a brake for its development.
32a6fc1499d281df0d7355cd22fd077706faf46d	Significant elements of ancient civilization and Roman law are preserved here.
f092ecf33c5666656b045afa7b15e961be8c1703	However, the longer it takes, the more clearly the vices of the autocratic state appear: the venality of officialdom and notorious embezzlement; the slowness of the functioning of the state apparatus, traditionalism, closely intertwined with the idea of election that relaxes the will; the high cost of the state apparatus....
c43245d2a71fec7412ac2567699e6b8fa34360ed	This social instability, of course, was reflected in the nature of state power - with its external power and internal instability.
55e07bc7d3cd556db7eeb918aa7334c19e482939	The country suffered not from feudal dismemberment, but from bureaucratic centralization and from the civil and moral indifference generated by it, which engulfed the broad strata.
4d82f0066d7b6d2a53868d86b40b27cd78d85079	Plan.
fda8f39f9615581d6b6cd81a3103fcb44f272523	1. Introduction Stage I (mid IV century the first half of VI century) 1.
5a7d185749770edbc87fcf8472ea5a7174d97c8b	The role of religion in culture 3 2.
98e386882084435120abc24e6a610b73b8ecde6a	New in the visual arts 6 3.
3202b99f77639eaef17e59ae57f827fcafdc53f5	Architecture 8 4.
dff3780dfaae7a496a59200d114540a13c26d440	Fine arts 12 5.
2f672f5c2699faee0b90f77ba30c1f0c145ed5da	Secular and ecclesiastical music, theater 13 Stage II (mid VIIIV early XIII) 1.
0da0d0575dc26b0119d6c8a2d542e342c9f8172b	Public life and religion 15 2.
2d8e9760c14d1cc57d3b3806bebb2036fbdcffa7	Philosophical movements 16 3.
4d5be92015921de06a31d73c24c4257901195963	Literature 19 4.
86e3d131683bb79ffcdeb6312d7d1f38b8978e05	Aesthetics 21 5.
4a81fbf3b093b5948a8cdf7dcad5379d74fadc14	Fine arts 21 6.
cb46a854140ccb65771687aa9b8d0a3a412c5e5a	Architecture 23 7.
9401ddf2cb1373be240e7eee133f7e22633cf455	Music 23 Stage III (XIII mid XV century) Brief description 25 Introduction The Byzantine state was formed as a result of the separation of the eastern part of the Roman Empire at the end of the IV century AD.
1a2c82bcf3404353aa5c3f83b38acd88ac364cc4	It existed for over a thousand years, until the defeat of its capital Constantinople in 1453 during the Turkish invasion.
b8a51d95857151989e0e33ebf2362349815e7be7	The beginning of the Byzantine Empire is considered to be the year 395, when Emperor Theodosius I divided the Roman state into two parts – eastern and western.
60bcc4779a11d62ec8f6074245a54e78833c854b	Constantinople became the capital of the eastern part of the empire (the old city of Byzantium was renamed in 330) Byzantium is one of the states that made a great contribution to the development of culture in Europe of the Middle Ages.
fc46243a35846d61090eaedac366fbf6f524728a	A special, outstanding place belongs to the history of Byzantium.
cb98b23f436598a4411d88953af934f729f5f478	In artistic creativity, Byzantium gave the medieval world high images of literature and art, which were distinguished by the noble elegance of forms, imaginative vision of thought, refinement of aesthetic thinking, depth of philosophical thought.
ff2e2ed590b6f99593358410ce967cb71f8bf8b8	By the power of expressiveness and deep spirituality, Byzantium stood ahead of all the countries of medieval Europe for many centuries.
2e52f266919cda14eab339963e02c9a1025320a5	The direct heir of the Greco Roman world and the Hellenistic East, Byzantium has always remained the center of a unique and truly brilliant culture.
056c486d5f97f44b1707169f9a22f4d755c44e08	If we try to separate the Byzantine civilization from the civilization of Europe, the Near East and the Near East, the following factors will be the most important: 1.
7ee201742bf06a993d2a0441e3b7ba7a959b75a5	There was a linguistic community in Byzantium (the main language was Greek);
a194558789a2f0c40ce743afa5358174cfad0e78	2. There was a religious community in Byzantium (the main religion was Christianity in the form of Orthodoxy);
5d6084ad2e5e283a9c8bc3fdcb7d7e2a879ea60d	3. In Byzantium, despite all the multi ethnicity, there was an ethnic core consisting of Greeks.
517346bdbf682ffe1f504bc5ae852e29a9a55ef0	4. The Byzantine Empire has always been distinguished by a stable statehood and centralized management.
6056bb747979b4bfd78dcf193b3006a93133ee22	During its thousand year existence, Byzantium faced powerful external influences coming from countries that were at a close stage of development - from Iran, Egypt, Syria, Transcaucasia, and later the Latin West and Ancient Russia.
94af143cc304fa3255cfeea568dd1f09a07933b1	On the other hand, Byzantium had to enter into various contacts with peoples who were at a slightly or significantly lower stage of development (the Byzantines called them "barbarians").
240996822a2f0c5d5dcf478b47b251b80ef0aa1c	The process of development of Byzantium was not straightforward.
39d07420e35cc4db65a74def86b1c15c591ace41	There were epochs of rise and decline, periods of triumph of progressive ideas and gloomy years of the rule of reactionary ones.
3c1db3aca2a1ab2cd1911cb80e1b48c2fd9d4fd5	But the sprouts of a new, living, advanced germinated sooner or later in all spheres of life, at all times.
7aba8af15f572ce386a55c08c9c3e5cbcdf27c95	Folk art was an inexhaustible source of culture.
64a999932ef43e0488516eb3fa3ffbdff242c3e0	Under the cover of traditions and stereotypes, a new, creative beginning lived, acted and made its way.
6b375f4b363615a41c0207cb46d73f1f74c97fcd	The entire thousand year history of Byzantium can be divided into three periods: 1.
51593bdd11b5fcd01ab0ff65dd98e704795f22ae	The middle of the IVB.
8a56147c91a9d03eacb0281bf7c0d4efb9913848	- The first half of VIIb.
ed6f84e575a7cdaef4b4d6ff04741dca6f032b39	- the period of decomposition of the slave owning system and the formation of medieval society.
f714e79277b89588536215b5be126598fbaa623a	2. The middle of the VIIIb the beginning of the XIII century.
bf0d36509e612fd56610a05e767a902ff48ec5e2	- the emergence and development of feudalism in Byzantium.
f266d5f57bd8fc4370e98405210ab727a1230a64	3. XIII. - the middle of the XV century.
ca4b2cbe6059cf83165eb984cce3fc221526b71f	- the last period characterized by the further development of feudalism and the beginning of its decomposition.
140da869e614f050ac74acddb9557aa1233ec95d	The first centuries of the existence of the Byzantine state can be considered as the most important stage in the formation of the worldview of the Byzantine society, based on the traditions of pagan Hellenism and the principles of Christianity.
ee468f997a737063a643ffcc6ab9bf499f49f015	In early Byzantium, the philosophy of Neoplatonism is experiencing a new flourishing.
ae89537b4643541d765fca5e6afbd671e9a51b11	A number of Neoplatonic philosophers appear: Proclus, Diadochus, Plotinus, Pseudo Dionysius the Areopagite.
378770b5ed6e839857dfca3609488d2b5e8d3778	Neoplatonism was directly adjacent to and coexisted with early Byzantine philosophical thought.
06e7668192ecc6c2b4fc716a2bafb4d31d14668e	But Neoplatonism required from its adherents a special philosophical training, special thinking, a turn of the brain.
b66a3945788432f45f0b040d7331d40be8677fb0	He was elitist, that is, inaccessible to the broad masses, which was reflected in his historical doom.
9763f62caa6713a1d11a92dd65d7ca11663ec1e6	I period The role of religion in culture The formation of Christianity as a philosophical and religious system was a complex and lengthy process.
064b7d892880771e15caa604977ac4f2e9acd6a4	Christian dogmatics has developed under the strong influence of not only Middle Eastern religious teachings, Judaism, Manichaeism, but also Neoplatonism.
68d07da24a2d7d60e26f27b2c3be410e723bf9fd	The dogma of the trinity of the deity, one of the central dogmas of the Christian faith, is essentially a reinterpreted triad of Neoplatonists.
d941d51964610059ee2e0a6298af328dabc3554f	However, Christianity, despite having common features with Manichaeism and Neoplatonism, is fundamentally different from Manichean dualism and Neoplatonic monism.
97672d83e3372a7e424bf92d82b81053ae210689	Christianity itself was not only a syncretic religious teaching, but also a synthetic philosophical and religious system, an important component of which was the ancient philosophical teachings.
cf00b83f7c3ebf20bea37c6206aa33d6f3bb675a	This, perhaps, explains to some extent the fact that Christianity not only fought with ancient philosophy, but also used it for its own purposes.
796d4112f2e40a291530feda3293ad02a8613d08	The irreconcilability of Christianity with everything that bore the stigma of paganism is replaced by a compromise between the Christian and ancient worldview.
91f47f0ab104d7e902a836536a97c9d46f8a7649	In Neoplatonism itself, two currents have formed: one is radical, opposed to Christianity, the other is more moderate.
866d3357d4cd2499467304e0fc188ddf43690d6e	Gradually, the supporters of a compromise with Christianity are gaining the upper hand.
91d680818f03890f1ef8fe5393e9e65c60b6a760	There is a process of repulsion, isolation and at the same time rapprochement, merging of Neoplatonic philosophy and Christian theology, which ends with the absorption of Neoplatonism by Christianity.
1a9d3c22d53b5a43f7580551da812ca145db2013	The most educated and far sighted Christian theologians realized the need to master the entire arsenal of pagan culture in order to use it in creating philosophical concepts.
196ecbd39892cf29f78aea477639414edbf42ae2	In the works of Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa and Gregory of Nazianzus, in the speeches of John Chrysostom, one can see a combination of the ideas of early Christianity with Neoplatonic philosophy, sometimes a paradoxical interweaving of rhetorical ideas with a new ideological content.
2f6b15afd32e8f11b79eba0a0492cb56103deb89	Such thinkers as Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa and Gregory of Nazianzus lay the foundation of Byzantine philosophy, their philosophical constructions are deeply rooted in the history of Hellenic thinking.
f169573ce40e0d25858629fd706158f1f9cdb9d1	At the center of their philosophy is the understanding of being as perfection, which leads to a kind of justification of the cosmos, and, consequently, the world and man.
8e399bb5a905fc673afaf645e8b3a64d06ae92ad	In Gregory of Nyssa, this concept sometimes approaches pantheism.
d74c7fc550ff607e7a67b6bead08eba41517c60b	In the transitional era of the demise of the slave owning system and the formation of a feudal society, fundamental changes are taking place in all spheres of the spiritual life of Byzantium.
d79e3470a4942d3c72c3f3458756843aba6c2967	A new aesthetic is being born, a new system of spiritual and moral values that is more appropriate to the way of thinking and emotional needs of a medieval person.
fa4f57f708c51d95e3dc9edd320555319b1c0de0	Patristic literature, biblical cosmography, liturgical poetry, monastic novella, world chronicle, Christian hagiography, permeated with a religious worldview, gradually take possession of the minds of Byzantine society and replace ancient culture.
c7041074e0a0c7e4e90853434658cee1e4159f0c	The man himself of that era is also changing, his vision of the world, his attitude to the universe, nature, and society.
846371ceed1d48c017687a8190e6e8f8bab6a526	A new "image of the world" is being created in comparison with antiquity, embodied in a special symbolic system of symbols.
e1bc4a6bd3c62a1b05558b2d46626708e68335d8	The ancient idea of a heroic person, the ancient understanding of the world as a world of laughing gods and heroes fearlessly going to death, where the highest good is not to be afraid of anything and not to hope for anything (a very nice philosophy), is replaced by the world of a suffering, torn by contradictions, a small, sinful person.
5004d4a23db63cce5fa5935b60882232e8f0d40a	He is infinitely humiliated and weak, but he believes in his salvation in another life and tries to find solace in this.
b4952b2cdb69bbe42280be368193a188be84db80	Christianity reveals with unprecedented intensity the painful division within the human personality.
0efec9a3265c5e8dd5a8a5f2f157a3e879b24c01	The idea of man about the cosmos, about time, about space, about the course of history is also changing: the biblical vision of the progressive movement of history of early Byzantine historians and chroniclers, conditioned by the will of God, is replacing the closed historical cycles of ancient writers.
536be7ee69aea1d96283822a684044bd23a7be43	In early Byzantium, one of the fundamental ideas of the Middle Ages was crystallized - the idea of the union of the Christian church and the "Christian empire".
d1f54c2a3f074787835a952035e8fea465e2b6c0	The spiritual life of the society of that time is characterized by dramatic tension; in all spheres of knowledge, literature and art, there is an amazing mixture of pagan and Christian ideas, images, representations, a colorful combination of pagan mythology with Christian mysticism.
f653eebc40fe1ae9fac917e3a4421acbf4bc6ce2	The era of the formation of a new, medieval culture gives birth to talented, sometimes marked by the seal of genius thinkers, writers, poets.
0f842aac3e5559698ae892ce23051cf54a8917c6	The artist's individuality has not yet dissolved into the church dogmatic thinking.
a11243cb373eaaea9ff35df8bcbd35ab68e603b1	Fundamental changes are taking place in the sphere of fine art and the aesthetic views of Byzantine society.
9c84619542475615ccc1d36c2c7d606ead8f9e2c	Byzantine aesthetics developed on the basis of the entire spiritual culture of Byzantium.
4a98d47bbbe20c7750d6bfe2f823d8bce16d258a	She largely relied on ancient views about the essence of beauty, but synthesized and reinterpreted them in the spirit of Christian ideology.
162eef9cab3b7c66cc055c76a2081ccf97fac26e	A distinctive feature of Byzantine aesthetics was its deep spiritualism.
7efd78fec85db0a9e924d11879b7dc878b284033	Giving preference to the spirit over the body, she also tried to remove the dualism of the earthly and heavenly, divine and human, spirit and flesh.
593702a20934d6cdb4b500735da0701e019cc096	Without denying the physical beauty, the Byzantine thinkers put the beauty of the soul, virtue, and moral perfection much higher.
fe3d22c283c747989183f3da4a395b6cea679959	Of great importance for the establishment of the Byzantine aesthetic consciousness was the early Christian understanding of the world as a beautiful creation of a divine artist.
98b937477351a05d258bdd90f650cb76cdd9e698	That is why natural beauty was valued higher than beauty created by human hands, as if "secondary" in its origin.
16d0e357ae1d50babdd5cd67f4ba85dd073bbd02	Byzantine art was genetically traced back to Hellenistic and Eastern Christian art.
06380cb552aff62bc8f767168394a8ba40858c2f	In the early period, the refined platonism and the trembling sensuality of late antique impressionism seemed to merge in Byzantine art with the naive, sometimes rude expressiveness of Oriental folk art. Hellenism for a long time remained the main, but not the only, source from which the Byzantine masters drew the elegance of forms, the correctness of proportions, the charming transparency of the color scheme, the technical perfection of their works.
0d5cb0e880c1639cf3ca1cf952eb2135f4b8fcbf	But Hellenism could not fully resist the powerful flow of Eastern influences that swept over Byzantium in the first centuries of its existence.
065eb1b622c2bba194b65c0b48101a93e4e1db49	At this time, the influence of Egyptian, Syrian, Malaysian, and Iranian artistic traditions on Byzantine art is felt.
f7625d6176b249b1c093ff17fa8db2a16ebd8650	In the IV V centuries. the late Antique traditions were still strong in the art of Byzantium.
6f8e3aa4cbfe9edf96bf820cd1a5b8136b53b0b6	If classical ancient art was distinguished by a peaceful monism, if it did not know the struggle of spirit and body, and its aesthetic ideal embodied the harmonious unity of bodily and spiritual beauty, then a tragic conflict of spirit and flesh is already outlined in late Antique artistic creativity.
e5d1c46e0e546e78a46fba1f80cf6f71af3faa8f	Monistic harmony is replaced by a clash of opposite principles, " the spirit is trying to throw off the shackles of the corporeal shell, as it were."
7bacde38d6c74d8d578c4afce108843182b3c240	Later, Byzantine art overcame the conflict of spirit and body, it was replaced by a calm contemplation, designed to lead a person away from the storms of earthly life into the supersensible world of pure spirit.
1405830b9639973d1cf6532a28a14bf08372ec69	This "pacification" occurs as a result of the recognition of the superiority of the spiritual over the corporeal, the victory of the spirit over the flesh.
8c7ec79bdc442846b0b8e9d8ced5366605d1f2ab	From now on, the main aesthetic task of Byzantine art is the artist's desire to embody a transcendent idea in an artistic image.
bcc49fb4b1d94173162029199f4cb3fa93cbc090	In the VI VII centuries, Byzantine artists managed not only to absorb these diverse influences, but also, overcoming them, to create their own style in art.
785165227f634d93075d3966aa4d6123b8a23dfd	Since that time, Constantinople has become a famous art center of the medieval world, a "palladium of sciences and arts".
aa1554fba993dd7a9a3b29de965f6b511a5b9ced	It is followed by Ravenna, Rome, Nicaea, Thessalonica, which also became the focus of the Byzantine artistic style.
8778d71499061c8a2cda3d8e96f2c9c7569d5662	The heyday of the Byzantine art of the early period is associated with the strengthening of the power of the empire under Justinian.
d818ad984628bfbb5ed74403a52910e777f56f37	At this time, magnificent palaces and temples are being erected in Constantinople.
7e9ba220bc73ce3505b681b7f6cc21f156ce7da7	Architecture The unsurpassed masterpiece of Byzantine art was the Church of St. Nicholas built in the 30s of the VI century.
87a217cd2c3a445814bb3f2af1b28653ce2cdcac	Sofia.
8b85e607fac2159a9c001a8f2691a17a3c9c749f	Christian Byzantium also devoted a lot of work to decorating the temple of the One God.
d487ad65e496b4d9356840bc6bf9baece418a3a3	But since the time of Justinian, the pride of Constantinople, or Byzantium, has become the church of St. Sophia built by this emperor, in memory of the pacification of the rebellion, when this sovereign almost lost his throne.
df9145edd435cdf6f351ca61f5d7b4d7732cb56d	Having conceived the idea of building a temple, Justinian turned to the most famous architects of his time - Anthimius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus.
d21471d68d5de21fa3f5db8ab0f005620deab3d9	He wanted the temple being erected to become a great monument for him, and therefore did not spare any costs for the construction.
b487235565006f35bccbcdc0f958aa461afe00b3	Under the leadership of Anthimius and Isidore, up to 10,000 people of masons, carpenters and other workers were employed on the buildings every day.
0a1011eac47bdb317bcff708b3953a82e903820e	According to Justinian, the church of St. Sophia was supposed to surpass all the temples that ever existed in its size and luxury.
0090d7b886df5bcd4ddbb595c8de62ee475857e0	The result was that the unprecedented and unheard of splendor struck even the popular imagination, and in Byzantium there were legends that the heavenly forces themselves helped the architects in the construction.
4cce67f45b68adbe73e81d6adfcf8cd224d20142	Where Justinian conceived the construction, there was already a temple in the name of divine wisdom - St. Sophia, built by Constantine.
f0118841154da0f3ebb45a8ffe830b8c82e6af96	The temple, over which the place of the holy Cross has been so offensive to Christians for four centuries occupied by the Mohammedan moon, was built on the same place as the first, but much later.
e6fcf282917a419215b3c9f6b919ff4a10bb86d2	The first was small for a large Christian population, and Constantius, the son of Constantine, increased it.
cc968b47f610464ccb3adaacbf01b186a8f71444	In 404, during the reign of Arcadius, it was burned during the confusion.
ebb711b55d5e47c5d8e02bcc7d0e179300d5ecae	Emperor Theodosius rebuilt the cathedral again.
5c03fef7272e2f1031a21883e756cffcd81610e4	Subsequently, it burned down again, and only the Emperor Justinian built a new stone church of St. Nicholas.
d9892327d0aec7dadeef07ea3a12900cee08bd0a	Sofia in incomparably large sizes and with great splendor.
6a082614f1ac0d91cb4c4f1799a4a2b647535826	This temple has been preserved to our times.
be93fd622b560909d77e6727e855fb15a824b7ba	To fulfill his plan, the emperor ordered all the governors to find marble, columns and sculptural decorations for the new temple.
390b7d93fd2d5309a2aa0d49c072de4d525acbe0	The last fire that destroyed the remains of the former temple was in January 532, and on February 23 of the same year, the first stone of the new one was laid.
245f322850b1454d1542a6c85f4716f365350294	The new temple was built for about seven years, and in December 538 the completion of construction was celebrated, but seventeen years later the eastern part of the main dome collapsed from an earthquake and fell on the precious altar and pulpit.
ca93ea669b7ffcca23798525ed6401d0a6b1aec4	This misfortune did not in the least diminish Justinian's zeal: he renewed the church with greater strength and splendor, and on December 24, 568, before the day of the Nativity of Christ, its consecration was celebrated.
90ffd394c70dd6a888942c9908c841d6ddb6afec	Under the direction of two main architects - Anthimius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus a hundred other architects managed the work, and each of them had a hundred masons under his command.
91bf36f1aa32abb8848be4a7c8daf990b9b3f6b7	Five thousand workers worked on the right side of the temple and the same number on the left.
b32112ea551025cfd5bbe4351cedcbe12f3e7839	According to Byzantine legends, an Angel drew the plan of this church to the emperor during a dream.
448d12714ceb6a2d7b0e2087b3b492e2db4dee57	The emperor encouraged the workers with money and his presence, and instead of resting after dinner according to the Eastern custom, he tied a handkerchief around his head and with a stick in his hand, went to inspect the work in the simplest linen clothes.
070d58afbeacba6e15e740940977e1f31e386610	All the estates paid a monetary tribute for the construction of the temple.
bee71107ec38eacb4146291b54f81fac846dd754	Marble of all colors white, pink, green and blue, granite of Egypt and porphyry, as well as precious columns extracted from various ancient pagan temples: eight porphyry columns of the lower floor of the famous temple of the Sun in Baalbek, the other eight from the temple of Diana in Ephesus - decorated it.
4cf4f37c0f1fa70656d3fd3d9e4bfe97f29aca5d	It is remarkable that the materials included in the building are taken from temples belonging to almost all pagan religions, so that it was based on the columns of the temples of Isis and Osiris, the Sun and Moon (in Heliopolis), Minerva of Athens and Apollo of Delos.
a90908e12eb1fec6d8b7c4f7a31d5e72c88ab68a	In general, the form of the sanctuary of the Temple of Solomon prevails throughout the building.
7684aa6431aead40f08278f7768020fdf31ff24b	To make it easier to understand the structure of the Cathedral of St.To Sophia, it is necessary to imagine a spacious quadrangle, to which four smaller squares adjoin on its four sides and thereby form the main parts of the building and the shape of a cross inside.
9f95c61a64541de57cf6825ef1601e31349da664	At the corners of the middle large square, four massive pillars (piliers) are built, the tops of which are connected to each other by semicircular arches, and on top of this entire arcade rises a huge dome having 35 meters in diameter.
4e96c0fce255456a336c850ef41e20f7c902de09	The dome, apparently, rests on the arches only with four points, and the rest of it is supported by pandatives (triangles at the intersection of the arches), which begin at the sharp corners of the pilers and go up, so imperceptibly rounded that they seem to be simple light veins, and the points of support of this giant vault escape the observer's eyes, and the dome seems to hang in the air.
d23d49220250ba0d52a14ee84321fd0389a98ea8	The upper point of the vault rose 61 meters above the floor of the church; the length of the church inside the walls is 81 meters, and the width is 60 meters.
ebc5c112e24de2aede151edb432523b7bc895289	There are two semi domes adjacent to the eastern and western parts of the middle vault and three niches to each of them, so that the roof of the main part of the building consists of nine domes rising one above the other.
5d5c908abb22c6916f7b8006c6319e3d9f3a74fb	The rest was covered with marble slabs, and the domes themselves were covered with lead sheets.
275932718c80d8bc632f892e94317ebe0bdee4a5	The semi domes and niches are supported by both four main piliers and four other smaller ones, and under each niche there are two porphyry columns with capitals and bases made of white marble.
10929f9a4a5f8e8ca4a462f1751342e02758f4f9	From the north and south of the main square, under the arches, between each two large piliers, four columns of the most beautiful granite are placed, supporting choirs or galleries for women, which the ancient Christians stood separately during divine services.
b7db5880ef299fc985203bdcc0cfd5957622e743	On 24 other columns of Egyptian granite, side galleries are adjacent to the choirs, illuminated by windows in three tiers: in the lower and middle seven windows, and in the upper five.
acfa5b6a6d8a0635d4f44581915b1fff0fb9aba1	The main dome is illuminated by 4 windows.
82387a1e429017f29db7fb0008c91ade40f7a3be	Above the 40 columns of the lower floor, there are 60 others in the upper galleries and seven more above the entrance doors, so there are 107 columns in total.
c069447d5801286a4c4d0a8db77e9cca87dd9c7e	This number was attributed a mysterious meaning in the East.
a79e297f2f17c18933d4e0f83e5683de0c32fc32	All the columns of the upper floor are marble or granite, perfectly polished and smooth, but the cornices and archivolts on top of these columns are absolutely fantastic.
27a072c476b9592a513def0f695213ccd6d108f3	They are decorated with countless leaves and stripes in the form of braid, mixed and intertwined with each other.
f42855a3adcd5694f941045c5a90e54b87d28562	The main dome, to combine the full development of its size with the ease of style, is made of clay pots, which still surprise with their strength; they are made of light clay found on the island of Rhodes, and are so light that the weight of 12 pots is equal to the weight of one ordinary brick.
5c616c7955e8e2ac1575e9b1270bfae2876f2f8f	The walls are made of brick and all covered with marble slabs, and the pilers are made of large lime stones linked together by iron ties, and are smoothly plastered with lime mortar in oil under marble of various colors.
49982f0b38596df5ac97a0969f6acaf931fa94b0	Another masterpiece of Byzantine architecture is the Church of St. Vitalia in Ravenna impresses with the sophistication and elegance of architectural forms.
f1113289e19ef5582d8fd169139da73518719e6f	This temple was particularly famous for its famous mosaics not only of an ecclesiastical, but also of a secular nature, in particular the images of the Emperor Justinian and the Empress Theodora and their retinue.
ddf919cf21b0db52bfb3d40b311f13faedbbb537	The faces of Justinian and Theodora are endowed with portrait features, the color scheme of the mosaics is characterized by full blooded brightness, warmth and freshness.
de67955d74c90081372f9a10aee480e9c95017a2	Visual art In the painting of the VI VII centuries, a specifically Byzantine image is crystallized, purified from foreign influences.
673be262dbce658354accf3ef5746b71bca517ff	It is based on the experience of the masters of the East and the West, who came independently to create a new art that corresponds to the spiritualistic ideals of medieval society.
5e3731948f5687b73e20a7de3c9c9a06b4c57a89	Various trends and schools are already appearing in this art.
7cbefbba44d09694f711a5cf636cc021418cab03	The metropolitan school, for example, was distinguished by the excellent quality of performance, refined artistry, picturesque and colorful diversity, trembling and iridescence of colors.
c436ce8415942804ccd41d05704fa59212bdd435	One of the most perfect works of this school were the mosaics in the dome of the Church of the Assumption in Nicaea.
f042d4bd83ee1ae2d9e1e770831143e5a01128ce	Other trends in the art of early Byzantium, embodied in the mosaics of Ravenna, Sinai, Thessalonica, Cyprus, Parenzo, mark the rejection of the Byzantine masters from ancient reminiscences.
2d9c28c335d3f91b85f5daf9e62382c3a7e9fa77	Church worship turned into a kind of magnificent mystery in Byzantium.
025a22e49f7ef726d5506ee77d2dcc460c722c13	In the semi darkness of the vaults of Byzantine churches, many candles and lamps shone dimly, illuminating with mysterious reflections the gold of mosaics, the dark faces of icons, multicolored marble colonnades, magnificent precious utensils.
0d19702b1fc9daf65fe122f5b7b8ff38f32fc480	"Orthodox iconography includes paradise palms, flowers and plant ornaments, for" the righteous blooms like a palm tree, rises like a cedar in Lebanon.
23fc29d9a06c377d288ce30a86078720e2e5032d	Planted in the house of the Lord, they bloom in the courts of our God" (Ps 91: 13-14).
d2da39fc76e84c8ce8d296c3f6bafeaaae757d7b	The Old Testament descriptions of images of angels, palm trees and flowers can be compared, for example, with the Byzantine mosaics of the Basilica of St. Apollinarius Nuovo in Ravenna (VI century), representing the processions of martyrs and martyrs in the Garden of Eden.
c0ec53ed45fcd00f8bbcb00b7d3be6543728a304	The green meadows under the feet of the saints are dotted with lily flowers.
f98e9e8502d89d26c8445fef3c24eb2a02e8ac17	There are palm trees between the figures of Christian ascetics, symbolizing eternal life.
63a43442e7c46bf2b58a293fefadb2975d38f971	During the period of the iconoclastic heresy in Byzantium, the Old Testament symbols of paradise were depicted instead of icons, so that the temples, according to contemporaries, "turned into gardens, flower beds and poultry houses."
f1a8d20b7989d52e2ac14e6183805c4e51ada088	In the applied art of Byzantium, to a lesser extent than in architecture and painting, the leading line of development of Byzantine art was determined, reflecting the formation of the medieval worldview.
142458e1f36f3acbaf7be505c9b8e1121cbeee37	The vitality of ancient traditions was manifested here both in images and in forms of artistic expression.
132ec5ce848eecf130374973759115ddb632d800	At the same time, the artistic traditions of the peoples of the East gradually penetrated here.
ea686abe5ac80fb4567527b83910b45db4e698ca	Here, though to a lesser extent than in Western Europe, the influence of the barbarian world played a role.
5bd0b0598788c592beba08eee76eeabe0607283f	Secular and ecclesiastical music, theater Music occupied a special place in the Byzantine civilization.
a3747dd95e59179b37db72e3bbe54292090df56b	A peculiar combination of authoritarianism and democracy could not but affect the nature of musical culture, which represented a complex and multifaceted phenomenon of the spiritual life of the epoch.
078b8236ca5bb1e25c768926a857b85da291e01e	In the V VII centuries, the formation of the Christian liturgy took place, new genres of vocal art developed.
90c79106220b117ed155da0f1fb314179f6b4c62	Music acquires a special civil status, is included in the system of representation of state power.
69246cd95fff2db3bbc9ba9966e2afb67d1aeab5	The music of city streets, theatrical and circus performances and folk festivals preserved a special flavor, reflecting the rich song and music practice of many peoples who inhabited the empire.
dee184942b2020aca5507f4da11d11f0f274896e	Each of these types of music had its own aesthetic and social meaning, and at the same time, interacting, they merged into a single and unique whole.
4728239f4d38f3d5d4b11f8a9b02c94cce08e59b	Christianity very early appreciated the special possibilities of music as an art that is universal and at the same time has the power of mass and individual psychological impact, and included it in its cult ritual.
70b2812e971f9339b7f1707a26392af4c0b95716	It was cult music that was destined to occupy a dominant position in medieval Byzantium.
80754941165f328b8218000ba8f393be9f325861	Mass spectacles still played a huge role in the life of the broad masses of the people.
fb7a1163801d306713a4ede42f21e912047795f5	However, the ancient theater is beginning to decline - ancient tragedies and comedies are increasingly being replaced by performances of mimes, jugglers, dancers, gymnasts, tamers of wild animals.
434b95e4b3aebd7c87ba33f17f2f3e968671e901	The place of the theater is now occupied by a circus (hippodrome) with its equestrian ristanyas, which are very popular.
a0d22c102b5d9f8277cc56db37813fbc46bbb4f0	If we summarize the first period of the existence of Byzantium, we can say that during this period the main features of the Byzantine civilization were formed.
f268dd9f637441f8deacc31cbf228e2cb4bd3f40	First of all, they should include the fact that the Byzantine culture was open to other cultural influences received from outside.
ffb87d72ff25168551dd939bac13581d874d4295	But gradually, already in the early period, they were synthesized by the main, leading Greco Roman culture.
f2cffe1a0671d9bbe8aa1e91cb878765fd0beaa6	The culture of early Byzantium was an urban culture.
23715498cae20d51f871cc7c16dbb1353ce75829	The major cities of the empire, and first of all Constantinople, were not only centers of craft and trade, but also centers of the highest culture and education, where the rich heritage of antiquity was preserved.
0edc5435bf09aefa483ab19cff0766d9139c74ce	The struggle between secular and ecclesiastical cultures is especially characteristic of the first period of the history of Byzantium.
b236f89016df7e7ed2616fa17b84618b3214709c	In the history of the Byzantine civilization, the first centuries of the existence of Byzantium were a time of acute ideological struggle, a clash of contradictory trends, complex ideological collisions, but also a time of fruitful searches, intense spiritual creativity, positive development of science and art. These were the centuries when the culture of the future medieval society was born in the throes of the struggle of the old with the new.
7f3ed61ccdf8ab4e07a9db752a9d8207fba5f1db	II period Social life In the second stage of the development of culture, which fell on the time from the second half of the VII century to the XIII century., the time of iconoclasm is distinguished
2fce04b6330128be8bd5b45041e82932764f4f91	(the second quarter of the VIII 40s of the IX century, the reign of the emperors of the Macedonian dynasty
52e394898f29dea31f5182e388ed08b7f86da080	( the so called "Macedonian Renaissance": 867-1056, and the reign of the Komnenos ("Komnenian Renaissance": 1081-1185).
763792b0cf0615d9a35693412dd6d38e948b33e1	The defining feature of the spiritual life of the empire by the middle of the VII century was the undivided domination of the Christian worldview.
02faec09e8ce63e13386e705dee5f961c548be76	Deep religiosity was now simulated not so much by dogmatic disputes, as by the offensive of Islam, which was waged by the Arabs, inspired by the "holy war" and the struggle against pagan Slavs and pro Bulgarians.
fe66d1aa90a3b597dbe847a5e1a820d72d9c6409	The role of the church has increased even more.
d61e0d58d0efc365dd4aa77645468a8c3525d019	The instability of the foundations of life, the economic and household disorder of the masses of the population, poverty and the constant danger from an external enemy sharpened the religious feeling of the subjects of the empire: the spirit of humility before the vicissitudes of "this world", uncomplaining submission to "spiritual pastors", boundless faith in miracles and signs, in salvation through self denial and prayer was confirmed.
86bf496e41d461ccba28b08c35f7ef6e1d7b813d	The class of monks was rapidly increasing, the number of monasteries was multiplying.
48587baaf3ac4d9def4052d5e014dfacce83bca2	As never before, the cult of saints flourished, especially the worship of those known only in this area, district, city; all hopes were placed on them as" their own " heavenly intercessors.
ba3e5b56acede45b64780ec3cc4d15d039c2bc21	The widespread spread of superstitions helped the church to rule over the minds of parishioners, to multiply its wealth and strengthen its position.
9d420b5340a2a50f62aeba54a570e80c0eae7b9c	This was also facilitated by a decrease in the level of literacy of the population, an extreme narrowing of secular knowledge.
cd4424607c678e2ce29867c67ac5426d6cc2cf44	However, the triumph of theology, the assertion of its dominance through violence, was fraught with serious danger - theology could be powerless before the criticism of non believers and heretics.
bd55f0d5f82da7f570ed28da87bed08bfa71fb18	Like any ideological system, Christianity needed to be developed.
42d98a6185e1999ce9af43f2e4a372ea866f878e	The need for this was realized in the narrow circles of the church elite, who preserved the traditions of high religious and secular education.
c55d35199edda7dc30372a822c0e75ff4a85f20e	The systematization of theology became the first task, and for this it was necessary to resort again to the spiritual treasures of antiquity - without its idealistic theories and formal logic, the new tasks of theologians were impossible.
9f7ea7a61b055708b972e54e974a02dce535e32f	The search for original philosophical and theological solutions was already undertaken in the second half of the seventh century, although the most outstanding works in this field were created in the next century.
b4630e7ff5e2a75bbdb3affbc62f08139216155f	It is characteristic in this regard that against the general background of the decline of culture in the middle of the seventh century, in fact, only theology experienced a certain rise: this was required by the pressing interests of the ruling elite, which were presented as an urgent need of the broadest strata of society.
a3ba0102088ca04dff36e2d60847bcfea3326e77	Regardless of the fact that Maximus the Confessor was persecuted by the Emperor Constant II himself, the theoretical searches of this theologian met the needs of the ruling class; without them, by the way, it would have been impossible to manifest the "Source of Knowledge" of Damascene.
760d54e5ec4a461b35851c9dc12628276ba51087	The basis of the theological constructions of Maxim is the idea of the reunion of man with God (through overcoming the gap between the spiritual and the carnal) as the reunion of the root cause of all things, the whole with its part.
3e0275670059a6de5fff568148f6766f86f0316c	In the ascent to the spiritual, Maxim assigned an active role to the person himself, his free will.
ba85dd2dc1cabe50c6208648a6d883cad87cf610	John of Damascus set himself and fulfilled two main tasks: he sharply criticized the enemies of Orthodoxy (Nestorians, Manichaeans, Iconoclasts) and systematized theology as a worldview, as a special system of ideas about God, the creation of the world and man, determining his place in the worlds of this world and beyond.
7e677d54c1a2e621d0d2b2b8094d392c5d070b62	Compilation (in accordance with the motto of Damaskin "I donot like anything of my own") on the basis of Aristotelian logic represented the main method of his work.
338abc6b9406a9a7d217747d583b2134ef801668	He also used the natural scientific ideas of the ancients, but carefully selected from them, as well as from the dogmas of his predecessors theologians, only that which in no way contradicted the canons of the Ecumenical councils.
61fb62dc7dfc8d7b70ab008b6b5a911ed73cc13d	In fact, the work of Damaskin, even by medieval standards, is devoid of originality.
1cead159f39da83646532f8e2e1b5b059053a29c	His works played a major role in the ideological struggle against iconoclasm, but not because they contained new arguments in defense of traditional ideas and religious rites, but due to the elimination of contradictions from church dogmas, bringing them into a coherent system.
48fcf5efce06ffa23eea53bf005efe156b62d6d8	A significant step forward in the development of theological science, in the development of new ideas concerning the problems of the relationship of spirit and matter, the expression of thought and its perception, the relationship of God and man, was made during the fierce disputes between iconoclasts and icon worshippers.
e8dca4e039d5ccd00bfec796c5d9a4d43ab87fb0	But in general, until the middle of the IX century, philosophers and theologians remained in the circle of traditional ideas of late Antique Christianity.
ab338b8e541be2cf0c191c2f68ea8554a4559966	The ideological struggle of the era of iconoclasm, which took an acute political form, the spread of the Pauline heresy made it absolutely obvious that the clergy and representatives of the upper strata of society should be educated more.
740d20363e24999062dac04914f419146061158d	In the context of the general rise of spiritual culture, a new direction in the scientific and philosophical thought of Byzantium was outlined in the work of Patriarch Photius, who did more than anyone else before him for the revival and development of sciences in the empire.
b3bd2ade08e372d20fb7c50ee802c4f4145ad296	Photius made a new assessment and selection of scientific and literary works of the previous era and the present, based not only on the church's doctrine, but also on considerations of rationalism and practical usefulness, and trying to explain the causes of natural phenomena through natural science knowledge.
e151dd13faddc93cc898434cd64482cf8f987bfa	The rise of rationalistic thought in the era of Photius, accompanied by a new increase in int heresy to antiquity, became even more noticeable in the XI XIII centuries.
bf0de1e6fbc9b9df5c8935db66f6a6ecd324b0ef	It is noteworthy, however, that at the same time with this trend, as was very often the case in Byzantium, purely mystical theological theories were developed and deepened.
25674a1c19b29020e6bf2d5b8c2f2033e90a284a	One of these theories, created at the turn of the X XI centuries and not widely recognized in the XI XII centuries, was defined as a major ideological and political role in the future: it formed the basis of a powerful current in the Orthodox Church in the XIV XVI centuries.
49b26bc0addabe78528caa12dccc646c19101118	- hesychasm.
fb2b11ccaad46ea8c032e770ac27cb512b1f6a3d	We are talking about the mysticism of Simeon the New Theologian, who developed the thesis about the possibility for a person of real unity with the deity, the connection of the sensory and mental (spiritual) world through mystical self contemplation, deep humility and "intelligent prayer".
413043dbf606dc31346b9d9c1b5b5750118585c5	Even in the time of Photius, contradictions in the interpretation of the idealistic concepts of antiquity between the adherents of Aristotle and Plato were clearly revealed.
6458b489e8f1783c9aa8cd0acd148bc0d07670d7	After an era of long preference given by Byzantine theologians to the teachings of Aristotle, since the XI century there has been a turn towards Platonism and Neoplatonism in the development of philosophical thought.
4f3ce9943e7864d4c05188644a62f3b02d177598	A bright representative of this particular direction was Mikhail Psell.
075a884123d06756dc55814da77068f24f82fe62	For all his reverence for ancient thinkers and for all his dependence on the provisions of the classics of antiquity quoted by him, Psellus nevertheless remained an original ("artistic") philosopher, able, like no one else, to combine and reconcile the theses of ancient philosophy and Christian spiritualism, to subordinate even the mysterious prophecies of the occult sciences to Orthodox dogmatics.
6b6ee02b5471b4964a9d2e620b1d98f16da24f91	However, no matter how careful and skilful were the attempts of the intellectual Byzantine elite to protect and cultivate the rationalistic elements of ancient science, an acute clash turned out to be inevitable: an example of this is the excommunication and condemnation of the philosopher John Ital, a disciple of Psellus.
b421fd1e3c9f65d2d68d7998c9d9865436b72b3b	Plato's ideas were driven into the rigid framework of theology.
8dfb807f51062953c65be233c0fe7d61bdb202ba	Rationalistic tendencies in Byzantine philosophy will not resurrect soon now, only in the context of the growing crisis of the XIII XV centuries, especially in the conditions of a fierce struggle with the mystics and the hesychasts.
3c790c84c52aa3be5162850baa0195596def4277	The general decline of creative activity in the "dark Ages" had a special impact on the state of Byzantine literature.
9dea3a61b842ca3107862340433ee806333b9a4b	Vulgarization, lack of literary taste, "dark" style, formulaic characteristics and situations all this has been established for a long time as the dominant features of literary works created in the second half of the VII - first half of the IX century.
2a9ad4e4d14fcc0f96ed0f412dd8780f97f3e7ae	Imitation of ancient models no longer found an echo in society.
0d37f36ebc6967660af3d8a5bef87f069c66fd94	The black clergy became the main customer and connoisseur of literary work.
9ccc3a739148a2027d0c022fd5da7f805e26d882	Monks were very often the authors of hagiographies.
bcbbb23f6b1924b42333353f6dade2f60ec5f75d	Hagiography and liturgical poetry came to the fore.
16ca914585111fcfbd318c06eaea02bedecbbf6c	The preaching of asceticism, humility, hopes for a miracle and an otherworldly reward, the glorification of a religious feat - the main ideological content of literature of this kind.
670a20ce4d32b198f496f758afcca362a1b9edb0	Byzantine hagiography reached special heights in the IX century.
ada987a20735dc2bb63a7782814dfb52160cb2a2	In the middle of the X century, about one and a half hundred of the most popular lives were processed and rewritten by the prominent chronicler Simeon Metaphrastus (Logophete).
2b961814f4b222c568166e7d4dedfcb77da0d98e	The decline of the genre was marked in the following, XI century: instead of naive, but lively descriptions, a dry scheme, template images, stencil scenes of the life of saints began to prevail.
9ddd440e0a4d90bc94dd36ec06ba1d18d928365a	At the same time, the hagiographic genre, which always enjoyed the widest popularity among the masses of the people, had a noticeable influence on the development of Byzantine literature in the X and XI centuries.
dd4b38f16cd75168c2931ffd21626931140b890b	Vulgarization was often combined with vivid imagery, realistic descriptions, vitality of details, dynamism of the plot.
3d79f2c8719171babf5acde928e613ebc94c21ce	Among the heroes of the lives, there were often the poor and the offended, who, performing a martyr's feat for the glory of God, boldly entered into a struggle with the strong and the rich, with injustice, unrighteousness and evil.
ed42b8cfb66bd6c65c5974562d3b3917831d876a	The note of humanism and mercy is an integral element of many Byzantine lives.
d221e22c5088b7cada091219bd7afc9717bdb7cb	Religious themes dominated in this era and in poetic works.
41e1083282279f0dbea1560063f561d406d3d5a5	Some of them directly related to liturgical poetry (church hymns, hymns), some were dedicated, like hagiography, to the glorification of a religious feat.
b2b78c48bd14184831365bb8ba679e53ccbb00d7	Thus, Fyodor Studit sought to poetize monastic ideals and the very routine of monastic life.
35f602ab61ed77bfddacf91eaffbb1c25dc37ab2	The revival of the literary tradition, which consisted in focusing on the masterpieces of antiquity and rethinking them, became especially noticeable in the XI XII centuries, which affected the choice of subjects, genres, and artistic forms.
9635db49d4434e099bd50c89c7c9fa1c14cdc26a	As in the times of antiquity, epistolography, replete with reminiscences from ancient Greco Roman mythology, became a means of vividly emotional narration, self expression of the author, rising to the level of refined prose.
e62c7baafd0f4112bff01c8a76753ca1e1a27061	The plots and forms of both Eastern and Western literature are boldly borrowed during this period.
0672f63d6c01b110c412bde6ba4b9852c2a31fdb	Translations and reworkings from Arabic and Latin are carried out.
2582743ade00742bb6e57266e540220588df3477	There are experiments of poetic compositions in the vernacular, colloquial language.
2b766fe15d478bcc88bfa28fae991110a8fff28c	For the first time in the entire history of Byzantium, since the IV century, a cycle of folk language literature has been formed and gradually expanded since the XII century.
e3b338cb4c7baabff1e9a05198951c8767cf6e81	The enrichment of the ideological and artistic content of literature by strengthening the folk folklore tradition, the heroic epic is most clearly shown in the epic poem about Digenis Akrit, created on the basis of a cycle of folk songs in the X XI centuries.
92f10b075f44ed342734078d33bce5ca8be7ca1e	Folklore motifs also penetrate into the Hellenistic love adventure novel that was revived at that time.
4b2374facb09fe5550d732747d1ef42297c41d58	The second period also marks the heyday of Byzantine aesthetics.
83dba36b37f728fc2998e29801640b936603be97	The development of aesthetic thought in the VIII IX centuries was stimulated by the struggle over cult images.
861f8143e10aae03ada8d4e587a1cc4e01c1b2e9	The icon worshippers had to summarize the main Christian concepts of the image and on their basis develop a theory of the relationship between the image and the archetype, primarily in relation to fine art.
392c3e394fe64c21c1fde7405f102523e2e4efd4	The functions of the image in the spiritual culture of the past were studied, a comparative analysis of symbolic and mimetic (imitative) images was carried out, the relationship of the image to the word was made meaningful in a new way, the problem of the priority of painting in religious culture was posed.
4579ce48b98aefa3388019805657127c1854fb15	The most complete development was received in that era by the anti classical direction of aesthetics, which focused on the ancient criteria of beauty.
a91cf068e82de6bd51bff511ea73ee58580a3e2d	Interest in the physical (bodily) beauty of a person was revived; the aesthetics of eroticism, which was condemned by religious rigorists, received a new life; secular art again enjoyed special attention.
c37c35970d8735ce15c506f3f0400aa0e770a1df	The theory of symbolism, especially the concept of allegory, also gained new impulses; gardening and park art began to be appreciated; the revival also affected the dramatic art, to the understanding of which special works were devoted.
56995cb26ea15bb559bb658baaeafcb58f151c04	In general, aesthetic thought in Byzantium in the VIII XII centuries reached, perhaps, the highest point of its development, exerting a strong influence on the artistic practice of a number of other countries in Europe and Asia.
1348fc733f97f3d2435d78241cc0f781bd315bcf	The crisis phenomena of the transitional era in the Byzantine culture were particularly protracted in the field of fine art of the VII IX centuries, the fate of which was more strongly affected by iconoclasm than in other industries.
3d94de3a1ab8ff17d7a2c3600a6ec083a2d9ba17	The development of the most popular, religious types of fine art (icon painting and fresco painting) resumed only after 843, i.e. after the victory of icon worship.
39074d20267dfb5fe1b9fe5e5cbdb985099131e4	The peculiarity of the new stage was that, on the one hand, the influence of the ancient tradition noticeably increased, and on the other , the iconographic canon developed at that time with its stable norms concerning the choice of the plot, the ratio of figures, their very poses, the selection of colors, the distribution of chiaroscuro, etc., acquired an increasingly stable framework.
66766aa4d8282e53a66279d8fe00e6c283930065	This canon will be strictly followed by Byzantine artists in the future.
8f4bce3a1331aa6835fdfdc743c45f43ac875faa	The creation of the pictorial stencil was accompanied by an increase in stylization, designed to serve the purposes of transmitting through the visual image not so much the human face as the religious idea contained in this image.
537b99b8869988ed0f072a18367580ab086e2dd6	At that time, the art of colored mosaic images reached a new heyday.
6f4a7bdea4b63f06fe139ff8fd6243c4e2b2dc8b	In the IX XI centuries, old monuments were also restored.
726095ec5181f9c2db810f46243c3333dd5c2c8f	Mosaics were also renewed in the church of St. Nicholas.
763e332db5d04654e28456ff7a7aa5a27b01a668	New stories appeared, which reflected the idea of the union of the church with the state.
c38710c55b856c62fc25bc43ab928874d8e23356	In the IX X centuries, the decoration of manuscripts was significantly enriched and complicated, book miniatures and ornaments became richer and more diverse.
261df10098f19849f40867731e8dd382c55280b4	However, a truly new period in the development of book miniatures falls on the XI XII centuries, when the Constantinople school of masters in this field of art was flourishing.
8a7db622263aca99934f0c73e70bf5da3e141507	In that era, in general, the leading role in painting as a whole (in iconography, miniature, fresco) was acquired by the metropolitan schools, marked by the seal of special perfection of taste and technique.
47b509613156dc387cd4b88c1ab9e792d3feab4c	Architecture In the VII VIII centuries. in the temple construction of Byzantium and the countries of the Byzantine cultural circle, the same cross domed composition prevailed, which originated in the VI century and was characterized by a weakly expressed external decorative design.
f11abe0affd92ff6b87c4051a06c554d89206d30	The facade decor acquired great importance in the IX X centuries, when a new architectural style emerged and became widespread.
99cb34c3b84aeb2f444231b50a6f5e9e105bfd44	The emergence of a new style was associated with the flourishing of cities, the strengthening of the public role of the church, the change in the social content of the concept of sacred architecture in general and temple construction in particular (the temple as an image of the world).
e791f12c6cb2c676c4c02c683d0b0b95bcb39556	Many new churches were built, a large number of monasteries were built, although they were, as a rule, small in size.
e5d0b4dac5975541206cdd02909eae3db16e11f2	In addition to changes in the decorative design of buildings, the architectural forms and the composition of buildings themselves changed.
05a8f084c1cdf06ded1b387dff6feb8ac385d51b	The value of the vertical lines and divisions of the facade increased, which also changed the silhouette of the temple.
895c4139eecf669fd8deb11b01eb92694bd54441	Builders increasingly resorted to the use of patterned brickwork.
be3bbab7e49915c2a4f6c8bc4dceb42e5cdd04f8	The features of the new architectural style were also manifested in a number of local shk
c8cd90923239cc3044b57d9339a21394090cca89	For example, in Greece of the X XII centuries, it is characteristic to preserve some archaic architectural forms (not dissection of the facade plane, traditional forms of small temples) - with the further development and growth of the influence of the new style patterned brick decor and polychrome plastic were also increasingly used here.
036814b2cca7b1327ad98026a99753a742961d39	Music In the VIII XII centuries, a special musical and poetic church art was formed.
0bdeb92b58cb4ff517f2c847f2a5a1c5148c8cae	Due to its high artistic merits, the influence of folk music on church music has weakened, the melodies of which previously penetrated even into the liturgy.
8f64a6041accb5f70e89f61cc9bd2e95379ad60c	In order to further isolate the musical foundations of the divine service from external influences, the canonization of the laotonal system - "octoecha" (octaglasia) was carried out.
75459c9a1281dbc412ba073a8afd8124ed2c08c1	The Ihos represented certain melodic formulas.
d90e533cad7bd24365fb8ac6cb865e3bda37069b	However, musical theoretical monuments allow us to conclude that the system of ihos did not exclude a sound order understanding.
2a54788872edeff910c94639148139f1c6652f32	The most popular genres of church music were the canon (a musical and poetic composition during a church service) and the troparion (almost the main cell of Byzantine hymnography).
26abb2746dbd6c8634e1ff42cdad1120a556bc7f	Troparia were composed for all holidays, all solemn events and memorable dates.
eee7397cf9d3a93c50ab186fd18d401e830ac4f5	The progress of musical art led to the creation of musical notation (notation), as well as liturgical handwritten collections in which chants were recorded (either only the text, or the text with notation).
8669598c3de847bcd6fa4af029d4cd0a86ccfd7b	Public life was also not complete without music.
6c08e79f2c0101a49712bf9e1a1596c3e92ca188	The book "On the Ceremonies of the Byzantine Court" reports almost 400 chants.
354cad2db1826f1e3d3367e21d53923a0548f1b3	These are the songs of the procession, and songs during horse processions, and songs at the imperial feast, and songs of acclamation, etc.
b88910b9f3b1226a9c0555b3c6c8d32dd67575a9	Since the IX century, interest in ancient musical culture has been growing in the circles of the intellectual elite, although this interest was mainly theoretical in nature: attention was attracted not so much by the music itself as by the works of ancient Greek music theorists.
adda2e29e223338add23be572fb2df8c8aba1653	As a result, for the second period, I would like to say that Byzantium at that time reached the highest power and the highest point of cultural development.
c9ea05295ba5c37c8ef0ae6475ae4baf28e3085f	Contradictory tendencies are evident in the social development and in the evolution of the culture of Byzantium, due to its middle position between East and West.
5bc270b05eb8a170e9a2f0754688f6a14c57766c	The third period (XII XIV centuries) can be briefly described as the highest point of the development of feudalism and the collapse of the Byzantine Empire.
9343eec661c0c5d94f4d9bff14a514e8530e8136	Due to the lack of material on this period, it can only be noted that, despite the fact that Byzantium existed for 1000 years longer than the Great Roman Empire,it was conquered by the Seljuk Turks in the XIV century.
6b4f33829b51c2c0931e7b44419043212ec2faf9	But, despite this, Byzantium made a huge contribution to the development of world culture.
c77314def7b66d337adb2ecd780831d58f1b5402	Its basic principles and directions of culture were transferred to neighboring states.
4624d3210f6de6bcd4182538b6d543f9e2cd7d4b	Almost all the time, medieval Europe developed on the basis of the achievements of the Byzantine civilization.
6bdb3c805f2490701e1c3787125ff4c3c2c61b8c	Byzantium can be called the "second Rome", because its contribution to the development of Europe and the whole world is in no way inferior to the Roman Empire.
d8afca4ba56615d78053f192177a18df38825ce3	From the time of its foundation until the middle of the twelfth century, the Byzantine Empire was the most powerful, richest and most cultured state in Europe.
389c9fed59dab49c64c9858e9fcf92c4f4600932	It is spread over three continents including Europe, Asia and Africa with territories on the Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, parts of Armenia and Mesopotamia, islands in the Eastern Mediterranean, possessions in the Caucasus and the Crimea.
e86efa999fbdb7a572ebb2b76c32cb73514bab88	The total area occupied by the empire is no less than about one million square kilometers and the population numbered thirty thirty five million inhabitants.
c3cdb973cd8c5ede6f9c48bcddfb8e881c9a335c	Its emperors attempted to act as supreme suzerains throughout the Christian world.
153d4a6499193c2dc45c2a5d4d2c2f47a096b5c3	There were whole legends about the splendor and wealth of the court of the emperors.
615e4e8b33dc4e1b8db17cc86a91785562dd5932	From the very moment of my birth, the Byzantine Empire was a "country of cities".
7fa17fc8888e39d4eceb91b4f09fe553aa9d8d0d	It had a completely literate population.
48848eb381d4f6c0602071405f46fedb1b587bbc	It is a great trading and maritime power.
f8c71120bf29016bf52ba7783a4822f3de6f6f80	Byzantine merchants were able to penetrate into the most remote places of the world, among which were: India, China, Ceylon, Ethiopia, Britain, Scandinavia.
130b03ffdd77642ded16f293dee2e3c83a6862c5	The Byzantine gold solid was used as the international currency.
cbb2894888cbc04ece43aa93fbbac2711a0ffaa9	At the beginning of the seventh century, the Greeks made up the largest part of it.
bdff49387f09f25d37acaa80c8d7b9204e4454b6	Since that time, the Byzantine emperor has been called "Basileus" (Greek name).
4a727ec05e14424e489f77e73dac5b3d7bd78127	After the subjugation of the Croats and Serbs, and then the conquest of Bulgaria in the ninth and tenth centuries, Byzantium became the state of the Greek Slavs.
9ff144f6342881ba945cf16e3409e24276d9754a	On the basis of the religious community, there was a zone of Orthodoxy around the Byzantine Empire, since it was based on a religious community, there were such countries as Russia, Georgia, Bulgaria, and most of Serbia.
47d62f9253b6422a773737de2049e161a3e6fe29	Latin remained the only official language in Byzantium until the seventh century, but it should be noted along with this the existence of literature in other languages, Greek, Syriac, Armenian and Georgian were used.
90fdd7e25f638abded09426145a9a04c7a8117b1	The life of society and the whole state as a whole was religious, but as for the secular power, it was the strongest in comparison with the church.
14f83771038a5bfe9cbf9179a6a5f095f80a0022	The Byzantine Empire has always had a fairly stable statehood and centralized government of the country.
4a9df243033c16e9867674cf0bab11de8dc68152	All of them, as a rule, ended with another new dynasty with its emperors.
1600bd88e21fb3ea393014e655af72725e5bac47	"Caesarepapism" is a system of special relationships in the Byzantine Empire, which developed between such authorities as the church and the secular.
36ac398f78ba5f4abf797ed83d86c4ea5c52284c	The emperor, ruling the state and the church, became the "pope".
68e3a34af3cf5c8476f9becff61abc5d549ee0a4	The Church was only an instrument and an appendage of secular power.
919d70658e9b5da9c55dde474f6e09a69af9f46e	The clergy were completely subordinated to the power of the emperor, depriving them of various privileges at the same time.
aa7422bbe82e427010c89d855e558527fafd17c5	Most of the wealth that was kept in monasteries and churches was confiscated.
b071f4021b0f32509ab08522ebb42ef738819cb8	The cultural life of the state is characterized by the complete canonization of spiritual art.
87235802eeb0ea5df4aca15b5cb848c5f027c312	The artistic creativity of the empire gave the world of the Middle Ages many high images in art and literature, distinguished by the nobility and elegance of forms.
8b1adb08facce1e3e005c517dae57833beb567a4	In them, one could see a figurative vision of thought, refinement in aesthetic thinking and the depth of philosophical thought
b7f349f5f57378e88e9d60649ed42b311787bcb0	Less than eighty years after the partition, the Western Roman Empire ceased to exist, leaving Byzantium as the historical, cultural and civilizational successor of Ancient Rome for almost ten centuries of the history of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages[5][6]. The name "Byzantine" Eastern Roman Empire was received in the works of Western European historians after its fall, it comes from the original name of Constantinople Byzantium (Greek: ΒυζΆντιον, Lat. Byzantivm), where the Roman Emperor Constantine I moved the capital of the Roman Empire in 330, officially renaming the city "New Rome" [7].
a17e3d395902a7824862e3358890701d418a8f35	The Byzantines themselves called themselves the Romans — in Greek, "Romans"[7], and their state — the " Roman ("Romaic") Empire" (in the Middle Greek (Byzantine) language — ΒασιλείΑωΩμαίΩν, Basil Romeon) or briefly "Romania" (ωΩμανίΑ, Romania).
acafde423b38cf837a15255f36a240175cb11cbb	Western sources throughout most of Byzantine history called it the "empire of the Greeks" because of the predominance of the Greek language, Hellenized population and culture in it since the seventh century.
a4a9f142aa22da73b7f04613268d0b8b814e06ee	In Ancient Russia, Byzantium was usually called the "Greek Kingdom", and its capital — Constantinople.
16b1e893bd88396d4d7da076f604f8c52a5ab4f3	The permanent capital and civilizational center of the Byzantine Empire was Constantinople[8], one of the largest cities in the medieval world.
ecdda1772ee64940f079f70114c1e891c0b853ab	The empire controlled the largest possessions under Emperor Justinian I (527-565), regaining for several decades a significant part of the coastal territories of the former western provinces of Rome and the position of the most powerful Mediterranean power.
738c42ec9c4b3f73af6f86509064b11b7cb904a8	In the future, under the onslaught of numerous enemies, the state gradually lost land.
3f38f9ff44634046046720a699ab83e1317eab37	After the Slavic, Lombard, Visigothic and Arab conquests, the empire occupied only the territory of Greece and Asia Minor.
68496a2b1ec0ffd25d1c2c7c8def4e7b45874d21	Some strengthening in the IX XI centuries was replaced by serious losses at the end of the XI century, during the invasion of the Seljuks, and the defeat at Manzikert, strengthening under the first Komnenes, after the collapse of the country under the blows of the Crusaders who took Constantinople in 1204, another strengthening under John Vatats, the restoration of the empire by Michael Palaiologos, and finally, the final death in the middle of the XV century under the onslaught of the Ottomans.
13cea07949f3b13a8e8147338a52d82ba4611373	Contents [hide] · 1terminology · 2History · 2.1 The division of the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western * 2.2 The formation of an independent Byzantium · 2.3 The VI century.
8538153f82d6115494b043b5152fddf2304044c6	The Emperor Justinian * 2.4 After Justinian.
5aa74d4d381cf1314cea929f8b7614e9bfc3bd90	VI VII centuries · 2.5 VIII century · 2.6 IX X centuries · 2.7 XI century.
1b08b52ebdd5aea8d26f29f3e263d6665597845e	Temporary strengthening of the Empire · 2.8 XII century.
c87a9fe018b25a77bb37ef2762d20a79d770f501	The Age of the Komnenos, the Age of the Angels * 2.8.1 The reign of Alexios Komnenos · 2.8.2 The Reign of John and Manuel · 2.9 The crisis of the XIII century · 2.9.1 The Latin Empire · 2.9.2 the Nicene Empire · 2.10 The Restoration of the Empire · 2.11 the XIV XV centuries.
e3d30d95977a26b703b8c76673c2fc33506b95d6	Crisis and Fall · 2.11.1 Fall of Constantinople · 3The Restoration experiments · 4The population and languages of Byzantium · 5The state Structure · 5.1 Byzantine Emperors · 6army · 7culture and Society · 8economy · 9science, Medicine, Law · 9.1 Law · 10The meaning of the Byzantine Empire · 11 "Greek Project" · 12see also · 13notes · 14Literature and documentary historical films · 15external links Terminology[edit / edit wiki text] The inhabitants of the Byzantine Empire called their country "the Roman Empire", " the Empire of the Romans "(Lat. Imperium Romanum, Lat. Imperium Romanorum; Greek. Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Greek. Ἀρχὴ τῶν Ῥωμαίων).
79203f9034c9540e6826548c473dd1fbb6ddde85	The first use of the term "Byzantine" in relation to the Eastern Roman Empire was recorded in 1557, when the German historian Jerome Wolf published his work "Corpus Historiæ Byzantinæ".
e777ff3523f63cbd4bcaef7236d661c62e81c662	The term comes from the ancient Greek name of the city of Constantinople Byzantium (Greek: ΒυζΆντιον, Lat. Byzantium).
0c3f71a0c37a17d3082852cf681d2c1bded1c7b4	Publication in Paris between 1648 and 1711 of the fundamental twenty four volume collection of Byzantine historical works[9] (also called: "Byzantine du Louvre" — the Byzantine Louvre)[10], as well as the publication in 1680 of the "History of Byzantium" by Charles Ducange, contributed to the further popularization of the term among French authors, such as Charles Louis de Montesquieu[11][12]. However, until the middle of the XIX century, it was not widely used in Western society.
58ead7e7907f9e55da61e0def762b4b33827429e	In English language historiography, in particular, the first case of mentioning the "Byzantine Empire" was noted only in 1857 in the work of George Finlay[13].
7d6befdb391556a8eabca90a9474f2bf9a03053b	History[edit / edit wiki text] Main article: The history of Byzantium About the prehistory see The History of Anatolia.
822240eb915386d23d3e47f651e8a20173a8ebc5	The division of the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western [edit / edit wiki text]
2ae7bbbe9b3123a6a8de696b44d8df2a1576d7ac	The maximum territory of the Roman Empire (117 AD under the Emperor Trajan) is indicated in green.
ad4d04c183155898c7b16b0cfe46fea715c53ee6	Superimposed (blue)
d6bc620460c86b4a462641194d6c1743639631bb	— maximum Byzantium (under Emperor Justinian I, circa 550 BC) marked with a Red line of separation of the Eastern and Western Roman Empire (395 ad) B 330, the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great declared its capital the city of Byzantium, renaming it "New Rome" (Constantinople — the informal name).
63b6339a8f80020d7ac2e0d3158540bd8e1ed90e	Marxist historians explained this by the fact that since the end of the third century, as a result of the crisis of the slave owning mode of production, the economic and political isolation of the eastern regions of the Roman Empire from the western ones became more pronounced.
f678d38ded2a55d526dae0f958599ad80746452d	Due to the previous centuries old historical development, they were distinguished by a higher level of economic development and the center of the economic and political life of the empire was increasingly moving to the East[14].
5f68ac545ea2a42b3d1433d033a1dd2b73594b39	Constantine I The new capital was located on the most important trade route from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, along which grain was transported.
06b71676f3adab2134b36b6d6b3547407cc685f4	In Rome, new contenders for the throne were constantly appearing.
4673931aff77ef237acdbe7e0856aa56b5352cef	Having defeated his rivals in grueling civil wars, Constantine wanted to create a capital that was initially and entirely subject to him alone.
16cfe25c38da5b5074b322f7479c431f74667b93	A profound ideological revolution was also intended to serve this purpose: Christianity, which had recently been persecuted in Rome, was declared one of the official religions during the reign of Constantine I.
2e5e3ab73de3c716c61c0d8bb0222b7aa4ce5a90	The final division of the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western occurred in 395 after the death of Theodosius I the Great.
12bf057690dfef1ff4cdb4f0c2a43d893b3c23a3	Despite the common state Latin language, in the first centuries of its existence, the main difference between Byzantium and the Western Roman Empire was the predominance of Greek (Hellenistic) culture on its territory.
47b809ec67544ea1938e0d09140dcfac777e9fc4	The differences grew, and within two centuries the state finally acquired its individual appearance[15].
d7d44f5e6c1f572e0fdcbebe6028c22d5c03b4a4	The formation of an independent Byzantium[edit / edit wiki text] See also: Byzantine language The formation of Byzantium as an independent state can be attributed to the period 330-518.
e5e304d33801b82eb85ed67a2ee1c320f26c1930	Their leader Attila started a war several times, and only by paying a large tribute was it possible to buy him off.
09118b20bf7762a64082387434e3adf7cd59787f	In the battle of the peoples on the Catalaunian fields (451), Attila was defeated, but a year later he attacked Italy; faced with the resistance of the inhabitants and an epidemic in his army, he accepted the offer of Pope Leo I to pay tribute and retreated[16].
68666a3ea10ec90c53cfd0f537038fba13dabb7c	In the capital, there was an intense struggle between the parties of the chariot teams In Christianity, various currents fought and clashed: Arianism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism.
ab8b3ca06be10a40e4a5227744b5912994de1d3a	While in the West the popes, starting with Leo the Great (440-461), approved the papal monarchy, in the East the patriarchs of Alexandria, especially Cyril(422-444) and Dioscorus (444-451), tried to establish the papal throne in Alexandria.
4dd6b0f8f62d64d618e81bd074d1b42cd87017b7	In addition, as a result of these troubles, old national strife and separatist tendencies surfaced.
8c87541bc4ffb7cd71fbbc0f366e54070c0fbddc	Political interests and goals were closely intertwined with the religious conflict.
081f5aa95785ce48725b96a262f5e5feca48f82c	Since 502, the Persians resumed their onslaught in the east, the Slavs and Bulgars began to migrate south of the Danube.
78aa7a9b486a88d78ba0e35c0663a1ff05afad65	Internal troubles reached the extreme limits, a tense struggle between the "green" and "blue" parties (according to the colors of the chariot teams) was conducted in the capital.
404ae77fcb78be1e9923713383c5fc757b53a91e	Finally, the strong memory of the Roman tradition, which supported the idea of the need for the unity of the Roman world, constantly turned minds to the West.
ec2310577599128702a0419d2ca42700c547185f	To get out of this state of instability, a powerful hand was needed, a clear policy with precise and definite plans.
e7e13c9276ad5994a63d7c46afcf23b46dc4e65e	This policy was carried out by Justinian I. VI century.
129b4147b6007fc13ec33473a8b8ee77ea3f9533	Emperor Justinian[edit / edit wiki text] Main article: Justinian I
fcc7ec6f2539ad8fc1eac1e90834a8ca2fd45c15	Justinian I is depicted on a mosaic from the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna.
b004f87311b0ea982061f80e0ae72b3d6ca4fa62	Under Justinian, the emperor himself established an official confession, and pagans, Samaritans and heretics were forced to convert to an official confession under the threat of deprivation of civil rights and even death penalty.
fbb084f80ff5ad15b92af0f5abb42229994edfed	The Byzantine Empire during the period of the greatest territorial expansion by 550 after the conquests of Justinian I Until 532, he was busy suppressing demonstrations in the capital and repelling the onslaught of the Persians, but soon the main direction of policy shifted to the west The barbarian kingdoms have weakened over the past half a century, the inhabitants called for a real restoration of the empire, and finally, even the kings of the Germans themselves recognized the legitimacy of Byzantine claims to suzerainty.
d011fe0368376811d54ac38646ea0acafca89a9b	In 533, the army led by Belisarius struck at the Vandal states in North Africa.
42ee78340e936c7b0f6408a3fba5bf3a2f27b647	The next target was Italy — a difficult war with the Ostrogothic kingdom (see Byzantine Gothic Wars) lasted for 20 years and ended in victory.
64f2d76123803bee170248ea0ef0c9a98be9a998	She included them in the sphere of influence of Byzantium by preaching Christianity.
b4027a15da95dbcb1d26a62cccb12c410d4d8371	In addition to military expansion, Justinian's other most important task was administrative and financial reforms.
a4de201538f1eb50fded129f039f60716124b8fe	The economy of the empire was in a state of severe crisis, the administration was affected by corruption.
360f2c3105b27b64a8fbafea65b705711df7d4c1	In order to reorganize the administration of Justinian, the codification of legislation and a number of reforms were carried out, which, although they did not solve the problem radically, undoubtedly had positive consequences.
aeca9e0c056212ddd89dc8152be6bb94abb8990e	Throughout the empire, construction was launched — the largest in scale since the" golden age " of the Antonines.
ed1b2dc8b2dd72c966b80cb2b5ae5607368da356	Culture was experiencing a new flourishing.
4e446d225085ce7ef76067692c9a100ce57e4846	After Justinian.
5236069cfc69d9a41dea5f87571fc4b99691ccae	VI VII centuries[edit / edit wiki text]
8e5269c5479dfcbacd90d9a3179d4081a03b15cb	The territory of Byzantium by 600 AD .
c628f5a6a40e5e860b59c1b063c50aa97c2a374a	The map shows the territorial losses of the empire in the Iberian and Apennine peninsulas However, greatness was bought at a high price — the economy was undermined by wars, the population became impoverished, and the successors of Justinian (Justin II (565-578), Tiberius II (578-582), Mauritius (582-602)) were forced to focus on defense and shift the direction of policy to the east.
4e83104cf7492698fa0a2a43129e66a274df9dea	Heraclius won a number of victories over the Persians, transferred the war to their territory, after which the death of Shah Khosrow II and a number of uprisings forced them to abandon all their conquests and conclude peace.
b90f0e63fb70a2642868a1b6b46e250732045ec6	But the extreme exhaustion of both sides in this war prepared a favorable ground for Arab conquests.
f48931f947d7ce162d87e6ecdce7c36a187ba7f8	In 626, Constantinople was besieged by the Avars, Slavs and allied Persians.
f43f7e627d406ffb7599387950690a1bbd0647f1	The report about this event in the Old Georgian manuscript ("The Siege of Constantinople by the Scythians, who are Russians") and the Old Slavic manuscripts of the XV XVII centuries suggests that some of the besiegers were Slavs of the forest strip of the Middle Dnieper [17].
154545693a17d87b896cd0bcee29d7047f86e952	The attempt to take the city failed, disagreements broke out between the Avars and the Slavs, and they were forced to retreat.
66faf0432baf21e541a7dd938e97121b74ca24bd	Although there are clearly inflated estimates, according to which the Byzantine emperor Heraclius gathered a 200 thousand army (according to other sources, even 400 thousand) to retake Syria, in reality the number of the Byzantine army at the Yarmuk River (Yarmuk) was noticeably less than 100 thousand people.
4459418d9b16ce49623bf04df8e3bb2622f10af7	(Bolshakov 1993: 54).
2dfcd73faa420393db257db7615241390fe7a3bb	The army of the Byzantines was multinational.
9aec4e2cbb275136c554401c1717086bab9001c1	In addition to the Latin speaking peoples of the Balkans and the Greeks, Armenians and Christians of the Middle East joined the emperor's banner.
8949bf46011b5ab94c41ff29ea68c639a09599da	The Arabs created a fleet and even besieged Constantinople.
1dc27744cfdb1e5fd0174ff979f5024df278c68c	But the new emperor, Constantine IV Pogonat (668-685), repelled their onslaught.
17aba2695ea9dcd0cccb0baf5172a2454b93ba52	Despite the five year siege of Constantinople (673-678) from land and sea, the Arabs were unable to capture it.
9be20f9827854858387d9f9ec69c5bbe9e878eec	The Greek fleet, to which the recent invention of the "Greek fire" provided superiority, forced the Muslim squadrons to retreat and defeated them in the waters of Sillum.
e50c1904cabe3d4dcc277c3cc9c3c25041e260c5	On land, the troops of the Caliphate were defeated in Asia.
5c5018c89c4dace589a933176fe8b97d5539b110	The territory of Byzantium by 650 The dark color in the southeast indicates the expanding conquests of the Arab Caliphate.
a8413717f9c15961bec3a5b448530b98fefef92b	From this crisis, the empire emerged more cohesive and monolithic, its national composition became more homogeneous, religious differences are mainly a thing of the past, since Monophysitism and Nestorianism have gained the main spread in the now lost Syria, Egypt and North Africa.
ae917293f6daca7bb7fb6fd0e7cbe5e788754339	By the end of the VII century, the territory of Byzantium was no more than a third of the power of Justinian.
c9cf23c2888921530bdaff3b37e64a702b9a1f2d	Its core consisted of lands inhabited by Greeks or Hellenized tribes who spoke Greek, the Greeks served in the navy, Greek, which had always been the main language of the Byzantine church, became the state language.
397524f070f835301588e750e19b0ec80981f114	At the same time, the mass return of the Japhetids (Hellenes) began, called by some historians "the settlement of the Balkan Peninsula by Slavic tribes"[source not specified 43 days].
f9ef22b0d0375fc85a91e9015f900ecc9e83eb22	In the VII century, they settled on a large territory in Moesia, Thrace, Macedonia, Dalmatia, Istria, part of Greece and were even resettled in Asia Minor, while preserving their language, way of life, and culture.
8cd72a76e8c0a60cb77243291a20ba5a2d3e23ba	The ethnic composition of the population also changed in the eastern part of Asia Minor: in addition to the Armenian, settlements of Persians, Syrians, and Arabs appeared.
4e656012a1c19d958778b164ad6bef96f3063295	In the VII century, significant reforms were carried out in the administration — instead of eparchies and exarchates, the empire was divided into femes subordinate to the stratigs.
35717e86944a01be924c791317b82d92538e55f5	The new national composition of the state led to the fact that the Middle Greek language became the state language, even the title of the emperor began to sound in Greek basileus (en:Basileus).
f92a49a3cb9979c049ce2a54d98660269d7ebc38	In the administration, the old Latin titles either disappear or are Hellenized, and new names take their place — logophetes, strategists, eparchs, drungarians.
29077d222353ad6bcd13032caf44d84c78dba2c5	In the army, where Asian and Armenian elements predominate, Greek becomes the language in which the order is given.
4e0d7aec9f86eacdf47d5d7a7419a0ba42c8a597	Although the Byzantine Empire until the last day continued to be called the Roman Empire, however, the Latin language fell out of use
0fd0e3230531977c30d921936e7b03776eff4d84	(with the exception of the border regions of the Empire and semi nomadic peoples, who continued to speak vulgar Latin, which arose Cyrillic, Romanian and Dalmatian language in Illyria and later established in the former Dacia after the retreat from the Balkans during the Seljuk conquest of Wallachia, and other Latin population in the earlier Slavic lands beyond the Danube, the Romanian language).
c214a08650fcb582bdf53eaa844d0e2f4882ba6f	The Byzantine Empire by 717 At the beginning of the VIII century, temporary stabilization was again replaced by a series of crises — wars with Bulgarians, Arabs, continuous uprisings.
3a37d737aa497e9eb62e5e3275e274481738fa1d	Finally, Leo the Isaurian, who ascended the throne under the name of Emperor Leo III and founded the Isaurian dynasty (717-867), managed to stop the collapse of the state and inflicted a decisive defeat on the Arabs.
4059709850d076ebf6d9449ff36f136645e3f250	After half a century of rule, the first two Isaurians made the empire rich and flourishing, despite the plague that devastated it in 747, and despite the unrest caused by iconoclasm.
49a11e6403f568f9637e07c803e83d71f545c633	The support of iconoclasm by the emperors of the Isaurian dynasty was due to both religious and political factors.
cefbead19a6bfb23d0725b3d69d195080c224f8d	Many Byzantines at the beginning of the eighth century were dissatisfied with the excess of superstition, and especially with the place occupied by the worship of icons, the belief in their miraculous properties, the connection of human actions and interests with them; many were concerned about the religious evil that was thus inflicted on Christianity.
6be93d1da995a0d07d4e1cf4c46772e73439c0ba	Byzantine icon of the Mother of God of Blachernae, defender of the Empire.
21e8d89e02960aa4e2e9575455583434fc8039e7	At the same time, the emperors sought to limit the growing power of the church.
2c782c88119520328d93d84522f1615ef343507f	In addition, by refusing to venerate icons, the Isaurian emperors hoped to get closer to the Arabs, who do not recognize images.
4a778529b9394f580e5f46971fdfe005987c00a6	The policy of iconoclasm led to discord and turmoil, while at the same time strengthening the schism in relations with the Roman Church.
4186374071a2f811e3334d8dc2f85a7a761226c8	The restoration of icon worship occurred only at the end of the VIII century thanks to the Empress Irina — the first female empress, but already at the beginning of the IX century the policy of iconoclasm was continued.
e5354f03ae22d082a18c03aad229df346bae9792	IX X centuries[edit / edit wiki text] In 800, Charlemagne announced the restoration of the Western Roman Empire, which was a sensitive humiliation for Byzantium.
c01bff276eb3ca452ce1c5e56faaadfd08018eb2	At the same time, the Baghdad Caliphate intensified its onslaught in the east.
47cf7505e9b8dcc2a2551515883ea3b6d09c7fce	The war with the Arabs, resumed in 804, led to two serious defeats: to the capture of the island of Crete by Muslim pirates (826), who began from here to ravage the eastern Mediterranean with almost impunity, and to the conquest of Sicily by North African Arabs (827), who in 831 captured the city of Palermo.
c24bcce07be49e2d61d498d88a537fcf48fb6b0b	The treaty of 810, which recognized the title of emperor for Charlemagne, meant serious territorial losses in Italy, where Byzantium retained only Venice and the lands in the south of the peninsula.
58d16cc65025ba3cf566987b8559ebf3b3de3295	The danger from the Bulgarians was especially formidable, since Khan Krum expanded the borders of his empire from the Hem to the Carpathians.
4b70d792bf08ae51e755632db2c0cbd3e4ff1186	Nikephoros tried to defeat him by invading Bulgaria, but on the way back he was defeated and died (811), and the Bulgarians, having re captured Adrianople and the other fortresses on the approaches, appeared at the walls of Constantinople (813).
14c3f7565c7e4bd0391cabcd1497f732b463946d	Having destroyed the military power of Byzantium in 811 and 813, Krum decided to take Constantinople with the help of a huge army and siege engines.
bd33353026b263a6babf0f445ac443121f1bb051	Only his sudden death saved the empire.
95a2f6b9f6d382b11d7262f650649fffa0803cd2	Emperor Leo V of Armenia (813-820) and two emperors of the Phrygian dynasty — Michael II (820-829) and Theophilus (829-842) — resumed the policy of iconoclasm.
979d382347f1ed8b6777e31f036f1b77a6598c2a	Once again, for half a century, the empire was in the grip of troubles.
2f70e2b1b15d873fdbd57138146fe75f36bdf80b	In 821-823, one of the largest civil wars in the Byzantine Empire took place — the uprising of Thomas the Slav.
33d44212f44932b9d312e311ac0e72f96da96d67	Since the second half of the IX century, relations with the emerging Rus state in the north of the empire began to acquire significant importance for Byzantium.
e1fc6f8e848d1a6098738a2bf5ad05f4e9442662	For the first time, the Russ celebrated a campaign against Constantinople in 860.
c41f10b046978a75abf906ad8b8520ab585e95c2	The emperor immediately (860-862) sent the diplomat and theologian Konstantin "The Philosopher" and his brother, the monk Methodius, to the court of the Khazar khagan for missionary purposes, since the Khazar khaganate served at that time as an important buffer between Byzantium and the Varangians of Russia.
47c360a619b2926a233369ea2b043eed9d7dea84	Shortly after the successful [source not specified 109 days] raid of the Russ, the so called First Baptism of Russia took place[source not specified 109 days], the place and circumstances of which are not reliably established.
ffdf6950d46edb1cb4fdf64ede157ab3b268fbd6	In 863, Constantine the "Philosopher" and his brother Methodius were sent on a new Christian educational mission, now to the Slavs in Great Moravia.
55b923301f6ad1ae5b2cfb83699b9bd205dacdec	Vasily I (left) and his son Leo VI the Wise.
82c091b6767473bfb8d36cdbf0c2e03b8119de54	Miniature from the chronicle of John Skilitsa The period of troubles ended in 867 with the coming to power of the Macedonian dynasty.
2cc5ba8f6517cbab919372a06fce9619c4872b0b	Basil I the Macedonian (867-886), Roman I Lakapin (919-944), Nikephoros II Phokas (963-969), John I Tzimiski (969-976), Basil II Bolgaroboitsa (976-1025) — emperors and usurpers — provided Byzantium with 150 years of prosperity and power.
7e780336004b019e3fb903a211ce47edcfb2aac8	Bulgaria, Crete, the south of the Apennines were conquered, successful military campaigns were made against the Arabs deep into Syria.
aff6911b946e01038ff8cac34c37a1e5349315df	The borders of the empire expanded to the Euphrates and the Tigris, John Tzimiski reached Jerusalem.
4578bc6e46b4b2a1571a32c1ce61437f30870e67	Russian Russian Prince Oleg made a successful campaign to Constantinople in 907 and concluded the first Russian Byzantine trade agreement, according to the Chronicle of Bygone Years.
5b595eceeb0999b14ecd791e11824d10d7f665e0	In 941, Prince Igor was defeated under the walls of Constantinople, but after that peaceful relations resumed.
9cf519e34c3db9da412f16b44e059612896c7978	The new ruler of Russia, Princess Olga, paid a visit to the capital of Byzantium and was baptized there.
c92acf58d01bba40c71bc7a2e236f50c495594f1	The princess's son, Prince Svyatoslav, fought with Byzantium for Bulgaria in 970-971, having been defeated by Emperor John Tzimiski[source not specified for 1325 days].
92a3bf36541b40cff470a46e2014176ff521ed41	By the year 1000, under his son, Prince Vladimir of Kiev, Byzantium managed to baptize Russia in 988, instead giving Vladimir the Crimson born Princess Anna, the sister of Emperor Vasily II, as a wife.
c1aca0415eeb28a7a62d0049b4bbebac21f11378	A military alliance was concluded between Byzantium and the Ancient Russian state, which operated until the 1040s.
f871a66f52e5645cff9752f8c3a9e9d58a691956	Along with Latinized Christianity, Byzantine culture began to penetrate and spread to Russia.
54c66ee7e6569d76b17760ecc0af0dd4e9a2f522	XI century.
60e9032a54158ef40144493ffe15eeecb66b5efb	Temporary strengthening of the Empire[edit / edit wiki text]
a9ecbef3175af428129a1f4333eab340a64f8edc	The Byzantine Empire by 1025
ebf102703fda230cde9c807267bd19165f9c518f	Territorial division of the Byzantine Empire in 1025 In 1019, having conquered Bulgaria[18], a little later part of Armenia and part of Iberia, Basil II celebrated with a great triumph the greatest strengthening of the empire since the times preceding the Arab conquests.
c92b69ec774b14d3ec3fccccb06287dc6606fa23	The picture was completed by the brilliant state of finance and the flourishing of culture.
4c669d2a4f02d51a1e66df5373a26e02500d75f9	Basil II, crowned by angels.
4427eb782335fc1a771b798a6586d3931619aef5	A miniature from a contemporary manuscript — the famous luxuriously illustrated "Minology" - However, at the same time, the first signs of weakness began to appear, which was expressed in the strengthening of feudal fragmentation.
59fdbe2f374c1549e6aa75e8c92b68fe6c32b032	The nobility, who controlled vast territories and resources, often successfully opposed themselves to the central government.
74d8c76d8b5d479e075206e827f0265d9f9c749d	The decline began after the death of Vasily II, under his brother Constantine VIII (1025-1028) and under the latter's daughters first under Zoya and her three successive husbands Roman III (1028-1034), Michael IV (1034-1041), Konstantin Monomakh (1042-1054), with whom she shared the throne (Zoya died in 1050), and then under Theodore (10 54—1056).
7e9f8d0a2dfe5d1a4ef3e3bf70184f4f90a03fd9	The weakening became even more pronounced after the end of the Macedonian dynasty.
3428025da2e040adcfc6a76c34b2c29298856c0c	As a result of a military coup, Isaac Komnenos (1057-1059) ascended to the throne; after his abdication, Constantine X Duca (1059-1067) became emperor.
1e4b935cb3163270add183d76fe3428296089618	Then Roman IV Diogenes (1067-1071) came to power, who was overthrown by Michael VII Duca (1071-1078); as a result of a new uprising, the crown went to Nikephoros Votaniates (1078-1081).
71fc437d80ad3c1ab148e77b8bfec995784e08df	During these brief reigns, the anarchy increased, the internal and external crisis from which the empire suffered became more and more severe.
e3316e10080a39c4b7023d6458e90be6ed75fb33	The Byzantine Empire by 1081, The current Italy of those times was lost by the middle of the XI century under the onslaught of the Normans, but the main danger was coming from the east — in 1071, Roman IV Diogenes was defeated by the Seljuks at Manzikert (Armenia), and Byzantium was never able to recover from this defeat.
2edf39f4b23fd725e5c57d2f839febadab42cc63	In 1054, there was an official break between the Christian churches, which aggravated the strained relations to the limit.
6816cff7a6cdd5296886e39080f11cec938de481	Over the next two decades, the Turks occupied all of Anatolia; the empire could not create an army large enough to stop them.
e8af1360681941a48d988adfe1f1822ff3036b25	In 1080, the independent Cilician Armenian state was formed on Cilicia, which broke away from the Byzantine Empire[19].
b148b9e9b189b86d7a16a22a20059a079655f87e	In despair, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (1081-1118) in 1095 asked the Pope to provide military assistance.
08e11982046632d9ab14fea5c595170c03b70066	Relations with the West predetermined the events of 1204 (the capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders and the collapse of the country), and the rebellions of the feudal lords undermined the last forces of the country.
271beaaf01f2dc63f57dbac779a9c809af318143	In 1081, the Komnenos dynasty (1081-1204), representatives of the feudal aristocracy, came to the throne.
1732d4a442c61f9f538d73791ca89925c95acef8	The Seljuks remained in Iconium (the Konya Sultanate); in the Balkans, with the help of the expanding Hungary, the Slavic peoples created almost independent states; finally, the West also posed a serious danger in light of the ambitious political plans generated by the first Crusade and the economic claims of Venice.
c6e84d1fb725e8c77f2807a4a68ca39695bd0e1a	XII century.
ff7a869a0bd7e251a19db53f3b45cb5bc79e1a96	The era of the Komnenos, the era of the Angels[edit / edit wiki text] Main articles: Komnenos, Angels (dynasty)
7fa1cdd37baec280c01dd2b397ef938b7e6ee161	The Byzantine Empire in 1180 The reign of Alexios Komnenos[edit / edit wiki text] In 1081, the young Byzantine commander Alexios Komnenos (emperor in 1081-1118) captured Constantinople and seized the imperial throne.
43ca29f6414112c619d47d1b190b1b348faebcdd	The state of the empire was critical.
dc53a4fcc0defd7062cd63bbde33ea186402eabc	In the east, the Seljuks approached the shores of the Sea of Marmara, while in the west, the Sicilian Normans were preparing an invasion of Greece.
8a56dad2e7d09dc05c4792b56af02ef707e7dfc4	The lands on the banks of the Danube were subjected to constant raids by the Pechenegs.
f9a14aec8f943356e8b17cdd8e46aa435fcc51c1	Thanks to the exertion of all available resources, Alexey managed to cope with external enemies: the Seljuks were pushed back from the shores of the Sea of Marmara, the Normans were repulsed from the walls of the coastal fortresses with heavy losses, the Pechenegs were driven back to the Danube.
265bb1a565c3009d8e5aef3552b755860bc1133a	The emperor also managed to break the resistance of representatives of the old elite, who organized a number of plots against him.
482c890736b96bf5d42b51c2aa4b44047121d78b	Despite certain successes, the situation of the empire remained difficult: the civil wars of the end of the XI century and constant external threats at the beginning of the reign of Alexei negatively affected the economy of Byzantium and the situation of its subjects.
804508db4827ecb87c23b81029853f642bf68bed	The situation began to change after the beginning of the Crusades.
303521dabac1120860d876d9964d3d4ef96d748a	In 1097, the emperor obtained a vassal oath from the participants of the First Crusade passing through Constantinople, according to which the crusaders were to transfer the conquered lands to the Byzantines.
27e68d63c0dd044ec3c3af8384666fd9982b9c3e	This oath was not fully fulfilled, but the Crusaders ' victories in Asia Minor, combined with the rapid actions of the imperial army, allowed Alexey to capture a number of key fortresses and subordinate the fertile valleys in the west of the peninsula to his power.
e9aa8dcc9c8fb5ebaf7ac9d0067209842903553d	Agreements with the Crusaders allowed the emperor to claim Antioch, which was captured by one of the leaders of the campaign, Norman Bohemond of Tarentum.
5f67c7e6db633ff08781c00128bf679e68a65dad	The tension between the Normans and the Byzantines resulted in a new war (1107-1109), which ended with the defeat of the Normans at Dyrrhachium and the signing of the Devol Peace Treaty.
f71867bb036262515f57bfe453d9ee28ddead1de	According to the text of the treaty (in the form in which it was preserved by Anna Komnena), Bohemond declared himself a vassal of the Byzantine emperor and renounced his claims to Antioch.
0842fc99b6cd6cc0cb84cae25d7f6f1fbde1427a	The victory at Dyrrhachium pushed the Norman threat into the background.
a73a909fc71297e00fd7dfb769f519e472a08688	In the last years of his reign, Alexey Komnenos again fought against the conspiracies of internal opponents and personally took part in campaigns against the Seljuks.
babd0d8e3e8f3a13e18407e4fd2df93d8af030aa	In 1116, in a battle near Philomilia, Alexey defeated the Seljuk army and for some time limited the raids of nomads on the eastern borders of the empire.
cfa1dd0ae69dd711642bd160f12c08f1697c7e08	The policy of gradually pushing the Seljuks deeper into Asia Minor was later continued by his son John.
d85e87ad1ea81a61748c0ec583b57121236de9d9	Alexey's foreign policy successes were facilitated by his internal transformations.
64a187d96a007157f5e9945f8f57d31301f653c3	The emperor built a new power around his family.
a0cad8836e0231f4aa1ba28303e4a562564baf28	At the beginning of the XII century, all the key posts in the state were occupied either by relatives of the emperor, or by people connected with him by many years of joint service.
d526eb5092ec603398bcba83f814546d0f69a23b	To strengthen the economy, Alexey carried out a financial reform, issuing a new coin, and streamlined taxation.
0df353a0e7a20e4b51e175bc5e5f2400dbe98168	In addition, the emperor concluded a treaty with Venice.
2b6b0af19bbfd271d3efe70b5dad7f02aa19cfb3	This treaty opened new trade markets for the Republic of St. Mark and accelerated the development of commercial ties between Constantinople and the markets of Latin cities.
9b6a4edf3ff04cb73958ab4763e3a481a8e496b9	The Emperor was also actively engaged in construction activities.
67ae9af244ab35e1c817de9e0418b9a4f49a7d32	The reign of John and Manuel [edit | edit wiki text] John II Komnenos (emperor in 1118-1143) led an active expansionist policy.
a18eb4be40b87f90716d6eb3000aedaa709a4420	He conquered part of the Byzantine territories conquered by them earlier from the Turks.
8e63c8aa7e8338e46641136f3462fa07f01ca4c2	He forced the Principality of Antioch to take a vassal oath (the latter was formal).
ea672533f60d89189664734e32278c9ac4aa5fce	In 1142 John Komnenos intended to go to war against Antioch again in order to gain real control over the principality of Antioch, but death did not allow him to implement this plan.
867b56da96e9bf5072d621e2ac31476a7355d5a1	The strengthening of the state and the army allowed the Komnenes to repel the Norman offensive in the Balkans, to win back a significant part of Asia Minor from the Seljuks, and to establish sovereignty over Antioch.
4534d25be3586a9475d72a75e768b21245e64931	Manuel I forced Hungary to recognize the sovereignty of Byzantium (1164) and established his power in Serbia.
899341fa9cb1018151f446d59c2ba298df982b92	But in general, the situation continued to be difficult.
88ed51e7e9cd319163e25d9910c45b95ce5240a5	The behavior of Venice was especially dangerous — the former purely Greek city became a rival and enemy of the empire, created a strong competition for its trade.
47e8855c9cd3e3682eff2ae038a4cae8b291b6a2	In 1176, the Byzantine army was defeated by the Turks at Myriokephalon.
59b9de2944250ef54fddac29095a24f5d327f380	On all borders, Byzantium was forced to go on the defensive.
8b962a3f3b1901a198248d8c725a20fce2dd5974	The Byzantine policy towards the Crusaders was to bind their leaders with vassal ties and return territories in the east with their help, but this did not bring much success.
c3a46ef41bc3568930629e2068cb5ddb80e0eaee	Relations with the Crusaders were constantly deteriorating.
53ac2ae458fd7c84cd95aa81842ed7b49bc0d96f	Like many of their predecessors,
64a6be7945d34bb25340869dabd683ca414b0d90	The crusaders arrive in Constantinople.
b169e0dbf401a5605001b636d94d8af21a434024	The Second Crusade (1145-1149).
c7b9e11cc0546bc3d75cc59054d2adf75beb30db	The Comnenians dreamed of restoring their power over Rome, whether by force or by an alliance with the Papacy, and destroying the Western Empire, the fact of whose existence had always seemed to them to be a usurpation of their rights.
557a4a1edc9cbff0a442bfce33479c47f25b08af	Manuel I especially tried to realize these dreams.
08bb9c7e8ba121f1183d72a67d6a03a662755629	It seemed that Manuel had gained the empire incomparable fame throughout the world and made Constantinople the center of European politics; but when he died in 1180, Byzantium was ruined and hated by the Latins, ready to attack it at any moment.
fd685f2e79fb5d7b8f001fbad6eab17764d9f6ca	At the same time, a serious internal crisis was brewing in the country.
5d19da3485b4ebcbbb874e293da02bd281ad1c46	The crisis of the XIII century [edit | edit wiki text] After the death of Manuel I, a popular uprising broke out in Constantinople (1181), caused by dissatisfaction with the policy of the government, which patronized Italian merchants, as well as Western European knights who entered the service of the emperors.
932931a4540ea3f1af1e14f4d8a000256905cfdb	Relations with the West deteriorated sharply in 1182, when the massacre of Latins took place in Constantinople: a mass pogrom against Catholic merchants with a huge number of victims.
7c891dee0c35a6b9ee5ba7be562f3ba069bd2f6c	The country was experiencing a deep economic crisis: feudal fragmentation increased, the actual independence of the provincial rulers from the central government, the cities fell into decline, the army and navy weakened.
c6cffb07e12b734b2a5b1cf8e613fbc506e79d30	Cyprus, Trebizond, and Thessaly, after the coming to power of the Angelic dynasty, actually did not obey the central government.
f0b8f3f8f112bec26d2f77a54be62ef068041bb8	The collapse of the empire began.
b0ceb871a7334e69f11695bc4a265e4749a89785	In 1187, Bulgaria fell away; in 1190, Byzantium was forced to recognize the independence of Serbia.
626c426332fdca850efcabd09e0e2d660c42784e	When Enrico Dandolo became the Doge of Venice in 1192, the idea arose that the best way to resolve the crisis and satisfy the accumulated hatred of the Latins, as well as to ensure the interests of Venice in the East, would be the conquest of the Byzantine Empire.
c2daed65ec12aac99aa7b8a6a0b7944e88fdbf76	The hostility of the pope, the harassment of Venice, the bitterness of the entire Catholic world after the massacre of the Latins all this together predetermined the fact that the fourth Crusade (1202-1204) turned instead of Palestine against Constantinople.
d506b9fb4ef860839fda7998bda17210ffc6bbc0	Exhausted, weakened by the onslaught of the Slavic states, Byzantium was unable to resist the crusaders.
e232226b647fb623605340f44725a1cc3905932f	Latin Empire[edit / edit wiki text]
4307646f12fbf8efe61ad99b3eda21ac30c97cf7	The Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade (1204) Main article: The Latin Empire Main article: The Siege and Fall of Constantinople (1204) Main article: Francocracy In 1204, the Crusader army captured Constantinople.
43360e5b4d4980ae0ac3eb071e74217733064636	At the same time, a huge number of art monuments were lost, the city was looted[20][21]. Byzantium broke up into a number of states — the Latin Empire and the Achaean Principality, created in the territories captured by the Crusaders, and the Nicene, Trebizond and Epirus Empires the remaining I am under the control of the Greeks.
dee87ecccadd5181fe6921204be19866729196d7	The Latins suppressed Greek culture in Byzantium, the dominance of Venetian merchants prevented the revival of Byzantine cities.
56bd99e590cdd1462ef5b8aa836ba66872865a4c	The Nicene Empire[edit / edit wiki text] Main article: The Nicene Empire The position of the Latin Empire was very precarious — the hatred of the Greeks and the attacks of the Bulgarians greatly weakened it
1b352a8a69d8f843f4a5edfaa57d2a44a2295335	Baldwin II lived in Constantinople on funds begged from the pope and from Saint Louis, selected jewelry from churches and monasteries and borrowed money from Venetian bankers, to whom he provided all the economic resources of the country.
8f77571f1bf3532331aada7b6c81b6cb244ccbfb	Internecine wars took place between the successors of Asen, and the Bulgarian tsar Konstantin Tich was not able to prevent the plans of the Nicene emperor.
bdc5cdadffa7fef50bcfb07298a0a1dcc946d3ec	In the spring of 1261, the emperor of the Nicene Empire, Michael Palaiologos, concluded an alliance with Genoa, to which he granted extensive trade rights, to the detriment of the Venetians, and persuaded the help of the Genoese fleet to conquer Constantinople.
89fe034d24ee83b60826669fdaa1a8f471cc14e9	He sent to Europe an experienced general, Alexios Stratigopoulos, who entered into negotiations with the Greek population in the immediate vicinity of Constantinople, received accurate information about what was happening in the city among the Latins, and, after the expiration of the armistice, moved to Constantinople, from where the Venetian garrison had just been transferred to ships, with the aim of attacking the Genoese.
6802072c21cf40c74b7c943f84ff90bdd40236bd	Restoration of the Empire[edit / edit wiki text]
6ba98f53e0992d216c60039379e513a37d5b1af7	The Byzantine Empire and the Balkan States around 1265 Main article: History of the Byzantine Empire (1261-1453) See also: The Capture of Constantinople (1261) On the night of July 25, 1261, Alexios Stratagopoulos crept up to the walls of Constantinople, entered the city without noise and took possession of it almost without resistance.
0601562a2e399cb9cadf0dfbfd366a5c093fb024	The Emperor Baldwin fled to Euboea.
a1ea6de6e9530750586da66793d9ddfc2287fba3	Only the Venetians and some of the Latins tried to defend themselves in Galata, but Stratagopoulos set fire to this part of the city and deprived the Latins of any point of support, they also hurried to board ships and flee.
fc7eab2098fa4871cfa8dc381a3f11ad85699d15	On August 15, 1261, Michael Palaiologos, having defeated the Latin Empire, solemnly entered Constantinople, announced the restoration of the Byzantine Empire and was crowned in the Church of St. Sophia.
1720a129e1424935cc41e98548cda555601f0718	In 1337, Epirus joined it.
c207d744d4a14c69d38d822fecd546c0264794ec	But the Achaean principality — the only viable formation of the Crusaders in Greece existed until the beginning of the XV century, when it was conquered by the despot of the Morea.
9b2edc064596a380da906a0fa36bccde1d17517f	It was no longer possible to restore the Byzantine Empire in its entirety.
f8edeef7ea0566c2bd3623ebb4396731e1403413	Michael VIII Palaiologos (1261-1282) tried to implement this, and although he failed to fully realize his aspirations, nevertheless, his efforts, practical talents and flexible mind make him the last significant emperor of Byzantium.
466f57ada6cf5d5666ef2b0b2721adf90dd0f49e	In the face of the external danger that threatened the empire, it was necessary that it maintain unity, calm and strength.
9ccd0a4a7ab94a252dd84b37f2df30ab00e28c9f	The era of the Paleologians, on the contrary, was full of uprisings and civil unrest.
501f8b9972647ecf99cefc89af2b392a02f8b8c3	Michael VIII Palaiologos on his knees before Christ, on this coin, issued to celebrate the liberation of the imperial capital from the crusaders In Europe, the most dangerous opponents of Byzantium were the Serbs.
a073fa6b76a6ecad64d8cee254349abc8eb5e9a2	Under the successors of Stefan Nemani — Stefan Uros I (1243-1276), Stefan Dragutin (1276-1282), Stefan Uros II Milutin (1282-1321) — Serbia so expanded its territory at the expense of the Bulgarians and Byzantines that it became the most significant state on the Balkan peninsula.
6296ad76ff20339d0a6dc046c3f061710a8d0e0c	XIV XV centuries.
576b986de39e39368985ede3a566756e41d5564f	Crisis and fall[edit / edit wiki text] The pressure of the Ottomans, led by three major military leaders — Ertogrul, Osman (1289-1326) and Urkhan (1326-1359), was constantly increasing.
8b12a0274a01e978b4c379326fd461fa2691746a	Despite some successful attempts by Andronik II to stop them, in 1326 Bursa fell to the Ottomans, who turned it into their capital.
b61bdf6835b77f3f2309f080d3427a62d072db27	Then Nicaea was taken (1329), followed by Nicomedia (1337); in 1338 the Ottomans reached the Bosphorus and soon crossed it at the invitation of the Byzantines themselves, who persistently sought their alliance in the civil war.
7bc276e708fef0b8c13e44e82d905529b6b0a22f	In 1352-1354, the Ottomans occupied the Gallipoli Peninsula and began conquests in Europe.
b47554dc742f33da2d2a22d169186868feacdb0d	This circumstance led to the fact that the emperors had to seek help in the west.
8f11395d88f13dedf7394a339e8326da8cd8a4b6	John V (1369) and then Manuel II (1417) had to resume negotiations with Rome for political reasons, and John VIII, in order to prevent the Ottoman danger, made a desperate attempt — the emperor personally appeared in Italy (1437) and at the Council of Florence signed a union with Eugene IV, which put an end to the division of the churches (1439).
00358ddfc9aa00c57da1a054139c25fd0e3283ef	The Byzantine Empire by 1355, but the common population did not accept Catholicism, and these attempts at reconciliation only aggravated internal strife.
66ce7257e86502023199eab18c0a683a352e1026	Finally, the Ottoman conquests began to threaten the very existence of the country.
1448fbb66d003b352d07a08d7fae3018c6e485c7	Murad I (1359-1389) conquered Thrace (1361), which John V Palaiologos was forced to recognize for him (1363); then he captured Philippopolis, and soon Adrianople, where he moved his capital (1365).
e919fde18c2dc1add50a29d08b7ad71f138ecc02	Constantinople, isolated, surrounded, cut off from the rest of the regions, was waiting outside its walls for a deadly blow that seemed inevitable.
8e3cb5ffc0553367550e79ecaec48105a88ea7ac	Meanwhile, the Ottomans completed the conquest of the Balkan Peninsula.
a691e48cfbc3793c3d67d5603aa612c976daed72	The Maritsa they defeated southern Serbs and the Bulgarians (1371); they founded their colonies in Macedonia and began to threaten Thessaloniki (1374); they invaded Albania (1386), defeated the Serbian Empire after the battle of Kosovo was turned Bulgaria into the Ottoman pashalik (1393).
7ba6ce34dcbfbad4a027b03bc4ef52d6f0121f9e	John V Palaeologus was forced to acknowledge himself a vassal of the Sultan, to pay him tribute, and put his troops to capture Philadelphia (1391) — the last stronghold, which belonged to the Byzantine Empire in Asia Minor.
1e04f23faa5a0fe00529682477a190ec8a07a396	Bayezid I (1389-1402) acted even more energetically against the Byzantine Empire.
4f4b30a764847e6cdb70b41485f93d3732927680	He blocked the capital from all sides (1391-1395), and when the Western attempt to save Byzantium in the Battle of Nicopolis (1396) failed, he tried to storm Constantinople (1397) and at the same time invaded the Morea.
5001194d139f953750620f27e0ef298bd0e16ab9	The invasion of Timur and the crushing defeat inflicted by Timur on the Ottomans at Angora (Ankara) (1402) gave the empire another twenty years of delay.
bbb0d0c98605d6207026592d8f14d0be020a7d4d	But in 1421 Murad II (1421-1451) resumed the offensive.
6c61c5cc6a4da1a9a731285382c3d01f40a5e829	He attacked, though unsuccessfully, Constantinople, which vigorously resisted (1422); he captured Thessaloniki (1430), bought in 1423 by the Venetians from the Byzantines; one of his generals penetrated into the Morea (1423); he himself successfully operated in Bosnia and Albania and forced the sovereign of Wallachia (Moldavian principality) to pay tribute.
d2f14e17988a29a5d16a2b62de9d1c3078238750	The Byzantine Empire in 1430, the Byzantine Empire, brought to an extreme, now owned, in addition to Constantinople and the neighboring region to Derkon and Selimvria, only a few separate regions scattered along the coast: Anchialus, Mesemvria, Athos and the Peloponnese, which, being almost completely conquered from the Latins, became as it were the center of the Greek nation.
7f89e60ee9cc5bb29d3226e63c4d6e57ca64ce2e	Despite the heroic efforts of Janos Hunyadi, who defeated the Ottomans at Yalovac in 1443, despite the resistance of Skanderbeg in Albania, the Turks stubbornly pursued their goals.
dcd56bb15b02330deded8771e1e4a862abc40835	In 1444, the last serious attempt of Eastern Christians to resist the Ottomans turned into a defeat in the Battle of Varna.
905610a1c95907fa4387ef137232833f06117d53	The Duchy of Athens submitted to them, the principality of Morea, conquered by the Ottomans in 1446, was forced to recognize itself as a tributary; in the second battle of the Kosovo Field (1448), Janos Hunyadi was defeated.
28910dea7dac57f9c6bb6d76f0327b2c49410041	Only Constantinople remained — an impregnable citadel that embodied the entire empire.
7b7fdde38bf4fc0cf4a0e3839253416533f18954	But the end was coming for him, too.
4ee43761ab396e33c574b9c5b53ead71f7eeae7d	Mehmed II, when he ascended the throne (1451), firmly intended to seize it.
635812830142257970811d7628aec123b8e9bc82	The Fall of Constantinople[edit / edit wiki text] Main article: The Fall of Constantinople (1453) By the beginning of the XV century, Byzantium was a tiny state on the outskirts of Europe.
9863426b4e4c25a2896c024731471921ae95c33c	For the sake of its conquest, no one dared to storm the ancient walls of Constantinople.
20f281bef8115758b865979ac88229132de32fd4	Tamerlane's campaign gave Byzantium a few years of delay, but it was already impossible to change its fate.
b2a9988a6e64553c1f4b633a5a29208bda2353b6	A new powerful enemy appeared in the east — the Ottoman Turks.
3a04e6482d2f6b39b49d50766d0c69f5b69aefe6	A new and energetic ruler came to power over the Turks — Mehmed II, who set out to conquer the eternal city.
e28022f6e8c6a75a9029f92fde23041602edb820	On April 5, 1453, the Turks began the siege of Constantinople, a holy city for the Byzantines.
4334074e6c6307824ad79cf77d2b017db32d6471	Even earlier, the sultan had built a Rumelian fortress (Rumelikhisar) on the Bosphorus, which cut off communications between Constantinople and the Black Sea, and at the same time sent an expedition to the Morea to prevent the Greek despots of Mystra from helping the capital.
96a2be19d7fc9bf4ace5b8b6864cf84bdfb71d17	The city walls of Constantinople Against the Turkish army, consisting of about 180 thousand people, Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos was able to field barely 7,000 soldiers, of which at least a third were foreigners; the Byzantines, hostile to the ecclesiastical union concluded by their emperor, had no desire to fight.
30fe0c3dcb88b20412ed014f669051be693f8947	Nevertheless, despite the power of the Turkish artillery, the first attack was repulsed (April 18).
db8634ee8dee9336adc39d559abc0a70223a7ebe	Mehmed II managed to lead his fleet into the Golden Horn Bay and thus endanger another section of the fortifications.
e538fcef1e33268d81a3d7a5c62c75cecf5630d5	However, the assault on May 7 again failed.
7d7b91a6531949dd220e216ba891fc15a0675d32	But a breach was made in the city rampart on the approaches to the gate of St. Roman.
c2225a41fb1758f6f7ea9778a32fd6f5e9940cd7	Before the decisive battle, there was a discord among the Turks.
70dac47f4a7c41b5c681af19391f988202994157	Many were in favor of lifting the siege.
98c1d11de3460cbadbc88dbce4d74a09c9760e71	Meanwhile, in Constantinople, Constantine XI made a solemn speech in which he called on the soldiers to fight to the last, recalled that they are descendants of ancient Rome and Greece.
4dd2dc6b9bc4fd6f55f4637edadfb693ced44bee	This slightly encouraged the soldiers.
690a9f4e575ce8085dcc834a32fa52a458c6bfae	Everyone understood that a decisive battle would soon take place.
13fe5137422194573360fff9aa298f2e76552423	On the night of May 28 to May 29, 1453, the last attack began.
8edc50b87014cc231c46086f32d662922b45467f	Twice the Ottomans were repulsed; then Mehmed threw the janissaries to storm.
8c33b8150c446c6b62c82430803853c79c7430a8	At the same time, Genoese Giustiniani Longo, who was the soul of defense together with the emperor, was seriously injured and was forced to leave his post.
e486b0571a22aaf5fdfa2e035b4debfef4418d0e	This disorganized the defense.
c59fddd73c96c548f3466bf591e98183f12c47c1	The emperor continued to fight valiantly, but part of the enemy army, having mastered the underground passage from the fortress — the so called Xyloport, attacked the defenders from the rear.
3666439b43a78bc882c5a0a886b3143e9a56a142	It was the end.
3a801a37c07c4a01c1da65710e2f20d44cc74e83	Konstantin Dragash threw off the symbols of imperial power and rushed into the thick of the battle.
af6406f6fac309ac4e76464f0a9e3f3609542044	He was killed in battle.
eabbefc648616886e782c3fc23fab1d48382b20c	On May 30, 1453, at eight o'clock in the morning, Mehmed II solemnly entered the capital and ordered to convert the central cathedral of the city — the Hagia Sophia into a mosque.
3a96db8ad893d23128b31b1f9d3fb310de7c0299	The last remnants of the once great empire — Morea and Trebizond — fell under Ottoman rule in 1460 and 1461, respectively.
7becf659f28c1eb54e88e488cf3dd7f1d8f1193f	The Ottoman Empire moved to Europe.
c6a289064e05655a795b50b85c4a4183a3e7e3da	Restoration attempts[edit / edit wiki text] In 1459, Pope Pius II convened a council in Mantua to discuss a Crusade to liberate Constantinople.
bc7173bc6b6bd08c8d3012ac711c6cbee39e0e7a	But the campaign never took place.
d1018763dd6d3e24c75639aad8f6fb9b681b2343	With the fall of Byzantium in the east, the theory of "Moscow — the Third Rome" began to spread in the young Moscow Principality.
9056918e5109856ebe9aff1e31d6bb2f87f2246c	Its rulers considered themselves both spiritual and political successors of the fallen Byzantium.
c50574af712ac690ecad33c962928cb55dcbffbf	To secure this title, a marriage was concluded between the Russian Prince Ivan III Vasilyevich and Sofia Palaiologos.
35b34bf66f9a61a0097efeb7850502d5faa00033	The population and languages of Byzantium[edit | edit wiki text] See also: Armenians in Byzantium and Jews in Byzantium The national composition of the population of the Byzantine Empire, especially at the first stage of its history, was extremely diverse: Greeks (up to 10 million hours), Italians (Italians), Syrians, Copts(up to 4 million hours), Armenians(4 million hours), Jews(up to 6 million hours in 550 AD), Hellenized tribes of Asia Minor, Thracians, Illyrians, Dacians, southern and northern Slavs (Japhetids).
6f8b6cbaaa1e507e3e56e682e79d186386cdef5b	With the reduction in the territory of the Byzantine Empire (from the end of the VI century) part of the peoples remained outside, increased the percentage of the Armenian population (in consequence of the accession to the Empire of the Armenian provinces) and their influence, as in Empire invaded and settled the new peoples
1634681009f9e22defc7ab80824345743320a03c	(Goths in the IV—V centuries, the Slavs in the VI—VII centuries, the Arabs in the VII—IX centuries, Pechenegs, Cumans in the XI—XIII centuries, etc.).
296feb50a111f4f7333eefcc2f0757d3f092d171	In the VI—XI centuries, the population of the Byzantine Empire was part of an ethnic group who later formed Italian nationality.
31518c0295ea0ce1790675404a17ad04a064a0c4	The official language of Byzantium in the IV VI centuries was Latin, from the VII century until the end of the empire's existence — Greek.
b5eb123e75ac0b267b50d6ad3dbd14c5092ddc74	Most of the ruling elite were of Greek and Armenian origin.
2bea686cb1741797ad00765fce32f911b22d9968	Between the VI XI centuries, out of more than 50 emperors, about 30
8e1bae554e471f0ec6fe00482bd23b4d7d7f6587	(60 %) of the emperors were Armenians.
447bdbe8f976fe3ab32c9fd8095386890879b3de	See also: List of Byzantine emperors of Armenian origin State structure[edit / edit wiki text]
45f8275ae3181e70f99ffb54d79ed7c7918d3fb7	By 395, Byzantium inherited from the Roman Empire a monarchical form of government with an emperor at the head.
cd864cd2c504055a31f3f3877c1cc20d4569566c	Since the seventh century, the head of state was more often called the avtokrator (Greek: ΑτΤοκράτωρ autocrat) or the basileus (Greek: βασιλεὺς — letters. the tsar).
2f8fb88a39d9fac7bddcaf6fabb4abc8c480696c	The Byzantine Empire consisted of two prefectures the East and Illyricum, each of which was headed by prefects: the Praetorian Prefect of the East (Latin Praefectus praetorio Orientis) and the Praetorian prefect Illyricus (Latin Praefectus praetorio Illyrici).
627460bedec8f0df4eff67655528137e77757b5e	Constantinople was separated into a separate unit, headed by the prefect of the city of Constantinople (Latin Praefectus urbis Constantinopolitanae).
999370be25943cd7c230f25fc513c867751728d9	The previous system of state and financial management was maintained for a long time.
7903a475c8767a942db5ab13f6b5cb12d44647be	But since the end of the VI century, significant changes have been observed.
e6ffdfcd694c3580e8fd20a7809f0120f46a9f30	The reforms are mainly related to defense (administrative division into them instead of exarchates) and mainly Greek culture
27fcba234baf134313daccb580ae618492cc6614	Since the X century, feudal principles of governance have been widely spread, this process has led to the establishment of representatives of the feudal aristocracy on the throne.
7847cead37a755329de10201cfc8fc7542bc346a	Until the very end of the empire, numerous rebellions and the struggle for the imperial throne do not stop.
0c05cac1c3bc4479b5c393c89259b5848ac21dac	The two highest military officials were the commander in chief of the infantry (Lat. magister paeditum) and the chief of the cavalry (Lat. magister equitum), later these positions were merged (Magister militum); in the capital there were two masters of infantry and cavalry (Stratig Opsikia) (Lat. Magistri equitum et paeditum in praesenti). In addition, there was a master of infantry and cavalry of the East (Stratagus of Anatolica), a master of infantry and cavalry of Illyricum, a master of infantry and cavalry of Thrace (Stratagus of Thracia).
0b305a7c1754988859a04486380e8638956e8b87	The Byzantine Emperors [edit | edit wiki text] Main articles: The Byzantine Emperor, The list of Byzantine Emperors After the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476), the Eastern Roman Empire continued to exist for almost a thousand years; in historiography, it is usually called Byzantium from that time on.
869e6a6d7662b179baea276982d6b82edadaf06a	The ruling class of Byzantium is characterized by mobility[22].
f5eb59dac298d74cdc609200e24e8da521939477	At all times, a person from the bottom could make his way to power.
cab7ca620e363fb786695636fad51e9adcc106b8	In some cases, it was even easier for him: for example, there was an opportunity to make a career in the army and earn military glory.
88bc778bec7573d32277f445492ba8ac0982b433	For example, Emperor Michael II was an uneducated mercenary, was sentenced to death by Emperor Leo V for rebellion, and his execution was postponed only because of the celebration of Christmas (820);
69f7a24877c6c36fa32578b3bb636590b93b2536	Vasily I was a peasant, and then a horse breaker in the service of a noble nobleman.
956ffb5265fc0099e5b34f7d13a2975cc5c69a86	Roman I Lakapin was also a native of the peasants, Michael IV, before becoming emperor, was a money changer, like one of his brothers[22].
51bf46b0f228ca6a536192847cb7076d984b270e	The army [edit | edit wiki text] Main articles: The army of the Byzantine Empire, the Byzantine Navy Although Byzantium inherited its army from the Roman Empire, its structure approached the phalanx system of the Hellenic states.
697601fb9786b08c2ed36b35738c718f08ad3150	By the end of the existence of Byzantium, it became mainly mercenary and was distinguished by a rather low combat capability.
e1d907624a2b92fb2f151e580e114180dc309bc5	The plan of the battle of Dara in 530 AD, in which foreign mercenaries, including the Huns, participated on the side of the Byzantine Empire.
d5794d711440cf8d0407f4cabbcef38746c6bb1c	The Battle of the Gift
c73c28bc15cf2d294a0fda5b3d71b61b591addf3	Themes of the Byzantine Empire
f5e549daadb1a366b9fe88988b0d3f296535aa16	The Byzantine lamellar armor clivanium (Κλιβάνιον) is a prototype of mirror armor, but a system of military management and supply was developed in detail, works on strategy and tactics are published, a variety of technical means are widely used, in particular, a system of beacons is built to notify of an enemy attack.
634f56c488c99b66effed05f00c09f2b5d6bda3d	In contrast to the old Roman army, the importance of the fleet is greatly increasing, which the invention of the "Greek fire" helps to gain dominance in the sea.
d48558345a3d6ebf9dc00285b2e358f7446df51e	Fully armored cavalry cataphractaries are adopted from the Sassanids.
ff898a62bf94252b9cbfd162971b6dda7eb4deda	At the same time, technically complex throwing weapons, ballistae and catapults disappear, replaced by simpler stone throwers.
4374a1031e27693230b85399b2f34093a447251d	The transition to a femal system of recruiting troops provided the country with 150 years of successful wars, but the financial exhaustion of the peasantry and its transition to dependence on the feudal lords led to a gradual decrease in combat capability.
1d3200fe7925a1f18a525c875aeeaa0cc8b15a07	The recruitment system was changed to a typically feudal one, when the nobility was obliged to supply military contingents for the right to own land.
0113bb3e61b7f612e5a964bba63555fe59fe8b92	In the future, the army and navy are falling into increasing decline, and at the very end of the empire's existence they are purely mercenary formations.
906db4305f05abed9670b9448429cd6662e037d5	In 1453, Constantinople, with a population of 60 thousand inhabitants, was able to field only a 5 thousand army and 2.5 thousand mercenaries.
042ac88ad211891d38a930e597e016690d444349	Since the X century, the Constantinople emperors hired technologically advanced and militarily strong southern and northern Rus, as well as warriors from neighboring barbarian Turkic tribes.
3213b9abd6f7b87dd398a7722f78d011ca4f0149	Since the X century, ethnically mixed Varangians have played a significant role in heavy infantry, and light cavalry was completed from Turkic nomads.
335d595e6d7d69c534ebd2eb92d06e33ccdc9666	After the era of Viking campaigns came to an end at the beginning of the XI century, mercenaries from Scandinavia (as well as from Normandy and England conquered by the Vikings[23]) rushed to Byzantium across the Mediterranean Sea.
7f4af20e3d955db3a8f85df7268626ca11ebcf44	The future Norwegian king Harald the Harsh fought for several years in the Varangian guard throughout the Mediterranean.
d7a65b5a636de0585885596e83b20cbb7c4abed1	The Varangian Guard bravely defended Constantinople from the Crusaders in 1204 and was defeated during the capture of the city.
36b5dfe876fc704e3c935c58613ec09bd23f3e0e	Culture and society [edit | edit wiki text] The period of the reign of the emperors from Basil I the Macedonian to Alexios I Komnenos (867-1081) was of great cultural importance.
4970e868c1c32b543b93b442ed1752c78e5cfdff	The essential features of this period of history are the high rise of Byzantinism and the spread of its cultural mission to southeastern Europe.
ea6e8c27c4b458185b20ec701031c69ca6a083a0	Thanks to the works of the famous Hellenists and Byzantines of Thessalonians Cyril and Methodius, the Slavic alphabet — Glagolitic appeared, which led to the emergence of their own written literature among the Slavs, connected with them by common roots of belonging to the Japhetids.
a20f95977cb654c3e9db157450042a4f8bafdb3a	Patriarch Photius put obstacles to the claims of the popes of Rome and theoretically justified the primordial right of Constantinople to ecclesiastical independence from Rome (see Separation of Churches).
e09b081e52e3f80c19f72bbd1055f404b72a1d90	In the scientific sphere, this period is distinguished by an unusual fecundity and a variety of literary enterprises.
5bbfcb99594c07428b00a50e014599f6afc26e0f	In the collections and treatments of this period, precious historical, literary and archaeological material has been preserved, borrowed from the now lost writers.
a8b7a5ec79519da9dfe4d0e4d4945c85c382da38	See also Byzantine Life.
45c068db564dbec668865934277e5ce85b56b69c	Economy[edit / edit wiki text]
70b0d673150accab0678d9aef132b183f0b4d206	Byzantine bronze coins, the reign of Anastasius I, 498-518 The state included rich lands with a large number of cities — Egypt, Asia Minor, Greece.
8171279a084dcf104ab8603a36cde9b12cd6177f	At the initial stage of development, Byzantium was a super urbanized empire by medieval standards — 1.5 million people lived in the four largest cities of the Empire(Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria and Edessa).
a7f1a94fa39b1fd6e4fe026d2ad917b098553955	The conditions established by the eparch (mayor) for the 22 estates of Constantinople were summarized in the X century in the collection of resolutions of the Book of the Eparch[24].
8e37afd883be5b3b0ff49bfcd328e6f69cbd5d52	Despite the corrupt system of government, very high taxes, slave owning economy and court intrigues, the economy of Byzantium was the strongest in Europe for a long time.
8df06ab0c5d7e4e49c97f945afe8fba374618162	Trade was conducted with all the former Roman possessions in the west and with India (through the Sassanids and Arabs) in the east.
6f1966e5c2a65914265ca9debadc8a8bf60754e6	Even after the Arab conquests, the empire was very rich.
52fc4850b77272105177c1358cb381476426793f	But the financial costs were also very high, and the country's wealth caused strong envy.
2c0b492cf4b0919e0403ffb55bfac56016fabb9f	By the XIII century, the urban population was barely 100 thousand people, half of them in Constantinople.
34ed88cda812140d1b3355a1b7c10a1b1373f3f2	The decline of trade caused by the privileges granted to Italian merchants, the capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders and the onslaught of the Turks led to the final weakening of the finances and the state as a whole.
d97257ed9f94195693a1b99a78f96d86ab4e80dc	In the initial period of the state's history, the basis of the economy was production and the customs structure.
8f8b3dae7fc4ec8d396978a3b6a94c66d4720d94	85-90 percent of production in all of Eurasia (with the exception of India and China) was accounted for by the Eastern Roman Empire.
bfae7d12da540977d0b95c3849411a9a149c2c8b	Science, medicine, law [edit | edit wiki text] Main article: Medicine of Byzantium Byzantine science throughout the entire period of the existence of the state was in close connection with ancient philosophy and metaphysics.
b4b6354938d63a9300debf8be2ac2ec11247ffd7	The main activity of scientists was in the applied plane, where a number of remarkable successes were achieved, such as the construction of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Constantinople and the invention of Greek fire.
04428788ef948d4126b014ac0cee17c77fed5d04	At the same time, pure science practically did not develop either in terms of creating new theories, or in terms of developing the ideas of ancient thinkers.
ecbc653c7bd18406221099db317d30a40ee1ab40	Starting from the era of Justinian and until the end of the first millennium, scientific knowledge was in severe decline[source not specified 1944 days], but later Byzantine scientists again showed themselves, especially in astronomy and mathematics, already relying on the achievements of Arabic and Persian science[source not specified 956 days].
6a9991863a7966420d886ed1465da652e1009428	Medicine was one of the few branches of knowledge in which progress was made compared to antiquity.
68a29b0c9b397806af22210082a84a73225813b4	The influence of Byzantine medicine was felt both in the Arab countries and in Europe during the Renaissance.
0222bafdcd49b07192a897382205d340945202bb	In the last century of the empire's existence, Byzantium played an important role in the spread of ancient Greek literature in early Renaissance Italy.
99ee30595d15af26b6d243f4d6c775d591a368e7	By that time, the Academy of Trebizond had become the main center for the study of astronomy and mathematics.
ad99baa31e0df1e9caf9345cf97f3e3890a03390	The law [edit | edit wiki text] Main article: Byzantine Law The reforms of Justinian I in the field of law had a great impact on the development of jurisprudence.
1e0fc5073a92b41b7ad1a9ad5ffbfc64ce7c04a9	With the adoption of Christianity, Byzantine criminal law was largely borrowed from Russia.
a7e3a00bda81f716da12b4c2e4c047fced5235b0	The significance of the Byzantine Empire[edit | edit wiki text] Byzantium created a brilliant culture, perhaps the most brilliant that the Middle Ages knew, undoubtedly the only one that existed in Christian Europe until the XI century.
1ae649b29fe250471dc69decbf8ad771d76c9b4b	Constantinople remained for many centuries the only great city of Christian Europe that did not know its equal in splendor.
523c78628ed382d15a7a80b1ed3d45dbf217fca1	With its literature and art, Byzantium exerted a significant influence on the peoples around it.
e75d8dba8a46480e8b987a5073287d18b58a8df8	The monuments and majestic works of art that remain from it show us all the splendor of Byzantine culture.
65a2a7eed4bc649cba25f28c4f624ed586b7e895	Therefore, Byzantium occupied a significant and, I must say, a well deserved place in the history of the Middle Ages[25].
afdb9957644f4c34503518768bd0b016112b48bf	"The Greek Project"[edit | edit wiki text] Main article: The Greek project In the second half of the XVIII century in the Russian Empire of the time of Catherine II, there was a project for the revival of Byzantium, the so called "Greek Project".
dec92b611bcd92e8603399b0ca3c8ec6f4d17954	The Russian Empire was then waging wars with the Ottoman Empire, and the plan provided, in the event of an unconditional victory over the Turks and the capture of Constantinople, the creation of a new "Byzantine Empire".
213a99c05bf25dff29f87b54c8ffbcbfdc418cae	The emperor of this revived Byzantium was to be Konstantin Pavlovich, the grand Duke, the son of the heir of Pavel Petrovich (the future Paul I) and the grandson of Catherine.
2ef987e9cdc78e68171b1ae72581191ecf12dcdb	Voltaire urged Catherine to reach Istanbul in the war with the Turks, to turn it back into Constantinople, to destroy Turkey, to save the Balkan Christians.
2ff780b3c80837bba8c9f13fe0b89948c995396f	And he even gave practical advice: to use chariots in steppe battles against the Turks for greater similarity with the exploits of antiquity.
d0276df44b36251d09514f25ac7911229f6ab5a4	However, the capture of Constantinople did not happen, and the plan was subsequently forgotten.
e56629efa41cc480902628e7236055e8f7d923ab	abstract on the topic: "Byzantine culture" PLAN 1.
5929fc695fa293f4cf79f5e25ed9a7ed654f1fe8	Byzantium in the history of world culture 2.
48128c1e0b4b2665e59e01b614a07d9e9a5d7249	Philosophical thought of Byzantium 3.
3c84257b6353a0e6c4a455c9c708e4fefd0d01d8	Literature of Byzantium 4.
a165d35f59ec893ec4dfbefe0616906c6921c304	Byzantine Music 5.
561510c738c1bce44ee8ada2e17dc22a3996b91e	Architecture and Fine Art of Byzantium References 1.
d120ce1c0aff40f6ebe1e471da59182a4624f39c	Byzantium in the history of world culture The Byzantine Empire arose in the IV century after the collapse of the Roman Empire in its eastern part and existed until the middle of the XV century.
f04113ccb6b6312576a848bf3d011d99eb6e7d2e	Throughout its thousand year history, Byzantium has been the center of a peculiar culture that was formed under the influence of Roman, Greek and Hellenistic traditions.
baa4f1731d35225f9cda2c77286c0316f3ae16d8	It should be emphasized that the culture of Byzantium is a kind of bridge from antiquity to the Middle Ages.
8287d9182a279f50cb44706656ddf0e4e630443c	At the same time, this bridge connects the cultures of the West and the East, is a manifestation of their synthesis, due to the geographical location and many national character of the Byzantine state.
9df1db788d9fdca4a6558a1af74ef14e171dbd04	First, it was a logical and historical continuation of the Greco Roman antiquity.
2d77ebe97464f8a4e2eafccefb3cb7fecb20c8ff	Secondly, Byzantium represented a kind of synthesis of Western and Eastern spiritual principles throughout its existence.
605c43dc5b64e3fafed6dda4d281b5409d602649	Third, it had a great influence on the civilizations of Southern and Eastern Europe (Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, Georgia).
111fe3d968d280b761e3ec5ee33b7365bb45d9e2	Fourth, Byzantium is a special and valuable type of culture, despite the influence it experienced from the Syrians, Arabs, Slavs, Persians, which is explained by the multinational nature of the Byzantine state.
e84c607ba46bab40a2cad74c55473e741d331bb9	The capital of Byzantium, Constantinople, was founded by Emperor Constantine I in 324-330 on the site of the former Megarian colony of Byzantium.
d0fff604f08970964e709be3348128fb890f8931	In fact, with the formation of Constantinople, Byzantium became independent in the bowels of the Roman Empire (from this time the countdown of the history of Byzantium began).
d3ee36fb79ce505f95453859c22735dffd2ad2ee	The completion of independence is considered to be 395, when, after the death of Theodosius I, the final division of the Roman Empire into the Eastern and Western Roman Empires took place.
4627a4bb27cabb33bdf2b5f3ea8749ba89225f3c	The emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, Arcadia was proclaimed (395-408).
714c295a504423b018296033a36ab976cf31cc99	The Byzantines called themselves the Romans - "Romans", and their state "Romenskoy".
a3a76fd4172120450be720ab88cc603fe5591920	The ethnic composition of the Byzantine population was dominated by the Greek population.
28c8cb538105e54f6e975089a34a0eebb6694dac	Latin ruled as the state language of the empire in the IV VI centuries, and from the VII century until the end of the existence of Byzantium - Greek.
971308fae036d60dd47c32142a860accc35e20b7	There are 3 main periods in the socio economic and political history of Byzantium.
1e20b0b0a912fdd259ad2f0e9819a9391c3c428a	The first period (IV mid VII century) is characterized by the collapse of the slave owning and the beginning of the formation of feudal relations.
91cd28e1915292773bf4847381c719e89aaba1f7	The second period (the middle of the VII the beginning of the XIII century) was the intensive development of feudalism.
a3154b0b50434a8f2d3d99f21f6705a88734f5ea	The third period (1204-1453) - the further strengthening of feudal fragmentation, the weakening of the central government and the constant struggle with foreign conquerors; elements of the collapse of the feudal economy appear.
f5db2157f4572af545360ee7ca17d8d7d445e592	In the cultural aspect, there are six periods in the history of Byzantium: - The first (IV the end of the VII century.) - the struggle of the obsolete civilization of the slave owning society, in the depths of which elements of feudalism are already emerging, with a new ideology; the Christian Church is not only struggling with ancient culture, but also seeks to provide a theological coloring to the classical heritage The second (the end of the V century - the middle of the IX century.) - cultural decline due to the reduction of handicraft production and trade, general agrarization, economic stagnation.
8932dd90a6dc5647fc86f719630e363f7425a3fe	- The third (mid - IX - X centuries) - a new cultural upsurge in Constantinople, which spread in the tenth century to provincial cities.
f97d3b28fc040b43993d6bad57935332c92ba74a	- The fourth (XI XII centuries) - the highest development of Byzantine culture, due to the flourishing of Byzantine cities.
84c0a2721f0ce01de5b34c60f8fad1a9b0d2f35c	- The fifth (the end of the XII - XIII centuries) is a period of cultural decline associated with the economic and political degradation of the empire.
812fbc43e38ee3a6ff0998ed4038376f7541b95a	- The sixth (XIV the beginning of the XV century) - a new rise of Byzantine culture in the conditions of the emergence of humanitarian ideology.
2312d8014e0a997418ae566b14e328ea41ef2f2a	The cultural influence of barbarian tribes, insignificant in comparison with Western Europe, belongs to the peculiarities of Byzantine culture.
46f511d78849255d9c6e7b0a795da81619e361e5	At the same time, the Byzantine culture took a lot from the ancient heritage, according to the culture of the peoples who inhabited Byzantium, etc. Education was upset not only on the basis of the Holy Scriptures, but also on the poems of Homer; ancient authors were read and studied.
21d7b79d1e088b2ee4b4f4247752156a01dd885b	The despotic nature of the Byzantine state led to the establishment of strict control over the ideological life, which gave rise to unrestrained praise of the emperor, who was in power at that moment.
27f69d605614c1671b9253baa340eb22e3ffee4f	The social and ideological life of Byzantium was also influenced by the specific features inherent in Eastern Christianity and the Byzantine Church.
3399aa7ec8499babf730091b04064e5af2bf03cc	From the very beginning, there were significant differences between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches.
456d5d67192baddefba10b599a285b4d915e77a4	Although the second one was genetically descended from a single world church organization, each of them has developed its own special way since the first centuries of their history (in the IV - V centuries).
04af2bcd44173125a6e03b20924fa3f630d02e4f	Nominally, the church unity was recognized by both Rome and Constantinople, but in fact, very early on, a hidden or open struggle for religious and political domination began between the papal see and the Patriarchate of Constantinople, a struggle that never faded.
3de62f555dd7258212260e54d3e800377ae4ef7e	If in the West there was a strictly centralized church organization and only the pope had an undoubted moral authority and a huge real power, then in the East the system of pentarchy - the simultaneous existence of five equal patriarchies prevailed in the East: in Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem.
af76ce8a696add771d4e0e94ea3eb9d6bd48888f	The peculiarity of the social development of early Byzantium was no less clearly manifested in the field of legal relations.
9d6a911006d8eaa55c25ea808746b3af58a896bd	In the Byzantine Empire, the influence of Roman legal traditions was felt to a greater extent and for a longer time in the field of both civil and criminal law than in the West.
1f3321d92f316fc6a6d7b47a59979d69b1dfa021	Unlike other countries of the medieval world, Byzantium, primarily in the early period of its history, remained a state where a single codified and binding law was preserved for the entire population of the empire.
b63fb8807be7420ae752927fb7ce5341704069cf	The legislation of the early Byzantine period is based on the best achievements of Roman legal thought: it has already completed the development of the Roman theory of law; such concepts of jurisprudence as law, law, custom have gained a final theoretical form; the distinction between private and public law has been clarified, the norms of criminal law and procedure have been defined; the foundations for regulating international relations have been laid.
4372145cda15baea9e7cab3025a78359fbd05481	In the memory of descendants, Byzantium will remain the country where the codification of Roman law, famous to Justinian, was carried out.
90bdd01db25abe7f4b78f8fd0d8213ea4647c26c	The code of civil law of Justinian, which contemporaries called the "temple of legal science", consisted of a Code - the main provisions of the provisions borrowed from Roman lawyers, Institutions - a brief guide to jurisprudence and Novels - new laws issued directly in the time of Justinian.
3a3234c7a4dd47ce692c1d8759da60e4d0f1d0b1	The aristocracy in Byzantium began to form late, for many centuries Byzantium was a state of officials headed by a supreme official - the emperor.
04395a870ca0b57c2e4965530d3e35364d69f6c2	In a certain sense, everyone there was equal before the state machine, before the bureaucratic monster.
3d6f70f72fc3b5be65fd66696555aed229390474	It was not the emperor's personality that was revered, but his position.
8bac8500ad813863c80e466938158b04959412d8	Official power was personified by the imperial throne, which was held on a pedestal of 60 ministries.
77cc35da4248227a1f01826f05338743aad93d11	Every official dreamed of a career for which it was necessary to please the authorities; the shortest way to this goal was the "branch" that soaked away the entire empire.
f3c93ab1e1430fd415c4e9742e667f8f3c950ea3	The monarchs deployed regular companies to combat red tape, for this purpose new and new instances were created for monitoring.
aa789a7941d3ea9e1625653cd940647801290bb1	It was possible to solve something only through personal connections.
1aea859205478a393520833068f5a91458ef36da	A bribe has become a normal form of business relations.
7d0f0b59cb3e8ac7816ab928dc9731eb3eec7cb2	Officials were afraid of possible denunciations.
3baaa1b64ba416b5cc057fecb0c5c0589df0f769	"If you serve the basileus," the official Kekavmen teaches, " be careful in every possible way when you talk to your comrades.
3058fc6f7bb8b2b638cdb87200528b49bbaf42e4	And if it is said about Vasileva, then do not answer anything at all, but disappear away.
e7f3b7401f335af9ebaca222865caaf31352b7e8	I knew many people who were in such danger.
42158941a294339882ca74d0ab776a11aec7fe1b	With all your strength, hold your tongue and obey those who are higher.
89eeae7befa04bf5f43d12db9c37b6d720eaba27	He does not reveal his secret to anyone.
69d31252864ae5412d05b120ebf183bf5f78ec98	Never vouch for anyone, even if it is your close friend."
09c7c4d92af546a0161781e79b79a005ed8e5704	There was no private ownership of land in Byzantium.
922a738d7e63a378aaacb4eb9ca9a4ccc3925862	Every estate, every plot could ever be taken away.
ddded7f9174192a9f7b2ce8a6b90837b418c88a8	Complaining about the authorities became a hopeless task.
d4a5adb621e4264c9ce80de6cb7605eaa05d5d39	No one knew which of the numerous laws were in force.
30332e437eafc03277a3a965f3a70c76b5b2464b	The government maintained artificially stable prices, for the sake of which the strictest control over crafts and trade was carried out.
f0a19fb537f95770e3ddd0361b8111c99cc25cf9	There was an atmosphere of xenophobia in the country, that is, hatred of foreigners.
c2811009523ca1c0a5ad597ec3fad29822be9eb6	The foreigners were monitored by both representatives of the authorities and numerous volunteers from the common people.
033c309004f6b41e2804b569388bbc9c01cc86ed	The "damned Catholics" aroused the greatest suspicion and hatred, even more than the Muslims, they really threatened the existence of the empire, and, as we know, this threat was realized.
7aed86c2e69e205e424c5b6d5b7f9dc87f3c8a4c	Ideological principles weighed on the true needs of the state and society.
063fad1f2f671a6e1e0e017bb3c46a577cf92717	2. The philosophical thought of Byzantium In the initial period of the development of Byzantine philosophy took place in conditions when the dominant strata of the Eastern Roman Empire had already adapted Christianity for their needs, creating a religious and philosophical system based on the teachings of Plato.
fa337e2bf809fed45d504e09e1b467ef90459b6e	Part of this teaching was the doctrine of the Logos (which received religious treatment from Philo and Origen) as about the don of the hypostases of the "Trinity", as well as about Christ, who combined the divine and human nature and reconciled the earthly and heavenly.
354d4f77ea1419fdf843e6ef1fe77702d68cface	In the Byzantine Empire, since the end of the IV century, the church literature has been fixed on official positions, and the Eastern fathers of the church Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, John Chrysostom, Theodoret Kirsky and others have primed the teaching of Christianity exclusively on the basis of church canons and the authority of Holy Scripture.
1a072af1fedea287ebeb35ba8ead6616c64a0ee7	The ancient tradition in this period was primarily associated with Neoplatonism.
372c0218c1ba6f7c560a7a7e26dcbaf7f0ac4b0e	An outstanding representative of Neoplatonism was the Pseudo Dionysius Areopaite, who made an attempt to interpret Christian dogmatics in the spirit and from the point of view of Neoplatonism (Areopagite).
998b68cc149d86d9212c836ff94ef56f8e38a91b	The second period of Byzantine philosophy iconoclasm became a period of acute religious and philosophical struggle, when ideologists acted as icon worshippers in the political arena: John Dama skene and Theodore Studit.
3af9600baae35f94cdebf37b8fa2155eae6b20ca	This period is associated with the church reforms of the emperors from the Isaurian dynasty.
55b111c41ce20082ba2523607c468de55629fbeb	For the first time in the history of Byzantium, there was an open clash between the state and the church.
87b06024b224d95272bd97160d6a1e70dbc06fbe	Monasteries became large landowners, their strengthening created a threat to the imperial government and the metropolitan bureaucracy.
233170c748de52697b92b1c6a1d224da12eb1316	The desire of the emperors of the Isaurian dynasty to once again raise the prestige of the central government and weaken the influence of the church hierarchs, who were out of control, was embodied in the form of an ideological struggle against the veneration of icons.
fd4d00637f98ee31081475415ad404713629c1e8	A blow to icon worship meant a break with the Orthodox Church.
4a8cae5923b3917df610f19f6e1c238cfeb6f916	The iconoclasts came out of the desire to preserve the high spirituality of Christian worship, to purify it from the foundations of the body and the remnants of Hellenic sensualism.
fb5e18c497e642cc975c8f8b23e592b97a1a5c17	The ideological struggle in Byzantine society in the VIII - IX centuries mobilized all intellectual forces and influenced the public consciousness of the epoch.
585a7c90e6b9a89739795fa0b359ee5a6e87fdc4	Religious and philosophical disputes of the VIII IX centuries caused the need for systematization of Christian theology, which was reflected in the works of John of Damascus and later Theodore Studit.
84f86f7a22de281c6794271ae13065f0f400b99c	John Dama Skene (675-753) - one of the most Byzantine theologians - in his work "The Source of Knowledge" set a difficult task: to build an integral system of Orthodox Christianity.
02df1e810bf414fdfd1d067597f8c6b1e0e96752	He tried to systematize the entire amount of knowledge of Christian theology, which he took from the Scriptures and the works of apologists and church fathers.
c0b7dfa625835477d2135dba4a2e9b7269350ace	In the ontological aspect, the Damascene system is based on the desire to deduce everything that exists according to a single principle - God: God is the eternal unknowable of the world, the source and purpose of being.
0d8da84292ec09679f15bd32d84dddfb27e9c0a1	Nature is not only the creation of God, but also the revelation of his divine wisdom.
12632e6836deed7c3d9aa4e413c774509fe6aba7	Another ideologist of Orthodox theology, Theodore Studit (759-826), in his huge literary heritage - theological treatises, speeches, letters, instructions to monks and in religious hymns - summarized all the arguments of icon worshippers against their ideological opponents.
c1f1b8544767507511ee8b8e302444f9cbcdcf75	His works are imbued with ascetic ideology, idealization of monastic life, and frenzied polemics against iconoclasts.
ef79d3cd5b7971530e72143007d1b397504d5108	The third period is characterized by the appearance of a number of rationalistic concepts.
789361ce1f1259aa0b822ebe92e484256e1edc15	In fact, Mikhail Psela (XI) declared philosophy to be a science that should investigate the nature of things, draw its own conclusions, sorting out its numerical method and the system of geometric proof from mathematics.
85d316e99e8641c4b235a20ff67373d3a8039e35	The last period is characterized by the reaction of the religious and mystical direction of Byzantine philosophy, rationalism.
84c84b3fc3a0205ae156eee64fe1c85d6090b0b7	One of the most famous mystical teachings was hesychasm (peace, silence).
c8a02d5b632dfda0fcbe7c428f774fc26459b7aa	3. Byzantine literature Byzantine literature had a significant impact on European literature, including the literature of the Slavs, with its monuments, mainly in the XIII century.
72ddc79d1afa61237fbe7d442bca844915663394	Byzantine writing is characterized not only by Greek manuscripts, but also by Slavic translations, which sometimes preserved works unknown in the original.
dccab0b235ff29a702925b99d99ebfd1de2a7760	The beginning of Byzantine literature proper dates back to the VI VII centuries, when the Greek language became dominant in Byzantium.
49cacfb66617dda48f4ddbc26d3eb6e75e86290f	However, the monuments of folk art of Byzantium have almost not reached us.
8ba8389058cbc6de7e51677d0022e9025473ab4f	Among the church literature that has come down to us, the poetry of hymns stands out.
44d5df466cbb0c6b674376899767c0400e598b2b	Its outstanding representatives were Roman Solokospivets (VI century), who wrote about a thousand hymns.
a4fa0f67ec355be92840495fc7ae21a1b59d7b68	Byzantium inherited a lot from Hellenistic prose.
313133f9006a7b28e194cc9aa6e8cf1b72b13d5f	The manner of Hellenism is repeated by the erotic novels of the adventures of Heliodorus ("The Ethiopian" about Theogenes and Chariclo) - IV centuries, Achilles Tatius (about the Clitoris of the background and Leucippus) - V centuries, Chariton, Long and others.
b754da5a262befbb483341a9c5e5290487e6177b	From the prose genres to the beginning of Byzantine literature, historical stories especially developed, the authors of which reproduced the manner of Herodotus, Thucydides.
9872c7cae3e3baddf8dad86b20d0b2ab7f5ca1ab	A special place in the history of Byzantine literature belongs to Mikhail Psell.
b3adf5667399c9717a1cb549795a98b241d1db18	Psel is a bright, extraordinary writer and sycophant courtier, a wise philosopher, the author of many poems in honor of the vasilevstv and a supporter of enemies.
2bdb90498fc7d8f2c5818977b9d40ccb20462236	Let the numerical legacy of Psellus be his rhetorical refinement, which covers almost all genres and types of Greek rhetoric, as well as speeches and epitaphs, monodies.
6681800540fac44ca246e96793c3c655ea1633aa	Many of Psellus ' speeches reflect his connections with society.
afd0118af52509ec60c797a288a1ecfcaaa9afaf	The most striking phenomenon in his work is the "Chronograph".
06929b149e8fc268060707d8bd3917c9701d41c3	It is saturated with another, artistic truth, which creates a single picture of the era - the drama of people and the drama of the empire.
ae578050a6e4ca0f80a49e0bd079351cd96c93eb	For the Byzantine society, the deepening into the ancient language and culture and their idealization further aggravated the complex problem of bilingualism, which was determined by the degree of education, and eventually by social independence.
2c7e1b4d89d76ffd66954c6b8701cd339b471f0f	4. Byzantine music Little is known about the role of music in Byzantine secular life, several melodies and musical congratulatory exclamations - "acclamations", mandatory in the palace ceremonial, have been preserved.
521519c97a8e1a7b31d998be73bee4b662af289b	In the ancient divine service, instrumental accompaniment was probably not started, and the music sounded in the form of foams
bcd2820c7114273dcff9a6df04692907763828fe	There were means of church vocal performance: the solemn reading of gospel texts, regulated by certain musical forms, the performance of psalms and hymns of a scriptural character and the so called hallelujah songs.
ce84e5e2a149ef0c8d93a56589f52ea072f91c8c	By the XII XIII centuries. in Byzantium, a developed system of singing was formed, which was used in the state and cultural sphere.
d237833c4c9f0a3e5ae4299c038fcdeb7c764f5d	Its specificity is a rather limited number of genres, the emancipation of certain names for singing, for example: "slavospivni according to the first word of the famous phrase" Salva to the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit ". The second group of chants was formed depending on the time of their performance: "morning", "vidpuskalni".
4ff741cbad8244f01add4600cecc1b1771871292	Some songs got their names according to some signs: "katavasia" - when singing, believers had to stand up.
df53c0495ad93ae36a4ee8389f4a3c11c0e9ed13	The traditional, time honored forms of Byzantine vocal music adhered to one important principle: each warehouse of the text was answered more often by 1 sound.
616b0fdda02993045269d29f95a9624ee885d86f	This is due to the attitude that music should help the listener to better understand and feel the meaning of the text of the service.
0c5e9de6cdfbabf268c17d95318f8433bd5f19ea	In no case should the music dominate the text.
da178ef046922d76170dfcdd4801797933d93d21	This system is replaced by the so called cacophonic style.
e813e0d72b792127d386bccb0f956660bfea9d61	Its important feature is the dominance of music over the text.
e4ec2c7465803eca96a24ec45bd95ef8c083ce45	5. Architecture and Fine Art of Byzantium Byzantine sculpture died out in the late Antique era.
4e21e4e4ea758d072efb7768dea4e1ba5a3f4f17	The last attempts belong to the VI century.
972272ff1974624ae04913c93b30c08873230cc4	Later, the sculpture was rebuilt under a church ban and disappeared.
33c02854e8d70e300638aa0eb13d431ed77e089a	The ancient cities of Ukraine and Russia became the centers of art of the Byzantine orientation: Chernihiv, Kiev, Novgorod.
3646a4fbc63c53cc16de3446109d53d55f2a1471	Hellenistic art, which had no internal unity even in its heyday, broke up into several peculiar local art schools: Coptic (Egypt), Sasanian (Persia), Syrian, etc.. Finally, the division into the Greek East and the Latin West took place.
44bcf26375597dfb004a088be9f651af3b4a344b	The art of the Greek East is called "Byzantine" in historical literature.
2c2602a34f9b66dd73740933a534fe250625f4fa	The highest achievement of Roman Hellenistic art is the Church of St. Sophia (532-537) - the most significant landmark of Byzantine architecture.
e495cd69924112dfd3600492d1bf20441c2282e2	It was built by Anthimius of Troy and Isidore of Mint.
36db4a725022e913736455453e75ef07725f60a3	The "Byzantine art" begins from the VII century.
aceeafdb15c5d95cb8bf95359e6b00e2e0954f68	In the IV VI centuries, mosaic was very popular.
2ae91ac23df1cda12e27c1d35a805168fb85465d	It traces the process of the decline of Roman Hellenistic Impressionism until the XII century, the monumentality is lost, the decline of color is lost.
3298955484e1aaf2d0b1dd55d621a26192b75001	In the XIV century, the place of mosaic technology was taken by a fresco, and then an easel icon.
1056e4854e8d6f6d92f973b5a672ebaba873c77a	In the revolutions of the second half of the XII century and in the coups of the "Latin Invasion", the so called art of the Paleologian era was born.
4f1e861333262522e67b924d6206a6d0bf858764	The artistic tradition, however, is so viable that even in the XVI XVII centuries the Italo Cretan school of painting flourished, large temple paintings were created on the periphery of the Byzantine world, an outstanding painter - Panselin was born.
66c1298388851a6a46084177c8180ac663beb673	Only in the days of European Romanticism at the beginning of the XIX century. universal admiration for medieval art and medieval culture aroused interest in Byzantine art.
3dc2400aac8a8bc495266f757d59f8af6c4a900d	The Byzantine Empire Introduction After reading the book " History of World Civilizations ", I was most attracted to the chapter the Byzantine Empire.
1766a1948f0abf41f5843aeb6fa4917c25f5686c	Due to the special form of government (autocracy), a special form of Christianity (Orthodoxy) and many other features that are not peculiar to any type of civilization, it can be concluded that Byzantium should be separated from other types of civilizations, distinguishing it into its own, separate type.
5f08c99b7b926ff73c012b01fed67128e076daa7	The Byzantine Empire has quite clearly traced the features of both Eastern and Western civilizations, and also has many of its own, original and unique features.
97b8f2c58a0c1337e722b314d9e1f3a05f7d922d	While the Western Roman Empire was irrevocably "clarified", the Byzantine, or Greek, continued to exist for a good thousand years.
98d2bac4d3ff11a93af82039688320f51656e3a4	The great historian Ilovaisky explains the long existence of Byzantium by the fact that "religiosity served as a strong spiritual bond for the inhabitants of various parts of the empire."
6b7ff0ad2b0b4d962c0d1cf4f365014c9544219b	But he immediately adds that the capital of Byzantium - Constantinople was perfectly fortified and almost inaccessible to barbarian invasions.
f8221d63d901e88ea71d1e0f86d1a1a303830fb1	However, even a double and triple row of walls of any fortress, reflecting the invasions of barbarians, is not able to resist the extortion and bribery of officials - and Byzantium is partly an example of this.
f4e506b7bb0b28333e28b7f7217fe070af3fda1e	Byzantium extended the life of Rome to
40f301fefc54729dd672afabb4a4f00a628e23d0	1453, but with all the appearance of prosperity and power, it is
aa4a4e42ba3e5adf1d4f69a4357abfb1fe7119e3	there was only the agony of the Roman world.
c4e3fc99de14a88eaf1003e140232ef816f1dfa5	Jacques Le Goff
888e7738b584458af139f5387538c1e11b8bc8a6	The heiress of the Roman Empire Historians associate the birth of the Byzantine civilization with the foundation of its main city Constantinople.
25e44837ea58960515755f43f2c8506e4d0db294	Back in 324 AD, Emperor Constantine 1 (who ruled from 306 to 337) chose a new place for the capital - on the territory of the ancient Greek city of the colony of Byzantium, located on the shore of the Bosphorus.
af1d5e48494afe403be87d8ff48d3bf23869c3cd	On May 11, 330, the city, named Constantinople in honor of its founder, was officially proclaimed the capital of the Roman Empire.
80777f95a23d6110ab817e6080c94c96aa2a6488	But the history of Byzantium as an independent state begins later - from 395, when the Roman Empire broke up into Eastern and Western parts.
6c1f7c19556f0cce3512067405c2f0e6e945f6ce	In 476, the Western Roman Empire fell under the blows of enemies, and Odoacer, the leader of the barbarian mercenaries, deposed the last Western Roman emperor Romulus Augustus, and sent the signs of imperial dignity to Constantinople.
3b77d974f06899f6206710d28a0c4677dc7296d5	From that moment on, Byzantium became the successor of the Roman Empire.
25ab68bc2e827008f9fcfe0182de5fadc988127e	In the minds of the Byzantines, the idea of succession was very important: they called their empire the "Romaic Kingdom", i.e. the Roman Empire, Constantinople – "New Rome", and the Byzantine emperor was considered the only legitimate heir of the Roman Caesars.
fce7427137f4d6e28c183492a1e1c3dc3ebf3590	(The name "Byzantium" appeared only in the Renaissance, it was invented by Italian scientists.)
a67ed6a0b717d44001c9fde81f30603eca1d4654	"New Rome"
44ac0fe50414a661ad1205647987046f4dc8ba5c	Here the main sea routes between the countries of the East and the West intersected.
6ee9a8795aaaa0e8ebb69ef2b82ce6f0e0a0a813	The location of Constantinople at the crossroads between East and West can serve as a symbol of the entire history of Byzantium a civilization whose history was connected with these two so different worlds.
90a17d824a9579962db71d4b5eb3e05d3072d489	By the end of the 4th century, it had become a major trade and craft center - the Byzantines called it "the workshop of splendor", "the workshop of the universe", which attracted merchants from various countries.
b4e362a0098a795c0d0a3c8d1aece3bb31d940eb	Its importance as a cultural center and a center of religious life was constantly growing.
8ed606828e316e53ddfb469ca61aff24781b5b6a	The city was luxuriously rebuilt and grew: by the beginning of the 5th century there were already 150 thousand inhabitants in Constantinople, and in the first half of the 6th century – 375 thousand, the same as in Rome itself.
33114cf39c14cf01dd227e780ef7225b5606cf60	Together with the fall of the capital in 1453, the life of the Byzantine civilization ended.
c6a6642781ee2da6e01b6796c2800beae9032640	The city of cities, the light of the universe, the glory of the world, the mother of churches, the foundation of faith, the patron of the sciences and arts, the fatherland and the hearth of beauty.
c5ba45add68a4e63d7cb7f5e6b3ac08d9a926d84	Byzantine writers on Constantinople, 12th century.
ec0d5e7fc43aeacbed790201b20e96a20bb9c364	The civilizational space of Europe In the first centuries of its existence, Byzantium had huge territories (about 750 million square kilometers).
13e90dc078bcdf30667a6919615dcda230df6d48	The economic development of the regions, in Byzantium, was not the same.
73adbfddd38a6d3d0bdd97f4d538a07b87c7a90b	Greece, for example, has long been experiencing economic decline.
c843629e98f3cc3c15a6e75bef1e5265bc6abf27	The main inhabitants of the empire were Thrace (a province of Byzantium in the Balkans) and Egypt, which was called the "bread pantry".
c19d6e9b407a7a1d0089d076da3313f75e5bc883	The glory of Egypt was the city of Alexandria - not only a cultural center, but also a craft center.
fc3dd5466472a1afdc4eb16b3a5c8877dd06f6f1	Viticulture, horticulture and cattle breeding were highly developed in Asia Minor.
e594a395e7b26c69a98b77fdc20591c902146524	Various crafts (the production of leather, woolen fabrics, metal products) have long flourished in the cities of Asia Minor, Palestine and Syria.
9a46974f6c4cdba9d3b4f17eb07fe34d6e44f564	How noble and beautiful is Constantinople!
33dbfc4d493718fc3035226fa99a5cd0dcfc1142	There are so many monasteries and palaces in it, built with amazing art!
11617daeb77fe6a8435459f7262c2ac718b40252	How many amazing products are displayed on its squares and streets!
9366ba101f8210cd8e13e16f1f84231a1facdaa5	It would be too long and tedious to talk in detail about the abundance of all kinds of riches, about gold, silver, a thousand kinds of fabrics, holy relics that are located in this city, where at any time numerous ships bring everything that people need… The testimony of the crusader, who in 1097 was at the reception of the Emperor Alexios 1 Komnenos, Byzantium inherited from Rome not only a lot of economically prosperous regions.
c97e314a9d8f0d2221ec3c2970ff5d31056e73ca	No less important was the abundance of cultural centers: after all, the Roman empire included the territories of once powerful civilizations.
3613966e88f354991efe3279e5d0eafe2a8b5e0d	In the 4th 6th centuries, the largest cities of the empire were Alexandria, Antioch (in Syria), Edessa (in Mesopotamia), Tyre and Beirut (in Phoenicia), Ephesus, Smyrna, Nicaea (in Asia Minor), Thessalonica and Corinth - in the European part.
e404279ed3e9df455f40380138f6e8d486c42c7b	Of great importance for the development of culture and economy was the fact that most of these regions were part of the Hellenistic monarchies, and then were united under the rule of Rome.
9db08c308319823bf8aac2ec8dbc33a201bc646d	The population of the empire was diverse in national terms.
aa1653bdf7459ee249b95cc4417057c99baa6a0d	According to historians, its number reached 30-35 mlm. people.
2266570ab3a1cd48d5eaecb24ee9716d5343bf73	Among them are
880c20e6da3afc39ede918ff87030dec0824cc69	There were Syrians, Jews, Armenians, Georgians, Copts who lived in Egypt, Greeks - they made up a large part of it.
d1faec9389343b4f51f6a07c872b525d421f5e81	The Romans were relatively not numerous, although it was Latin that remained the state language for a long time.
e9563831c406066c78f9d48c9ffe5564303e6af5	Only in 7 V. it was replaced by Greek.
62fca7a93d58b7b5e5d0403942c4aed3434066e5	Officially, the culture associated with the traditions of the ancient world was planted and developed in Byzantium, first of all.
e3c4dd73dd91a7acb5c4bfd26ab0dd465a16d919	But at the same time, the traditions of Eastern civilizations were absorbed, and this, of course, determined a lot in the fate of Byzantium.
10bfb231e61841a98d780da90e9bbe109aa6fff8	The international situation of the empire throughout history was quite complicated: in the eyes of many states, including Western European ones, Byzantium was a rich prey.
8f7aa1bd83cef8ab7d04c8fabc87e4c9b47066ea	However, this does not mean that Byzantium itself did not seek to expand its possessions.
7c79e135935ce38b202ee9498241abbffe60538b	For the first time in centuries of its existence, Byzantium waged wars, seeking to return parts of the former Roman Empire captured by the Germanic tribes.
64312455840e7db646ef27739636552a89ce7a10	In the 4th century, she managed to win a number of victories over the Vandals in North Africa and the Goths in Italy and Spain.
6d12385aa68cc2f774f41546aa58352399f7640d	But this was a temporary success: Byzantium, drawn into other wars, could not hold its new possessions, the dream of restoring the former Roman Empire did not come true.
74b9c7909c0ed4a83be3795d092837048b467dfa	Byzantium was a successor civilization in relation to the Roman Empire.
171acd503131cfa63821450b960e76e735bd644a	At the same time, it was influenced by the traditions of Eastern civilizations, which lost their political independence, became part of the Roman Empire, but retained many features of their own culture.
f652bc81f28454cd971dc9f6410d5d5e4318ee4a	The position of Byzantium between the East and the West was manifested in its peculiar historical development.
2ee97cef436eeb4cb358e2a616b8739c7a95625b	Features of feudalism in Byzantium
0853651be100fc919aa8a3964cf734601971b26d	Like Western Europe, it has experienced great changes in the sphere of socio economic relations.
b4d6c177dd071ec3e861fbf713520b8ac2e2e0c3	At the beginning of its history, Byzantium was still a half slave owning country.
133a443392b2c16a53977869173344be49e98eac	It ended its existence at the stage when feudal relations finally won.
9508f06cf9fccf3a45e572ff0016221f10b0834b	Slavic tribes accelerated the transition to feudalism, but still the influence of the barbarians is not so strong as to strike at the old society.
df3b61678dbbf84c466adf371115b1b43cd04aef	The traditions of antiquity, therefore, turned out to be more stable compared to the West and went into the past with difficulty.
50d5d974639132848f03e439dbcb32e9cabb68be	And yet feudalism in Byzantium was not completely "state" And this is natural: after all, the Roman empire inherited and preserved Roman law, which legalized private ownership of land.
e8cd5da652db1ec20993ab47e084532b58d0d67e	The more the centralized power weakened.
750296992d41a9de0cc7e0c1a76feaab8a78a0ff	The similarity of the Byzantine feudalism with the Western European one was all the more pronounced.
25c9e5c0569f96fb450b82a860056728ef0d898e	The Roman Empire In Byzantium was governed from the center, i.e. from Constantinople.
9528ac87d7f2d680748c1a9d95226a4d26156b44	Tax lists were created there, tax collectors were sent from there, the court in Constantinople accepted complaints against the decision of the provincial courts.
c442ddf47940b9102bbeeac0e2de554b39bf06d5	And the highest principle in this system of control over the life of the country was considered to be the emperor and the dignitaries surrounding him.
42daa9712a416db61ca27946fcda4561b0897dac	The emperor had almost unlimited power: he could execute those who submitted, including the most senior ones, confiscate their property, remove them and appoint them to positions.
67fe87e6115e0ca9f26c6f7615275f354ba3a256	The emperor issued laws, was the highest judge, led the army and determined foreign policy.
07c589799f0908a65792baa676c53a251f283a8d	In addition, although he was not the owner of all the lands of the empire, but his possessions were truly huge, and this significantly distinguished Byzantium from the Western European states.
fc1eda7c5a3283c7da7c0aa1bdc9d85d97f91723	Now the emperor takes care of everything and takes care of himself, and with God's help, all matters are directed and resolved by his care.
5692ddc2d42f470ee913521bd1864fa348bed209	From the decrees of Emperor Leo 6 the Wise 886-912.
8e11db3ffa71be6c0d289d22b87e24e499e04ea5	The state power suppressed the activity of various social strata and thus restrained many of the most important processes in the country.
06e1440ad99084c2bdc62db528ca7303102e89a5	The strength of the monarchy turned into weakness, fragmentation of society, in which a person was little connected with his social group.
0ce00dbccfb1210640880ed67e02f1cac9e0df64	And this, in turn, caused the need for strengthening power – as a factor that stabilizes civilization.
63b0c1052deb9d74427fc8cb96246e8eec89a0e0	Army and Military Administration The empire had dangerous enemies on all its borders.
a603b9d5b6a9c93e280a81644e787b8ab191dd67	The most urgent task was to create a good army.
d034a5825abcd23a2088f465a6f032011f21fcfe	7 The national recruitment, which passed as a legacy of the Roman Empire, has always existed and retained its significance.
77de68daecd823babbb58edb1c8e14d7106e83bb	3
bbeb9e3f99d5638cf33319f2bb0080791a2d99e0	The other part of the Byzantine army consisted of mercenaries.
37a4ec284857223f8dc9283ac5902e965d254b8c	The emperor was a ruler who paid well.
590839634ce1b0f3157df32314233399b678b5a8	This was a long standing system that has been preserved since the time of the Roman Empire.
6df1c6c39e7d015c7480a33651f873e124108ab9	Therefore, the successors of Heraclius applied the military device established by him on the borders throughout the empire.
d97cedd2934b9220af095822a88ac3c15a0a06a8	The state was divided into themes, or military governorships Instead of bulky, slowly assembled armies, detachments from the local population appeared, obliged to protect only their native land.8 Without a doubt, this army also had great disadvantages.
4e089c30298120424498d0e3b556f972de6ce86c	Spiritual life of Byzantium The spiritual heritage left by Byzantium still impresses with its diversity and richness.
7cde55932b79fb0bc375b9a6c5292d2ee6f92157	Western Europe also enjoyed the fruits of Byzantine culture.
7923539e94a5f7b094a4257acd12572c1473f5df	The decline of Byzantium.
6daabb58d12862d4b7ab3fbb35898db0f8e163a4	Between the West and the East, one of the first signs of Byzantine weakness was the capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204.
2bcb01d0469693d58ea6d52402472df453838932	All this naturally caused the hatred of the local population.
052ced3735a13874cb6884e65b6197576b4a884b	Constantinople – the pride of the empire was ruined, the territory of Byzantium was sharply reduced.
a85f43dc641f7b3fb993da7562fdcbc232198a37	The empire of Trebizond and Epirus retained their independence, the north of Thrace and Macedonia were in the hands of the Serbs and Bulgarians, many islands of the Aegean Sea were under the rule of Venice, and the Turks raided from the east.
8976d07a92fb19980edf255dbb8b22dc21b9792d	Economically, Byzantium fell under the rule of the largest Italian cities of the republics Venice and Genoa.
b3ebf59b6190d3a91ed86c5bb3270559caf1732b	In the first half of the XIV century, the Italian merchants monopolized not only the foreign trade of Byzantium, but also the domestic trade in food.
1cbed1e7a89b4606075e487caa9594ecc4e066a0	The Genoese controlled the trade of Constantinople.
0e8d3cbad75eb0603ea6775fa869426550757b8a	The instability of Byzantium, caused by the civil war over the succession to the throne, developed into a powerful social movement against the large feudal aristocracy.
d9f86b8bde965ddc5aa9ead0b807c54f80018f32	The death of Byzantium was delayed only because in 1402 the Turkish troops were defeated by Tamerlane.
ff55cdd8d08de85acd813b6ecd0ba0203ca95af0	The military fortune was already leaning towards the Turks…And it was possible to see a spectacle full of shudders, for the Romans and Latenians, who were hindering those who were moving ladders to the walls, some were cut by them, while others, closing their eyes, fell from the wall, crushing their bodies and terribly losing their lives.
992038ff3eee6ca27be681bd5f53ac0ff3ddabca	The Turks now began to put up ladders without hindrance and climbed the wall like flying eagles.
8bab50754a4dd87b7af39e95c6b3e23b638bb17a	The Byzantine historian Mikhail Duka
5248a462de8664876c92fa19232112718ae83a1d	About the last hours of the siege of Constantinople, XV century.
d95941f48d7441ef5b82eea1745ebe4bcbb18ca4	The causes of the death of Byzantium
5c666d996f283112437876ddbdae41d94b1ce23e	Indeed, the Catholic Church offered military assistance in exchange for the union of the unity of the churches with the recognition of the Pope.
7c83397a2d45cd5971c85156f9e109c0bb70641d	The Byzantine emperors were indeed ready to make this deal twice, including in 1439.
cb8d6b6868b820c62c396cea110747848777420a	The Union was signed, but the main part of the population refused to accept it.
1038b5d13d78f88708a104df974489bbb7807fb1	There were also those who preferred the Turkish conquerors to the Western ones.
6f2fc4e057a15e5a338da2f83e299fc50cc0684c	It is better to see a reigning Turkish turban in the city than a Latin tiara!
793ccd3fad8d740763412a8d2077835c8978d163	(The headdress of the Pope.)
62636b232e96c10308e82ae772631cc90031e90d	Luca Notara, Commander
6c9e2c3f39e01bf45c3c3e2cdefa3f56a04e17af	The Constantinople fleet, 1452.
15fe81e88446ac629b28ca50ede8ede372a15c81	From which the empire could not find a way out.
e8393ae74e2f635721c2be6dc026c92f678117f6	The era without the separate rule of Constantinople, the stronghold of centralized power, was coming to an end.
994bf422c5c6c373c28dfebd1c883c2c9a094561	A large feudal nobility grew up in the provinces, which, fighting for power, created conditions for the decentralization of the country.
3d5fc48dd16270705c376dc0dd0532e2676458e8	The commercial and artisan population, ruined by the Italians, lost confidence in the government, knowing that it would not protect their interests.
104bbdf8bc90e1479080a5f1a5a9ecbd56ee8231	The protest of the peasantry was growing stronger, which not only paid heavy taxes in favor of the state, but also increasingly became dependent on local feudal lords.
c6b715c79a58d8f963fd578460ec27a75c987754	Statehood, which for a long time was the main well being of Byzantium, turned, due to its inertia, into a brake for its development.
e97049947f5a2ff39a1ff1fe2664083279346252	Conclusion The preservation of Centralized Administration and the imperial court in Byzantium at first contributed to a relatively early revival of urban life and urban production, than the West is emerging from the economic decline.
aa02ea575a7caff343bac2844b23b88401efca37	General property and social instability, which gave rise to arbitrariness on the one side, and selfishness and political indifferentism on the other.
f202d00056603f41aae50188c118654658d13152	The weakness of the Byzantine Empire, which was revealed in the XI century and eventually led to the catastrophe of 1204, was not due to the development of feudal orders, not feudal fragmentation, but on the contrary, insufficient development of feudal orders.
d84a1a265cc2e663bc11b4c64da557c04c98225e	Content 1.
a07df26e485c44c719a3b85bb9476e6e21553d52	Byzantine civilization, a brief overview 2.
62919a86cebb8fd188a06d4d12d10885c46d0269	The culture of Byzantium 3.
b9597118e219d2705f88e533108114396c096591	The birth of a new ideology.
ae9013bd403ee5b7f927a3b1a2b39377179dcb2c	From Paganism to Christianity 4.
7a494b666b4fb35d08af2f2e63a9ac9e81118126	Constantinople – "New Rome" 5.
c50a12f374959d6222eb87062ea86beb2e367b61	The Empire is in danger.
d54f06a3434c9b402671e3b7fa2fb38cc7a9dea8	The onslaught of the Arabs 6.
f9c39b12979b1ec64f77ea7086da075f338e1ff9	The Rise of the Byzantine State 7.
6f0fc7f5fce0beb931da841f6a85b93ada4c6140	The heyday of Byzantine culture 8.
328c94dfc0b14dcbd5d7b11cb33bacf497db44bb	Late Byzantium.
c64ee7895075f4da2d02d32cb1fd979d5e8ede30	The beginning of the end Conclusion Literature
87d011b4dff4a23889ce2de63691fe971336d8a0	1. The Byzantine civilization, a brief overview of the Formation: IV - VII - 1 period - the formation of the Byzantine civilization VII - XI - 2 period - the heyday of the Byzantine civilization XI - XV - 3 period - the period of feudal fragmentation Political structure: The feudal monarchy - in the hands of the monarch all the branches of power, an extensive wide bureaucratic and bureaucratic apparatus, local administrative division represented power and management to military citizens, the remnants of horizontal ties were destroyed, the state subordinated society - the institution did not develop succession to the throne… Social structure: peasants, townspeople, slaves, military feudal nobility, priests and monks, feudal lords did not have full power on their territory.
88f9a579d92e207d9ce91353c728eb7402b26474	The feudal lords obeyed the emperor on the principle of citizenship, there was no system of a closed social structure.
137c32d9af65ffb943240e708e324aa2aaffd115	The cities did not receive autonomy and were completely dependent on the government.
59d585353bb5d13a9dc654f5630561173cd6a309	The city lands were in state ownership.
46cb11a7231b80d93bf7204d59683680c19b0c41	The standard of living of most of the population was low.
b1d4da55d6c79d34db1381217521da42f34b255d	The population was heterogeneous.
1ce763df3634189958f9fb8a966d150d9f1e0244	The state controlled all the activities of the urban population, subordinated it to itself, tried to extract the maximum benefit.
e2bf9d7da7852b2bf6262ce5ed2ce7c2ad6a8209	Rural population: free community members and dependent population carried duties.
e9ab211d0a9a3ce3525fbaee74c7700aa5d8122d	There was a mutual responsibility in the community.
4e49c91f52f2514674ae25e8ad5c4fc0508054d8	There was no freedom of movement.
8e09a83e7aee176ceff98bf7967ec377f825ec36	The Church: depended on the state.
a93006a6860fe7d3ead0a11c7becc6ce7219897f	Economically weaker, because it depended on state taxes.
8436df2643c690db2286eb24485947874f8a2ef6	She adhered to the idea of national unity.
cdd7634924f17a7652cce95ef1f3b6a72269009a	The monarchs influenced the election of the patriarch.
e3288456031e44cd8117ea2a70f075c145c0a508	Economy: An industrial type of economic development.
a2519e913447b7ae772cbaa86ec28e296b34dacd	Intensive development of domestic and foreign trade.
581ecdda78eeda6251aeadb87e168845e498cf97	State support, the development of commodity money relations, the leading maritime power, the forms of b/s are not developed, the state largely regulated the economy.
efd0e3e5139738270338b2414654d664cd16e30d	2. The culture of Byzantium The creation of the Byzantine culture was a complex, sometimes contradictory process.
dd048b0b2426a6743172eec0f8c93a609aff0cbe	The Byzantine civilization, unlike the Western European one, in many respects remained the last stronghold of the Greco Roman traditions in the troubled times of the barbarian invasions.
13248b41230d634989a300149791b544beb3bf94	The formation of the culture of Byzantium took place in the context of the deeply contradictory ideological life of early Byzantium.
4bcf0c840054a4d1696afe0096fb2c06e87e4e33	Christianity absorbed many of the philosophical and religious teachings of that era.
8ca778a46a43e443fbb43044b2c79d009c2a24ea	In the IV - V centuries, fierce philosophical and theological disputes unfolded in the empire: christological - about the nature of Christ and trinitarian about his place in the Trinity.
a03ad817d7ebb92b5d032f2b947d0d62edf57f5c	In these disputes, the differences in the philosophical orientation of the East and the West within the framework of the same worldview system – Christianity were already very early manifested.
dbeebc95ea2e9b54be9370562bfde21aec2eb679	Over time, these differences will worsen and lead to the separation of the Eastern – Orthodox and Western – Catholic churches.
1f3bfba4b8ac2ec43704b50749413bd311f81d11	The era of the formation of a new, medieval culture gives birth to talented thinkers, writers, poets: Pseudo Dionysius the Areopagite, Grigory Nazianzin, Roman Sladkopevets.
4d5099b16a9af9a29d25af2a330293dc18ce463d	The mysterious figure of the outstanding thinker, theologian and philosopher Pseudo – Dionysius the Areopagite rises in the Christian philosophy of this era.
cc4596d77483c162986c415481d5dd3f4c4cc2d2	His grandiose religious and philosophical system combines Neoplatonism with Christianity.
0b5a63a53f087176651066988cc4d9fc53098be2	Grigory Nazianzin was not only an outstanding theologian, but also a talented writer and poet The third bright star in the constellation of talents of early Byzantium was the poet Roman Sladkopevets.
6e9b2dbfcac4d4dcca11cec189999f2e433d96cf	According to the power of talent, originality of poetic thinking, sincerity and depth of feelings, the famous hymnographer rightfully belongs to the first place in church poetry.
0b0990c9b33645927f4717ca9c2525a1ba28d5dc	In his works, Roman expressed the element of folk poetry and the worldview of the broad masses of the population.
d80903c16fbbd866ee150f92478a00d6a01aed3b	The VI century was rich in outstanding historical works.
c27e493f6ba3ac727ea9fcad12cbc140b6728673	Among the historians of this century, the first place belongs to Procopius of Caesarea.
389f04c8a86ec80e088d68e684e8896453d6dc95	Procopius is a brilliantly educated rhetorician and lawyer, devoted himself to a diplomatic and court career.
16544be17c266082880af11ec3e8096fcb1793f4	Adviser and confidant of the commander Belisarius, he made many long campaigns with his patron, participated in the conquests of the Vandal kingdom, fought against the Persians and other enemies of the empire.
d64700a53490f4bef85452d24e6662e54c6cc9eb	He invested his vast knowledge and life experience in the historical works he created.
96c27908350c3ac05eaa720b6b9e318f8d6b1cbd	His main work is considered to be "Secret History", written in deep secrecy, it exposes all the vices of the empire and its ruler with the utmost frankness.
d3aef9764a178acf20964047cf6714e2ce3e680f	3. The birth of a new ideology.
3776a5b8144d4f1b495083c369adb8012b391efb	From paganism to Christianity, significant changes took place both in the field of art and in the entire artistic culture of Byzantine society.
c7df29b9176d8b399505b4b32731f5bd65b698bc	In the VI – VII centuries, Byzantine artists managed not only to absorb the diverse influences of the East and antiquity, but also, overcoming them, to create their own style in art.
c6f5a570480918cc8afac6c6867a8a69ec183a82	Since that time, Constantinople has become the Orthodox art center of the medieval world.
a8c71ecae9983976ab6bfab3fa2daa1e49af9fdb	The unsurpassed masterpiece of Byzantine architecture was the Church of St. Nicholas built in 532-537.
685179a2a105d6acd7441c4174ebd7613156fcba	Sofia in Constantinople.
15132925b2a0f39620e7e0b1c46cdc33d3024739	Erected on a high hill, next to the imperial palace and the hippodrome, far visible from the sea and land, the temple became not only a symbol of the power of Byzantium, but also the main shrine of the Christian East.
cdababac951e4ce6a6e4a2c840855deb4e8396f1	For the first time, the idea of a grandiose centric temple crowned with a colossal dome was actually implemented here.
acc50918a670aeccb87d5472fafac3870fe6ff0c	Under Justinian, the entire dome was decorated with mosaics; at the top of the dome was depicted a huge cross in the middle of the star studded sky.
1d833fc1f5846350b51c81cdab21c100acbde2c0	The decoration of the temple was striking with its solemn splendor and exquisite interior.
1ea3717b5334f1be427ac402136922c2e117fd58	The splendor of the temple was given by marble colonnades located in two tiers along the central space of the temple.
db103b835fad1720c73da3415cd5813b9d970d9a	The lower part of the walls and floors of the temple were covered with colorful marbles.
2158770d39b8416a3e75afb1f8a48e50001dbb7c	The poet Corippus calls St. Sofia is a miracle of the world, which outshines all other temples and represents an accurate representation of the sky itself.
512bc124139802b9fc95d4c2aa8767444ee48f1b	The brilliance of multi colored marbles, the shimmer of gold mosaics and precious utensils, the radiance of many lamps, the soaring of the shining dome all this really created the illusion of the infinity of the cathedral's space, turned it into a kind of cosmos, symbolically brought it closer to the image of the Universe.
f0902b6877cf09fadfb1f5fab9080f6a92d4ab25	In the architecture and painting of St.
b153448b49262b5bf94e28a92c0fe42e5f5ee24f	The foundations of the artistic style were laid in Sofia, which was destined to become dominant in the entire subsequent history of Byzantine art.
72cfa1c20f5a2a5d55674e176f8fff4f567f899f	In early Byzantium, other masterpieces of Byzantine architecture were created – the Church of the 12 Apostles in Constantinople, the Church of St. Demetrius in Thessaloniki.
cbe6ec6c71fe230a8c48eb8f8b70d26d39600b9b	Especially striking is the refinement of architectural forms, the smoothness and purity of lines, the elegance of the decor of the Church of St. Nicholas.
3262b6b7d3c2cee1bbe499c76aa01a9490b2c5d9	Vitaly is in Ravenna.
16273c1ccb956d9168249eefc9abe39599719379	Unfortunately, not so many monuments of secular art of Byzantium have been preserved.
705a77f8ae369c38d84dc345d0211815fb84dd0e	After all, during the invasion of external enemies, it was the palaces of the emperors and the rich houses of the nobility that were first of all destroyed and looted, many died in the flames of fires.
230ecfd6564af5e520e5536f6333b86c3a1b13eb	But what has come down to our time, and what written sources tell us, is worthy of admiration.
040d2436ad2ad839dbcecc165028f8781fc088d1	Even today, the fortress walls and towers of Constantinople, the complex system of aqueducts and cisterns erected to supply the city with water, amaze with their grandeur.
b1675d6227da5a1ea91af77c64508468e5535425	Under Justinian, a magnificent cistern was built, a real underground palace decorated with many columns and filled with clear water.
769e7de9e4485531f21408caf88ace880d3b990e	The Turks after the conquest of Constantinople, struck by the beauty of the cistern, called it "A Thousand and one Columns".
fb881d33d60cd69635b493a7ad8db40f244d55f6	It still delights the residents.
825e5a9d49a2ba5f99eeae2528e349c336a7b714	Back in the IV V centuries.
9b25c68b6e71e428355e3ede332f47a5f136693d	4. Constantinople – "New Rome" On the very shore of the Sea of Marmara, a large Imperial Palace has grown - a whole complex of luxurious buildings - an excellent architectural ensemble of palaces with ceremonial halls, thermal baths, residential premises, surrounded by gardens and fountains.
52045424049855d0339b792d9cef79d5b17a80c9	The vast hippodrome of the capital, the center of social and cultural life, was decorated with ancient monuments; among them, the famous column from Delphi, the Egyptian obelisk of Thutmose and the bronze columns of Lysippus stand out.
e13afd3ceb07e72674934131ae424d55d6ec1cd9	The works of artistic craft and applied art of Byzantium received world recognition in the Middle Ages - amazingly beautiful jewelry made of gold and precious stones, diptychs and ivory caskets decorated with carvings and inlays, silk fabrics embroidered with fancy patterns, refined products made of colored glass - vessels, beads, lamps.
b3b691be4aeb0f23e572cf5ea8e9a2377b61a2ae	Byzantine artists in the field of painting, mosaics, fine plastics, jewelry, enamels and fabrics, book miniatures remained the legislators of tastes for a long time.5 The Empire is in danger.
740b2b74747a25a4710eaba01454e033aa02caee	The onslaught of the Arabs.
6a30007f5f95ee0574a1960327b84008ea291661	In 634-640, Arab troops conquered Palestine, Syria and Upper Mesopotamia.
18089d0ae336904679805171ee3272ff6f63804a	In 636, they defeated the army of Heraclius on the Yarmuk River.
46d0b6062e841c57cac3855bcb389f89f734cd53	In the next two years, the Arabs conquered Jerusalem and Antioch, dealing a terrible blow to the empire.
2fb40346e06228fa613652a4c4794332b9a21af3	The turn was for Egypt, which submitted to the power of the Caliphs almost without resistance.
43f0b669478cab75c3b27b10c3b228492cb2cfbb	By 642, the eastern provinces of Byzantium, the richest areas of ancient culture, were lost to it.
0325cf37bf3eff7b4d9333cc74aed2df8ca5a102	By the end of the seventh century, the Arabs had deprived Byzantium of its last possessions in North Africa — Carthage and Cyrenaica.
f892d616b400f01a2048dea4178dec67e46e166d	In the Balkans, in 681, the first independent barbarian kingdom appeared on the territory of the empire — the Bulgarian state of Khan Asparukh.
03af88f07f34a262a4bcf590393abc30a5b79025	The Byzantine influence in Italy, in Africa, in the Transcaucasian countries (in Armenia and Lazica) was significantly weakened.
c8fd31d7c10f2328d6a76d81e60656cd9473d713	Greek has become the official state language.
1fa123d2e18cc93fc978fac29cbf74883efb312a	Fundamental changes have taken place in the sphere of socio economic relations.
805c8626d6da2e9bf18a564f5b2ae565dad0118c	This long period of about five centuries (VII—XII centuries), in turn, can be divided into two stages: the Genesis of feudalism (VII—IX centuries); the development and final triumph of feudal relations (X—X11 centuries).
81a788c1e03cff70f085227a1bfad461806fe903	Community Byzantine period of the Genesis of feudalism was a neighborhood community with its inherent dualism of communal and private property.
37a658d8d0b023e39ce529a7d0acb14cb250acb1	The characteristic features of the Byzantine rural community were the absence of periodic land redistribution, the slow crystallization of the allod.
adca3dfac9d4816076faccc3ad8d803152c15b13	The VII IX centuries were marked by a certain weakening of the central power in Byzantium.
9ea7a6bb2c933af3ee61b96d2f0f13980f7ff3db	Some stabilization of the Byzantine state occurred during the reign of the first emperors of the Isaurian dynasty, Leo and Constantine.
b6753bd40b883bc50edf7437779b38ff2edebf9a	Significant changes took place in the VII IX centuries. in the public life and culture of the Byzantine Empire.
90eb672db21b677ed6ce486802a6cffde2271104	In the middle of the seventh century, the first stage of the development of Byzantine culture and ideology was completed.
892b0892c55c106c55109471bd163caa4751c9a2	By this time, Christian dogmatics is finally crystallized, some ideological calm comes to replace the dramatic tension of the restless first centuries of the history of Byzantium, the Christological and trinitarian disputes that agitated early Byzantine society subside, obeying a single church dogmatic worldview.
2e9a3ceafee83cbc1e16118c16e311236cce1e35	However, this pacification turned out to be only temporary.
412d7de77b0575d9c50cbe2c78a16b7f7f3a3b4d	Since the first quarter of the eighth century, theological and ideological disputes have flared up with a new force, this time taking the form of iconoclasm.
52997bfe790daae56b84eda232c3f57bb4a4e69c	The iconoclasts put forward the thesis of the indescribability and unknowability of the deity.
1123293850ad0f6e75faf552fa0c7f7071572622	Their teaching was based on the main dogma of Christianity about the unity of the three divine hypostases in the Trinity.
37fbc901efe88f55456c2d04b6173a7974c12238	All of them are indescribable and cannot be comprehended by the human mind, and even more so cannot be represented in an anthropomorphic image.
992da5035d955f5d91f1bf5351fb3da10c0c901d	If the artist portrays only the human nature of Christ, he will fall into the heresy of the Nestorians, who separated two hypostases in Christ; if he tries to represent the divine nature of Christ, it will be a manifestation of the heresy of the Monophysites, who allowed the complete absorption of the human nature of the divine.
c7d1604b3592f53a71acb5a4ef97a02c9de20349	In other words, any attempt to depict Christ entails heretical errors.
3d2ca6c579b801a53920cd2a1365ad0372bd284c	The ideological struggle in the Byzantine society of the VIII—IX centuries mobilized all intellectual forces.
6d75bc6ff3d63768d2954d2103019cfd28d895c1	The warring parties and to one degree or another had an impact on the public consciousness of the era.
6291f6cc299788f98efacb6393daf7bbe42bebdb	Religious and philosophical disputes of the VIII IX centuries caused the need to systematize Christian theology, which was reflected in the writings of John of Damascus and later Theodore the Studite.
ddf5c1b05bf29ff74c30096f2ef00a6063ee7a9d	John of Damascus (about 675 to 753) —one of the largest Byzantine theologians in his work "The Source of Knowledge" set a difficult task to build an integral system of Orthodox Christianity.
baca6a467eee50397914d38260c0cc6ba1a0d36e	In the VIII — first half of the IX century, the influence of religious ideology on Byzantine literature increased, such literary genres as the lives of saints and liturgical poetry became particularly popular.
9c4f76bb1d82ddb7363c0d6c4afa8cae28f0bedb	In the liturgical poetry of the iconoclastic era, the figures of two talented hymnographers — Andrew of Crete and John of Damascus stand out.
acc8e7dbb2e07ec5a1e99c77b88b3197ef18e414	Andrew of Crete (about 660 — about 726) in his work continued the traditions of the great hymnographer of early Byzantium, Roman Sladkopevets.
82d76417cb3a67228a6259a063e176562262d0c5	Another hymnographer of that era, the philosopher and theologian John of Damascus, the creator of many church hymns, brought to poetic creativity his characteristic theological reasonableness, scholastic pathos, solemn parade, refinement of the poetic form.
9dbe0dad01e3f8b5b93e30227c99dc6687ba21f6	In the Byzantine science, the idea of the iconoclastic period as the "dark ages" of Byzantine history, the era of the decline of culture and education, has long prevailed.
8dd643bd4f0e134c87845419de43b62a47107ae7	But the iconoclastic era cannot be painted with one black paint: it is deeply contradictory and ambivalent.
371384c8301b46b78662bf1aa61990a17aa874b2	On the one hand, there is a noticeable temporary fading of ancient traditions, the sacralization of literature and art, the dominance of church dogmatics.
9f8130dcfcf06611b86962f72c43cc1361e5d6f4	The ancient ideal of a beautiful person is gradually disappearing into the past and is being replaced by the ideal of spiritual perfection, chastity.
d2091d81ac02de42e786ec70dd7e91973dc489f1	Literature and art are becoming more and more didactic, moralizing.
3d660ca419b8e8a57fb9c844e2b535b605a239c9	Human thought is looking for spiritual values other than before, other ways of development.
981816597a179376095726dac8fe5f198f5c5f3b	The development of science and education continues, and secular artistic creativity does not fade either.
57d8fe6b57e9df42da353cf8466f9ff90fc26403	It seems that the Iconoclastic period should be considered a natural stage in the development of Byzantine culture, when the process of formation of the medieval vision of the world and medieval ideology is intensively underway.
605ca9c2753d0fab7a1ca3af175d3adf43820283	6. The rise of the Byzantine State.
65339dc5cbb68660c9bd700ddea2dcfc0ec34d8a	Since the tenth century, a new stage in the history of Byzantine culture has begun.
fc77b534a7051c50117b3d5a58c44b514c6342df	Since that time, a certain stabilization of public consciousness begins, the systematization of Christian theology is completed.
1a4eee5d5da6593ff06fe35a26b0e7eadf49ef2e	There is a generalization and classification of everything achieved in science, theology, philosophy, literature.
508ad1abd16d2d09d864231e236e467ddc015d70	In the XI—XII centuries, secular education, based on ancient traditions, experienced a significant flourishing.
7e99a8c6707f58203444c2759e467f8089e1025a	Around 1045, the Faculty of Law was re established, the "museum of legislation", as it was called by contemporaries.
b3514cf2a3d421b0fe5e57df4074dcd50be64e0d	In the XI XII centuries. serious ideological shifts are taking place in the Byzantine culture.
d291b41771cb6e4a65ec117f0fa6e83f080c1124	The development of cultural communication with the countries of Europe and the Arab world all this leads to the enrichment of Byzantine culture and major changes in the outlook of Byzantine society.
6259615aaa7745aedb690ec7ff99897fe304d2bc	In the XI XII centuries. in Byzantium, the genre of "stories", so common in early Byzantium, is being revived again.
323fa4ace0570445b84d54f656be6204b5b6f7a4	At the same time, rhetoric and epistolography are reviving.
204ddd83fef5df50471d7bfc1a6ab490aea1057d	Along with religious hymns, secular love lyrics and accusatory satirical poetry are developing.
17d47825ea84bf28e564a39f09e338c76336abb8	But new trends are manifested not only in the evolution of literary genres - ethical views are changing.
06a86e2ebbd6390138c6984070439dbaee3c7fff	The creative position of artists is noticeably changing.
e536c598049e54bb54535f6df5f12bb79beca77c	The passive worship of the church's dogmatic representation of the world is gradually being replaced by the artist's conscious perception of real reality.
ec0b3380294f838fb3f5e82e57f505caaf950b84	Folk literature occupied an important place in the artistic creativity of Byzantium.
774c698ebce08a51b9b46c75f6c482432ce67785	Its formation and development fall on the IX XII centuries.
8346bec55efef6b6babd6231f86eaf83ab2ca0c7	In the IX X centuries, the so called "Akrit songs" and military stories glorifying the exploits of organic Akrit warriors became widespread in the empire.
9741f2e6fe0beb431a86866cc27b9b73c5889430	In the XII century, the old literary genre of the late romantic novel was revived in Byzantium.
ce5eb69969ac25cab8ce64a4d9be01a8dba78d91	Almost simultaneously, a number of novels appear, prose, poetic, based on an ancient plot.
b96d612a9720655810c2a9a19005e50a50b74d31	The Byzantine novel differs from its ancient prototype in the slow development of events, the deepening of symbolism and the abundance of allegories, the duplication of episodes, the presence of naturalistic details.
dc503153cacfd47f778b5d7e74d41e158af40854	Cultural contacts with the West in the Komnenian era had a certain impact on the Byzantine literary process.
749306f67b903abcd2f0931396dc72c4f838a92b	The revival of the novel genre is associated in Byzantium with the name of the outstanding poet Theodore Prodrom( 1100 about 1170).
c1ab26157a540e776ada07bb01801653774db754	7. The heyday of Byzantine culture In the XI XII centuries. there is a certain rise in Byzantine literature.
0c3e85e3592c4c2b2ae92416a1337a3256581df0	The range of interests of writers is expanding, new literary genres are emerging, storylines are becoming more dynamic, new stylistic forms are being born.
695c6d39e8876d981d52aeec61b44754d0b58e6e	There is a gradual departure, sometimes still timid, from the rigid cliches and canons that dominated the literature of previous centuries.
a2909f70c412b261691743e828e1382501893ac8	The attitude to the ancient heritage is beginning to change.
55c29e1dbc40574768047c44a50dd9d0b42aad04	Ancient traditions are no longer perceived mechanically, but are reinterpreted under the influence of real reality.
c4751912e8c3b9b0c5130f1f380ee6fb148ef73f	The use of ancient literature is purposeful, obeying new needs and new trends of the time.
e434239868f03709fbe615f2be615c0304188a7c	In literature, the motives of denial, criticism of the social system with its unification and canonization of cultural values are increasingly heard.
8bb67a9caa4b2d18471658c97b2f01c21a948a4a	Folk literature of various genres is flourishing, the folk language is receiving the rights of citizenship.
a427876c597f890cf40fd34e57a85a3ac7136090	8. Late Byzantium.
b1e9984e03c3e40fbc2755d14d2ad193de7bd9ae	Beginning of the end The capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204 led to the collapse of the Byzantine Empire.
ef11964af2c44f8948246d84ca8547e10c7819a1	According to the writer of the XIV century.
8606f0c3d7bdef7150d2593b2fdb8b6c3abcfe40	Nikephora Grigora, the power of the Romans, like a ship caught up by evil winds and waves, split into many small parts.
01f2e65d529daeaca5141508dcd34dd2cd689255	But gradually, in this chaos of feudal principalities, three centers of Greek statehood stood out: the Nicene Empire in the northwestern corner of Asia Minor, the Epirus Kingdom in the Balkans and the Trapezupd Empire on the land of ancient Pontus, on the southern shore of the Black Sea.
9f14d8363d6d86add11bf28a7cfbe8c911abe570	The instability of the economy, territorial losses, endless feudal strife and the growing Turkish threat this is what characterizes the last centuries of the existence of the once great empire.
27ebdbdd58333d187035a1a22d1de72c2cc6c556	The last century of the history of Byzantium was filled with dramatic events.
18bde591467edade2f5c8e8726f2b769db3c7060	The power of the terrible enemy of Byzantium, the Ottoman Turks, grew from year to year.
66554d20ceff1121590d7cf668552fbe6b895fa1	Political fragmentation; internal strife; hostility of the neighboring Balkan states Serbia, Bulgaria, and Hungary; the wait and see attitude of the West made the position of Byzantium extremely dangerous.
7736ada326563c150e3b5bde488183395c63da73	The decisive blow to the empire was dealt by the establishment of the Ottoman Turks in Europe.
c43c9b23f6b412bc3f38632ddc602e467b3cad73	The assault on Constantinople took place on May 29, 1453.
bea6a5c6fc7102230aadbd55bfef57ed0c25c0a4	The troops of the attacking Turks significantly outnumbered the defenders.
359cd2f93be8a3aa2f6bf8c6757c13e62134c8c9	After many hours of fighting, Constantinople was taken by storm.
8c07e88f3a150e8156ce9ea49b2a9cf868d0f81b	Byzantium has passed a difficult, but rich in bright events of social and cultural life, a thousand year historical path.
54d2d52ea9cb271bce0e9634efff967914a4e40a	It rightfully holds a prominent place in the progressive development of Europe and the entire medieval world.
8b092ce940e9f52b30f10b33b5ee99156bcf4b77	In conclusion, it should be noted that in the XI— XII centuries, the Byzantine culture still remained medieval, traditional, and largely canonical.
73f2e254a3c1ab6df512ba41c6c7960429fc3069	What is the contribution of the Byzantine civilization to the culture of the Middle Ages?
8cdf4b4b5ff0b3fb5f305cc03f0f59bd8798d5cf	Byzantine culture is a natural stage in the development of European and the entire world culture, a stage that had its own specific, unique typological features.
a905e5a960d24a9329af9003c5e5810f6de1a582	To identify them, the following factors can serve as an important reference point: in Byzantium, there was a linguistic and confessional community within a single state entity (for all the multi - ethnicity, the Byzantine Empire had one main ethnic core the Greeks, the Greek language prevailed in its cultural life); in Byzantium, the Christian religion in its special Orthodox form prevailed; in the Byzantine Empire, stable statehood and centralized management were always preserved;
925a1c4ff5d5727c9a03c8f2709e4c5ceb02507f	Byzantine culture was distinguished from the culture of Western Europe by the presence of elements of eastern civilizations; both in its geographical, ethnic and cultural According to the economic situation, Byzantium was a kind of "golden bridge" between East and West, and in the cultural development of Europe it was a link between Western and Eastern cultures.
c67d334413375ba75942b3ec1cd9392d83958c87	At the same time, there was a fruitful synthesis of the cultures of the East and the West.
3379f81d95d2d343e877919084ee1c79f290d779	At various stages of the cultural development of Byzantium, this synthesis was dominated by either Eastern or Western elements.
24f2cfedf00296f761d2ac4d3a2107b8f1026249	The peculiarity of the state system of the empire had no less impact on the culture of Byzantium.
3b083f1345e9b85c01d624bee02069bcabf561b8	The preservation of a centralized empire and a strong imperial power in Byzantium had a great influence on the ideology and culture of Byzantium.
c22a1520bd3d49b5d93122c16db4c46ad9bf644c	Unlike the fragmented medieval Europe, the Byzantine Empire preserved the state political doctrines of Rome and the cult of the emperor, which was reflected in various spheres of the cultural life of society.
6b9263cec5dd954303ad677710d1838f854ed096	This, in our opinion, is another important typological difference between the Byzantine culture and the Western European one.
1d7d4153551690f509698cf1da0a43f6c1f448c1	In Byzantium, with the ever increasing influence of Christianity, secular artistic creativity never faded either.
2d85d8f22b7ffb6210ffae28394077749e3334c8	The extraordinary flourishing of Constantinople , the largest center of the medieval world, which surpassed London, Paris, Venice and Florence until the XIII century in the richness and splendor of its civilization, contributed to the preservation of secular urban culture.
34dfd2008e4acd0f245f4d9b34b9c25d17399802	The cult of the empire and the emperor gave an impetus to both the development of the court culture of the capital, and the convergence of secular and ecclesiastical ideology.
6d13a5e50a3e405757e0545b019c83c83236dac1	In Byzantium, secular culture and education have always lived a full blooded life, connected, on the one hand, by the Byzantine aristocracy and the urban intelligentsia, and on the other, drawing powerful impulses from popular culture.
033d4a7f84919332ffabf4ce06043e192a8acab1	The Byzantine civilization had a profound and lasting impact on the development of the cultures of many countries of medieval Europe.
8883b1f62200cf951ae40fd74dc4f6c6ae0c4c08	The area of influence of Byzantine culture was very extensive: Sicily, Southern Italy, Dalmatia, the states of the Balkan Peninsula, Ancient Russia, the peoples of Transcaucasia, the North Caucasus and the Crimea — all of them were in contact with Byzantine education to one degree or another.
f1a50afdef0b3639ec4cc5b52fbb882e775374e4	So, the culture of Byzantium rightfully belongs to a prominent place in the development of Europe.
dbe93c8fada607e0d28255ad245c3e147c7fb5ee	The cultural influence of Byzantium, as we know, outlived the empire itself.
dd4d3a672e34c29eff343458d3296dca6dbe33f9	Therefore, the Byzantine civilization is of great interest to modern people.
98a36ced1e643ff2d42b7373885a143422add250	Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (December 1, 1949 — December 2, 1993) was a Colombian drug lord and politician.
631672f9dac2fee2f9ad4b98d477262467cb4537	Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (Spanish: Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria, 01.12.1949-02.12.1993) is a well-known world terrorist, a Colombian drug lord who earned fabulous money in the drug business and entered world history as one of the most violent criminals of the XX century.
0e9573d988be34bbef12f7b851995bbf3c32914e	In 1989, according to Forbes magazine, he took the 7th position in the ranking of the richest people on the planet, with a personal fortune of US $25 billion.
98b3483ebcbb17e630caedfa671e59fbcf862d77	According to experts, in total, Escobar is responsible for about 10 thousand human lives.
b3248b150f9d12d0df718861fabc213990c5a0d8	At the same time, he was a criminal with a code of honor.
98d788251633af395484222b2339489074cd4e2d	For example, it was at his expense that numerous football fields for children were built in Medellin, as well as a whole quarter for the poor.
a1786c2820d3d28006f5fb63e978dd243654885c	Killing judges, prosecutors, journalists, destroying civilian planes, police stations and personally executing his victims, he was at the same time popular among young people and the poor.
758aa4261cb6a51a839d712788280fa4665d1703	Pablo Escobar was born in 1949, 40 km away. from Medellin (Spanish Medellín) — the city of Rionegro (Spanish Rionegro) of the department of Antioquia (Spanish Antioquia), Colombia.
29dc3c6a3615d31bc1962261c11dd8bc38e32820	He became the third child in an ordinary peasant family.
43f3e8cbf641f59fc51a2f90fe73485b52ca065c	Little Pablo loved to listen to heroic stories about the legendary Colombian "banditos" (Spanish banditos): how they robbed the rich, helping the poor.
5686061b1ffe2b9173f24948b4a86806992f0b37	As a child, he decided that he would definitely become just such a "banditos" when he grew up.
41b4e5319872090936d55821a5ff6c73f3d0f973	Who would have thought that in a couple of decades the romantic dreams of a little boy would turn into a national nightmare.
73d4cd14d6af82750517ec0a357e48507643b7f2	Pablo did not drink alcohol, but from school years until the end of his life he smoked Colombian cannabis.
2136b7d6e1c3ba673a1eb148b61342d6faaf140c	Soon he became addicted to marijuana, and at the age of 16 he was kicked out of school.
617b147c6215ef4f07293d186120d17dda1720de	From that age, Pablo began to commit crimes.
75094a672b832800abae85ec7b941be8350f1e31	Pablo began to spend most of his time in the criminal quarters of Medellin, which was a real hotbed of crime.
0e0e5aa2435f93165032e4dc1877fdd26a2bf016	At first, he began to steal tombstones from the local cemetery and, erasing the inscriptions, resell them again.
45fca522bb715a18c326354395422a4e190758ab	Soon he created a small criminal gang of his associates and began to engage in a more sophisticated criminal trade - stealing expensive cars for sale for spare parts.
12b01a5b7ebf8d3d5c8c5f08aeabc395adb87369	Then Pablo Escobar came up with another "brilliant" idea - to offer potential victims of theft their "protection".
25fdc9ed3a5fe60a2849ffde43d9976194e40d4e	Those who refused to pay his gang, sooner or later lost their cars.
6554684c810af3128e48fe22a89c3ac97dc267bf	This was already a real racket.
db748f75529255b0ec0f60d2fd8f9ae8fdac52f7	At the age of 21, he already had quite a lot of adherents.
37e35719526097671646229ca5bd057f6fbc90b0	At the same time, Escobar's crimes became even more sophisticated and cruel.
013327145990a19b44095d408232679f73f63ced	In 1971, Pablo's men kidnapped a rich Colombian industrialist, Diego Echavarria,who was killed after prolonged torture.
89db5f1b02ca9947bbb897c74a689aa20d3f7db8	The criminals tried to get a ransom, but failed and, after strangling their victim, threw the corpse into a landfill.
ae41b622cde86977024f5372134b4c83b1563905	Escobar openly declared his involvement in his murder.
a6ba72dc618cc18768e57680814e1128bc296c77	The poor of Medellin celebrated the death of Diego Echavarria and, as a sign of gratitude to Escobar, began to respectfully call him "El Doctor".
c926d38b3c7d9aaa250c1683cf2e5b8412417caf	Pablo Escobar, began to " feed” the local poor, building them new cheap houses.
054d6e7d6c410041cea65ee9f0777cab0837eec0	He understood that sooner or later they would become a kind of protective buffer between him and the authorities, and his popularity in Medellin grew day by day.
7d5d7b843bd0b2947fa5ed38f9c565f7d0fb282d	In 1972, Pablo Escobar was already the most famous criminal boss of Medellin.
bcdb3276ac8bfd812e88b1eb3530239c88a813cb	His criminal group was engaged in car theft, smuggling and kidnapping.
fd613956f4c5a0c35577d487753f5bb70971e141	Soon his gang went beyond the borders of Medellin.
3bbddb0039ed29f690e559c99356df79b1e91dc7	In the 1970s, the United States was a country with an unlimited market for drug trafficking.
b8ec9d1d80bbd2c52013b4d513e0e504011c42f4	Marijuana was to be replaced by a new drug, and it became cocaine, which, along with other alkaloids, is found in plants of the genus Erythroxylum (Erythroxylum), for example, in the coca bush (Erythroxylum coca), etc.
953a4962f9eeacaa73d5c6dc183fb72d283f39e3	On this, Pablo Escobar began to build his criminal business.
7ce91a1f2c5c110d8a04639e76163230125093ae	At first, he bought cocaine from manufacturers and resold it to smugglers, who then transported it to the United States.
0569d8c8dd9168f64a4619ce2e2bb61622626a16	Anyone who got in his way or could somehow threaten him, immediately disappeared without a trace.
0d4dbd228b4376bf8b2e2a820f198b8da424e93f	Soon Escobar was running almost the entire cocaine industry in Colombia.
e4f93e1566d074762c8399d528d38700115df73a	In March 1976, Pablo Escobar married his 18-year-old girlfriend Maria Victoria Eneo Viejo, who had previously been in his entourage.
479af4108814b2c2b9c59ea0042f674972ec60d3	A month later, their son Juan Pablo was born, and three and a half years later, their daughter Manuela was born.
a60a32e0f95b530d51ea3978eb19d1264118562f	Escobar's drug business developed rapidly throughout South America.
e44112ff48b00f56a0cfbc78d516273188a808bd	He himself began to smuggle cocaine into the United States.
89ea25639eb52f77f4518f6b9366b7084c153365	One of Escobar's confidants, one Carlos Leder, who was responsible for transporting cocaine, organized a drug trafficking transshipment point in the Bahamas.
f790fb927a68025baf89c5e2e70e16f54357303f	The service was delivered at the highest level.
45c4c78c1ca5327e2cdff200d2be91d24497258a	A large pier, a number of gas stations and a modern hotel with all amenities were built.
8811001e6a226239a05295b02aa00e178a0c13a2	No drug dealer could take cocaine outside of Colombia without the permission of Pablo Escobar.
bd489cc74e952af238e8bb93a504912a5615c7f3	He removed the so-called 35% tax from each batch of drugs and ensured its delivery.
3a84b7dcffd568ed668bce67c17effbcd1fb59af	Escobar's criminal career was more than successful, he was literally swimming in dollars.
dd2b9e83c67d35ecbd823bfad4a5e7b348f3ba8d	In the jungles of Colombia, he opened chemical laboratories for the production of cocaine.
016ef061f7af8b42632a4e9761adb3913d48ef76	In the summer of 1977, Escobar and three other major drug traffickers joined together to create an organization that became known as the Medellin Cartel.
5aa9f113834fe46a2d47090c9ae373cad4ced870	He had the most powerful financial cocaine empire, which no other drug mafia in the world had.
b3d5f88af426a8c24bc15ce94408a8fd32f3af20	To deliver cocaine, the cartel had a distribution network, planes, and even submarines.
4dfc10e6b69b855e4055720aef6c6949a834f08e	Pablo Escobar became the undisputed authority of the cocaine world and the absolute leader of the Medellin cartel.
bb85e3964cdd79712ac2933d9e153ffe3e0bb9d0	He bribed policemen, judges, politicians.
2b21c491ba05ff2308a1d656765cc30680700dfd	If the bribery did not work, then blackmail was used, but basically the cartel acted on the principle: "Plata O Plomo "[8] — in other words,"silver or lead".
786cc5dfcea11c11a72c922c40f12546ae87a080	By 1979, the Medellin Cartel already owned more than 80% of the US cocaine industry.
dd14db67a6ea4b7274b728af5c0ccb7bd9ad0803	30-year-old Pablo Escobar became one of the richest people in the world, whose personal fortune was estimated in billions of dollars.
0772fce6d14a878bb22427c0771fa1e96e970265	In order to enlist the support of the population, Escobar launched extensive construction in Medellin.
05a96161890933c50c8dfedf0963471eb6018ec2	He paved roads, built stadiums and erected free houses for the poor, which were popularly called "Pablo Escobar quarters".
fe87711fa765f779be6d4c22a6d63bdf15c6df51	He himself explained his charity by saying that it was painful for him to see how the poor were suffering.
4a011233711cd6850ab7f9be3a84b2d1b6246e88	Escobar tried to imagine himself as a Colombian Robin Hood.
35715e23cc3ca5d4ca6f31869929a41429039901	Escobar had 34 estates, 500 thousand hectares of land, 40 rare cars.
1f9948ee98d86d8860fb739910b20427ef071747	Escobar's estate has dug 20 artificial lakes, six swimming pools and even built a small airport with a runway.
9aaf246906b1bd2ee005d779343a3358dd6f0796	Sometimes it seemed that the cocaine drug lord simply did not know what to do with the money.
f6527d2c4abe3fac31394651e86b205aa457ea15	With such enormous funds, in a part of his estate hidden from prying eyes, Pablo Escobar arranged a harem in which he got himself more than 400 mistresses, who could actually be considered concubines.
af1d295b4580f3ef771c7e88043186a0ac0738f6	For them, Escobar built a real closed small town.
7d67911b4b48a813f49c8c064394353db13d6657	The girls lived in the harem no worse than the eastern houris.
5706f90ebdcf7547e3eb2fe5287cd3d61ca5f661	Each had a lot of gold jewelry, a chic wardrobe from the most fashionable couturiers.
19bd1e9d7421016087b9f048526d81cc59fac124	For his favorite favorites, the godfather ordered cosmetologists, massage therapists and hairdressers from Paris and Milan.
3d3cce7b6041784994f69c7552c18c5cf6adfd54	Escobar has reached the pinnacle of power in the criminal world.
28ec99a8835979c986fec3e6cc9a0d001111c3a5	Later, he began to look for a way to make his business legal.
b285d95118522aa205224768d90454b5726d47bd	In 1982, Pablo Escobar ran for the Colombian Congress.
0c87d61578580871b7212566e2ed8d1ba4ae4854	And eventually, at the age of 32, he became a substitute member of the Colombian Congress.
117be7335e5b142cfcfd465657f2157bf1f66012	That is, he replaced congressmen during their absence.
f5aad911451f8d62e921de4a229cb63e30e2fd0d	After breaking into Congress, Escobar dreamed of becoming president of Colombia.
aa084fb95c673f9c5d6f00a81e0946f6d513de73	One of the most popular politicians in Colombia, the main candidate for the presidency, Luis Carlos Galan, was the first to openly condemn the connection of the new congressman with the cocaine business.
dad19e568cf36b9035f76f6c16aaea8b877e3b39	A few days later, the Minister of Justice, Rodrigo Lara Bonia, launched a broad campaign against the investment of" dirty " cocaine money in the election race.
5b6d5d54c7fcc0ed3e52813eba61d5a0f650d80e	As a result, Pablo Escobar was expelled from the Colombian Congress in January 1984.
ff5fa7b4f748472509edac9c46e9a1a520290750	Thanks to the efforts of the Minister of Justice, his political career ended once and for all.
4effc057368febc63b7e446bc19fdf11d3f7c93b	However, Escobar was not going to leave quietly and decided to take revenge on the minister.
b5f65b2883092805a290d17e78a62a0e9ae50ac7	On April 30, 1984, Bonia's ministerial Mercedes stopped at a traffic light on one of the busiest streets in Bogota.
1d41d343d80c2242f72632fe7208c753845e3aa0	At that moment, a motorcyclist drove up at point-blank range from a machine gun riddled the back of the Mercedes, where the Minister of Justice usually sat.
dad95387f5fe70e093cd536b3c37156911b9d676	An automatic burst literally blew off the head of Rodrigo Lara Bonia.
e238e0eb2820f11497e9cfe04e95e0191ef2b0a8	This is the first time bandits have killed an official of such a high rank in Colombia.
29a86773d90a4aa33b313a784a8a8b07baeb114c	From that day on, terror began to spread throughout Colombia.
60456bd872be0ec577072412fd521c6fac43c2db	In the mid-80s, Escobar's cocaine empire controlled almost all spheres of life in Colombian society.
3438cd92d1b4c994b29fd8ba780a7d7a59d60d44	Nevertheless, a serious threat loomed over him.
49ce66976c3533c20daf4434e8d2cb04def64d4a	The administration of US President Ronald Reagan has declared its own war on the spread of drugs not only in the United States, but also around the world.
ba41a840710b42cbbbb0b73a5702e30402ec6521	An agreement was reached between the United States and Colombia, according to which the Colombian government undertook to extradite cocaine barons who were engaged in drug trafficking to the United States to American justice.
920c49e87c760b9a6a75cee3cee780ee47e6ac07	This was done because if drug traffickers were in any Colombian prison, they could, as before, continue to lead their gangs without hindrance directly from the places of detention and would very soon be released.
76296f4dd77917950ce7ac085d3802acb456a5ef	As for the United States, the drug traffickers understood that they would not be able to buy their freedom.
d76a36d66c388c13a30506718824e68ce1388d24	The drug lords responded to the attempts of the authorities to extradite the gang members to the United States with terrorism.
2ed0959a984a19e9a655403ad44cb4f0132cc28b	They had their own motto, with which they bravely went under bullets: "Better a tomb in Colombia than a prison cell in the United States."
64f4a8e2602f6948b7963f9bd04ec36de4329c69	Escobar also made this vow to himself.
2464dd3a0de37239e7d4096f1399e23150e2ab35	But in September 1990, the new president of the country, Cesar Gaviria, offered the drug lords to voluntarily surrender in exchange for a promise not to send them to the United States for trial.
5c1c2205f034d0a22a355566d674cdcd0d61ffda	The situation for Escobar was very tense at that time.
b4b214459373d056e930ad6457eaa2c635b65124	The government declared an all-out war on the cartel and immediately received $65 million from the United States for this.
bde56a9d7a3e534de82122d8217344f54c5d7c9a	Each blow of the government was responded by a counterattack of the cartel-Pablo Escobar, created a terrorist group called "Los Extraditables".
fa5fd6ed068ddb6d21f38002b0df960d1d85c894	Its fighters, trained by Colonel Yair Klein, a paratrooper of the Israeli army, attacked officials, police officers, as well as anyone who opposed drug trafficking.
d80e80baab7e7dc8d6519f5969a4c35e28244bcf	The reason for the terrorist action could be a major police operation or the extradition to the United States of another boss of the cocaine mafia.
d2a73a07f0468fc4e0a7616930e5e686419afcbe	The confrontation turned into mass murders.
54616e66d79708db22a8ec570fc3e29423d1ed55	During the period from 1988 to 1994, 25,211 political and 31,385 non-political murders occurred in Colombia during the fight against the mafia.
383036376580701042f7c2176ec3a9eeb7cb4403	In November 1985, Escobar and other drug traffickers banded together to show the government that they could not be intimidated.
06539ce6bd45d3c6c81c4869420c2579fc0052be	Escobar hired a large group of leftist guerrillas to commit sabotage.
b02ef5a9cbafb448eee70493b44ebed4b112d4d2	Leftist guerrillas armed with machine guns, grenades and portable rocket launchers suddenly appeared in the center of Bogota and seized the Palace of Justice when at least several hundred people were inside the building.
afb1a35f374feece568129054056dc8a5941a86d	The partisans refused to conduct any negotiations, and began firing in all directions, without making any demands.
b55e6edad49d350ae74c8dd672bd042c8973254b	While they were holding the Palace of Justice in their hands, they destroyed all the documents related to the extradition of criminals.
75aace5bf42493172fb7029d6d96c10f1a174784	Large forces of the army and police were brought into the capital of the country.
cc7752d19668c254c76538122a28ba3c753e0cd2	After a whole day of siege, the assault battalions, supported by tanks and helicopter gunships, broke into the Palace of Justice.
71c2e23d6974e3be721e488439472b222b6158d8	As a result of the assault, 97 people were killed, including 11 of the 24 judges.
faf3970876326b56e4b435e77510e3975912a146	A year later, the Supreme Court canceled the agreement on the extradition of drug traffickers to the United States.
baf64b17ea1e956bf69067833dd4e7eace28d1e1	However, a few days later, the new President of Colombia, Versilio Barco, vetoed the decision of the Supreme Court and renewed the agreement.
ca1da127b9e01fd539f43c755ce757051f5884ce	Pablo Escobar was forced to build secret shelters all over the country.
46bf8bb78940a7a7971d6fffec3260fab62adf7b	Thanks to information from his people in the government, he managed to stay one step ahead of law enforcement agencies.
ee781d3ae728f486872e2eb60145d3b77b02a2a6	In 1989, Pablo Escobar again tried to make a deal with justice.
0c99ae1f24cb1a70fea616520f8dc443fc9f4421	He agreed to surrender to the police if the government would guarantee that he would not be extradited to the United States. The authorities refused.
c448ac1581f7605fe71fd3f1128260dbf9fc27ba	Escobar responded to this refusal with terror.
e142def98d3372b6e84443400c7451c9335befd3	In August 1989, the terror reached its peak.
5ccad4be7f5246e7a6747df3078569917bcd4180	On August 16, 1989, a member of the Supreme Court, Carlos Valencia, died at the hands of Escobar's killers.
f90bb434dbecfe110ce66960577f11ec44b4afdb	The next day, police Colonel Waldemar Franklin Contero was killed.
f4e80426af140ad21b28c6c069c272ad2a5b1fcf	On August 18, 1989, at an election rally, a well-known Colombian politician, Luis Carlos Galan, was shot dead, who promised, if he was elected president of the country, to start an irreconcilable war with cocaine traffickers, to clear Colombia of drug lords, extraditing them to the United States.
ea12bcd19c485df9cc5e1df093533165515b23d8	Before the elections, the terror of the Medellin cartel took on a special scale.
50ab355aaf192a7ddb761ca347a7a2741f4d3611	Every day, the cartel's killers killed dozens of people.
42add97e09bbd614e6afa94408e08a32651f1153	Only in Bogota, one of the terrorist groups of the drug mafia, committed 7 explosions within two weeks, as a result of which 37 people were killed and about 400 people were seriously injured.
ee41965efcd30dc0954101d9b108226c0c8dfed6	On November 27, 1989, Pablo Escobar planted a bomb on a passenger plane of the Colombian airline Avianaka, on board of which there were 107 passengers and crew members.
4a93d215fca9eaa356d18499428a85ec4108993c	The successor of the deceased Luis Carlos Galan, the future president of Colombia, Cesar Gaviria, was supposed to fly on this plane.
2c8d17fd1abcb586249570edf77829c5799a9a83	Three minutes after the airliner took off, a powerful explosion was heard on board.
93eeb05def6e04cb622c1fb7654b5614480cd3e2	The plane caught fire and crashed into the nearby hills.
a72e8002428764a25fa0650c535a7d7b7d8525c0	None of those on board survived.
359339768106552579fb4db83d7045706e2e7681	As it turned out later, Cezanne Gaviria canceled his flight at the last moment, for some reason.
648ac74ae3672cc6e48063551c248ca6ffe2b0b3	In 1990, the mere mention of the name of Pablo Escobar terrified the whole of Colombia.
71a124700b3b2367600221d3291832e5af919b24	He was the most famous criminal in the world.
813b85500a297b6b293f6aa0b21a541555ab4d57	The government created a "Special Search Group", the target of which was Pablo Escobar himself.
1a91b1f7927979298f978097cf5568adefe0af55	The group included the best police officers from selected units, as well as people from the army, special services and the prosecutor's office.
88d60f121ef0513e4a59910d24645f38251e75c6	And in June 1991, El Doctor handed himself over to justice.
d48e70ebb1db64a01ad1eeba4a145634ecbdaf48	Escobar agreed to plead guilty to several minor crimes, in return, he was forgiven all his past sins.
52d3648d6ea5221928f16c9737e8e12437b71a21	The prison was called " La Catedral” and was built in the Envigado mountain range.
17c767a8c06363baceb58280040e927d1c4cd419	La Catedral looked more like an expensive, prestigious country club than an ordinary prison.
0fa778ba0c45417c8aaef17e5c6932855bfe0a7a	During his " incarceration” Pablo Escobar continued to run his multibillion-dollar cocaine business.
c56601526f3c6035503018bf7efe605d98ab85e9	But on July 22, 1992, President Gaviria ordered the transfer of Pablo Escobar to a real prison.
aafb202c742d3e87128bad0925e4b2790b9fa24f	Escobar, having learned about the president's decision, escaped from prison.
d846a641240e1dbddba2d8e64542649d34f1cb10	He was free now, but he had enemies everywhere.
435761e5e18ac157b87fc766fcc2ad6b76ae67d0	There were fewer and fewer places where he could find a safe haven.
3074af6e0ee7e9739fadc811d733b40ca959ee9c	After escaping from prison, everything began to fall apart for Escobar.
f26481ce331e127d7ab810f223e8114f340f6ae1	His friends began to leave him.
3a399ca019f639d3c6ee09b69eab9a117b54692e	In the fall of 1993, the Medellin cocaine cartel began to disintegrate, but the drug lord was more concerned about his family.
bf62991112b6f9ffb18ad0f883c126c6fb42f377	Escobar has not seen his wife or children for more than a year.
1bca3fd099909246337473e0a38211b1db938e1f	The day after his birthday, December 2, 1993, Escobar called his family.
fc6b0855670d1c04db00bcc21c5324c79b99868f	The agents who were hunting for him had been waiting for this call for many hours.
883d6ad4eed655aa0dad09c1fcd54fd5b0953e28	Soon, the house in which Pablo Escobar was hiding was surrounded on all sides by special agents.
9e5cd3226ec15128e4dff145d9023d5234b203fa	Then he climbed out of the window and tried to escape from his pursuers through the roof.
ec4773bc3a7845a266ac65e6391c657085c82a1b	A Colombian police sniper, who was hiding on the roof of a neighboring house, shot Escobar in the leg, and he fell.
ce33ae8beca8ff8d97af5dff2b5920a213675a39	The next bullet hit Escobar in the back, after which the sniper approached Escobar and fired a control shot in the head.
3a0c3060b200097e43225d9f92a21141ea243d92	Juan Pablo claims that the official version of his father's death is not true, Escobar was not killed, but committed suicide.
58593f1a1ea51e8af6191b0fe76904902a3b5239	The son of the famous Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar has published a book about his father, in which he claims that he committed suicide.
62e3925bc9eb49e9e0c1d019d3c79d09d7db4ac6	At the same time, the author noted that he does not try to justify his parent.
5eca1c4a8ce4fe469b905270b1fd498d2fec9dce	"This book is not intended to take revenge, it is important for us to tell the story, to understand it, as a son I managed to remove emotions in order to describe what my father was like," the Telesur channel quotes Juan Pablo.
06421207cea14f3874e3017f3f130f18c73dd252	According to him, Escobar sent drugs to the United States, absolutely not afraid of anything and not hiding, and this was made possible thanks to corrupt agents of the US Drug Enforcement Administration.
cd5c38c35fb77e3f48acfa7b70e74c5f8f6c105f	Earlier, Escobar's sister asked for forgiveness from the victims of her brother's criminal activity.
883e7097d61b7306fd74373df0bde64adf22c9fc	At the same time, the Colombian authorities refused to register the trademark "Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria"to the relatives of the drug lord.
73d12667d5a014f3caa81d2059130b2a1e66790b	The refusal was made because of harm to public morals and order.
ee19a5698567dd62448d3aaf5a535dd885f5b9a7	It is noteworthy that neither the widow nor the children of the drug lord themselves bear his name: after moving to Argentina in the late 90s of the twentieth century, they changed their surnames.
72458925435f2cb63477c9b912ea23bc832758aa	In keeping with the image of Robin Hood, Escobar took care of the poor.
8d4bcd53a662d67a490fd2b2ce424a103716a96c	He built and distributed entire blocks of free housing to the poor in his native Medellin.
5bba68b0b0eb99ead06d885269fe24795a04323e	They say that their inhabitants did not even pay taxes and lived for their own pleasure.
b76b7f819a691716ca514c168f863345b1caf895	Escobar spent a huge part of his income on charity.
06509e2b002b3dbf9310677fda685a33c2d1cd29	Escobar quite seriously believed that someday the cocaine trade would be legalized, and this business would make Colombia a prosperous country.
7383d1f3c8be2eabac083104e8b2c6b8cab1bcbf	Relatives of the drug lord say that Pablo doted on his children, and when the clouds gathered over the head of the cartel, first of all he took care not of himself, but of his family.
cd0ed81b143053134e283f19b2825217b396942a	Once, hiding from government agents, Escobar, along with his son and daughter, found himself in a high-altitude shelter.
a55d476f7d00033a594eef3dd6fcfbc259f7f53c	The night was extremely cold, and in an attempt to warm his daughter, Escobar burned almost two million dollars in cash.
4a93063a7ad5f9ba1bbd404bae3b2c6e5af0a24a	About 20 thousand people came to Escobar's funeral and cried.
6af3abd3ed88e2e9851fac7eaae7b04df596d6bb	As the funeral witnesses note, they were not hired actors.
e0b31df06799b22546b96bc1edd0ec985cee03c5	The feelings were sincere.
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954b52688c6b9fbcc4810c4ff295602450c6ffcb	The main Thing is the New earthquake in Italy The war in Syria The Economic Forum in Davos The Transfer of St. Isaac's Cathedral of the Russian Orthodox Church The crash of a Boeing cargo plane near Bishkek The investigation of the Tu 154 crash in Sochi Oil prices The US intelligence report on "Russian interference" in the elections 75 years of the Soviet Information Bureau
3ab6bc754ab0fccd22839802837b1165cff6da4d	The famous drug lord Pablo Escobar committed suicide, his son said 00: 4309.11.2014 (updated: 08:59 09.11.2014) 049491246
0eba704fc21a5b652b7eb65b7dcb2cf5787b3600	© AP Photo/ Fernando Vergara
72a76ac97845076e4c90e55125775196f6370038	Juan Pablo claims that the official version of his father's death is not true, Escobar was not killed, but committed suicide. seeing that he is surrounded.
bb693ce82ba8bbc2a25af9579284d61164429f43	MEXICO CITY, Nov 9 RIA Novosti, Dmitry Znamensky.
63617554abac71afd4fb0e0e3c0b34d5eaf856ac	© Fotolia/ Africa Studio
1b43c7bbaf011855b5f41b766658f29fde7ac8c6	Drug lord Escobar's house sold in the US for $10 million
15d93545cfbf4df9b7ceb0ffa35c36de58067d96	In the 80s of the last century, the head of the Medellin cartel, Escobar, headed the list of the most wanted drug traffickers in the United States and was considered one of the richest people on the planet.
966274543a1bf7b22ab17b4338f24a51d251a475	The United States, where Escobar supplied tons of cocaine, has been hunting for it for a long time.
7a6a9b07c0789285178c24cbb682cb0ccaea32e9	The drug dealer was killed in 1993 as a result of a special operation by an elite unit of the Colombian police, and the Medellin cartel ceased to exist.
325d6e036cfb05c6b3deee3f17cfffba09bb9d06	The criminal's son Juan Pablo claims that the official version of his father's death does not correspond to reality — allegedly Escobar was not killed, but committed suicide, seeing that he was surrounded.
0befac5d6b540a9f270e2ad09dac801b8c3997d6	© RIA Novosti.
95b6e1d55a371b599a42e49494ba28ea24f55ba3	Dmitry Znamensky
6b71c34128d3d65df6671862b6b0422aa2aab41e	The ex policeman who destroyed Escobar was convicted of links with militants
6db916908449ce0b35384994780305b8f33b7489	According to independent experts, in total, Escobar has 5-10 thousand human lives on his conscience.
3f74201e64ba4a135f1a9672c75b60dd65763ba2	He is credited with the murders of the Colombian Minister of Justice, the country's presidential candidate, as well as the bombing of an Avianca plane.
b337029328512e86367b823d010d624212bab42e	At the same time, Escobar was an extravagant criminal.
32e86675506cc67e54548e0934625859789c9e49	For example, it is at his expense that numerous football fields for children and even a whole block for the poor were built in Medellin.
3464dc11507c600bbff7daec3d6fb71402063a5f	246
8102a967d3ac8f6b53e3d1c5b5a2f15985a1dd33	The famous drug lord Pablo Escobar committed suicide, said his son 00: 43 09/11/2014 Juan Pablo, the son of a criminal, claims that the official version of his father's death does not correspond to reality - allegedly Escobar was not killed, but committed suicide, seeing that he was surrounded.
fd78f9ff847c33e2896888bacdc8e850f4863a46	In the world #Pablo Escobar #US Drug Enforcement Administration #Colombia
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69f9400183108b93dcbfe447675170f754eb6457	Escobar, Pablo
43ecbc70c0ea026dd53b890db0c06a0a592dcd20	This article lacks links to information sources.
5a7c41e90351fa97b021d1f3e799729f86b59e1e	This mark was set on May 12, 2011.
40726092ba15e0eab7b49104c36e8fc39b6ac5f7	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Escobar.
71956ea8f1cb167416e3f09ea191d08bb924d9bc	Pablo Escobar
dabab6efad5d625aceee573d2d14c525f7a9a927	Spanish : Pablo Escobar
7838dc29341828837dca6301ef37b4269bb853ea	Birth name: Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria
af1832b00d1a0bdb97fef7015160177df669b7ba	Occupation: drug lord, politician
1bd7782ac217ba4635f5e251a17ad7150c27be10	Date of birth: December 1 1949(1949-12-01)[1][2]
bd642cbc6ca7aaab68212a4082bcc311e24c8d94	Place of birth: Rionegro, Colombia
c3203abb0123d8d05ff27cf518b8704a7d4c59b9	Nationality: Colombia Colombia
dfafa22ef604592922c1977ae579972fdcf79435	Date of death: December 2 1993(1993-12-02)[1][2] (44 year)
3d267d683b815dea81594f5feaedc2aa33cbd548	Place of death: Medellin, Colombia
7aea178c2bc5f7fb7e005d724e14540d4138536b	Father: Jesus Dari Escobar
3d000b0fd7bb9021f20bc068ddc5bfed61f45807	Mother: Hemilda Gaviria
46e8ac0df5f35f8d96d1eefcd962d23fe2be247f	Children: Son Juan Pablo
e615dac08703a20241fa2a7541a35b2d923a5c82	daughter manuela
d7db8eb06d7d3b5a1824b2676b4b539d4f5f89b2	Pablo Escobar on Wikimedia Commons
ab96bdf2d5ca526779668554f5b136dcab94e7bb	Escobar earned huge, but at the same time dirty money in the drug business.
65d008ef7ae4b4ed9cb153914617c775b2e43f7a	In 1989, Forbes magazine estimated his fortune at more than $ 1 billion[3].
31904d8a10b38e00cb6e494025d4152aabcc880c	Escobar went down in history as one of the most famous and violent criminals of the XX century, not only in Colombia, but also around the world.
0b36f81430df2100f34d6a509251267e31f5e5c0	1 Biography 1.1 Beginning of criminal activity 1.2 Founding of a cocaine cartel 1.3 Political activity 1.4 Persecution and arrest 1.5 End of career and death
ab7baf8c04fb8b999a437464cc2b6cb6fc1d45d2	2 Family 3 Interesting facts 4 In art 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Literature 8 References
ec45ef0317243cec4cccd63c6537570f5c6ecfb0	Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria was born on December 1, 1949 in the city of Rionegro (Colombia), he was the third child in the family of farmer Jesus Dari Escobar and school teacher Hemilda Gaviria.
2159cc9fb75346bb3f910caf1ee1dbff890240ff	As a teenager, Pablo spent a lot of time on the streets of Medellin, which was the capital of the department of Antioquia, Escobar's hometown was located 27 km away.
3c6d27e40cbdaaf018abe2b9ac94be2d1b06f02e	For a short period of time, he studied at the Autonomous University of Latin America in Medellin[4][5].
a8cf67067ffd89db710ae7e1dd7c29cc27d7109b	The beginning of criminal activity[edit / edit wiki text]
36386efc7aca4b1e7559011288259aac819e9876	The young Pablo spent most of his time in the poor neighborhoods of Medellin, which was a real hotbed of crime.
18fdabcda1e1ed6a66438d021cf900bfd757ba8e	Escobar began to steal tombstones from the local cemetery and, erasing the inscriptions, sell them to Panamanian dealers.
84fd0cfdac6bb2d411d53eabfed3012b19e09e78	Then he sold cigarettes and marijuana, forged lottery tickets.
46fd8369fc22b1f3428409c1d632d71145e2635e	Soon he created a small gang and began to steal expensive cars for sale for spare parts.
99abd91f9aeee4b1d3e1fe5747952f5d554cea10	Then the idea came to him to engage in racketeering[6].
ad8e26c70f20863ce04fa0d2d459051f74ae099c	Robbing the rich, Pablo built cheap housing for the poor and his popularity in Medellin grew from day to day[7].
d0a491bae3c098a84a63d7928aa34fe5cbd23c23	A year later, 22 year old Escobar was the most famous criminal authority of Medellin.
1c3d41a8a0259203a30685142b663fcddb9ff870	His gang continued to grow, and Pablo decided to start a new criminal business, with which his entire subsequent life will be connected.
558def103d3c68b060fb06fb558b2fa6c50a56a4	Marijuana was to be replaced by a new drug, and it became cocaine, which, along with other alkaloids, is found in plants of the genus Erythroxylum (Erythroxylum), for example, in the coca bush (Erythroxylum coca), etc. These plants were widely distributed in Colombia, and Escobar put the production of drugs on stream.
1fc4c00e4817409c18c72ea61111ea37de8e08b5	However, at first, Pablo's group was only an intermediary, buying goods from manufacturers and selling them to resellers who sold cocaine in the United States.[7]
5b4f3d6059f264424bedc4ac9bdd3cd097751975	In March 1976, Pablo Escobar married his 18 year old girlfriend Maria Victoria Eneo Viejo, who had previously been in his entourage.
f7b7203620d6a36eb74ef73804985ccb20a7e8f2	His work was organized at the highest level: a large pier, a number of gas stations and a modern hotel with all amenities were built there.
b88e05928def3207e0d7f7e10e4371bbb92c907e	No drug dealer could take cocaine outside Colombia without the permission of Pablo Escobar.
7a498ca5623ab2c7341a547269d2021c6ca28cca	Escobar removed the so called 35 percent tax on each batch of drugs and ensured its delivery.
d3488fe1ea5bbb4b19ec9b4f9ec0b5e4d8945058	The foundation of the cocaine cartel[edit / edit wiki text]
963cc3c9f675c690e5e0324cb9bcb9e401b8109a	Main article: Medellin Cartel
87872780b2eba413481e0bfe48e43e447bf4eb41	30 year old Pablo Escobar became one of the richest people in the world.
2edd70c10867df671764244df95350f7fae26ecc	Political activity[edit / edit wiki text]
53a8d52b3b0bd0b0f18fdb150f9981f9c76bd5d4	In 1982, Pablo Escobar ran for election and at the age of 32 became a substitute congressman of the Congress of Colombia (he received the right to vote for congressmen during their absence).
0a95eba357e48886a9f39a8d01fbf96a6047169f	Having infiltrated Congress, Escobar dreamed of becoming president of Colombia.
6c270dc41adc4049b722796e1ea0ca4ad2bb8cc4	However, once in Bogota, he noticed that his popularity did not go beyond Medellin.
3d7a22e875acbec44e483fab7b15997258cd0b42	In Bogota, of course, they heard about him, but as a dubious person, paving the cocaine road to the presidential chair.
9bda4852aed5c9d92e7b24c74ecee6226a5ea4c3	In the mid 80s, Escobar's cocaine empire controlled almost all spheres of life in Colombian society.
7e6fde6c940640e7b3a26eaa6b57965875904ba0	The drug mafia responded to the total war launched by the government with terror.
8c42351805611e717d84ee52d8e611e5c6284a4f	Pablo Escobar created a terrorist group called Los Extraditables, whose members attacked officials, police officers, as well as anyone who opposed the drug trade.
a30e36224ae05c2cca5baa392267943ab7cb9372	The reason for the terrorist action could be a major police operation or the extradition to the United States of the next boss of the cocaine mafia.
6bbfe1cc0a03e32acb7ca12788c82e143dc0a0ae	However, a few days later, the new President of Colombia, Verhilio Barco, vetoed the decision of the Supreme Court and renewed the agreement.
913136e3ee0fef37c9bf88fc42ce86ff1906dcfe	In February 1987, Escobar's closest aide, Carlos Leder, was extradited to the United States.
885b8eeb2e442099a5d5f983383f578252a01145	In addition, the peasants always warned him when suspicious people appeared, cars with policemen or soldiers, or a helicopter.
5f19e848e8a5b144eef5909f104c29d65693569a	He agreed to surrender to the police if the government would guarantee that he would not be extradited to the United States.
5159562615ddccd46c70f69db5a7cf3601218b6d	The authorities refused.
e271839be548d5c33384f2c74f52e8ec8949739b	On August 16, 1989, Supreme Court Judge Carlos Valencia died at the hands of Escobar's killers.
c0dd611bac60d7634e9d46a57191492b7ad3e938	On August 18, 1989, a well known Colombian politician, Luis Carlos Galan, was shot dead at an election rally, who promised to start an irreconcilable war with cocaine traffickers if he was elected president of the country, to clear Colombia of drug lords by extraditing them to the United States.
d3f241ff1bc6225d632fcef81fdec63b7015f4b8	Before the election of the President of Colombia, killers in Bogota alone carried out 7 explosions within two weeks, as a result of which 37 people were killed and about 400 people were seriously injured.
1f6156b539a6d0a20d8b1306478a63898265a527	On November 27, 1989, the people of Pablo Escobar planted a bomb in a passenger plane Boeing 727 of the Colombian airline Avianca, on board of which there were 101 passengers and 6 crew members.
ed148229f188f9e254ea4ecbd86740a6842df62e	Five minutes after the airliner took off, a powerful explosion was heard on board.
ac52fedbb47a55d41defcd73dd09a100f8e333fd	The plane broke in half, caught fire and crashed into the nearby hills.
0c907c0909d450ec4ab6719575c2878ed8fd8942	None of the people on board survived, in addition, three people on the ground were killed by falling debris of the plane.
f6e26736760c45acc7303b558b19aaba74bce7fe	Mass raids swept through the country, during which chemical laboratories and coca plantations were destroyed.
6611d4a4aa331b5fe150f5260a4442845434027f	Dozens of participants of drug cartels were behind bars.
2d76138d86824909ff295183b8b8ecdfc276f735	In response, Pablo Escobar twice attempted to assassinate the chief of the Colombian secret police, General Miguel Masa Marquez.
1ad102d8ac8db95980460d5ea05b3ba09707bcad	In the second attempt, on December 6, 1989, a bomb explosion killed 62 people and injured about 100 people of varying severity.
8a1a0ad2a21722c4e8c6771c92e9787daa979647	By the early 90s, Pablo Escobar headed the list of the most wanted drug traffickers in the United States.
689247287ec332847739a8cf40d8c139d2b9b98a	Harassment and arrest[edit / edit wiki text]
8b9a974e8370337e17e298dc6d12cfbc13bbf87f	The Colombian government created a "Special Search Group", the target of which was Pablo Escobar himself.
2168ff8b02a9f06addb21baf8cc93b9068a79e0a	Thanks to the activities of the group, led by Colonel Martinez, several people from the inner circle of Pablo Escobar were captured.
e2af22508a6e4a90decd9619f9f0d6f822cb030c	Escobar's men have kidnapped some of the richest people in Colombia.
55f178ea121b4b4d52e32b24e8a8bcd9699bb95d	Pablo Escobar hoped that the influential relatives of the hostages would put pressure on the government to cancel the agreement on the extradition of the criminals.
0cf35b0f42977cee4f1c2a765b8ead9292e2c41c	And in the end, Escobar's plan succeeded.
f085f77d7739b126147a2dc117fb4732c4775785	The government canceled the extradition of Pablo Escobar.
986f929a39f9842d5609979d0b67695d75d071ac	On June 19, 1991, after Pablo Escobar was no longer threatened with extradition to the United States, he surrendered to the authorities.
42659a00a3e22f93f87b33e51b8dc7114486b319	Escobar agreed to plead guilty to several minor crimes, in return, he was forgiven for all his past ones.
d08c56def00b8ab5ce6bcd8467280d78200bd8fb	Pablo Escobar was in a prison that he had built for himself.
7784f02a1b69e9950e7b6f8f3134cd0f0ec168f5	The prison was called "La Catedral"and was built in the Envigado mountain range.
7a191dd4c959db4d6ebc4ff0a821ebdb84f95f54	La Catedral was more like an expensive, prestigious club than an ordinary prison.
55d633b70ae0e8c6a6a5339fed094eb5c3a1cb70	There was a disco, a swimming pool, a Jacuzzi and a sauna, and a large football field in the courtyard.
76270b95c1584f0cb86a4bd3565ea31e1d6bd0d6	Escobar's friends, women, came there to see him.
2fd72c76a43f82d46a5ca369c2827e3cb3d013c4	Escobar's family could visit him at any time.
8c3ceae7002d41679c54a1a58845f2d22d72a3ff	Colonel Martinez's " Special Search Group "had no right to approach La Catedral closer than 3 kilometers.
0a0cf351c48871c14a54b515f2881b72864e8916	Escobar came and went when he wanted to.
ac72a5a8a5e272082a9c6be949b1de20ef28903d	He attended football matches and nightclubs in Medellin.
410715e7bf11e89211e6c79655f1136495a7fd69	During his" imprisonment", Pablo Escobar continued to run a multibillion dollar cocaine business.
47d10b8d5a03ea3c6a061d76d97b1fd81d824142	One day he found out that his partners in the cocaine cartel, taking advantage of his absence, robbed him.
b8547d165037696c699e09fe3cf241cd4aec9c35	He immediately ordered his men to take them to La Catedral.
76706d5a58636665cd55c1d8d85b3ee1524b5c55	He personally subjected them to cruel tortures, drilling his victims ' knees and pulling out their nails, and then ordered his men to kill them and take the corpses outside the prison.
0b940ab684dd91096541831ff5eba1aadc757518	It is known that Escobar committed one of the two murders himself.
76f458af95ead7b5cda437836339c14486112072	This time Escobar went too far.
3c614eca1e8b75934f237700fce90d138dc35990	On July 22, 1992, President Cesar Gaviria ordered the transfer of Pablo Escobar to a real prison.
dfef0de10c157b75ebcfd97feddcd88b6928c817	But Escobar found out about the president's decision and ran away.
c587005db137b2423ec94815c4128ace57c4c1a3	The governments of the United States and Colombia were this time determined to put an end to Escobar and his Medellin cocaine cartel.
5be8b39ec12565101f7184abaee47e257bdb2904	Escobar's main mistake was that he could not critically assess the current situation.
19e6c08768f0f96d0343328bbce6459050c5375b	He considered himself a more significant figure than he really was.
2b743a9dbeb3d8ca0261c2999de91cdd570001d9	He continued to have huge financial opportunities, but he no longer had any real power.
b1b191e522146ca8054c239161c743a91345e6da	The only way for Escobar to somehow improve the situation was to try to renew the agreement with the government.
8ebe6febac7f90de8b245c9d352565d140a05a5b	Escobar tried several times to re conclude a deal with justice, but President Cesar Gaviria, like the US government, believed that this time it was not worth entering into any negotiations with the drug lord.
f2bb6ceb4a032e1d3808ace103a483d5bafe97bd	It was decided to pursue him and, if possible, eliminate him during his arrest.
bbdc753c3c816b11a443a51ccbf2aa4a38d662e7	On January 30, 1993, Pablo Escobar's men planted a powerful bomb in a car near a bookstore on one of the crowded streets of Bogota.
b45b729ad354da21a6da7ad4d0ae5a3ac8c560a9	The explosion occurred when there were a lot of people there, mostly parents with their children.
c45bb0d725db4758de43c25d0d0e906fd74d04d0	As a result of this terrorist attack, 21 people were killed and more than 70 were seriously injured.
1f854c0af77cd2edbecb50d7e4ecd22313108cb7	The Cali drug cartel, which competes with it, also fought with the Medellin cartel.
fef4a424864ca5c36e1492d3f055155522b82a09	In addition, the Self — Defense Forces of Cordoba and Uraba (Autodefensas Campesinas de Córdoba y Urabá, ACCU), created by the Castagno brothers Gil — Fidel and Carlos, an ultra — right paramilitary group whose fighters fought against the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia — the Army of the People, the FARC — a left wing rebel group of Colombia, in close cooperation with the US CIA, which has always supported anti communist movements, groups of Colombian citizens, the organization "Los Pepes" is an acronym from the Spanish phrase "Perseguidos por Pablo Escobar" - "Chasing Pablo Escobar".
da12423fad40397f77e70b8f9d112830f729f7ab	In addition to the militants, it included Colombian citizens whose relatives died because of Escobar.
511ac5071701370e5ca18591a21ac258ca23ce44	This organization also received funding from the Cali Cartel.
8c6c289ec55bcd0851d647581b81c22c4bab2518	After the terrorist attack, the participants of "Los Pepes" detonated bombs in front of the house of Pablo Escobar.
f69a496707501dacef8670de0e432701dd005918	The estate that belonged to his mother burned to the ground.
35b80e5a5dcf8bf1f9df6104a71c1ff3c325e296	"Los Pepes" began to terrorize and hunt those who were somehow connected with him or his cocaine business.
5a42736889cc008df6a905f4673c05b88dd1e3ef	In a relatively short time, the Los Pepes organization caused significant damage to Escobar's cocaine empire.
06785b033c8db38c484380028da404d70797862a	Its members killed many of his people, persecuted his family, burned his estates.
4e1d84c05c3cc0874f1f8b52cbbf79ce79003821	Now Escobar was seriously worried about his family.
8a7b691f8b70de2cb9d8b87492c0a25809d5698d	If his family was outside of Colombia, he could declare an all out war on the government and his enemies.
e9407fb8585991e18df0e2a7e641506370a01b13	Escobar wanted to take his family to Germany, but after negotiations between the Colombian government and the US special services with the German government, Escobar's family was denied entry to the country and the plane was returned back to Colombia.
5cd315f9bd820cec0e2cb59dbe5b99a2ca1a085a	In Colombia, the government put them up in one of the hotels.[source not specified 520 days]
531a1b9dc53c40466438183532ab8076f795740f	End of career and death[edit / edit wiki text]
090a5f39912ae158846fd043696e9b40551deb4b	Check the information.
35922be98dc4f71331405b1f20d804b1c7dc2464	It is necessary to check the accuracy of the facts and the reliability of the information provided in this article.
6c72de28cef3b8e3cbc3ccd4e89f1dd3dabd0aca	There should be explanations on the discussion page.
fb82724a7ef88bc2c7d50c1d5a6e506f3a573fbd	Check the neutrality.
47e3b4ab64ff96fd3b3a6a720b1279d81ae0810e	There should be details on the discussion page.
c2539ffac2a2b0a77acec5e69082f1d3f1007d8d	Colombian police officers near Escobar's corpse
a479fc3309c9eb09751ee2abb1322356888ecf0e	On December 1, 1993, Pablo Escobar turned 44 years old.
4ee8463f075b7e42f315158c45776dea03c1b178	He knew that he was being constantly monitored, so he tried to speak very briefly on the phone so that he would not be "spotted" by police and special services agents.
92d0956645c57aabd1111729d8c4abc6186ae96b	This time, while talking to his son Juan, Escobar stayed on the line for about 5 minutes.
d66c6a1c3b2f4bddb600732298d8ad7473954a7e	After that, Escobar was spotted in the Medellin quarter of Los Olibos.
e3b4e04d8a5c50dca0dfa80c85c9662cf3cbdbc3	The commandos broke down the door and rushed inside.
c735b67ecde224fe00a742d9e92be2d1f0e3ca85	At that moment, Escobar's bodyguard El Limon opened fire on the police officers who were trying to storm the house.
1d526b31af5bc8e6ea77e1b330d70046a9ce86ee	El Limon was injured and fell to the ground.
fe34d9f6be5d2daae3aff084410f7c744a7c3103	Immediately after that, with a gun in his hands, Pablo Escobar himself leaned out of the same window.
30403708ff08631761565c52c5b6226e8ab89079	He opened fire randomly in all directions.
01746a980562feac14a37f3aa159b97c061dfac2	Family[edit / edit wiki text]
a7758e7a0571957eac829a7a2aeea151fff1facf	Escobar's widow and children began to live in Argentina, and his brother became almost completely blind in his right eye after a letter bomb was sent to his cell.
fdbc1fce866bd3af6447ec176ec68e65db274d15	Interesting facts[edit / edit wiki text]
a997af82396e6dad090bc394eab82ad0edec4385	The son of a drug lord, Sebastian Marrokin, said that once, once again hiding from government agents, Escobar, along with his son and daughter, found himself in a high altitude shelter.
4ff9fcd4220ce04133877ff8c5fe3f9ad5c2ba70	The night turned out to be extremely cold, and in an attempt to warm his daughter and cook food, Escobar burned about $ 2 million in cash[9].
1097e835036cd3bcc54211e0fa8a434a2846e025	In art[edit / edit wiki text]
fae1bc13a786aa1cdf26bb5028221c052c455c33	In the 2001 film "Cocaine", Pablo Escobar was played by actor Cliff Curtis.
ac7a0a138ea94fd9f0bf3c37e85ed130dac75126	In 2014, the Italian director Andrea Di Stefano shot a drama using facts about the life of Pablo Escobar - "Paradise Lost", the role of Escobar was played by Benicio Del Toro[10].
c9fcf0669afa356ebb0f30e0b0ac6efab1c6b33b	In 2015, the Netflix studio launched the series "Narco", which tells about the criminal life of Pablo Escobar.
08123876bdd5e26a478ab4350d6c417223a4cde1	The role of Escobar was played by Wagner Moura.
701044b19e31efc356675be366f3956aa7e5c608	In the 2016 film" Undercover Scam", Pablo Escobar was shown in a cameo role.
bd518e457d64b580c24c6fc9176f83e338148326	The Colombian artist Fernando Botero depicted the death of Escobar in one of his paintings.
fd0d7497e589cbd4b404bb73c2440357eae65da1	The airport of the fictional city of Vice City in the games Grand Theft Auto: Vice City and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories is named after Pablo Escobar.
032f1cada2871d04b72049886a7fb43dced661f9	Drug trafficking Medellin Cocaine Cartel
7f36939517fbba2bb6a554bb5dd556000175e42e	↑ 1 2 data.bnf.fr: open data platform — 2011.
089d7512d2aadb8df9f1676f692553eb0fe7f7b6	<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q20666306"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q54837"></a>
ff6ca88829b96b77612a12f8331e0550fce850e1	↑ 1 2 Person Profile // Internet Movie Database — 1990.
1f7af96618d03ba49555be90062260e739cfe2b3	<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q37312"></a>
2d4dcb1a1ad730b796426d8630f51e6bbf3a49ba	↑ The Original 1987 List Of International Billionaires (English).
a1754db5e88789a33a2202b37c50ac956dadb9a7	Forbes.com LLC™.
dc1326bb969625e405c32fc47b603ddb6aefa26f	Checked 2015-20-07.
1b7996eb755f7a87a8fd32155b13d741cc414861	↑ PABLO ESCOBAR (English).
a31339ae7c871be9f857ea97346c73d59018f8e3	AETN UK.
b33cb6dfce6a12085df672ecd5d6d8dce907bc40	Verified on May 6, 2013.
c9012a14402d16507bf8b3f2337fdcfd263db1ee	Archived from the original source on May 11, 2013.
8e8ec83778b2a8e406c86f90035ca5c896e7e999	F Fox, Ken The Private Archives Of Pablo Escobar: Review (English).
cdb7cac63cae6e0537fb3a7cdc11f28115e8014a	TV Guide.
e49485007a90e297446e7f6e9b61ed69589a9935	Archived from the original source on May 11, 2013. abl Pablo Escobar (English).
fae0cd220b3720db2b04a89cd4faa8334cf6c9d2	ColombiaLink.com. Verified on May 6, 2013.
cff600c6dda7d9e3d5cac3ff18410ed15219ef98	↑ 1 2 At the age of 21, Pablo did not lack for willing people.... teract.ru. Verified on May 7, 2013.
88e5df389b75735817644b4572b820447a60bf5e	↑ "Silver or lead" D DM: Escobar burned $2 million to warm his daughter / / Gazeta.
b8b31ded947fc7c5021c37a1f5c9c3447527cead	En, November 3, 2009 (Verified November 3, 2009) ↑ Benicio del Toro will play Pablo Escobar
afb923498edb1b443a2f98f61e218fdc46eddc7e	Mark Bowden.
234b99fac33f4aac63d3368ab569228c5d616579	Killing Pablo.
f8e32d265546839c98c496f4b27fbcdc966b7c01	— Grove Press, 2007.
318f9dff8b4437a075e8ef56696d80bc05a905d5	— 400 p.
f450efe8941432e9396ab6daebe002a398f0fa09	— ISBN 0802197574.
85219b0745818bcde865113b4e29fc580586929a	Medellin: Pablo Escobar// Article and photo of the place of events by Guy Gugliotta, Jeff Lin.
ede9dccca8b1c7a89c6d5ecb968f71fc3ca0463c	Cocaine kings, 1989.
1c0f1ecd4fd8b4d86a02990a563a7a31d9651d70	/ / Translation in the journal Foreign Literature 3.1991
c7b2b2e53d484f9513ead28ff03ed4d86b101773	"News of the abduction", by Gabriel Garcia Marquez
c54004a5b8b42fdbcd27cf222a07d22247745b6f	There is a page on the topic in Wikicitatnik
4a9a56cfc1ebabf9657138cd58d658baeba3c5f4	Notable Names Database · Internet Movie Database
21da73986231d3f2b44ed64ba285bc2f9e526c01	Regulatory Control BNE: XX1577576 * BNF: 124289975 · GND: 119182319 · ISNI: 0000 0001 2279 2940 · LCCN: n93066039 · NDL: 00881598 · NKC: xx0069916 · NTA: 122252608 · PTBNP: 1614824 · SUDOC: 033422761 · VIAF: 45106033
d32598817e617668b6a682dee2a082c6129e76ce	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escobar, _Pablo&oldid=82884455"
6a68ef5bcd67af8109b361dc8ee330b45a292022	Categories: Persons alphabetically Born on December 1 Born in 1949 Born in Rionegro Died on December 2 Died in 1993 Died in Medellin Drug lords of Colombia Medellin Cocaine Cartel Murderers of Colombia Thieves Drug Dealers Billionaires of Colombia Criminals of Colombia Killed during detention Died from firearms
8d1122bc0471c160f9c3ecb316fa40056a50d31e	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles without links to sources from May 2011 Wikipedia:Articles without sources (type: person) Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Wikipedia:Articles with sources from Wikidata Wikipedia:No sources since August 2015 Wikipedia:Articles with statements without sources for more than 14 days Wikipedia:Articles with sections without links to sources from May 2011 Wikipedia:Articles whose authenticity requires verification by Wikipedia:Articles whose neutrality is questioned Articles with links to Wikicitatnik Pages using magic ISBN links
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c94c9f740263b565f530b47aa4500a7259fa208b	Last modified on this page: 09: 16, January 6, 2017.
83e1d489ab7eca32128bff0e32bac4f9d4f6ee8a	News The authorities of the Mexican Cancun declared a state of emergency 15:15 In St. Petersburg, deputies staged a skirmish over Isaac 15:14 Six people were injured by explosions in buses in southern China 15:11 Physicists told how to use hair in the manufacture of armor 15:10 The quarantine for influenza was lifted in Chelyabinsk schools 15:10 In China, the carrying of copies of weapons will be banned 15:09 Tennis player Rublev lost to the first racket of the world at the Australian Open 15:07 Muscovite was not hired because of six friends "VKontakte" 15:02 The State Duma approved the creation of an electronic queue at the border of the Russian Federation 15:00 A policeman who beat a suspect will be tried in Azov 14:57 Video: Traffic police arranged a chase for a rabid "Sable" on the Garden Ring 14:54 Sensational information about the final season of "Game of Thrones" appeared 14:50 In Tomsk, a revolutionary method for diagnosing brain diseases will be introduced 14:50 In Krasnodar, the director of the car dealership was accused of a scam for 82 million rubles 14:38 The EU Summit on Brexit will be held a month after receiving notification 14:29 In Chuvashia, a pilot died when a motorcycle paraglider fell 14:27 The media included Arshavin in the top ten football players who did not play on the World Cup 14:22 A case was opened in Omsk about beating a child with a poker 14:20 Yaroslavl doctors denied death from Hong Kong flu 14:20 Video: A giant crack in Antarctica threatens the polar station 14:12 The main secret of gold was revealed 14:11 Naftogaz refused to pay $ 5.3 billion to Gazprom 14:09 Kucherena: Snowden has every reason to obtain Russian citizenship 14:05 Crimean museums appealed the decision of the Amsterdam court on Scythian gold 14:04 In the Moscow metro 38 toilets will appear 14:03
90cfa6814b5ea7e7a60ba6dd65479b835b000db7	On January 18, Orthodox Christians celebrate Epiphany Christmas Eve
0d58dcf2287fc2aa4c4aec2266b98c049c46d4cb	The " RG " will tell about the February Revolution of 1917
4700b085ed5540a53ee75d9a7b77841fbb166022	The project "We read with the whole world" by Evgeny Onegin is presented in "RG ""
407b58fb73496835af01d0e20c0ec330d12398ea	02.12.2013 17:10
177de6c2e6333f5cc6007d4e40965635f07a0987	Category: In the world, an etude in cartel tones
bd48ce1f5a383f2e716ec33f1b87ce6b576052f4	Text: Alexander Kornev
2394166779bf83a0591687142175f272e90fc836	Touching moments from the life of drug lord Pablo Escobar
c4f894c5050d360ee30292cb484a991e76ea270d	From the photo from the police station, a charming man with the appearance of an opera singer, a lush mustache and sly eyes surrounded by kind wrinkles is smiling broadly.
7457b3f886b320512ddb0e8095aa5096605e3375	Thousands of people were killed on his orders, he turned Colombia into a military camp.
fe8c3d0eadaa075144dfbafbb081c71d2053c823	He built and distributed houses to the poor, at his funeral people sobbed and threw themselves on the coffin - thousands of people.
59804596e61048c7af94ae4bd94d7d9148fd9eee	Drug lord Pablo Escobar has gone down in history as a controversial figure.
efc0a6663fc9fd1e63cdab46299c6909f6eb97cc	For some, a monster who executed right and left, for others Robin Hood and the embodiment of the Latin American dream.
201e1f6b2cce184323076f8f7b898e3b984d6444	This man was larger than life, the Americans who fought with him admit.
f9b037c0880c39673d3cfc406808ebab7b95596a	"Every person is a saint for someone"
36e716e08affebd6b257affd8362de625f9df829	Photo:Jose Gomez/ Reuters
0eacb49dbdca9fa789817b186ac9a81bd47f3abd	However, there is an opinion that in this way he bought himself popular support.
d95364a9f4628a437cd46cd3ab030029bad22115	As a result, photos of the drug lord are still displayed on many family altars of Colombians.
bb635a29bd9363bb7791c692552a88e46dd22f49	"All I wanted was to make Colombia a better place"
97f8c1ee9ebca12d3e89647ab6f2a1f93d1278c5	He cited the Kennedy family as an example.
3570b598193fb6ccbc2242a741333eddec7ae4e0	Their ancestors were smugglers, bootleggers, and eventually one of the Kennedys became president of the United States.
2b93a3ea47b44c82654d5880dffd5f59d6a8c6b0	Escobar was a romantic.
569fdc89e2d650da0118c0f790f56260813e4399	There are photos where he is dressed in the costumes of his idols - Al Capone and the Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa.
25051f722d58a96107051725a1a074c952f09d69	"A person is obliged to fight for his family and his property, and if he needs weapons for this, so be it"
943c6f02fa4cf36cb2d636d9805e3f50bcf60c66	Photo:Reuters Photographer
d94539a090b44743be1eebbbc95f69670caa83b5	Escobar had 400 mistresses, for whom he built a whole town.
505e7acf9ce1779def7e4324716c2d0a21770b26	At least, that's what they say.
d3b2e056fbd9939843eaddcac5052eee4327addd	But there is another story.
ad98464a9d4e7ad4e1a19857b40e700aec3047f4	When one of the drug lord's girlfriends, 15 year old Maria, became pregnant, he did not kill her and did not take her out of sight.
2d24fb8f349982fef097069a3f56987cafd070e5	Escobar married a girl, and she bore him two wonderful children a son, Juan Pablo, and a daughter, Manuella.
02a6ffbc36406c0d3bda181148be98c37b6a0566	He tried all his life to be a good husband and father.
ef9a62b64ee2fe441a4ec6e4c9f0414ccab7325c	"In this life, I can find a replacement for any thing, but I will never find a replacement for my wife and children"
fc6511e115768e5f8323eae4543082559cb54ca3	Once, hiding from government agents, Escobar, along with his son and daughter, found himself in a high altitude shelter.
36bee94c39d4c5d794ac505c8bb1e5a613420a33	"When you're dead, you have nothing to be afraid of"
633168291d679d72ee135533c27236ea79dd480c	After the US announced a hunt for Escobar, he had to go into hiding.
708be217e2a874ecb6bcb40555fcf82316c6d2fb	The National Security Agency chased him across the country like a wild animal, hoping that sooner or later he would fall.
8bcdf61f8f838add17ef90946c5c4513159bb90c	The cartel was no longer there, Escobar did not see his family for a long time.
792ac7d92a27b6bcf11f5c6164e94c96b38e395b	He couldnot call them either - the NSA would have immediately figured him out on the call.
67f461135b12c7bfabf0c893ac84077590b8740a	On December 1, 1993, he turned 44 years old.
2993cf01d1fb7ccb52853b517793b9f3ea5ef564	Escobar met his birthday at a secret apartment.
3bbe72801e70d4454638f19c23163cf9684422ab	He picked up the phone and called his son Juan, talking with him for a full five minutes - more than enough for the special services to determine where the drug lord is.
bf88f3426af44ab9cdc912c413c1d7be2cb2e567	"So I say to you: goodbye and take care of yourself"
54b2eb9e41babbee1034bfda17d6c67ad0a4f83b	When Escobar's arrest began, he tried to escape, shooting at the windows of houses, while agents fired at him from the street.
0a40358bd2d63593fd12fa57afaec46039a6376e	He did not understand where death came from.
fd02cc143103d3587a9f2cc121e8cc5d4dd334d9	The last photo of Escobar: a middle aged man, barefoot, in rolled up jeans and a T shirt covered with blood, pulled up on a plentiful stomach, lies on the roof of a barn.
e1d03ef310be3d4267d443b7f4be829fa8f9d7dd	The shooters were willingly photographed against the background of the trophy.
460bfb79b3fb15c0423ce90e1b7ee2720686d5c3	RG Digest What changes will be waiting for Russians from December 30.11.2016 How the November laws coming into force on 28.10.2016 will change the lives of Russians What will become more difficult and what will be easier in the life of Russians from September 31.08.2016
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80e719ad06e7d1c0806a713d3bd7cc3e4d787431	Home "Emerald Columbia" Pablo Escobar: The Cocaine King
a5251736191a0f18350e17f248b1ddc92c82d0a1	Pablo Escobar: The Cocaine King
a87ee90b6297b8ae3db94b3047d792b1aeffe628	Nalitch 5 comments Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (Spanish: Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria, 01.12.1949-02.12.1993) is a well known world terrorist, a Colombian drug lord who earned fabulous money in the drug business and entered world history as one of the most violent criminals of the XX century.
a1c97f778a68a26ad358d7c2ec6aad45d56f3fe8	The beginning of criminal activity
6612dc1258335382fd73cf964d417f1c2cbd8cd9	When Pablo was 12 years old, the family moved to the suburb of Medellin, the town of Envigado.
75f20a2bd3339c0c088625a0775490bb4d714cd1	The teenager soon got used to marijuana, and at the age of 16, the future drug lord was kicked out of school, from that day Pablo began his career as a "banditos", stealing tombstones from a local cemetery for resale.
be98457202f0ec8ed12cbc5e3319f2b5e4a12266	Then, having created a small group, he started stealing expensive cars and selling them for spare parts.
6f1aaf2093c3eb9ce1ff411e1569b40b49660c14	Then Escobar had another “brilliant” idea: he offered his protection to potential victims of the hijacking.
a22ef85ac44087b1ce4eb655145e1f4ac2ada1ad	Those who refused to pay the gang soon lost their "steel horse" — this was a real racket.
96567e4785bbcb8f83a2ffac70573b3b8ce80577	Then, from theft and racketeering, Pablo moved on to committing more serious crimes – kidnappings and murders.
7dfeba457cdec96dbfe1282061e8a226c3313d87	By the age of 21, Pablo had many associates, and the crimes of the Escobar group were becoming more and more ruthless, cruel and sophisticated.
137ea0885e280ccfc2fa87a3f832dc0765883ab3	El Patron
3ff720c5e7aa2fedc457b7e8cca61be7bebad3ac	In 1971, people from the Pablo Escobar gang kidnapped a wealthy Colombian landowner, industrialist Diego Echevario, who was killed after prolonged torture.
acfec5b9740b1902c2c331abe376ed9de36c81da	This villainy was enthusiastically received by the local peasants, the poor, who hated Echevario.
72bef6aa2cfd74a5b7525d157049d88e89f795f9	The poor of Medellin were triumphant, celebrating the death of Diego Echevario and, as a sign of gratitude, began to respectfully call Escobar "El Doctor" (Spanish: El Doctor).
b0f2abf8802bdaa2ef233510294cb213ce2614cb	Meanwhile, "El Doctor" intercepted the production of cocaine from the Chileans, turning it into a fabulously profitable business, on which he became fantastically rich, becoming one of the major criminal authorities of Medellin, and his rating in the city grew day by day.
7050ec350b578e3c1cb4f6c409019c1ab760d91a	It was at that time that the young "El Doctor" became "El Patron" (Spanish: "El Patron"), and he lived with this nickname until his death.
45be67b27cfc645e0c8812697b4e1e089556441d	Drug Lord
758191b153b315ae7ffc41113646d3748c3290f9	The new generation of American hippies of the 70s was no longer content with marijuana alone.
31a5c39c0562a2edfe2da683bbe7c3530f461006	It took a new, stronger drug cocaine, on which Pablo Escobar began to build his criminal business: he bought cocaine from manufacturers, then resold it to smugglers for transportation to the United States.
2d0f23df73df942d880ed702e8a16e9122e95502	The lack of “brakes“, Pablo's constant willingness to kill, manic cruelty — all this put him out of competition.
440f2527fec4ab418250879811da334f002346bf	When Escobar heard rumors about a lucrative criminal case, he simply seized it by force.
43bf7bff725abf692c736073e3c3f275ae60d6ee	Anyone who got in his way, somehow threatening his activities, immediately disappeared without a trace.
95a8125b93171c0cba381aef047b78b85f53f24d	Soon he was running almost the entire cocaine business in the country: without his permission, no drug dealer could take his goods outside the country, he removed a 35% tax on each batch of cocaine, ensuring its delivery.
49b8ebefe55e56ba78c30abee2c82571e0debc9f	Escobar's drug career was developing more than successfully — "El Patron" was literally swimming in money, having finally lost all respect for the law.
e5f2e50e18b95e3a48b381de101f08bcf1e6a5a2	In 1976, Pablo was arrested while trying to smuggle a shipment of cocaine, and a few years later, the police officer who arrested him and the judge who issued an arrest warrant were killed on his orders.
8d704a820e2f6b04f3e90d9925eea23e734d9ff4	The personal life or Women of Pablo Escobar
66de6d3c615ff36a9d0f8160fbba1b2b72cecf3a	In 1974, when Escobar was 24, he began dating 13 year old Maria Victoria Eneo Viejo (Spanish: Maria Victoria Henao Vellejo).
f0b1a8414873a46fdefcde2c7d2975cb2f9864de	When the girl's parents tried to separate them, the couple fled to Palmyra.
21825f9eb96abb9b0edad748b7161578a64567ae	In March 1976, the young people got married, and soon, when Maria was not even 15 years old, their son Juan Pablo was born, and 3.5 years later their beloved daughter Manuela was born.
b861d10a08417598078c83f2c642e2798339b9f9	Since that time, the patron has become vulnerable, because the family is always an obstacle in the conduct of criminal cases.
29be9ef24be82a75541118d0bdbf51bc22b0372c	In 2014, Juan Pablo (Sebastian Marroquin) published the book "My Father Pablo Escobar".
2f3c8c42af42f5c50578c1d0acaa1d6cf8b73646	The top 11 statements from his book can be read here.
4753c16b80187fa1fa5e2b00b6dae907f8ad5450	Throughout his life, Escobar had a huge number of extramarital affairs, was famous for his love of pedophilia, giving preference to underage girls, especially young virgins.
0a08bfdf95a4d1155662d0a169a2ebb38f594711	It is known for certain that the drug lord had more than 400 mistresses, in fact, concubines, for whom a whole small closed town was built.
507d3d594f6976d3d73ce015e748e29a7dbe56c0	Each of his mistresses (among whom there were actresses, winners of beauty contests and fashion models) had a private cottage with a swimming pool, fountains, various porticos and exquisite gazebos, each house was unique in architectural design and landscape design.
151f1e28b93580049ad8df5cea9d38964ed58f4d	One of them was Virginia Vallejo, a successful journalist and a well known media personality on Colombian television.
04968c820b171146e5890e901dabb8400cc24079	They had a very serious relationship, this affair lasted for 5 years, and Vallejo was very close to her patron.
786f643ab8e3467caa867289123a2217dcee37d4	Maria Victoria Eneo Viejo, Pablo Escobar, Virginia Vallejo
b5b4dfa15356a07b441de60abbab59e6e858343f	In 2007, Vallejo published her memoir "Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar", in which she described in detail their romantic relationship.
c53b27e324ddfe7efa61d2a4f5cbd4a26d4a719d	The book immediately became a bestseller.
4d75210511f908052a78f3ad38b3f32d72c2f8ac	Despite all the adventures of her husband, Maria Victoria Eneo Viejo humbly supported him in everything, staying with him until the very last day of his life.
f2a46e6380987dbf06a76f1d480764443ba0e1e2	Later, when she met with the leaders of the rival Cali drug cartel, they told her that they had forced their wives to listen to recordings of her phone conversations with Escobar (which they intercepted during the ongoing war between the Cali and Medellin cartels), "in order to teach them how to support their husbands!"
d1012837cf48174febf51ff5ffbe1bc7c31c649a	The boss of the cocaine empire
41c7791ed41ea284b7e7cb1f4e13353aab0e5f4e	In the summer of 1977 Escobar, teaming up with other major drug traffickers (Jose Rodriguez Gacha, Carlos Leder and the brothers Juan David, Jorge Luis and Fabio Ochoa), created a powerful financial cocaine empire (the "Medellin Cocaine Cartel"), which resembled a state within a state and controlled up to 80% of the world's cocaine turnover.
917f51b408e53d85a1f3e440ccb96d46f9b30f62	The cartel had a well established drug distribution network, its own underground laboratories hidden in the jungle, planes and even the latest submarines.
4d883b26051ad40e1984b192e585d4d60489e3e9	"El Patron" has become the absolute leader of the Medellin cartel and the most indisputable authority in the cocaine industry in the world.
fd4e2a3f999b481cb45d70e15550a8985e90dc23	He bought everything and everyone: police officers, judges, politicians.
bd5d1140fb4e703a24d6710f3cd5933c01f6fe33	If there was no bribery, blackmail was used.
9401733a9abf7be3a17ffa0b2ff4485cb96a1ee7	The main rule of the criminal cartel was the following: "Pay or die".
e00399f00909ee958f320717c8fa7a1c53c86fa5	Columbia's Robin Hood
ddac03e5a097ef99bc5074296ac60369dfbec96a	The cartel constantly " fed " the poor, building cheap housing for them, and the grateful people chose the drug lord as a member of the National Congress.
4ea3ca07802d857c0825e0d51038e5f7f7fde7c7	Escobar did not deprive himself, his beloved: he had 500 thousand hectares of land, 34 estates, 40 rare cars in garages.
e5785bdbdb493d263b305a163cd37aab658dc335	In the main estate of the drug lord, more than 20 artificial lakes, 6 swimming pools were dug, there was even a small airport with several runways.
1b574e2a04ebf484cd3894fe3ffe99eb9fd141fd	It seemed that he simply did not know where to put the money.
f49f2e2d8ab8e6778fc76aaca0e1f028c9ab0042	In his most extensive estate "Naples" (Spanish "Nápoles", after the death of Escobar, this estate, according to the will of the cocaine baron, was given to homeless families), located on 20 thousand hectares, he created the largest safari zoo in South America, where exotic animals were brought from all over the world: 120 antelopes, 30 buffaloes, 6 hippos, 3 elephants and 2 rhinos were brought here.
4efb1609cd4324dc5690810ebe91aa9d32f469f2	Pablo himself did not use much cocaine.
e48257675db1e50f2b974baf687af44a6ad29009	He treated drug addicts with contempt, the millions of clients who served as the source of his untold fortune were only subhumans for him.
c5eb4e2ca01613430287e6d012579be78f42a685	Medellín Pablo unfurled a large building, he paved roads, built stadiums and building free houses for the poor, which people called "Barrio Pablo Escobar" (Spanish "Barrio Pablo Escobar" — District P. E.).
e16e31805f765ac77113e0729fee61416979cf6a	Drug Lord felt a sort of Colombian Robin hood, explaining his charity to the fact that it was painful to see the suffering of the poor.
816e37eff7c1071eb8b9615a332daf7d6747f6dd	Political career
60e72da809b367b229f540f3d183a25610f79e8f	The cocaine baron was looking for a way to legalize his business, and in 1982 Escobar ran for the Colombian Congress, becoming a member of Parliament at the age of 32: now the drug lord No.
15715da321737be4baa6021734e542abead5957b	1, elected to the House of Representatives, led seminars on human rights.
fa2d980af530a6ecfedc39495d6fc047f98f86fc	Next, he aimed at the chair of the president of the country.
77f7ead0ebade70d5ef9c54cb00b102a9bca7dcf	But then the Minister of Justice, Rodrigo Lara Bonilla, appeared on his way, who launched a massive campaign against investing cocaine money in the election race, on his initiative, P. E. was expelled from the Colombian parliament at the beginning of 1984.
15a58da993dddcd8df996421b13f721f425af60e	Revenge followed without delay: on April 30, 1984, the minister's Mercedes was shot at point blank range from a machine gun on one of the central streets of Bogota.
181fb6cbf6ad3e10092545a98483178be84183c0	For the first time in Colombia, an official of such a high rank was killed by bandits, from that day on, the terror of the drug mafia began to spread throughout the country, to which the state responded with an all out war.
f25fb448cea0eacc148c268e3d1191f39dd23cc8	Terrorism
1b2e6b2560a9536c593db4c35ce2302cffdf5707	Escobar created a terrorist group "Los Extraditables "(Spanish:" Los Extraditables"), whose bandits raided officials and police officers — everyone who was against the drug trade.
66a0642d5e6e67ce4a652f38bb62e749d21dcf00	After the daring murder of the minister, a warrant was issued for the arrest of the drug lord, and he was forced to "lie low".
73b759754f0380882bb5f26e04b8e358ceac6b48	To show that he was not broken, Escobar hired a large group of guerrillas to commit sabotage, arming them with machine guns, grenades and portable rocket launchers.
d5cb9509d973e2a551b8e4b2da050a166b62c6cb	Saboteurs, suddenly appearing in the center of the capital, seized the Palace of Justice, inside which there were several hundred people.
bcaa41b86c69ace7382e511cfc69c8e95e6da2b5	The partisans opened indiscriminate fire, destroyed all the documents related to the extradition of criminals from the drug mafia.
4fb224c6734b22e96699fbb11c5632e2aca2b787	Large army and police forces were urgently brought into Bogota.
1b72561de817ded1f89cb5506cbee50c23bf7580	But only the assault battalions, supported by tanks and combat helicopters, managed to retake the Palace of Justice, while more than 100 people were killed.
d24ec298869a59d95bc7d501e24b0f1602e7f821	Meanwhile, the authorities continued their offensive against the drug cartel.
ac79fc0a959cbe1a9b7d6b2e76a397c1ca6ab3ba	In 1986, an operation began to search for one of the leaders of the drug cartel, Jorge Luis Ochoa, who offered a $ 4 million reward for the murder of the American ambassador Tambs.
70e613e3c5c6aafa972b9c3ad39167422a18ded4	In 10 days, about 2.5 thousand people were arrested in the country, 2 tons of cocaine, 10 tons of cocaine paste, 48 tons of coca leaves, 11 drug planes, more than 200 automatic weapons, 38 thousand cartridges, 11 tons of acetone, 100 tons of various chemicals, 1 thousand dynamite sticks were confiscated.
2c0a8154d77e26eba3a98dc1fa08acd0ef75bd4d	In 1987, a US court sentenced one of the bosses of the Medellin Cartel, Carlos Lehder, to life imprisonment and another 135 years.
40f34967f92cb44286ad7c062f2c5ca3c5425f4f	Even while in hiding, Escobar unleashed global terror in the country to show everyone who is the real boss here: in less than 2 years, the number of victims of mercenaries reached 1,000 people, including judges, journalists who opposed the drug mafia, about 600 police officers.
b50a0172e553c41ef19d301361462265cae544b2	On the orders of a drug lord who bit the bit, an airliner with 107 passengers on board was blown up.
53c5741d0fa76f350df8b05ec81fc02ae5ebb466	Escobar's target was Cesar Gaviria Trujillo, the future president of Colombia, who was going to fly on this flight, but at the last moment refused to fly.
58f3dc56c6441f09a38eca560fad0e9807fe0a70	During the assassination attempt on the boss of the secret police, Miguel Marquez, organized by "El Patron" on December 6, 1989, more than 62 people were killed by a bomb explosion, 100 people were seriously injured.
7a5c28d3f6a94e8ac981d9b16593c2936c4d7c12	The war declared by the Colombian drug mafia
68eaefee5672e55e5dec58076ac33d9240f30641	The US authorities joined the war with the Colombian drug mafia, which offered to expel drug lords for detention in their prisons, where pay off was excluded.
8531df912a12074d351238fa7141bb26c23649de	Thanks to American financial assistance, the law enforcement agencies of Colombia managed to organize a counteroffensive against the cocaine cartel, then as a result of only one operation, 989 houses and farms, 367 planes, 710 cars, 5 tons of cocaine and 1,279 units of military weapons were confiscated from Pablo Escobar.
c63f3dc38d92e3e5d78dfb3d9ebd0c0614ed7354	The criminal cartel responded to every blow of the government with a counterattack: arson of houses, murders of political officials, explosions of party headquarters, publishing houses, banks.
575784abd0a0e2dd6530c30fe7181445faf9be22	So, in September 1989, the central office of the liberal newspaper "El Espectador" was blown up, in November a plane flying from Bogota to Cali burned down, and on Christmas Eve the headquarters of the state police in the capital of the country was blown up.
68b9ee97a442e52e92c5e77386a9badb66c18077	Before the elections, the terror of the cocaine cartel took on an unprecedented scale: dozens of people were killed by killers every day.
d3853bda88330324f928e4b9f51ac7cc29db2281	By the beginning of the 90s Escobar was one of the richest people in the world, and in 1989, Forbes magazine estimated the Cocaine king's fortune at $ 47 billion.
5bcf0edb1a7ca86a97a63e0292086014cacfea17	The Colombian drug lord topped the list of criminals most wanted by the United States.
6773c90ac51e7d76847f18527e834e194b19b301	He was being hunted by an elite special forces unit, which had the task: to catch or destroy Escobar.
877a05f28be26ac4d78a0679e7988af1c0514bd2	The authorities of Colombia created a "Special search Group", which included the best specialists of the special services, the army and the prosecutor's office.
13776a507e35db666db69ae8edebb89a5e0a4d3e	Soon, several people close to him were behind bars.
9cf02939f869180504752aeee8bd96816c56a0b2	People from the Escobar gang took several influential people of the country hostage.
d87fe739d41029d0b6a6e229cae997ab17b864be	The drug lord believed that under pressure from the rich relatives of the abducted, the government would cancel the agreement with the United States on the extradition of drug traffickers.
b626538a552f9bb33159c5d6e92c7d6bcc71e243	The drug king's plan was successful, the extradition was canceled, but, taxed from all sides, on June 19, 1991, he himself surrendered to the authorities.
cd8d3870d8f5413f96abae47735301f73b475028	Pablo Escobar agreed to plead guilty to only a few crimes on the condition that he would be forgiven for his past sins.
067ce2b00687e24b069a717dafebbd9025503856	Incarceration behind "bars"
65df84e301faf11533ab03c78af47524bcca845d	Even the punishment turned out to be not quite ordinary: the most brutal terrorist in the world was serving time in the prison "La Catedral" (Spanish: La Catedral), where there was a swimming pool, a disco, a Jacuzzi, a sauna and even a large football field.
40b0dfd25fac31c13873b316cf029c72f4b1f5a4	The patron was visited by friends, confidants and women, and the family visited Escobar at any time.
2bc894c01673dd8eadfe406f6dc4fc7a4775c30c	At the same time, the "Special Group" did not have the right to approach "La Catedral" closer than 20 km.
4953c81b44c1eedacf47382c4fa37e9ed631b350	He himself went and came when he wanted, regularly visited the nightclubs of Medellin, restaurants and football matches.
1005350aafa804c6fd52b15d58d5e596c0f49dab	Moreover, Escobar was still in charge of the drug business.
4c454b1aa0db808383c45086880e91534dd6be97	There was a case when one day, having learned that his partners were "ratting" money, he ordered his henchmen to bring them to "La Catedral", where he personally subjected the perpetrators to sophisticated tortures, drilling the victims ' knees and pulling out their nails, then giving an order to kill them and take the corpses away.
cd01e9733d26d81f91e4f0695b0009e92cbb921b	La Catedral Prison
f27d355f9bc122efdca825603f0291f4af58af01	The escape
c3d69d9ba11590d3bc449bd694a97058bb15f918	When these facts became public, on July 22, 1992, President Gaviria ordered the transfer of the cocaine baron to a real prison.
95c7c26f08073c66438bb81326ea46a2c3d6422b	When Escobar found out about this decision, he decided that he had already "had enough" and ran away.
f624b1825623bbb69a935beee5bc96b1b00de94d	But there were few places where he could find shelter for himself.
3eb2ec504da522393f3349d6e7db0cda3c7e411a	The governments of Colombia and the United States were determined to put an end to the" Medellin Cocaine Cartel " and its leader, friends were leaving him.
e11e18b98b7142d456980567224221b728e9b0fb	However, Pablo continued to consider himself a more significant figure than it really was: he still had huge financial opportunities, but he had already lost real power.
3e4e9d4dafeea25bcd63fee40539a8b13628e036	The drug lord tried to negotiate with the government by concluding a deal with justice, but the President of Colombia and the US authorities did not want to enter into negotiations with him and decided to catch and eliminate Escobar.
0bb1ac79ef7adf95343c86b50a6a12c530726cd1	A reward of $ 10 million was set for the head of the cocaine king (the amount corresponding to the salary of the president of Colombia for almost 200 years!), this was at that time the largest reward for the capture of a criminal.
5bc896194bd6cdf945bd2deba22529f2e4145331	Meanwhile, while at large, the drug lord made another attempt to intimidate the government with brutal terror: on 30.01.1993, he organized an explosion on a crowded street in the capital, as a result of the terrorist attack, more than 20 people were killed and about 70 were seriously injured.
d0e453e8771582ed8b5a54b2dd8e0ede0d47ad69	The hunt for "El Patrona"
bf8afdbf9fbc15f749b3f7c3b2f8ea21af4607c4	With this merciless terrorist attack, the drug lord brought trouble upon himself — a new organization "Los PEPES" ("People affected by P. E.") joined the fight against him.
1967468d8a1b73ac423c5d1ac7fcce36507fc8d9	The day after the explosion in Bogota, members of "Los PEPES" burned down the house of Pablo Escobar.
1139686ab628a87da065e4b76e12ef839878c8b9	The relatives of the victims, on his orders, began hunting down members of the drug cartel and his relatives, and they acted as cruelly as the cocaine mafia, having thoroughly frightened it.
0f3322423540030530b75927ff6fbbccd3a44c35	Los Pepes began to persecute everyone who was in any way connected with Escobar and his cocaine empire: they were all simply killed.
ad6192d42959221036105299f83238dac7c1f39d	In a short time, the organization caused great damage to the cartel, many of its close associates were killed, opponents persecuted the drug lord's family, burned his estates.
970aa4ee211b0f1baf4b473a087259ab33c76053	In the fall of 1993, the Medellin cartel collapsed.
b1a71dd11ebe77a8ca0e94f7e353bf48164866a7	Pablo himself was more concerned about his family, he was seriously alarmed, because if the family was discovered, Los Pepes would destroy it, sparing no one.
00703ee54d73aa41eb01cb18760ba28b21721ea2	The death of Pablo Escobar or the End of the era of the Cocaine King
5732a922a6c100eb5bfdc9c3035bc6b98713e619	Hiding, he did not see his wife and children for more than a year, and, knowing about the constant surveillance, he even spoke very briefly on the phone.
71a4cda27ce25ae660aa047fd192622e00d50cbf	On December 1, 1993, "El Patron" turned 44 years old, and this time he lost his nerves: the next day, 02.12.1993, he called his family, as if he wanted to say goodbye.
f5e36b71ecfe2e4e88893c90350506ac9e1720fc	The last person he talked to was his son, they stayed on the line for almost 5 minutes, 2 times longer than the security measures required.
2e102d5c9df7470f099bb8496f2a1a79f7183f56	That was enough time to spot Escobar in the Medellin district of Los Olibos.
e664e9cb0d059a7fa24a7b032ee7222ae82438c3	Soon the house where he was hiding was surrounded by special agents, two of them broke down the door, breaking inside.
ca83b79d213cebf997e1fee8b4db8b30226b3724	The former leader of the Colombian drug mafia knew about their approach, but everything happened so quickly that he did not even have time to put on his shoes.
8ac1503357821ac69ba1eb8f7f124eda20799e92	In the house were Escobar himself, his faithful sicario Alvaro de Jesus Agudelo (Spanish: Alvaro de Jesús Agudelo), nicknamed Lemon (Spanish: El limón), who was killed first, and the owner of the house — Escobar's own aunt.
3afbe0e0cc673e6559a6bef09f63b86104365c35	Firing back, Pablo climbed out of the window, trying to escape from the pursuit on the roofs.
63fcd6a3c370b6edb1f7cc8b0df7d93ad5db46f0	The sniper's bullet (or the "El Patron" himself | not proven) caught up with him, hitting him in the head.
3ea2121c381e2ffd63172390acecd3ed88369b41	The drug king died instantly.
b5cd67265f299d188e65fe97124d3dfd755a974a	The others immediately went up to the roof to take a picture with an expensive "trophy", later this photo flew around the whole world.
1135e1fb08e251b1f82af25ae7b94d4113e416c0	The scene of his death was depicted in the famous painting by the Colombian painter Fernando Botero.
acad5fea93a7f2868e826c518b26dc57991ed93b	"Better a grave in Colombia than a prison in the USA" © Pablo Escobar
05103120c5f068d63c2714425ece2f0a14a9b0fe	On December 3, 1993, thousands of Colombians took to the streets of Medellin: someone came to mourn him, and someone rejoiced.
8a02c11592e905a94329cf3fdf53a27f24f76709	But today, when asked who Pablo Escobar was, none of the inhabitants of the slum in Medellin will say a bad word about him, even though the patron was one of the most vicious terrorists and violent criminals on the planet.
dda57dc4c918819d4c7a2261a79d815e43bb7f1e	His portraits are sold next to those of Che Guevara.
7f49d94b1c9db5798348250ab021322422c2acb7	In some places, he is revered as a saint, and pilgrimages are still made to his grave.
f9c220ac943e53cb3b10f23824c64af62de617a7	The legend of the "Cocaine King" is one of the main reasons for the tourist success of Medellin, and its museum is visited by tens of thousands of tourists every year.
f4b1b49b181fcb2b545e3eaeb7395fe50f01aa10	Today, many people are interested in the question, where is Pablo Escobar buried?
5dd012f832b58f4adea686356ba92f5aa9aa11cc	His grave is located in the cemetery of Montesacro (Spanish Cementerio de Montesacro) in the south of Medellin.
c7957d3dfbff6156b4157e685e70764a0d47f4f1	Pablo's Grave
caabd09254a8a089a1dd8ea66e519de3b46fce7d	Narcos
2b5559baf210895d3e9d932824b596478b257876	In 2015, the American film studio Netflix released the acclaimed television series "Narcos" (Narcos), the plot of which, of course, focuses on the formation of Escobar as the head of the Medellin cocaine cartel.
a2b6706e02300f936af8dece5d8a15d72161b77f	The role of Pablo was played by the Brazilian theater and film actor Wagner Maniçoba de Moura (port. Wagner Maniçoba de Moura).
c9fd85a72c1fb1bb58bb3ce2c6d268b4512a1c20	In September 2016, the second season of the series was released.
9b64ae895b6b15f8348a7ece29d25461ec3442a6	Some rules of Escobar's life
6f766fa9eb8b09ca5a21cdc8ec8edab880f3dde6	(Quotes from the statements of the drug lord and excerpts from his suicide letter)
8944f8798c55ddae2f011744991b3135412c18c6	I am a modest person, I just export flowers.
463616db9a62567d2f4433a849a9afc3476b2780	The one who has something to say, more often than not lchit.
53bee9c55dfa1166524f9a34c3ac33acc1d7a5b1	I know that my lifestyle seems excessive to many people, but what should I do with my money?
085e67436d0858ee30359ce189e97731dd84eaf2	In this life, I can find a replacement for any thing, but I will NEVER be able to find a replacement for my wife and children.
17fe5b6368d16ed9a4274603b892989afde22e64	Every person is a saint for someone.
1d39547273434d427a2ef58a9c104649a8c34e47	Although many people say that I am a terrorist, I have always acted as a man of duty.
242f3c5b8ee13e9977a3ce3eb7f982b875707ebc	I believe that every person should fight for his family and his property, and if he needs weapons for this, so be it.
0417aa256221216ff39ddbc00e3747785710d339	You can consider me a God!
d2f77cd866a4562c1c52367552a308953d60fc1f	After all, if I decide that someone is destined to die, he will die on the same day.
dd999cee14d6707ac599cf9e083f632dcc5e6d2e	For some reason, many people forget about how much I have done for the poor.
de089e5e781ba4fdd31102310e9982df4df28e6a	I am very proud that I was called the Robin Hood of all the "Paisa" (residents of northwestern Colombia).
2c14e9a16bf2feeb553286b808c5cc05016562b0	Even government officials cannot deny that I have done more for the poor than they all put together in all my worthless lives.
117f8611250571e575e647118716cbbff65cc7ba	I'd rather rot in the soil of Colombia than live in a US prison.
e7612d9cbdb40f9d28596f66d895029a2500640a	America is 200 million idiots, led by 1 million special agents.
941b830169a4e9f7b4a540d5f97c669e78ad633f	All empires are always built on blood and fire.
ab5aa1de4a29890e82cc856e1f37e272437077b6	There is nothing more terrible than a person in power who has personal problems.
68ad851add4024969ec25eac6bbff2807fccf483	Everything in the world has its price, and the most important thing is the ability to correctly determine it.
fe7467781fb14439fb820092ef98aa4dbaba88bd	In our world, money is NEVER pure.
fe0a80395c0b7d025fc11e2bd57fa26abd1684f4	I did not earn my fortune and achieve power in order to exist like a rat.
42580a284dcf8ad63d14281b802cd901de74b40b	Every year it becomes more and more difficult to foresee the future.
908545c22b8296c628645691f3320e2a52c165c8	Never trust anyone, and especially yourself.
d6cde36e231afbc5ae965bb9b914def2a7eb2efb	There is nothing more valuable than a given promise.
f141ebe4f1374b60b81c92579697c98feb8b9bed	There is nothing more shameful than to break it.
38c7d4ac4716a2c0e6daf3154940c3c601860071	The best way to deal with your enemies is simply to stop noticing them.
1c6f86178bf498b9b214db9647917a49723d8b94	No creature can ever catch me, I can kill them all.
8d66a3fbb5c37fd94c746e7a3db1df6637494255	You canot cheat Death, but you can make friends with it.
4657fae6e89b7d72bb67065de3966f0d28fe3ee9	When you're dead, you have nothing to be afraid of anymore.
5140b5171acc5fe25c651a8bf06949ab62887e61	It is impossible to know which of the bullets will kill you, because they do not write names on them.
358a28b2b0c1008562339a11cc65973c11907bcf	All I wanted was to make my Columbia a better place.
0a22c9063b64f0e758fd2ed05e174a0c8a868cfe	If there is a PARADISE, I can always count on it!
3d1b180d7616e09c168cfa6f93878df43bd427d3	For each of your repost - thank you very much!
b6794472e6782cfcdd24a340fec99be6998d8418	Gracias!
1781d448a77bb06ca455e49cf2b5116ed0552d58	Similar pages:
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f0e888a200838face148b831f5c4ede81a916ccc	Discussion: 5 comments
68e3d651c65e87f686378e328ebb82a31382d3da	Nalitch:
4944953e33ce58878d4afb94802cf5d328378f0c	30.06.2016 at 02: 16
85b98f697b02cd2d0a817ec563f822555b87922a	I donot know...maybe I'm sorely mistaken...but I personally admire Pablo Escobar…
6f0ce5ef6d5615d66d7616746f361ef42bb7c111	The Colombian:
92bb68718bd1bdff958d1d4e51be03e476d06f8a	20.08.2016 at 12: 12
54b4a46fbb605af4721f79f87ac323275a3be2e1	He still brought the government to its knees, even at the cost of thousands of lives.
101857a7df7e448faa89e59db46d4762540fe21b	As we know, " All empires were built on blood."
3b5997b0cf13ced1f5bd43d2c4c9c224f4005b51	Yeah..... now you canot get close to the corrupt government).
2e5559bd8d88880ea8ff49ec21fa5e418365ffc7	cust:
b79d36fb1e1fb57cf53cb64130838b01db2039cc	13.09.2016 at 14: 21
b84c02b3488a642793ddde97fb4853e3e01c1a72	Pablo is a handsome man!
974e323dea5a69ffe913b616b8a6a37acf8a93dc	25.09.2016 at 15: 01
108befc251c65b2479938380745421a326c0eec2	and as usual, the Americans climbed here too!!! and the most important bandits are the authorities!!!
1ecfcf42823d6442481967b15608f91b65529f26	Naids:
106e16e5b0841b2d5aadb257774d39a833558af8	20.12.2016 at 17: 06
9c050caa19d93e426fd44d15ac52212165cd9aa4	The Americans took everything for themselves.
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3f5570ea0f92ea5684962521b2d85fa0d4f2dfdf	The Cocaine King Is Back
aeab379f6c0133ff2273e8db26705460232f3828	Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (Spanish: Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria), was born on December 1, 1949, in the town of Envigado, 40 km from Medellin and was shot on December 2, 1993, in the city of Bogota, in the Los Olibos district.
ea7f6abd0ef757db78e88d7e5d3c996be53846fc	He was the third child in the family, his father was a poor peasant, his mother was a school teacher.
c19f52eaa8df2397a00a56ce98a19193b8e9dcfe	Like most of his peers, Pablo liked to listen to heroic stories about the legendary Colombian "banditos", about how they robbed the rich and helped the needy.
3a8c35c9628398f4c46f92092ec79c1bd7316496	As a child, he decided that when he grew up, he would become the same "banditos".
bc7ceffb07db70b4df7e967153d144c4a3a681a7	Who would have thought then that the innocent romantic dreams of a fragile, tender boy would take the form of a nightmare in a couple of decades.
b682f9b354c2b2ccc5f360b25060022f2ead4248	At Pablo's school, he studied among children from poorer families, among students who were dominated by extreme left wing political views, He and his new schoolmates openly supported the Cuban Revolution that had taken place a few years before.
4d47ea985fa29890a0c30422c989817ecbbc1d50	From the usual carjackings and racketeering, he started kidnapping people.
b7fc30b14824c7709007602d33febcd0eb9aae91	In 1971, the people of Pablo Escobar kidnapped a rich Colombian latifundist industrialist Diego Echevario, who was killed after prolonged torture.
07175984869c54ea177793147afff3e957dc813a	This murder was never solved.
9804f39a6383434af0167029413d76da5ee64668	The murdered Diego Echevario aroused outright hatred among the local poor peasantry, and Pablo Escobar openly declared his involvement in the abduction and murder.
b904d23ea29663714e847aad7455d077245fb0ba	The poor of Medellin celebrated the death of Diego Echevario, and as a sign of gratitude to Escobar, they began to respectfully call him “El Doctor".
e7bb688c207e4d15e96a400f6f5249d31c4af0bd	Meanwhile, in the United States, the new generation of Americans of the 70s was no longer content with just one marijuana, he needed a stronger high, and soon a new drug appeared on the American streets – cocaine.
33642d47fdff652b054dd0783fd1b3e80a689b7c	The absolute absence of any” brakes", his willingness to torture and kill, put him out of competition.
926b194da8ce8ac66960b7091205e833abeda034	When he heard rumors about some lucrative criminal case, he simply seized it by force without unnecessary ceremony.
78bfc406d4b3bbd3781c88b5d630e4e806edcbe0	In March 1976, Pablo Escobar married his 15 - year old girlfriend, Maria Victoria Eneo Viejo, who had previously been in his entourage.
cb02ceded568e2cf1210a345b3e833ccd111bfd9	A month later, their son Juan Pablo was born, and three and a half years later, their daughter Manuella was born.
f5a011ab124472bf9e0b5bce0c7cf8f2648a5260	Pablo Escobar's drug business was growing rapidly throughout South America.
904c8b00f96f1e65b52b2ed7ea8cbd94ca5a5b78	Soon, he himself began to smuggle cocaine into the United States.
3809429880e803fd1706d12580c6718503d79d1e	One of Escobar's confidants, a certain Carlos Leder, who was responsible for transporting cocaine, organized a real transshipment point in the Bahamas.
7ba3dc0eebd55942fb5e3150fc0f950a0cc38ece	He removed the so called 35% tax from each batch of drugs and ensured its delivery.
f5e7f04bfb7a40feb1d1c14da9725826e22fc5f3	In the summer of 1977, he and three other major drug lords teamed up to create what became known as the Medellin Cocaine Cartel.
0f3a953c77a0e0c05b970df5737bdd72fad6265b	He had the most powerful financial cocaine empire, which no drug mafia in the world could dream of.
f9234cf5e7a5129deebe09437b4be75a74b5dbdd	To deliver cocaine, the cartel had a distribution network, and planes, and even submarines.
f701b02b5109b8fa652669e97be4feb99e122438	Pablo Escobar became the most indisputable authority of the cocaine world and the absolute leader of the Medellin cartel.
1daec055c9df239c65d6241fe0a82218ecc24605	He bought policemen, judges, politicians.
b53dc0551e931b9881ec359b616678f60c3055e8	If the bribery did not work, then blackmail was used, but basically the cartel acted on the principle: "Pay or die".
1697b50746395a4623eb1adcb99c00e59a7cb4db	30 year old Pablo Escobar became one of the richest people in the world, whose personal fortune was estimated in billions of dollars.
637ad668c0870cd39db2dddb76816abf764ba8ee	Within the boundaries of his estate, Pablo Escobar ordered the construction of a safari zoo, to which the most exotic animals were brought from all parts of the world.
ec627523e3c16293b6b6e5c3a4cde45b7243f20b	There were 120 antelopes, 30 buffaloes, 6 hippos, 3 elephants and 2 rhinos in the zoo. he brought the most beautiful girls of Colombia and not only, and where sexual orgies were arranged.
dab0731d86e9e9e2f15ba5f43956d1bce4715226	Each mistress, among whom there were local winners of beauty contests, and models, and actresses, had her own cottage with a swimming pool, all kinds of gazebos, fountains and other delights, the design and decoration was unlike any other.
640d216d1c5d34c4be69f8dd5ae8a4706bd61246	In the town itself, there were real parks with artificial lakes, beaches, porticos, in the shade of which Escobar liked to indulge in love pleasures.
0330db9445305b8976d9e00a450f880a0d0b6426	The eye was pleased with white and black swans floating on the lake, naked dancers, who formed a separate caste in this paradise, entertaining the owner with their incendiary gestures.
0e476a86307d0ad3372dfabc6057cdacf1625cd8	In order to enlist the support of the population, he launched extensive construction in Medellin.
176c40ca47cd0cd728a305ce2ce3560c25e5cf6e	He laid roads, built stadiums and erected free houses for the poor, which were popularly called "barrio Pablo Escobar".
59b97553b49a3dc40656fc85b62d24b4cabb89be	Escobar saw himself as a Colombian Robin Hood.
24366aa4874645b94dbad6f7d9806a75f472c526	In the underworld, he has reached the pinnacle of power.
af2dcbb916c35d9d2bea41beffec6c1d78486b02	Now he was looking for a way to make his business legal.
9885701fa8aa1594ba458471c6c71def2fa0c344	One of the most popular politicians in Colombia, the main candidate for the presidency - Luis Carlos Galan, was the first to openly condemn the connection of the new congressman with the cocaine business.
e3523d1a9a87b2e1b280d233f1e2636fbfe62182	A few days later, Justice Minister Rodrigo Lara Bonia launched a broad campaign against the investment of dirty cocaine money in the election race.
cb03afde8eb50aa2f790225056540a03fd7f2b8e	At that moment, a motorcyclist drove up at point blank range from a machine gun riddled the back of the Mercedes, where the Minister of Justice usually sat.
ed7fe3008decdd3f8b29d3e67921d13f87738dd9	The government declared an all out war on the cartel and immediately received $65 million from the United States for this.
176319d766034ad1683c2b14acf12895b2eb75a4	As a result of a single nationwide operation, 989 houses and farms, 367 planes, 73 boats, 710 cars, 4.7 tons of cocaine and 1,279 weapons were confiscated from Escobar (the zoo, by the way, was also confiscated).
9ba224a21d0180ced0b4ca02cebd7ac255806e46	Each blow of the government was responded by a counterattack of the cartel Pablo Escobar, created a terrorist group called "Los Extraditables".
c86133140718f369d8ac3ee437a0e2b9e68b3617	During the period from 1988 to 1994, 25,211 political and 31,385 non political murders occurred in Colombia during the fight against the mafia.
3997438f6773a3adeafadb7267b29107dca71631	In February 1987, Escobar's closest aide Carlos Leider was extradited to the United States, who by that time had fallen into the hands of the security forces.
541fb53b34ec447c4210570a106a9d75a7a4371e	In addition, the peasants always warned him when suspicious people appeared, a car with policemen or soldiers, or a helicopter.
d7331a44159ae524b742801c438de048026bd6af	On August 18, 1989, at an election rally, a well known Colombian politician, Luis Carlos Galan, was shot dead, who promised, if he was elected president of the country, to start an irreconcilable war with cocaine traffickers, to clear Colombia of drug lords, extraditing them to the United States.
0b15991c1eee6a4517841f5f11e641d281023f84	Dozens of members of drug cartels were behind bars.
3bd79737e074e926308973d9e15f30de31d70b1d	In response to this, Pablo Escobar twice made 4 attempts on the head of the Colombian secret police, General Miguel Masa Marquez.
a15a4fa0c15967def35fda2cdaa27f9a953f3445	In the second attempt, on December 6, 1989, a bomb explosion killed 62 people and injured 100 of varying severity.
96bfb6a39235f51c2f4ab669c27a4de16f4878a8	By the early 90s, he was considered one of the richest people on the planet.
31272fcd10c68edaed2a1aa450ccebdd763ab00e	His fortune was estimated at at least $ 3 billion.
1d31700e9d00698714c0d453907becffff9d7416	He headed the list of the most wanted drug traffickers in the United States.
519d48622d8bffb5c4ce9491601a5850f9786ac0	On his heels, the most elite special forces invariably followed, which set itself the task of catching or destroying Pablo Escobar at any cost.
81fc94e5e644df5bd043c172b619da37b978ff97	The creation of a” Special Search Group", headed by Colonel Martinez, immediately brought its positive results, several people from the inner circle of Pablo Escobar found themselves in the dungeons of the secret police, and in 1992, Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha, one of the organizers of the most high – profile crimes, was shot by the El Mexicano police.
062ba189e408e7eba8a4f54cc41a226eff9817e0	Together with his son, they shot back for a long time, the Mexican yelled from the windows that he would rather die, but the "gringo" (Americans) would not give up.
cf6c5ed361c06e5a986ca446929aa3e6702b987d	The remaining top of the cartel – Escobar himself, Luis Ochoa and his two brothers - began to insist on negotiations with the government.
170e3733b81c79e34ef19a8c3a264f1c2a8398f7	The deal offered by the cartel was as follows: they surrender voluntarily, but at the same time they will be charged with only one crime and, of course, there can be no question of any extradition to the United States.
52031f1bd18aee3d5fc72db852ab4d94ab7cf0cf	In addition, in Envigado, Escobar's hometown, a suburb of Medellin, an individual prison should be built for cartel bosses.
19e77d9ee5145297fb11c9f9adebd279d35cd2a8	Friends and women came to him there.
434b3df84c4c853560f2537dd4bdcb5222598d8b	Colonel Martinez's " Special Search Group “had no right to approach La Catedral closer than 20 kilometers.
c85a2f54232f3dd5b8caf3a2ccadf1b23bf63cc8	During his " incarceration” Pablo Escobar continued to run his multibillion dollar cocaine business.
24468079862681cd4c8b1c008a8694c61929b1d4	He personally subjected them to torture, drilling his victims ' knees and pulling out their nails, and then ordered them to be killed and the corpses taken outside the prison.
182bdd650bd8eba44f9508d5375be1b8cb29c505	Now he was free, but he had enemies everywhere, except for the government, he was being hunted by competitors from the Cali cartel and the Los PEPES organization created by them.
e43bb877452483bbe866dfd7cd0ddaa5516e45a8	After his escape from prison, everything began to collapse.
b908585c867e3cf724c12abf1b83d8bff04cd4d1	The main mistake of Pablo Escobar was that he could not critically assess the current situation.
3a5112e78ce8fd658433fa98b005721de0cf5d99	The only way to somehow improve the situation was an attempt to resume the announcement with the government.
3f13dbb966fa9a384fcd2504db1dad61df62c10d	On November 30, 1993, Pablo Escobar planted a powerful bomb on one of the crowded streets of Bogota.
42e82422df8023f4f263f22573ed228de15fe509	The explosion occurred when there were a lot of people.
84d3b4e8f7e63f14f43b1ddfc1ee4c745e33934c	They were mostly parents with their children.
7284aa7b600059e7fd3cf3a2837268e2d02e3cfc	A group of Colombian citizens created the organization "Los PEPES “(Spanish:” Los PEPES“), the abbreviation of which meant”People persecuting Pablo Escobar".
6fd74878aef1a30d45b74e02a7fbe1297b7646d6	It includes Colombian citizens whose relatives died because of Escobar.
db44e5eb358c67545855146c17e9e5dce6996304	The day after the terrorist attack, Los Pepes detonated bombs in front of the house of Pablo Escobar.
7cfb90cceb1c1884f1170333c08c66b02b0de03a	The estate that belonged to his mother was almost completely burned to the ground.
b77f60150a1426be9d46fb81556ad92a146411b6	Instead of pursuing Pablo Escobar himself, Los Pepes began to terrorize and hunt everyone who was somehow connected with him or his cocaine business.
498b7789632f2ea9b629152ab7f5bd6cc7fbc64c	They were simply killed.
4826676704ca5b94c44e6d92855328bc4b17e63d	In a small amount of time, they caused significant damage to his cocaine empire.
28df43ca205e009960d2eba3deaf2059565a08c0	They killed many of his people, persecuted his family.
093a2d3947c8bb001ded243a8d9ef108f7107928	They burned his estates.
19c7ef1f313a9ce0682136140ad76f4846eab4ad	Now Escobar was seriously worried, because Los Pepes, having discovered the family, would immediately destroy it to the last person, not even sparing his elderly mother and children.
cd2d4aca0d40e0df309cd5ae74e897264f0c9529	If his family were outside Colombia, out of the reach of Los Pepes “he could declare an all out war on the government and his enemies.
7065605189e43760d78ea998d35c69a5d9b53965	In the fall of 1993, the Medellin cocaine cartel broke up.
2c3a5eafc2eca0f91d23605d080d2b1e8ab14977	But Pablo Escobar himself was more concerned about his family.
8c3dae165386753dc63ebce99c6898802426a091	He had not seen his wife or children for more than a year.
5e19b5cc29dcfd16e4d28bc428a5b8038d1c867a	For more than a year, he did not see his loved ones and missed them very much.
4ffcd6c7caff812a5157f3b9afc551122f27cc02	For Escobar, this was unbearable.
cda68c435a1b41860f81281b715e29b808da6d53	He knew that he was being constantly monitored, so he tried to speak as briefly as possible on the phone so that he would not be detected by NSA agents.
fe67e3321699c70ac8ef356f3e29252865e04c9f	However, this time his nerves finally gave out.
2fa2f4b7c911fe1ae5c48cca83f22b775313f135	The day after his birthday, December 2, 1993, he called his family.
837c0da6cc3dcb8700c3786802c20b1f72b2c51b	NSA agents waited 24 hours for this call.
8de7b5f9c35c3d316f42b004c96489cf012efc60	This time, while talking to his son Juan, he stayed on the line for about 5 minutes.
1a2ba894433f90e2c1c4096d421603a9254f116a	The commandos knocked down the door and broke in.
d6e8697b55eeb7e953a89fd960f7aaec7278e65e	At that moment, Escobar's bodyguard, El Limon, opened fire on the police officers who were trying to storm the house.
76a5807adc5d852da1d8bc7e596fb3573b7ef139	He was injured and fell to the ground.
2f2b97b1dd5a9990684d0d2de9bd8868939d3c14	There, a bullet fired by a sniper hit Escobar in the head and killed him on the spot.
66a8bb7ce46923da6fed89ef86097c42ac04d313	On December 3, 1993, thousands of Colombians filled the streets of Medellin, some came to mourn him, others to rejoice.
121d00324086f01e4006965008854addc1f9428b	Escobar's funeral was attended by more than 20 thousand Colombians.
df34167522613ec7bb95a66d7d347db5e584debf	When the coffin with the drug lord was carried through the streets of Medellin, a real Colombian Hodynka began – the comrades carrying the coffin were swept away by the crowd, the coffin lid was thrown off, and thousands of hands reached out to Pablo's already frozen face with the sole purpose of touching the recently living legend for the last time.
da643dfe5eb3075b3481132f295e28f05c196f8f	People's rumor played a cruel joke with Escobar's villa, claiming that the billionaire drug lord had a habit of hiding money and jewelry in the walls of his house.
c034237488629086a12fabdb436426008af395ff	After the death of the godfather, in 1993, Colombian peasants in search of hiding places dismantled the villa brick by brick.
54cb0c73cc0c042a5fa5c0954e13dc93a1db7f39	Now Escobar's prison has been looted, his estates are overgrown with grass, cars are rusting in the garage.
16075f6ef38b2f406acaff6d9bda63618ae71184	Escobar's widow and children live in Argentina, his brother was almost completely blind after a letter bomb was sent to his cell.
0959660d94a6c6c3ae2a86a5f7f0b44d61c402f6	If you ask a question today in the slums of Medellin about who Pablo Escobar was, none of the people interviewed will say a bad word about Escobar.
b861bf2a7e7543ed86570ded9243ee717a04ae51	Literally everyone speaks of him as a positive hero.
1d81fb801ac33e913047e13db5536daa88176b36	After the collapse of the Medellin cartel, the leadership was seized by competitors from Cali.
7e4b61f54553f3dee2197a000aafeaa7e871a3f6	However, already in 1995, the top of the cartel was arrested.
7926212fec905f2639241160dcaf4d3eb493a0c4	But with Escobar's departure from the scene, the drug mafia did not even think of turning down the business.
1e1fc026895334e1ba232443bb96cc0172eeb63d	They drew conclusions from the mistakes of their predecessors.
74f2299ab26cd884ee4a0a7eae0e023fd9f4153f	Today they want to be invisible.
41f465fd5128007af1ec1b629dcf23d677bb95ea	The Colombian police donot even know their names.
a5edc7934c60814f3436a27150b15f69242e653f	They no longer control the production of the drug, but simply buy ready made cocaine and heroin in neighboring countries or from rebel and paramilitary groups.
7a19e44d7e6935bf1d69c8285fd82d1281f6b9f8	Within a few years, they had established large and well protected plantations in the jungle.
bda4f42ed568414097335bc53c9c5fcc0a51128b	The stories of the lives of Pablo's friends can be read in the second part the Medellin Cartel.
b5c67a532d1bd475f19920f226ba3adf0b9ad170	Today, the drug business in Colombia is a free market, where there are many contractors.
ac8ff1c411213c325bc969296dd3a4c1d252bb77	Drug traffickers make deals with various groups, buying cocaine from them.
6c809f823bc8e1fbf180d94ac264bf1975a7726a	For its transportation, they are already turning to others, new heroes from Mexico have entered the arena.
66fd14e9e3c61e5c79d34af03f5c8f8ee9c4869f	Up To the level above The site Map To the main Back
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6d8d387fa446c3047b74a02ce571ac6e88cf1b60	A man who set himself the highest goals in football and brilliantly achieved them.
d0b116aeb6d162801144a3c2af026f842ae062f2	Probably, only a lazy or very distant person from football does not know that Kaiser is the first in the world who managed to win the World Cup as a player, and then as a coach.
6e95843315f3df8f4729bf54b43a4cac14f670c5	It just so happened that Franz was in many ways the first in his time – the first player who played more than 100 matches for the German national team, the first player who was twice awarded the Golden Ball prize in 1972 and 1976.
daf14b556205c8d4054181e62f0214131a4b4341	There is an opinion that the Kaiser almost fantastically caught luck by the tail.
191cd0388b7f0699d25e3ff26f87395616d2affa	One has only to answer this – luck accompanies the strong.
c18969c9d5a39f0e2a73add934ea81caf5beaa9c	Since Beckenbauer was born in Munich, he was just destined to have a connection with the local "Bayern", sooner or later.
88580d15c2e06e72749dfc1252afc3f192b6a251	However, little Franz made his first football steps in the youth team of another city club "Munich 1906", which is in the shadow of the great grandee.
0cd736d1d60ca4dd41fa65aa8f2f599ce275043a	But still, Kaiser got to Bayern.
cddb6b09d97499e02def83c71bf9890702688708	It happened in 1959, where he was almost immediately noticed by the coach of the German youth national team.
7f2347fb8cc51438306d1ef5b8b37f7bdb1db0a8	Franz Beckenbauer was a rare all-rounder, he could play both in the center and on the flank, both in defense and as an attacking player.
333a8d0f9e16012acddfcb8e117f06d9ea45f7e3	The first official match for the basis of "Bayern" the guy played against the club "St. Pauli" in the position of a left attacking striker.
8d9e709a531aa0a37563dca51eda0941bf42139b	And although Franz did not score a goal in the first game at the adult level, he left quite a decent impression despite the fact that Bayern defeated St. Pauli with a score of 4-0.
0e38d7777d447f7ee6e71b4e235d50a4b697f19c	In 1965, there was, perhaps, an event that determined the fate of a young guy – his debut in the national team.
4e66425d5dba9328d7b95d4c0169d9740123ae71	His debut came in a decisive game with the Swedish national team in the qualifying round of the 1966 World Cup.
60712926496ea73e1f18a04bf8c88d47b6824fc3	As a result, Franz appeared on the field, played the match in his inimitable manner, the national team defeated the hosts with a score of 2-1 and went to the World Cup, and also acquired in the person of Beckenbauea an irreplaceable defensive player, the leader of the team both on and off the field for more than 10 years.
bd570bde6f56c8f115329a0f5fda408d884d7018	Just at that time, the then coach of Bayern, Helmut Schoen, was trying Beckenbauer in a new position for him, and, perhaps, for the entire football world, the so - called "libero" - the last defender.
bfc25967b51910cbd9aad3ef898ea7991c2e59fd	And this decision was super-successful!
ea56cdc62f606ece462b3148b1c8e96804e60343	Thanks to Franz's versatility, he was not only engaged in destroying attacks, cleaning up balls for partners, but also led both the defense and the entire team.
d760a1c568e400d37822f61b6b42b8b487366e4d	Beckenbauer could perfectly "see" the football field, instantly, like a computer, calculated all possible options and made almost always the right choice.
0c79d5eda03213f3a153b7c16294b12fb6e4cfcb	In 1972, the German national team became the European champion, winning in the final against the USSR national team — 3: 0.
57dbd8f78fb19949ed0e496fde2705798344350b	And in 1974, the captain of the German national team, Franz Beckenbauer, after the final match with the Dutch, won with a score of 2:1, raised the FIFA Gold Cup over his head.
3c66bcc4894905bf6c6006b98bddced46295d3f9	So he became a world champion as a player.
ba05caaaa579b61447aa9eaa594a193298e30c65	This was the pinnacle of his career as a player, but far from the last achievement in football in general.
d83fa2da7750b988f997d7c3a7954668b53f9f25	After playing for another 2 years after the triumph in the national team, and having played a total of 103 matches, Beckenbauer decided that it was time to leave the national team and his native Bayern, since age made it clear, and Franz did not want to be a burden.
9890fb6a0fcda495db6303e166b7719610ab4fdf	After playing 4 seasons in "Cosmos", Kaiser Franz returned to his homeland, where, as they say, he got from the ship to the ball.
4fe612fdbbc7d6c0b2df6011ee1c89656ab67a39	In 1984, something incredible was happening in the German national team, the generational change was painful, and Beckenbauer was offered to lead the national team.
db17938a0bb4c957ccb60bbd7df786914ea51f2c	Franz's team had to take the first serious exam at the 1986 World Championship.
8f46b3a831d329a1254424055ee21bf8cd7037c1	And the German national team, as they say, shot perfectly, reaching the final and losing only to the incredible Argentines with Diego Maradona, who shone then.
9933f7653a3424cc4dcc8b1c6b28f9dc0523af50	Franz's team also faced the national team of Argentina in the final, but now the Germans have taken revenge for the defeat at the last World Cup with a score of 1-0.
68d5939d5d433e56092ba77c63c89dfcc0c79407	After the victorious World Cup, the great Beckenbauer left the national team for the benefit of his native and beloved club.
fec7dacad15481a2ea918aceb91cee2b2c9cb6b3	In 1994, Kaiser Franz became the president of Bayern, which he still is.
1769f089bf2d1b82a7af65a5c2ff4a555fc7f47d	It is with his name, along with another amazing person - Ajax coach Rinus Michels, that the heyday of Dutch football in general and Ajax Amsterdam in particular is connected.
c12d836bff9f7ad119a360442d12f40bdb538adb	This man became the personification of a new era in football – the era of total football.
921688032caf31d59e178228b7f93c9365238ba6	After completing his playing career, Cruyff appeared before the public as a coach.
52fa07808e7a18d07fa4d038c67dfc0aed30a4d3	In his new field, the "Flying Dutchman" proved himself as brilliantly as in previous years, for which he was included in the top ten field players by all authoritative sources in the world of football.
e4d2e00b95441a114166ea87047de7db85119713	Little Johan spent almost all his childhood at Ajax, and literally on the basis of the Amsterdam club.
ad9025428bcb5dc1bd3f9c55f5739e9afc9f803f	The fact is that Cruyff did not have a father, and his mother worked in the structure of the club.
29e062391bf3bcdeee578153664d6370172d3d38	Therefore, the son was constantly with his mother-he looked at the football players, fiddled with the ball, dreamed of taking their place once.
a1f4b850d89aeef6812e7fdba71a8ac9c9f16158	At the age of twelve, the guy received a kind of gift – his mother, after talking with the Ajax coaches, identified him to the famous Dutch club.
5684b9659409d2939e5cfb39b61399280ca2ca9c	It was difficult to imagine a better gift.
8f47e145fc9ed744e7c3bda5fb8b213fc48544a0	He had practically no weak points, and the crazy speed (Johan ran 30 meters in 3.8 seconds) and fantastic coordination (it was normal for the great Cruyff to change the trajectory of movement at full speed) simply disarmed the defensive formations of the opponents.
6f20f28c1a6fef121918f314a7751c7c53929a3c	And he got the nickname "Flying Dutchman" for the fact that he behaved very easily and gracefully on the field, as if he was not running, but soaring on the field.
afc8466edf7cbf7dad7a325f2f6d5d2088e50ca7	The legendary Cruyff was one of the first to master the so – called game without the ball-he constantly moved, moved around the field, could appear where no one was waiting for him.
40db40278c690c69057ba4fa489ecf8c455133ec	But his game with the ball was even more striking than everyone else – excellent dribbling and excellent technique were his calling card.
10e5c700a522786a082124d959ac16570e7df9cf	This leads to the fact that the club from Amsterdam takes the lead in the Dutch championship, having won 6 championship titles between 1966 and 1973, losing first place only twice – in 1969 and 1971.
03f7dc1f5a0199c186f29f7104418287e4e1b345	In 1972 and 1973, Ajax repeated the achievement by beating two legendary Italian football clubs Inter and Juventus in the finals, respectively.
14ffc54915a761b85712054f081e127e59c0e7fb	In 1973 and 1974, Cruyff again became the best in Europe and the owner of the"Golden Balls".
0d1de0873a04e253cd380f8b9ce4094f42a6dcc4	In 1973, the "Flying Dutchman" went to Barcelona - at that time a rich, ambitious, but not too successful club.
f1b32baa56ccc5933a378d0e6298c63fb3b8a3fe	In the new team, the great Johan Cruyff got down to business and the result was not long in coming – already in the same season, Barcelona becomes the champion of Spain.
496d6bb2b6f6257b5ab58f97404fd5088a5aa05a	After several seasons in the United States, playing for the Los Angeles Aztecs and Washington Diplomats, Cruyff returns to Europe and plays in the Levante team, which was not quite popular at that time.
23c68daede71f05b3abe2e62681c9a4e83ad02b6	Soon the great football player returns to his homeland, where he ends his career in 1984.
d09dd1731878fc830cd0bda04658975b1af2579f	As a player, and then as a coach, Johan Cruyff undermined his health, so he decided to leave coaching so early and retired.
f52d867800cc4031ff553d516dcaee854f3b7955	Argentine footballer Diego Maradona was born on October 30, 1960 in Lanus, Buenos Aires province.
017a8558705aaf14cd5b6d6d74145d577316693d	His fans know for sure that from the early stages of his career, Maradona turned training and games into a real show.
a65017f8a9fb6c42107b738d3d95cd3c273af5ac	As a young boy, Diego attracted attention by the fact that he had no equal in the technique of possession of the ball.
e4290d28128ed17542dd95138e83d14b10975a00	With one movement, he left his rivals out of business.
629c326f94e87cde3d3c24f1b3618088acb87978	Maradona made his debut on October 20, 1976 with Argentinos Juniors, and six months later he played in the national team.
09acbcca5469023919d41c2cefa089cd98f72649	At the World Cup in 1979, the youth national team of Argentina with its captain Maradona won, and Diego himself received the title of the best player of the tournament.
b9043dbed651eafbd634e4daed586a650eaaf4a9	In 1981, the legendary football player moved to the most popular club in Argentina, Boca Juniors, and became the national champion.
d07b58238ccba76146ac736eabf8f947ad74b060	In 1982, Maradona was sold to the Spanish "Barcelona", and in 1984 — to the Italian "Napoli", and each time for fabulous money.
111e75bef194345197289af8de29c5e0263bb718	At the 1986 World Cup, Diego Maradona brought Argentina a victory, and himself the title of the best football player in the world.
31a1bd0a14a7eee7fa9cce07e7418b7cbae04175	In 1987, thanks to Maradona's great game, Napoli won the Italian Cup, two years later — the UEFA Cup.
667a7780161e552428fced5bd5b8f53734ac871d	At the World Cup, the Argentine national team was able to reach the final, losing there to the German team.
78d8468c7e638ca20a8b000157046a8a4a33da47	In 1991, Diego Maradona revealed drug problems.
ff04a6d6c315c3a87c3111f3335a4a0a8d41a8b0	A simple test after the match "Napoli" — "Bari" gave a positive result, after which Maradona was disqualified for more than a year.
f321b8cc9ca63f5e354de7a035f0837e43a4652c	Soon the football player was arrested for using cocaine and was sent for compulsory treatment.
b69f883e0ee3bacae7d10f46ba9f15319aaef408	After an unsuccessful game in the Spanish "Seville" in 1992, Maradona began playing for the Argentine club "Newells Old Boys".
aad37971a83f53bd3e4cb4096327457507429d0d	Soon the legendary striker finished his career and went to Cuba, where he underwent long-term treatment.
36084278a1354aa6bf6fcc9addf3c95ff2f852bf	In the fall of 2008, Maradona was appointed coach of the Argentine national team.
566eac66f705e67e154024a4c2b1a7e0cbe371a6	He held this post for two years, after which in 2011-2012 he coached the Al Wasl club from the UAE.
bed57b1021ef0ce8386c22d86884f5b307603f0a	Studying the biography of Platini, it becomes clear that Platini could never have appeared, if not the father of the young Michel.
fda51f2ce4a14a8c3c324b5b1aa12d9773d5c13f	It was he who instilled in his son a love of football, encouraged Platini Jr.'s long absences on football fields, interpreted certain tactical tricks of the star clubs of those times.
a8081f31b782e7e1fd5313c758bf2a1ba01a507e	Due to the fact that Platosh did not have any unique physical data, and in other words, he was generally short (this is the nickname given to him by his peers), the guy quickly mastered all sorts of tactical tricks and tricks in the technique when working with the ball.
6753c877dcda638dfa8dea79d208c990bffde8a5	At first, it was very difficult for a seventeen-year-old boy to train and play with adult matured football players.
4afcc835184b6b7ef97a14ba0a7dc49ead2c2f40	Therefore, in the first two years, Michel very rarely appeared on the field, having played a few matches and scored six goals.
f36a49547346afafb3de3714e74b517a7d39d535	But in the 1974/75 season , Platini, who had already grown up and gained experience, was born.
01b63c6da54496625e039522bf043c41d96ec939	Football experts began to pay attention to Michel Platini more and more often, and the call to the national team did not take long to wait – on March 22, 1976, Platos made his debut in the French national team in a friendly match against the Czechoslovakia national team.
1704181795fcdac7dff659552f3e1e5bc761683c	After the national team, success comes to Michel and his "Nancy".
d7af2c3905a3c055f9a08b45c591dffda7d59b56	The team from Lorraine wins the French Cup in 1978 – Platini's first trophy at a high level!
b9e5d377db314458782b3c4abe8a0b0a80dc0c25	On the wave of success, Shorty gets to the World Cup together with the national team of his country.
944e0cd929c5289e07a7cd93251fe010d6bafe11	The experience of the French guys was still not enough and the performance of the French national team ended at the group stage.
5a40ff7882bd53bb558028cba503d97a8f89158b	In 1979, the legendary Platini moved to the solid and most powerful French club of that time-Saint Etienne.
b1615ffb467c075ab3ae9e1e8630ef2ab60014fe	In 1981, Michel and his new team won the French championship.
db9841a56379ad8737e65675a8cb28a37549cc92	After this triumph, a real hunt of grandees from all over the world unfolds for the 26-year-old nugget.
7d0826e250dfb83ec9c44e2a84af5e9b4b342e1f	At first, it was very difficult for Michel Platini in the new team.
4429dfaec9e3da28256e02ffcbe410e2d02e3496	Platini's career took off.
4a99aaea04b5629c73f5bc92e8c23ea301582eb2	The year 1984 turned out to be special.
f4568ff25841023243e65769a9e382afdf09611d	Then Juventus, led by such a master as Platos, collected a whole scattering of awards and titles at once: the Champion of Italy, the Cup Winners ' Cup, the European Super Cup, and Michel himself became the European champion as part of the French national team, scoring as many as 9 goals in 5 masts.
35986c91c5e0fa7ef74dce9f27bcc361974c2821	The only peak that did not submit to the great Platini was the World Cup.
7ab1fc6ed06cab685836dd0e2f9204f55623b221	In 1987, to everyone's surprise, the legendary "Francese" at the age of 32 decided to hang his boots on a nail.
6b8a69ce42e2fcca1065f361d7398b76c18b79d4	Despite the fact that Michel Platini himself did not lead his national team to the championship at the World Cup, but he still waited for the triumph of the French national team in 1998.
605eb1d74092f3ac89c32ed6261df99786cfbf2b	In 2007, his dream comes true – Michel Platini, replacing Lennart Johansson, becomes president of UEFA.
082b42e0b27cc2888115033aff0c04c597a2758e	Pele is currently the only person who has three World Cup titles in his national team, who won as a player.
6f2f6dc3557ef920593166b995853a4f6f1a9c5f	In addition, he is the most productive striker with 1,289 goals to his credit in all official games.
29547380a759a50aef8c41a707d6519cb0272455	Little Pele's path to football was practically spelled out, because his dad Dondinho (Joao Ramos do Nascimento) he was a professional football player himself, but due to a serious injury, he hung up his boots early on a nail, and began to pay all his attention to Edson – he taught him everything that he could himself.
d62cada7875f99069a6b533ef52382dba18135fe	One day, a former Brazilian national team player Valdemar de Brito came to the team as a coach, who without hesitation gives Edson to watch at Santos.
128d363278b8d940b6725ccd210c0fdaac48e84a	And already at the age of 16, Pele makes his debut for the main team of a big club from Sao Paulo.
3705e2c0f5a9c7af00f04c503efafa1f66f4dcee	His debut, as well as his technique, made a splash among the fans.
3e5459bb56b66d1e427a32431ba5d49a2eef70eb	For all the time spent at Santos, and Pele spent a lot of it there-no joke, 18 years at the club (1956-1974), 11 championships of the state of Sao Paulo, 11 times he became the top scorer of the draw: a record in 1958 – 58 goals, 6 Brazilian Cups, 2 Libertadores Cups (analogous to the European Champions League), 1 Intercontinental Cup.
17133ea5fdf3dc6bd0a304263d3d2063755e5c81	Experts say that there were no weak points in Pele's game.
073ca2fd56ea688a33a2cce96e067d626a01c8bb	His most accurate passes made everyone in the stadium freeze in a single rush.
f8e96ca0d9848db9cdf39a0b08846b51092c72f4	And dribbling simply amazed with its simplicity and elegance.
97db1454dd40e780b6446a5bbf376c027ba97c00	Behind the simplicity and elegance of the king of football were grueling workouts.
b40c28a2120d23970852f6851044931daadb7475	In total, in his performances for the national team (92 matches), he scored 97 goals against opponents – an achievement that still remains unsurpassed.
afc642534fe132c4906939cb06af47a4111f55c0	Despite the fact that Pele has never played in Europe, the recognition of this athlete was phenomenal – 93% of all people on the planet Earth.
06b16a809b152284da1e3f1d5055e842454996de	After completing his career, the King of football showed his acting talent and starred in several films, and even wrote an autobiographical book for the football population, which prompted hundreds of illiterate Brazilian boys to learn to read in order to touch the great.
1c5b8c328308a8d3c36eedd5fce115b2024c023a	In 1999, the IOC named Pele the greatest athlete of the century (although he never participated in the OI), and FIFA recognized him as the best football player of the XX century.
87021d2a6c7a3676a76152bf0a43eea9742b2030	At the moment, Edson Arantis do Nascimento or simply Pele is engaged in the promotion of football, and sports in general, is the Minister of Sports of Brazil, and also makes good money by having his own business.
9f38c4d0633a483bfdeb0cabf8f226c5db3de1dd	And really, a talented person is talented in everything!
2f40e07113f126df6af20b8f191ff4fc00efdabb	FOOTBALL LEGENDS
f5cf468358adf5ffb1eb1d44f92086c13f4dda34	Home About the project Football Players Strikers Pele Johan Cruyff Gerd Muller Alfredo Di Stefano
c4f5ea2ec84c0b7c945b0906938b6a4fa80e28df	Midfielders Diego Maradona Michel Platini Fedor Cherenkov
f02450dcf78610f85aa7181bed41a134fbe94059	Defenders Franz Beckenbauer
0d94353a08252282866af8a6479af36dde1b17bd	Goalkeepers Lev Yashin Peter Schmeichel
270e0784d24178d9571edab452fa12b92194e451	Coaches Valery Lobanovsky Konstantin Beskov
c61019a5c9d29461266d7921e43df47f9aa3c965	Judges Pierluigi Collina Marcus Merck
d2fabaeaf53572b8c53d839add04a0e564c81633	Clubs United Kingdom Arsenal Liverpool Manchester United Chelsea Everton
9c37b9514a59e3b51962027623b60a48fadce9f2	Statistics Golden ball Golden boot
65a52304d5c613e5d40c10914c67522e266fad4f	Football Players Midfielders Michel Platini
800ba77de241b3ec26e23ee7cb493ce776ca04e5	Michel Platini
665d1578b35c27eac7e446ecbe45fa29ed620ced	Michel Platini (born June 21, 1955) is a world famous "Shorty" and "Platosh".
2ccd2f855adebbd765fe6ee574477aebe70b3433	A man with an unsurpassed ability to perform free kicks.
50ac509a1401ddd94e6a3802afdaa7e3a60d21a4	A man whose talent did not remain on the football field – after the end of his football career, Platini turned into a great functionary, which shows in him not only great strength of spirit, but also strength of mind.
546d2d0739344974c59a218671fd28983526196e	Finally, this is so far the only football player who has been awarded the prestigious Golden Ball award three years in a row!
dd95c72d401fd6d579ba42a3cddbcc3110f20639	Platini himself said: "There are at least two million Frenchmen who will overtake me in the cross country, and two million more can put me on the shoulder blades."
a3c8b50edb961c9359c996106ce0c39b3dcd37ab	Aldo Platini (Michel's father) often had to play the role of his son's agent.
b8313133b528ec432fe62ba3d2b4e7ed55db7c7c	Breeders at some point began to simply besiege the house of a young talent.
93cd3e3e61ca837c5d6039d5991d9b9b592a122e	The only way out was to decide on a club for Shorty as soon as possible, and Dad chose the strongest club in Lorraine – Nancy.
29df188470747b69ee99dd70c5615dcb50b4bdf8	Moreover, Aldo made a wise decision – not to leave Michel alone at the academy at such a young age and asked to join the club structure.
77ae80bf06b94d2e9c355beac1716b98bf61b152	The leaders of" Nancy " decided that Aldo Platini could quite cope with the role of the coach of the third team.
43c1292a6c0b27fc121f2f98bee56ac2ed5d20b1	As a result, both father and son were in the same club in the same composition.
00053fc7f882b01f701821a31c34242ff19f2268	At first, it was very difficult for a seventeen year old boy to train and play with adult matured football players.
44cf275acedd5e672a793878fb72466e56f1f353	It is not surprising that this season Platosh has scored as many as 17 goals in the opponents ' goal!
3f681227bc6c91a8151a31329b884fbb9e661815	By that time, Nancy had fallen out of the elite division of France, but not for long.
262b404d3f161dc1afef4a90f592d9f2df2b8860	Having a newly made leader, the club from Lorraine returned to the top league in 1975/76.
150a9dfbf9066d77a32f9bd748562c4b4ce78069	And then, in the same match, it differs from a free kick!
65b1bb885d6a605e1fd8eca719915869066ddab9	A phenomenal start!
4a2b364bb15a7c0d71c471b77ee87c3503666f17	However, there is nothing good for them there, since the group that Platosh and his comrades got into was, as it is now customary to say, a group of death.
738e94a6971546549fc2f1af91683bf97a053a79	In 1979, the legendary Platini moved to the solid and most powerful French club of that time Saint Etienne.
79456ac492f4387b6fbd8d3c2e957b982d0346db	After this triumph, a real hunt of grandees from all over the world unfolds for the 26 year old nugget.
73b1ee9cc9ee61d9dd58915be489d35cc563452c	There were offers from Real Madrid, Arsenal, Juventus.
be254e4aa5e7a0d86d86aa876567fb43b3afe871	It was the last club that the great Platini stopped his attention and in 1982, right before the World Cup in Spain, he moved to the camp of Juventus Turin.
cf12085dd583a6ac6d4bdbcbd61ea6eed21c95c3	He's such a person – he started hard wherever he played.
a2a9aeeece4ec3095a99724085d8105ca6f5dfa8	Problems literally stuck like a snowball!
c02817f2548634806878f437fe114e14059956e8	Here is the problem with adaptation, despite the fact that Platos has Italian roots.
ad386351b6964650997e0423ca6dc8e6d9b8c144	And the training process was significantly different from the French one – more serious loads exhausted the guy to the fullest.
188b9e6d4b71a04df520a0cfbcbca9bf7066caee	Moreover, the fans were skeptical of him, immediately came up with the offensive nickname "Francese" (Frenchman).
30445c099b5c4675f8ae339400e5d38fa53f4723	And problems with the media arose regularly.
6f929a471383328c3d274ad3349289bcd932eebe	It would seem that Platini got into the wrong club, another would have spat and left for any other, but not him!
d0f7ec2e9b7334704cdaa93981a393df3a567ce8	Platini, as a true professional in his field, endured, trained with clenched teeth, literally "died" in training and the result did not take long to wait.
d8ae7cd324eaaa8b482840e96afe3d18a9258ca3	Gradually, Michel got used to the local atmosphere, customs, adapted, so to speak.
f2e9e4decfdac7fbff5815dfca5f1e997b12fa59	The real success and recognition of the fans came to him after the famous match with Torino - the main and most principled rival of Juventus at all times.
2f932a97e43ae56e063c533d11bd291fd1eacd00	In that match, Platini showed true skill, and even scored a winning goal in the final protocol of the match!
aabe8bf5e49ff48b9280432d7f6e334bfda01c55	In the same year, Michel begins to host several football related programs on the central channels of Italy. the success is stunning and the nickname "francese" goes from offensive to respectful.
03358bf0b54cc23abe5070cfd3ff60e07a7d8167	A unique achievement.
a036e7051e48c2fe3aaa9e79641600f8d186cf11	Naturally, the prize as the best football player in Europe also went to Platini.
acb8e7239d149f71345878fb1f53397461eb4f4d	Although two World Cups in a row in 1982 and 1986, the French national team was stopped by a powerful German machine in the semifinals.
5e00ea325b8edd004caf2953f5cc5ab20298649f	Almost all the football stars, led by Pele, gathered for the farewell match with Platini.
c5ab877d64ad5a48a412a2aad89eb77cf482246a	Platini did not become a world champion, but he was seen off like a champion.
e88fbf8d4c126c655b638a8c821ef258c3f58a7c	Platini returned to football in 1991, leading the French national team.
11a433d40109fcd766995018aded05925afce75d	Platos was even recognized as the best coach of 1991 for the result shown by his team in the qualifying group for the European Championship – 8 wins in 8 matches.
d6b3c1c5424dd40df1e572b0cbfa614e44990346	But in fact, the French did not even reach the semifinals in Sweden, losing to the strong Danish national team.
0050cb1ebeab046e5a441e9dd8d165c864e8b13e	It was a failure and the once great player Platini refused to coach.
647b55299db25cb71e46895bb8df6e273f66a26f	He considers himself too soft tempered and too intelligent for this.
42a8509ca63bdcc0b6e9e8651c6f50b0a5b05fd2	He himself was involved in the organization of this championship, which was held in his homeland, and did everything so well that he immediately attracted the attention of UEFA functionaries.
b9925d225775e60d4c1c480432c0c4fb4c6fbf43	In 2002, Platini officially began to hold the position of an official of two organizations at once FIFA and UEFA, dreaming of the presidential chair in the latter.
25b4034684c130ad430bcc56f20642f9bed59fa9	On December 21, 2015, Michel Platini was accused of corruption by the FIFA Ethics Committee.
bb5a1d63793a91ce00f248c912d703bb8a4f3e89	And although the guilt was not proven, the FIFA Ethics Committee, taking into account indirect evidence, suspended Platini for 8 years from any football activity, thereby putting an end to the Frenchman's career.
d9f3331720397127ff71dffc93c271a42e5c5375	Career Milestones
81690c830a2b8067590ac6faac7834df40c57a5f	CLUB EVENTS
e27370c94e5ce69b7c262499a09c3c24dd0789fa	▪ European Champion: 1984
764aeb1c4f0689acc98854fe5ed4b50e29728ee8	▪ Bronze medalist of the World Championship: 1986
2c1f487648aafd534758e1817200d7e66ae2befb	▪ Champion of France: 1981
46a4d430505c91e591877eeffc4ecf32125a18d6	▪ French Cup Winner: 1978
0448746a370950e53567a71f72d55ff987b0e33b	▪ 2 time Italian Champion: 1984, 1986
7b812ace5e7ad684370f134a650c853abaadf6f9	▪ Italian Cup Winner: 1983
54ee70e83408a0c8f7e8fb834b17feb9fc0ba8d9	▪ Cup of Cups Winner: 1984
05d3d9ed731d2fccf045edd94c2c12e0e12d2157	▪ Winner of the European Champions Cup: 1985
e7f661aee308d056ce4490a97fcf8bc30bb0e9f5	▪ European Super Cup Winner: 1985
aa72efe587ff7adf5cc873600e695bd10233abde	▪ Winner of the Intercontinental Cup: 1985
3c40f66417da246668f0987b60ef03da26d2920d	PERSONAL
016a868a7dc73352857ff2019d7b0af22efd3671	▪ The best football player in Europe three times in a row in 1983, 1984, 1985
6688f90c0d2f45388fea2ff3b39f3104440517dc	▪ 2 time Footballer of the Year in France: 1976, 1977
e3ef7860c909f19f0733cd4b067eb518b4c63633	▪ Knight of the Legion of Honor: 1985 Chevalier, 1988 Officer
8967e86daddf6233b82b4e157708929897a0a474	▪ Included in the FIFA 100 list
576347ec826f38428d8c8a6f8ec4acb2bceab911	Europe
a1e290bab556cc85cb72a2cb75bb9a0aba45b447	America
ddc6f6daf92cb0481dbd58b9dc70aa2cdd6fae2c	CIS and the USSR
1d35114b8f34bf6224a46dac8d98b4ed3594b7f5	Africa
a173e725607d0f98c78ebac0b31138d8d136aa84	Asia
c281f59c09d39ca0a7a272ae7ff4a86b6485d0af	About the company | Site map Copyright © 2011 legendfootballer.jimdo.com
82b369738c209b79900dd9528863a25b7d63fb1b	Exit | Edit
4c7ac2d8e6e7463199c89d4def30c06b9710d2ff	Jimdo This site was created on Jimdo!
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00a1e8cef60bec29773b958d9810d5de5f6bc878	Go to the top
9a4c7f46513fd5856f2129b5757e5cd14c0eb45d	Football Players Strikers Johan Cruyff
880569a1a6d72105c5ce9c5ba13f241e408aa4ad	Johan Cruyff
c179eed86318d15c2825e16cfc0b0713dd26b617	Johan Cruyff (April 25, 1947 March 24, 2016) was a legendary football "Flying Dutchman".
ca3707d4434b9ec84ea181f3457a3ef9c8d59ebc	Therefore, the son was constantly with his mother he looked at the football players, fiddled with the ball, dreamed of taking their place once.
2092f7946b6d5d64c84a3fd7724cd0956f75fab4	Johan was so imbued with the training process and games for the youth team that after 4 years they signed a real professional contract with him.
98ef6e9df0bface490e5a685bec5c64fbb39f8e1	It is worth explaining that at that time, Ajax coach Rinus Michels started a big restructuring in the team.
bd442108f20140e21553412638a4da31c89d8f54	He instilled in Ajax the so called "total football", the essence of which was that all field players participated in both attack and defense, regardless of their role.
a736799a8f64cc9d807d1dd5fdfb5de0f182b4f9	The players had to move a lot on the field, change places, work a lot without the ball.
b52b8eb4759ac4a378bdb50ed78a096439b2e9cb	Often, the defense players went on the attack while the attackers were drawn closer to the defense, the attack could start from any part of the field, which confused the opponents.
076c84cf1cccc8d12e5df8548cb43dd85d1e4722	The teams professing personal guardianship suffered especially.
1aaf0c7a2fdff5979fc6265e83a6e793cddaaf54	Now it seems obvious, but in those days such football seemed unimaginable.
ab24b77b07fa53a9f40288f0e33ac50f7e0a11fe	It is not surprising that Ajax with such a game in a short time turned into a world class star and in the period of the 1960s 70s was almost the strongest football team in Europe.
0adf304f6e70a19db1f2ae8f1269ab988ca2b1d6	To implement his plans, Michels naturally needed specific players - players who could combine both defensive and attacking skills and who could fill any place on the field at the right time.
cab019614a7814c0848d219293625577fb734634	This is where the seventeen year old Cruyff came in handy, who, as it turned out, not only fits perfectly into the scheme of Michels, but can also perform the role of a leader on the field at such a young age and lead the team behind him.
9b711cb1e7dd8b60e1c6401c683439d3d95b0951	The legendary Cruyff was one of the first to master the so – called game without the ball he constantly moved, moved around the field, could appear where no one was waiting for him.
99aace2aa5e73e15ff8fab14456e39dd27c89a3c	Also, despite his apparent lightness, Johan was very competent at working with the body – it was almost impossible to take the ball away from him.
de63fb07992ca0cce093ae3f7112b52b8a0b1034	It is worth noting another " chip "in the game of the" Flying Dutchman " - this is the possession of an excellent pass and shot due to the fact that Cruyff used the outside of the foot for this.
d1daa35347ab3ca262b0c2625528b03cd8a545a7	The game of "shvedoy" led to the fact that the ball received an incredible trajectory - this quite often confused the opponents.
cabedcaad37d625cbee2ff6c53a8f3668a09e24c	To match Cruyff, his partners at Ajax, and later on the national team, also acted.
3c5d92bcbef7c5397d709a6fca606332e8e5855c	However, it is worth noting that in 1971, Ajax won the European Champions Cup for the first time in history, beating the Greek Panathiaikos 2-0 in the final.
5b2f8c2fb7c92a7f14cf16240895a958bbe1c4f4	In the same year, Johan Cruyff became the best football player in Europe and received the " Golden Ball "from the authoritative French football publication"FranceFootball".
1391e8b8b6fe29c39c2a9087825662464c3d8b56	Further more.
0bc78fffbbf5e4d0cc42639df02aa662d1c219ee	The recognition of Cruyff is also facilitated by the confident game of the "Flying Dutchman" for the national team, where he first gets to the 19 year old age for a match with the Hungarian national team.
1b97bf69d7606bc597a25f7e2b10c447a1145386	In this match, he also manages to distinguish himself, reducing the duel to a draw in the 88th minute.
1faec46cf78d5db726e93dbc6ed193f7e749fe4a	It is worth noting that Ajax has never been rich and quite often earned money by selling its homegrown stars.
3b79b8c8a3d33dea15692754c84f14b781604f0f	The same fate befell Cruyff.
71e18c30f57062849baa499d11d1824393b9c4ed	And Ajax, after selling another of its leaders, Johan Neeskens, loses some shine, the zest of the game and after a while finally loses its superiority in Europe.
3491e2e9053da9808388640eb561592880d04fe6	But "total football" remains a trademark of the Dutch national team, which in 1974 appeared in all its splendor at the World Cup in West Germany.
46844119557239c70a627e66f24771a7480a42cf	The former players of the once great club from Amsterdam come together again and demonstrate something amazing.
2fe34ec0a9e9084b22b793343bcde9134ac9b658	The only one who could restrain the frantic Cruyff and Neeskens turned out to be none other than Beckenbauer himself – the captain of the German national team.
6d35cc075a6b3cc3daa6c5c1940e49ed606d84e8	Kaiser Franz did his job to contain the zealous attack, and the equally brilliant Gerd Muller did his job in the attack.
18e56463cd8975fa0078722102e80c66ef154b93	As a result, the defeat of the Dutch is a step away from the Champions Cup.
78ced975f1f49fdd288cefb2b66c8fec1b0533c5	But the participation of the Dutch at that World Cup was seen by the whole world, who fell in love with the team itself in general and with its leader Johan Cruyff separately.
b460bf338fa70342676155fd044bfec821f78133	After 4 years at the World Cup in Argentina, the national team of the country of tulips was again in the final.
61a4944cceb4dfca42894e0b217eaa12ff590c09	Where I lost again, and again to the hosts – this time to the Argentines.
f773b8113d1c39da4e59651b845f002847d989c5	But this was already without the great Johan Cruyff, who, despite numerous persuasions, said goodbye first to the Dutch national team, and then to Barcelona, and at the age of 31 went to the United States, so to speak, to raise football in that country.
ff291b755c2826bdb65b295af60658b3d35e7071	Later, Johan Cruyff became the coach of his native Ajax ,where he was from 1986 to 1988.
49310af534d842b9d63eeffe7b10f6070b915673	There he wins several trophies, including the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1987.
68d9d12c312889f2842788806979b5f362c07d93	In 1988, the "Flying Dutchman" moved to Barcelona ,where he remained a coach until 1996.
248b93f7be549d0c5f0545132676b38ff7bc916f	And here he shows himself only from the best side, having won the European Champions Cup in 1992, the final of the European Champions Cup in 1994, becoming the champion of Spain 4 times.
1825b0b06d4329684259ab7cd450350816fca65e	Since then, he has been offered many times to lead various teams, including the Dutch national team, but he always refused.
2aaea9cd027b90ec836e41434d345a6a17f77073	On March 24, 2016, the "Flying Dutchman" was gone...
2c0b6cd826938ee7c5b47827d4d85083272a2a19	The culprit was lung cancer, which Cruyff had been fighting for a long time with varying success.
1e7a57d5d71b19e9c71ee33b3f81aa8ab9e444cc	The legendary football player died at the age of 68 in his beloved city of Barcelona, surrounded by close people.
168a1ef6a45d34ea670cca40adcb9f0152eb88eb	Rest in peace, legend...
1b90271d66cf2d3ac755d49a550fe5f31b9eca5f	Progress
68fd325ab4f41f7a393e51f5a653122ceb99ea8d	AS A PLAYER
31c99c9095fc754493dcd2fba8462a46f6d25075	▪ Silver medalist of the World Championship: 1974
21a66a5997f9429f1a4aa19891c7bdd2bc14c400	▪ Bronze medalist of the European Championship: 1976
372fb090ad89335ca69a3369d01d73d49a3cdde4	▪ Champion of the Netherlands: 1966, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1982, 1983, 1984
84e79bc456aa0e14e1b18bfbc56fd9a7d46c3ba4	▪ Winner of the Netherlands Cup: 1967, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1983, 1984
c84b468aa340623f4e4a5e6962b477c360591a4e	▪ Champion of Spain: 1974
2bc17aedd0c158a7e26a2cc4ea66a8bbfcf1eb2a	▪ Silver medalist of the Spanish Championship: 1976, 1977, 1978
a9ba32d0a61e52b6f741c9594a08f21388e0d593	▪ Spanish Cup Winner: 1978
adc1a552f4129e0f5cdf2571f2ad7c3836a6d463	▪ European Champions Cup winner: 1970/71, 1971/72, 1972/73
66c4a5867f3b84e9dcea1aac0062bb15ea6af4fb	▪ European Champions Cup finalist: 1968/69
cc3fcc00c57bf1bb57c1c7a156172d6d316e94bf	▪ UEFA Super Cup winner: 1972, 1973
c6568312f542b15e94acce4b4f7370a0de8d5a6f	▪ Winner of the Intercontinental Cup: 1972
67f031bf71c178d81df731e29109c310b9c3d638	AS A COACH
929dc12a9aaf068f05ff659d42ede159bc66fd8f	▪ Silver medalist of the Netherlands Championship: 1986, 1987
3083e8e8f19441865780ea3479f7db418a1e072f	▪ Dutch Cup Winner: 1986, 1987
d6e51d14f56d26aa15d3f987c72ece11feb61322	▪ Champion of Spain: 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
602c87e046f1217934dfaec64b3f44842cebf36b	▪ Spanish Cup Winner: 1990
51a9767128b74d745bb155313b9e651c342910d9	▪ Spanish Super Cup winner: 1991, 1992, 1994
5b6bad8c31b9ab9c28de07784daea9ff185ff0eb	▪ European Champions Cup winner: 1991/92
82592048538bc7c98098c8121705a77857cc85ce	▪ Finalist of the UEFA Champions League: 1993/94
cb886412bfe8bfdede8f76a89a519935602bdc50	▪ UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup winner: 1986/87, 1988/89
8d906387f828b7084b16a920df0b20fce92e209a	▪ Finalist of the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup: 1990/91
bc2f006dc3419b1d5a6d227b05dc61572dd3c80c	▪ Winner of the UEFA Super Cup: 1992
9ab60ca449381fff13d2f7472a4cfb68826d5597	▪ Intercontinental Cup Finalist: 1992
6b2cd053f58288b0ffc206cdb2e04aebfdae585f	▪ The best football player of the Netherlands for the period 1954-2003 (anniversary prize for the 50th anniversary of UEFA)
372438176f16bac3fad285e377b93c04cf000e1b	▪ Golden Ball winner: 1971, 1973, 1974
fd26acef4e5d1c47176e03eff10cb2732b451b55	▪ Winner of the "Bronze Ball": 1975
2c0f83240c0e211c199d9dc9bfdd70b1e17b2497	▪ The best Foreign footballer of the Year in Spain: 1977, 1978
b6e3fbe68c2c5a4e08687bc2513a4ef8e471bb2e	▪ Top scorer of the Netherlands championship: 1967 (33 goals), 1972 (25 goals)
50687d1e680120f1bd0da79c7dd87c62757106cd	▪ Dutch Cup Top scorer: 1966 (9 goals)
c6a6c89c44d30965c6d588b3d296bc4f3d842ccf	▪ Top scorer of the European Champions Cup: 1971/72 (5 goals)
e277f57d569e079f96cdb661904b9b52bea43adc	▪ 2nd place in the list of the best football players of the XX century according to the IFFIIS
fb12b3087b0f79c353775936a5e99adf57e1f6d9	▪ 1st place in the list of the best football players in Europe of the XX century according to the IFFIIS
d5888dcf6e8d2ec1568df7c147eb0330b6c04ebf	▪ 3rd place in the list of the greatest football players of the XX century according to World Soccer
e24877dbd1b7a32f1f0b92f7c36a09683a0269c5	▪ 2nd place in the list of the greatest players of Barcelona
37db36164beaba9e2b6f786403fb8474307dd9cb	▪ 3rd place in the list of the best scorers of the Dutch championship for all time: 215 goals
a03555b686f1150b892603165341f33aaa0c4296	▪ On the FIFA 100 list
99f795055cde5b6d26de546ef3580bbcc6ab7c44	▪ The best football player of the 1974 World Cup
ae882642515a359448ff3e12f3a5be9ac1039d34	▪ Winner of the Dutch Golden Boot: 1984
85351a702912072e4ca0f4a576f0fe180681ca96	▪ Athlete of the Year in the Netherlands: 1973, 1974
a28dca9d21a27ac61a70c3df9cbd81b2e97b65f8	▪ Onze Mondial Coach of the Year in Europe: 1992, 1994
ff5fc4af816f67f0e1caecfca533818f274e80b1	▪ World Soccer Coach of the Year: 1987
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1d4ffe530355c72d300f37e28ac60d71f8cd4721	Home → All ratings → players → strikers → Diego Maradona
16ab4a75273b0869603124c1bac663bc27f92268	Diego Maradona
bf079a5288313af4fbbc3d4194f0617b7ac85448	Twit
edfae34294ac716e59f549790eb6090c74d6d665	Profile(active tab)
0e75ab2fc92c8040f66ae14521f145eb6ead8287	Biography News Rating Photos Videos Blogs Fans Comments
376ac85f90de85a759b877e9763ade08b6f55728	The entire period Week Month 2014 2013 2012
89775ff4d3989f93a43729f5bce26379f9d844ff	67th place
e13f35242bfef97bc821a8f4f8880dbc91342f01	Vote 1793 votes
36a13126761ef38116f3782414042ed66b1cdef1	Place in the overall rating
c4f54ab553d8af5c39dc2f81704de23ebb6abd40	67 out of 13775
9e27b9a35576a51eb854a469cacc223bde2dd5cb	Place in the club Who have completed their career
7e4f4e715765429d7819d54780d7b1d4a3653566	15 of 1540
a2119fe2ccaacb8478c4879eba5721d65c234fa1	Place in the national team of Argentina
696965faff13206187dcc163a41733d5dd2bd14b	3 out of 300
2efc6618d1b1c0d11fa3cb1d01557fdf9f4439cd	Place among all the attackers
b2bf876a6160227ffa95d017e617a42a88799e66	15 of 2958
c621769120b1c667442751bc27bff0e0f298bc18	Place among the club's strikers Who have completed their career
0d80bba1e470477836a4024188b1dc51e3db3a48	3 of 448
04c6588f495644ba432e69f36d3694658ac07a02	Place among the strikers of the national team Argentina
a84a5f59c1605507a974387294648a83885d4664	2 of 80
b1b9e593871dd68a27ee0a5e7fd9a298368c9631	Personal information
fcacdf5e9a17b374220657346206de53bf78dda5	Name: Diego Maradona
5adaab68b81d64bd260ea1967d89175955355096	Age: 55 years (October 30, 1960)
2cdb6caf0176bd66e0d8ac6ff8b7860a717a6c8d	Height: 165 cm
d354a0128049e4e43c06237420c31e302718e5a6	Weight: 70 kg
b2a01b0ac32dfe6586880a85367ceb976c8b3a31	Citizenship: Argentina
bae7d5be70820ed56467bd9a63744e23b47bd711	Status
388d313a22ade6da81ba0d89b15f7abe1c82c193	Position: Forward / ed.
bdcdb8a2f5206f78729ba68fb76ad9b6870c914d	Club: Finished their career / ed.
33f62cf1753d9a88bc74fa7a43962e376d4ab607	Diego Maradona.
53c2de2d09cbdfd49e998fe7a94498fe7cf5beb0	Biography
f7f0454cdfa7a803a8d0c9ee3d2734785ec4ad03	Maradona is one of the best players in the history of world football.
bb234be477a9d43406514d962b408b36b9f1e477	In 1994, Diego participated in the World Championship in the United States and, despite being excellent http://www.footballtop.ru/admin/footballtop/empty bodyproved the first games, he does not reach the final because of a positive doping test.
0044153efaa4b0cc0b2d8ddc23cd588de3f31a94	Soon the legendary striker finished his career and went to Cuba, where he underwent long term treatment.
4dab4546dcf0d1f780f1f484020c16358a256cd5	Have you noticed an error in the text?
218690be59fe81019b0d70e2c97259f5503121c7	Select it with the mouse and press CTRL + Enter.
8b65e36bced81464c9ba0fa458819abe82dc3952	Recent events
523ef75ac92f30d21ee51f2561db960118ec8a5f	Latest video
940f7f565fee322915f1a5bc00263dc2b58b031b	The best goals and feints of Diego Maradona
e99212b68a25e9c66adfd7503f91d910221ef416	1 of 3 next "
1c613b5839e852483a773077a63265ca2b4f967a	Popular video
4131fce4921ff52f2f49e53be44d146b40b7ddfa	10 best assists of Diego...
ae0ba0ccb48849c3c6d25b90ca683e3ca75f7264	Gentile vs. Maradona
d13398618064e089d48c45322cf17f1b4bb848b1	Latest news
defc9aee7719769c803b6b181583fff4ccdcab85	September 15
4c1fe1a7e47eaec9b3eb3671038c77d110bb71a9	Maradona: Sarri is not worthy of the job at Napoli, I would leave Benitez
11ed238e2279e4f2db733d2ab21a8d66e568393a	The legendary Argentine football player Diego Maradona expressed dissatisfaction
feeb8faa2582cd4d5e148e51613085a2c164fd40	0 423
742aa086630f9380dabc0da226005ae230551ff6	Diego Maradona: I havenot taken drugs for the last 12 years
27d3d737df1c2d490827fab699b742a1cd8605a5	The legendary Argentine football player Diego Maradona told...
71f1553c4a27a80fd936c5a8a3a6d24f32b08efe	Diego Maradona: I have to fight the mafia that remains inside FIFA
6bddbb4b68074c1c460137ab42ec4a5019681482	Former Argentine national football team player Diego Maradona said,...
948fe7c2e09450bb06848abf1b0bf51141e35c1e	Comments from fans
856e7856e8eb6a3677cbfa0283f00c266d01ae0f	Karandash wrote
051691e3689263156b513eafaeaaa38941718c9a	10.06.15 14:08:00
9151e03c066d511e5170021283e90364af29b95f	The legendary Argentine
18ae1e186a15c9b1154b9447870fd697a51db0f4	30.05.15 09:24:14
bcdc2616362857812a8f871876eaa3e87ca0617c	Napoli legend Diego
376a122a3bfb9962fbfd0678d0ac1ce2df6e06f1	22.04.15 08:34:23
c35905ffa549440ed4f49d81f40ffaafcd87fc3b	Maradona is already 54!
7e064b1bbf7f11d8c3ad241387638a685201ca63	01.11.14 07:25:02
1ca34978740ce661374ad6ae3c0d2dc114957268	The management of "Santos"
7aaec688b64ef303ba1ee82eaf150c0e612792ee	31.10.14 08:46:46
0eee5a0d07512abe9fd364386be0247b4087945b	Palestine Football Federation
2d05c3b2b9565d8216b3ec2fa46cc0dd932424c9	03.10.14 08:02:01
49e6137745c49882cf20b63ab69ca21510b629e8	World Champion 1986 in the
df5ba53003f85d6244bd14b70ae3aeb973ec2721	04.07.14 17:36:04
480814e330a08c908292ff798393f0f99eaa5a2a	He was an excellent football player,
3a081c0996ae479f6cb031b764700a9ad4173d20	07.06.14 22:56:24
4ab0b055d93da530446e5f899c3bb3b8994e2f8b	Former head coach of the national team
de87d829ca7bdf383fcd4cd0400cb0eca9e26fab	27.03.14 09:05:49
18c2995bd05a560c6b098991a2824a9508c06483	And what is the position of Maradona
4fd18b988c819799de7870122ff7edf67bc6812a	07.02.14 09:57:22
59292364bfca5d5e7c9a3e591a8d3f2ad661ab12	Diego Armando Maradona
551fbcff21a05b4f882bc4020c475fb9369abd1e	05.02.14 22:26:02
56eca0f158c71750b60e730535e71f24b4f60af5	31.01.14 17:42:21
3a049ff2ad27e9695881b3a71a57a2314ad310dd	The legendary Argentine Diego
7dea8b6592846b9e58680ec4c150967261ca7565	03.01.14 17:36:45
7add65308237c61f1930104a2e3ae1d515c08968	View all comments
8249c56a73ca51158bf56c73e20e1a0070243202	Player Rating
2db6c66834082d43580fa042aecdfc16576500b3	April 23 - May 7, 2016
079d6c97d49ca218e7557d543d5457ffcbd9a3d3	Your browser do not support HTML5.
e65948e52d346819f4507452528be271a1dd0abd	Please, update it.
cf1c85adba548e8d681255278976584a7e4a44de	Position
a60dab2710ad0013687ddd47e2d79a7aeb5159bb	23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
40839935c83fcfdf687ceb91fcde4f9d9bf6a2a8	Select a period
1551767e740f5aa240ed6d4c61c69e936db268cf	April 23 - May 7
845836c09d13bd542d78a64facbe9a246a59b59c	April 9 - April 23
5bd03ab3432f5f72aa4d8ab0d78347dfabeffa9a	March 26 - April 9
a598205a0f058582cbbc126489fd713c70ef8667	March 12 - March 26
0aa50e3c078b4bfd2c01d8921aa021638bb9394e	February 27 - March 12
9a124f18b3186606576ee6693da4ffa6c4aaaa3f	February 13 - February 27
48ac33167f44fcc35c3f76cb87488d69d96b2682	January 30 - February 13
4d439dbd22d9df15d3f5982568239824324bdf6a	The best fans
1fcecd20ba0a571bf0519506f6f092cb0c38bb9c	dribbler
2692b1ab263d5019f65dcf8cee494a2107b1ef6e	225 votes were cast
fe6835b00e811325c81e8817cef7b17935bb871d	radinbar
367dfb38b8c5c3de251531c1f284dc810075d799	190 votes were cast
92637b5c8cb4eeaa24514e2320d2b4c64c6fcae8	barss
306b1c7a4236089daf8ed6649609ce96e9aed890	139 votes were cast
4de592099dae1c010c5874f6321625e57b477b94	All the fans of Diego Maradona
8db06aa2c9f19976812cec8941173ff1ea396651	All blogs
e0fc3cc7b8b3d44f8451c5decbd3f168e2fe0476	The fate of a person.
d8471b2a8d23274484e56bf5335e68482ed7755d	Lech.
41a5333a88ad3a07fd0b25bd1c905900553f743a	Goalkeeper
e87525679df1ec6eecafe410130992d3f9019884	The bear will tell about the fate of a person, tell about sincere times, boyish spells and the tear inducing difference between goalie gloves
85eeba2a0d53845045dcb184e1779fce75320b7f	2 691
bc3bdd42e0d055854f8406eca345be62825f1341	Author: Bear
e4c5304703daabe704a6cec55ef6419b0520aa12	Blog Bear new
664a34c66a22e52f5168bbf702c517fd83b9df80	Sagittarius New Blog
0b18622658b4431edb1bb1f7da351a1d839c7e11	This leg - who needs a leg
2019219149608a3f188cafaabd3808aace3e3309	830
76e2a341d078b430d849360d055316b58aed4cd8	Author: Streltsov
8d1f6add575500efc5bf31c8e8ad2544938f9a64	Blog Ilya Makarov new
a9582ce75da8a037ffc799ba769e45c8122d02c7	/ Prague rap / Tank in Bergamo / Real Diaspora in Naples / Argi /
afc97ea131fd7e2695a98ef34013608f97f34e1d	999
e38eae771e2fe1f9a361e4b093738247c56fd25f	Author: Ilya Makarov
76009c843faa5adb3fc31ea69965c10122adc721	Blog Evgeny Kozlov new
81655f7016cd67b789fb848cbe05f686fb1c3769	To my main reader, or Cooler Than Maradona
8ccf920408eb0767fa6f6a9a3d18812dff6950ba	1 027
b26bd9e8cd76b91b3177878aba59ed7d19e6412b	Author: Evgeny Kozlov
48f7bbc7f4858ae76046618fba5f79ffeb583d85	Blog comments
7b9f56b445e86e6a3c8212077d155af244bb66e9	Bear
059b6f4bd0028adbd15488e2cef2e9308193ae08	25.07.14 10:27
09c7f9503dacdd764a8c48615cb77a874feabbac	thank you, People, for such a pleasant audience read more
d8508263686898e9246ba099b04af9419f9d2902	Bnealt
fbc2a52f6897820ad0498355a452418071d8c309	25.07.14 09:43
e543bd2217b66d13dc46248ebff4300174468e79	a subtly stated "simple" story.
0c481c44d629d64bac9226045cda0732121b026a	About a lost dream that has remained... read more
1442163f92935ca5b8f1c1a680c2e1b196609440	Vadim Shundalov
4e86b012cae500b8814bb46a279b5dfb519cc2c5	24.07.14 04:11
44043c65642cc2f483f1d43e32c8aa2c97ac0205	It's very well written.
974e409b86a40fa32a48401d05a9f2d1d720c801	Thanks! read more
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d8ba0a234101cd55f49b63b801173fd70ed5c725	22.07.14 18:53
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f8d87af3e51863e9d56176f86fded1b4d91909ea	Football Defenders Franz Beckenbauer
3206a84671a21b49cebbcf8b73bfcf93b18444ce	Franz Beckenbauer
2d55b9e6535162c6d30723e0aeeaf138c4b90ec3	Franz Beckenbauer (born September 11, 1945) is a legendary defender and an equally great coach, bearing the high profile title Kaiser Franz.
518d70310a02253ddbd4e4766c207a2a6cba0f4a	Prudent Franz did not forget that in addition to football, there is also the rest of life, where you need to somehow earn a living, so the guy decided to get a profession, so to speak, "in civilian life" and in 1962, a seventeen year old guy signed up for an internship as an insurance agent.
3982b0e8ebd3ee0bf6770ec0a13a1faa9814edab	But no less prudent functionaries of "Bayern", in order not to lose Beckenbauer, offered the young talent a serious adult contract in time.
0e1eed126009ad08350e3758ff68afe1cafc54bd	Kaiser agreed and tied himself to football for life.
3a0a31d21437e638aeca6b588b5adefea3923bca	Franz Beckenbauer was a rare all rounder, he could play both in the center and on the flank, both in defense and as an attacking player.
533afd322b97d4a0e1c8024de90d8887790a42b8	A victory sent the German national team to the World Cup, but a defeat left them out.
191f95d6264dd0c3a48eaa9dce6ceb39aa9058a1	And this decision was super successful!
bc1f7b0f233d8629ac3c8b277ec809f7118b2810	He, as a conductor, directed the vector of attacks in one direction or another, knew when to slow down the pace of the match, and when to press the opponent on the contrary, told his partners when to connect to the attack, and when to pull back to the defense to help the defense.
7f3c3c2b763a9e42e4949b984f1da42db8069466	It was for this that Franz later received the nickname "Kaiser".
2663a082ad87b930ad47068e172a9a55363d4524	The combination of an attacking impulse and pragmatism in defense practically eliminated weaknesses in his game, and the technique of working with the ball was fascinating.
410c9c3e7fb9d9d7f9189db30d0d7f30471468fb	Beckenbauer moved across the field smoothly, like a ballerina, regardless of whether his opponent attacked him or not.
3b8186bf7f03d5465e760174e2310195e43149fc	As always, the world was divided into two camps regarding the position occupied by Beckenbauer on the field – some said that Kaiser Franz was engaged in a truly important matter – destroying with the possibility of creation, acting for the good of the team.
a721a6c1edf916902ce77f110d27f73df9e24d39	His game seemed to be simple, but not for the opponents.
a5cfb739d203d8779c2258ae6fe3c246b333628b	Others said that a creator of such a level as Franz, while engaged in defense, buries his talent in the ground, that he should be freed from protective functions – he should be singled out as a kind of free artist on the field – let him create.
d652821fce6dbe8667268325c0077b417c1336a0	These disputes flared up especially strongly after the disastrous final match of the 1966 World Cup for the Germans, where the German national team lost 2-4.
cc1892e6df78d3b20a0b8592b330b02318c71908	But the great Beckenbauer continued to play in his position as a libero, but only even better.
fd1fd42e18e64ded504c4eb70c4d3856ad044676	As it turned out over time, this decision was dictated correctly, and all the subsequent successes of the German national team and Bayern were associated only with Franz as the last defender.
2178a0b010c3934871a9a0258670d7126e4d4a71	It is worth noting the scorer qualities of the universal defender Franz.
dc93756a291146640f145e364fa05bd60a4c7be3	Goals were given to him with some special ease.
c485ec9bd0d511bf8764a4809ea2893a00eab3bc	Franz did a special job at the World Championships.
80acc5d290d0f13f6054691556828ac740822a59	In 1970, at the World Cup in Mexico, losing 0-2 to the same Englishmen, Beckenbauer scored the first ball, and then the whole team picked up his initiative, and the match ended with the advantage of the German national team 3-2.
b20f12516c239282231d60c288c449bf18189ac8	He went to the place where he was needed, like no other – in the United States, to the Cosmos team, in which Pele himself ended his career at one time.
c5cda8d063ffda5e45f4da51a0d4d654ad4204cd	There, full stadiums began to gather for Beckenbauer, which helped to popularize the game in the country.
056017587ca81960e367cb056fe4ec9fd02afb80	He agreed, but since Franz did not have a coaching license, Becknbauer was formally listed as the technical manager of the team.
2ed266aa9329624b5b6a575b36776b6046069a00	However, it was he who determined both the selection of players and the tactics of the game.
b4542c04317a0a67704bdbca6072c82aff9d480d	So Beckenbauer began the path to another of his great achievements.
43eff00d5c0c9714bafca4f6d61e80d2de685b13	But the next World Cup in 1990 in Italy was still held by Beckenbauer.
73f7737e37cc8756d60c96726bf16b54d16f6c7c	Thus, Kaiser Franz also became a world champion as a coach.
559b6274e4a07d8182dd2f7152a7037d821f51c8	A legendary event!
b29daeb09f7dbce80d4943562a97be780c2d1970	▪ World Champion: 1974
569a83d93839261c5b4701c20ef2e7e221f2f46a	▪ Finalist of the 1966 World Cup
9b82917edd2669a3cabfaf0b86b6fbd0a9fad4e7	▪ Bronze medalist of the 1970 World Cup
f6197c3a74e5bd1853e5f7525f25c9da86b41161	▪ European Champion: 1972
82ceec7c8f42fbb8ac4db8c083b192fca35851bf	▪ Silver medalist European Champion: 1976
55c37556d02bf6070064b3b1daf76f84e4aed508	▪ German Champion: 1969, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1982
6fab23d5d69185b13d7a34b24c6c865f113feaee	▪ German Cup Winner: 1966, 1967, 1969, 1971
af43a3bc9493bad749a35deae2f3577673e1c685	▪ European Champions Cup Winner: 1974, 1975, 1976
099144c448466bc58b069b6433895c9b19826d91	▪ Winner of the UEFA Cup Cup: 1967
ccc63a44bb2b4fd9bdd35de072b2d31f1af37611	▪ Winner of the Intercontinental Cup: 1976
e462e2ead6a2d929c9c9247e0557ee2c08618c0b	▪ US Champion: 1977, 1978, 1980
6ccdeb5e99a9ff42f611581761a666a9029962b3	▪ World Champion: 1990
1d2714b58775b33db2848e6e82f671b06dfbe80d	▪ Finalist of the 1986 World Cup
4c298362071f5e7cda1dc28ab4534ffb79051c54	▪ Champion of France: 1991
297d2e27ec63bd3ea9edfbb423640a818c46fa17	▪ Finalist of the KCH 1991
cf9eb393ef7880a816f05b12e4e0042d57621c5c	▪ German Champion: 1994
1c5fe85b436f34d8cfdd9b28cda5e92df9fadc2f	▪ UEFA Cup Winner: 1996
c3fe9572e03cd8f65e5427fec5371e70e4f388eb	▪ The best football player in Europe: 1972, 1976
61f90db68217877e970ba5ee2872d3d4983da438	Football Players Strikers Pele
a66f84de4117551f6b40ce79516060627b291464	Pele
1f277b885114977ad723195155b50dd1262a7648	Pele (Edson Arantis do Nascimento, born October 23, 1940) is nothing less than the king of football, the most recognizable athlete in the world, the best fielder of the 20th century.
8ccacc8e1b73ba89e1aa5f62e9604dd016543342	A real living legend and a role model for a million boys!
af55c0717aa50003bdf807e5d78ca658cc3ec2be	And his father's lessons were not in vain – already at the age of 7, Pele is enrolled in a local team, where he almost immediately begins to stand out among his peers.
61029e670ee4dc66acf7b9adb04d634f788682b2	Naturally, such a bright game, even at the youth level, sooner or later had to attract attention.
65f9e5998dd136d3da64a1f980987093c0f26718	Moreover, Pele scores immediately in the first match against Corinthians.
eae52a917da6856c6ea364d6975b4d74c21dc4fc	Immediately there were exclamations that it was time for the guy to join the national team (this is at his 16!!!).
56094847c6e427e7f113c0949db03ab0addad3c2	For all the time spent at Santos, and Pele spent a lot of it there no joke, 18 years at the club (1956-1974), 11 championships of the state of Sao Paulo, 11 times he became the top scorer of the draw: a record in 1958 – 58 goals, 6 Brazilian Cups, 2 Libertadores Cups (analogous to the European Champions League), 1 Intercontinental Cup.
6359ee4a7e14a3a99a535c6c7fdb133544356dfd	Edson was a combination player to the core, he never "pulled the blanket over himself".
673c4473edbf1dea9dd382edf34c73c8914ee9de	He read the game perfectly, felt the field.
bb4392ff54cd46c5b946f6cede0d564746d55836	"It is impossible to win football without common efforts," says Pele.
330c264c5cb2e0ee41ae596e716b181ddcb3a686	"Football is a team, a team, not one or two or three star players."
b4d8a5b678264490786abac4c455893aef4d4bbd	The fans at the stadium were saying: "Yes, he handles the ball with his feet more dexterously than I do with my hands with a spoon!".
149018f86148b7b3afe11d93d1b7c86f08ac5469	He opened a new understanding of the game: what Pele did on the field used to be considered fantastic, rather than incredible.
8b773fcc1409f3d026595b4139fb782baf053833	Many goals have become a football legend, such as the goal scored in 1961 against Fluminense at the Maracana Stadium - after Pele beat the entire opposing team alone on the way from his own penalty area was called the "goal of the century" and immortalized by installing a memorial sign on the Maracana .
539aefaf326106bff75fe3f7f3a92841514e135f	And this is despite the fact that Pele is simply gifted by God with both physical data and talent.
366314f385c15f412c39e62b577a007891466db1	Edson was constantly working on himself he said that there is no limit to perfection.
825c649d8c7cc40e508c46af7150104130c12958	Thanks to training, he could run a hundred meters a little worse than professional track and field athletes (he ran out of 11 seconds), was very bouncy (with a height of 173 cm, he jumped up to 2 meters high), owned both his left and right leg equally, had, as mentioned above, excellent dribbling – a kind of "chip" of the Brazilian, and this dribbling was combined with high speed movement with the ball, as well as non standard actions that more than once put recognized masters of defense in a dead end.
b98fdcb17dfa6722921d38295e3be70fccab2d01	Moreover, as eyewitnesses say (unfortunately, there are not so many videos with the game of the great football player), Pele was a super universal – he could play in any position except the goalkeeper, and from there hold the ball and score a goal!
255a87c73a1c670efe65a3732df331afd74f9dd6	And with this baggage, Pele went to Sweden for the first time in 1958 for the World Cup, where he showed himself in all his glory.
69e4998f06aa69aff54771a9a4ead9cf7a606c35	However, goals were not given to him until the quarterfinals with Wales, where the master scored the same goal, and the winning one.
19f5353f0a8360d3043626dce1230b699af18bb8	And then, as they say, it started in the semifinals, a hat trick for the French, and in the final – a double for the hosts of the tournament.
8b2446f87381bdb14d573c8f9ac72e0db77bbe2d	Pele made Brazil a champion for the first time!
dbb0a8a51a5b92d06b1c81f51fa3fe62e47955f9	At the World Championships in 1962 and 1966, he was unable to fully express himself on the field due to injuries.
3f0037f6dd65fb533f16ea0caa74f27b29f45621	The final tournament of 1970 (the fourth in Pele's sports biography) was a triumph – for him personally, and for the entire team, whose composition at this championship is considered by many experts to be the strongest in the history of the Brazilian national team.
1fdf4ff476ddd3d8a8be3472bef01257a7643473	The Brazilian football players who won the Jules Rimet prize for the third time got the right to keep it forever, and Pele, after the victory of the national team in Mexico, became the only three time world football champion in history.
2523f37b180b8dbd10391629784cf4b054d35f49	It is symbolic that it was Pele who scored the hundredth goal of the Brazilian national team in Mexico for the entire time of its participation in the final tournaments of the World Cup.
b035400fd57c192266c54f0fd03439e1704a9d2b	He himself played 14 matches at these tournaments and scored 12 goals.
f9e7f1c0ca273d48bfb330e61e2539cbd9aba347	After Santos, Pele played for several years in the "Cosmos" in the NASL championship.
d0b7f6445f29d780a9b4975305326af6127d16d1	He did this in order to improve his financial affairs.
b8f101508df01158a38999d020991d75932d36fa	Surprisingly, after the end of the performance for "Santos", the master practically had no funds left for living.
9a34845fb92ba7ba557569dc1e4c068fc4af1584	Then an American club turned up to him, offering a good contract.
41d39316e2c44c3014eb559d170a55d44b4e7ce1	On October 1, 1977, Pele, the king of football, played his last, farewell match against his beloved Santos.
747f034922f8fad63606eaede8a3550564371430	It is established that during his performances, Pele scored 1289 goals, made 92 hat tricks, 30 poker games (4 goals per match), at least 6 matches where he scored 5 goals, and even one match where he scored 8 times a game with Botafogo.
8501c485c16e562e1a26f4d260e60e3898fa4ae0	No athlete had such popularity both before Pele and after.
70e03f783d3440d9a09b3a3d989e02d8e55837d9	▪ Winner of the Brazilian Cup: 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965.
2fad1bcd7e444dd5e901e30e6e9ce93812154749	▪ Winner of the Robertao Cup: 1968.
52cc11142c4d66b0148a340121496645ca2c0a79	▪ Winner of the Paulista League: 1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1973.
baa5f70ac94930b35470d18c522fb00405984ef1	▪ Winner of the Rio Sao Paulo tournament: 1959, 1963, 1964.
b048ce415028846f9b1984ad09b90f7f4055694f	▪ Winner of the Copa Libertadores: 1962, 1963.
206bfb7fc2b503df3838a0cc3e9ae474b922245d	▪ Winner of the Intercontinental Cup: 1962, 1963.
9ec30300cbeb1fd81c0f8d9bf98446eb64cfdcd5	▪ Winner of the Intercontinental Champions Super Cup: 1968.
d48aa447250b6a293360ea0f4de1b5532f9d564d	▪ NASL Champion: 1977.
465efc422fd92c4b1348ff2f52fa661bd7ed01fa	IN THE NATIONAL TEAM
a795235abc3c8c4a1d8ea4cba965e99735be88f5	▪ World Champion: 1958, 1962, 1970
197356613034da7d8dbab2d488eef5be25cec92d	▪ Rock Cup Winner: 1957, 1963
b2fc545eb75cc2cc78a45bbce5ba146239e1fa10	▪ The only three time world champion as a current football player.
a5535365828d7f9b89dda930b9f2581bc58c50f7	▪ Pele scored 12 goals in the final stages of the FIFA World Cups.
3c2d1cac0cf40ac99bde50585968d8e2f9150f58	▪ On November 19, 1969, Pele scored his 1000th goal from the penalty spot at the Maracana Stadium.
5abfc6b9f08d3832e9dff910eb02ea8fc3bea636	During his entire football career, Pele scored 1,289 goals in 1,363 games.
81e0c403514775429e0ad530f800b069ea862450	In 92 matches for the Brazilian national team, Pele scored 77 goals.
6ac59f362e910868da46bf59dcfd350bb6607101	▪ South American Footballer of the Year, 1973
97fa98f02fc7c7b68f46a2bc016dee4f713338a2	▪ Included in the FIFA 100 list.
e36c15a96bfb44dac17d24dfa6c3b66340904613	▪ Ranks first in the List of the greatest football players of the XX century according to the World Soccer magazine.
9df1227edc06605bd5d16381725c2480370ea0c7	▪ Athlete of the Century according to the IOC version: 1999.
ac691d7a18d9121ef78c86c6a80f83e64988c0bc	▪ FIFA Player of the Century.
137b12a636ce8bfb0f12aa7f03026774d99bb115	Sergey Konstantinovich Krikalev (born August 27, 1958 in Leningrad, USSR) is a Soviet and Russian aviation athlete and cosmonaut, from October 2005 to June 2015-the Earth's record holder for the total time spent in space (803 days for six launches-as of October 11, 2005; the new record belongs to Gennady Padalka).
ff473201e70217c33770b840529196e2cbecb882	Hero of the Soviet Union and the first Hero of the Russian Federation (one of four people awarded both titles).
ea18c85688d145637a1250c0ed7ed533e544c9da	First Deputy Director of the Central Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering for Manned Programs (since March 2014).
f0794d8a22c56e4973777cf6ff29432e5c0da51f	Full member (academician) of the Russian Academy of Cosmonautics named after K. E. Tsiolkovsky (2011).
cd40227068852448d1f9bb6a7ff20e70c431de2f	Head of the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center Research Institute (2009 — 2014).
7a1707f7c074bb2c00e5f0d80d6c2be0e8898e5f	Candidate of Psychological Sciences (2008).
cac05c783c50df6fb6e0a9de70756cc4fd8e00ed	World champion in glider aerobatics.
8aa31f511cacc7c4a1a3732d6ec08c3a3f90a99d	President of the International Environmental Fund "Clean Seas" (from 2009 to the present) [1].
aaa0cfd49b415a7395d26ea77d02b9ead8df4c82	After graduation, he worked at the NGO "Energia".
e0aa05ee7bb05511ab6aaccc38ea71b2939e2709	He tested equipment used in space flights, developed methods of working in space and participated in the work of the ground control service.
25ecd92a30e349049828ff0ec0ee1cce8dbad093	In 1985, when there were malfunctions at the Salyut 7 station, he worked in the recovery group, developing methods for docking with an uncontrolled station and repairing its onboard systems.
19d6f9f66ce594cad3f86b7dd701b43da5d08122	Krikalev was selected to prepare for space flights in 1985, the following year he completed the basic training course and was temporarily sent to the group under the Buran reusable spacecraft program.
80b37c5021fb68b62be49d501cdc634b7f49407d	In early 1988, he began preparing for his first long-term flight at the Mir station.
6110b574b033ed5143b6250aee68b092cbf14030	The training included preparation for spacewalks, for docking with new modules, for the first tests of the installation for moving an astronaut and for work in the second Soviet-French scientific expedition.
19e9f9b2ba381872d2adeb0dfc866caa0da6c1c3	From November 26, 1988 to April 27, 1989, as a flight engineer of the Soyuz TM 7 and OK Mir spacecraft under the program of the 4th main expedition (EO 4) and the Soviet-French Aragats program.
c20438e209f9038f9e8f41e086826fb96201abf2	He started together with Alexander Volkov and Jean-Loup Chretien (France), landed together with Alexander Volkov and Valery Polyakov).
c7e96b00a71eda4a07181723c4fa87fceb90b800	The flight duration was 151 days. 11 h 08 min 24 s.
13ef57436c453ec8c6e648940da381507b36c24d	From June to November 17, 1990, he was trained as a flight engineer for the backup crew of the Soyuz TM 11 spacecraft under the EO 8 program (and under the Soviet-Japanese program) at the Mir OK, together with Anatoly Artsebarsky and R. Kikuchi (Japan).
7c6601ece522f2287032ae2b1a097949fbd8d4ee	From December 5, 1990 to April 19, 1991, he was trained as a flight engineer of the main crew of the Soyuz TM 12 spacecraft under the EO 9 program (and the Soviet-British Juno program) at the Mir OK, together with Anatoly Artsebarsky and Helen Sharman (Great Britain).
aac0fa7a5e5977a1b6471109cc78120f0254f7c1	From May 18, 1991 to March 25, 1992, as a flight engineer of Soyuz TM 12 (launch), Soyuz TM 13 (landing), and Mir OK under the program of EO 9 (9th main expedition) together with Anatoly Artsebarsky and EO 10 (10th main expedition) together with Alexander Volkov.
3e01ce9606f453e41299ffd4fc94ccfd8e2cde5a	The decision to extend Krikalev's work on EO 10 was made already during his flight.
d2a53809452a53610797ed2f64c2a98d25b36eee	Call sign: "Ozone 2" / "Donbass 2".
85053916e3213fb248ed007017436b3d52a228e8	During the flight, he made seven spacewalks: 24.06.1991-lasting 4 hours and 58 minutes; 28.06.1991-duration of 3 hours and 24 minutes; 15.07.1991-duration of 6 hours and 4 minutes; 19.07.1991-duration of 5 hours and 28 minutes; 23.07.1991-duration of 5 hours 34 minutes; 27.07.1991-duration of 6 hours 49 minutes; 20.02.1992-duration of 2 hours and 12 minutes.
322aafeea200176e7d527fa444e78b1d8a52fb69	The flight duration was 311 days. 20 h 00 min 34 s.
98db2a96c5e750dd840666f185764d2fd38082d0	On September 29, 1992, he was selected for the first flight of a Russian cosmonaut on an American shuttle.
e169b65599b4629d9ee37d3ec0e7fdd959a900b1	From November 5, 1992 to January 1994, he was trained at the Center.Johnson as a specialist of flight 4 (Mission Specialist) of the crew of the shuttle Discovery under the STS 60 program.
76b0576fa4b4b337129a57c0adca2dae636f373a	He received a certificate for working with the shuttle manipulator, was trained during flights on the T 38 aircraft as a co-pilot.
d02cd7028751fd0846bb77199abdcb0de799e842	From February 3 to February 11, 1994, as a flight specialist of the 4 shuttle Discovery STS 60.
f732f94aad3ff793c531e094c5e17d42ca4772aa	The flight duration was 8 days. 7 h 09 min 22 s.
4779d21688fa87021276dc540bae74eafc088114	From April 1994 to January 1995, he was trained at the L. Johnson Center as a stand-in for V.Titov, the designated specialist of Flight 4 to the crew of the shuttle Discovery under the STS 63 program.
a924e50a40520103dd0e85b1038c874558e5a868	He was trained to work in an exit spacesuit under the ISS assembly program.
d3fb15a7b1b9612e1961a06257b09a2adba3b2aa	During flight STS 63, as well as flights STS 71, STS 74 and STS 76, he was the head of the 1st advisory group of experts of the Moscow MCC in Houston, helped to establish interaction between the Russian and American MCC.
090f8d9a0bffb016c3bf53a5bf83ddc9ffd62203	Since May 1995, he has been acting as the deputy flight director of the Mir OK.
226b69323f36a238c2b8634ade035d34d6186cd9	After the depressurization of the Spectrum module, it was part of the emergency commission.
fe0bd2adfc1d9ca87b9b741284d459e9a4c66045	On January 30, 1996, he was appointed flight engineer of the main crew of the first expedition to the International Space Station (ISS 1).
b11c2fcf2dc8ff39e66b37626b34588c10baf3b1	The start of the first expedition was originally planned for May 1998.
340fbb35c9d97d69319847bda8f41f8815b336e5	Since October 1996, he has been training as a flight engineer of the ISS 1 main crew, together with Yu.Gidzenko and William Shepherd (USA).
9e25fa68bd2759502cf08f7257ee5661164f99c7	Flights of expeditions to the ISS were delayed, and on July 30, 1998, by agreement between the RKA and NASA, he was assigned to the crew of the shuttle Endeavour under the STS 88 program (the first flight to assemble the station, ISS 01-2A).
fbb13db24178ae9aa49efa7473400f181783416f	In September - November 1998, he was trained at the Center.Johnson as part of the crew of STS 88.
8eb2a5ecf6fd126ac6987ed6f393d366cbab6085	From December 4 to December 16, 1998, as a flight specialist of the 4 shuttle Endeavour STS 88.
18cad215972912fd2eb50c5a8d3d6d52c6d91bc0	During the flight, the American Unity node module was docked to the first Russian ISS module, the Functional Cargo Unit (FGB) Zarya, which was previously put into orbit.
a21f61f81b3b90c11681625c8cb35bfa13e2c227	Together with the shuttle commander Robert Kabana, Sergey Krikalev opened the hatch to the ISS for the first time.
e92dac623e87b514eabc2c5e0bded6accf816f3f	Participated in the work on board the ISS.
e63ded58fa0a4c47869334f4a5fc6149df5b1f9c	The flight duration was 11 days. 19 h 17 min 54 s.
5ca304aebe2d15838d9f3fe8a01cf8a1bd6561ec	From 1999 to October 2000, he continued training as a flight engineer of the ISS 1 main crew together with Yu.Gidzenko and William Shepherd.
af8957cf30a67b657ef93a81d5fec430fab8160c	On October 31, 2000, the Soyuz TM 31 spacecraft went to dock with the ISS.
ab142a4b29f2e87cf10c116bd241b5bbedbf1184	The crew included commander Yuri Gidzenko, onboard engineer Sergey Krikalev and American second onboard engineer William Shepherd.
90e6372f5316aaa5fe0311afe4b3bcf55ef4600c	The cosmonauts unloaded and installed a large amount of scientific and technical equipment.
8f8cf0cd0fd5c6f3f78379490f18e899730ca56d	The task of the team was to assemble the essential equipment, as well as configure the internal computer network.
1b8b949156fb6c866290214930ad14465ee22dca	This crew was the first to have a long stay on the ISS.
6f9bc8125d044e9d8587ec71db3a4e6c055aa0ce	After staying at the station for more than four months, the crew returned home.
a26fb90c84c1709644b4e058454643ce5b51535d	For the next five years, cosmonaut Krikalev is preparing for another visit to the ISS, first on the shuttle, and after the suspension of all shuttle flights, on the Soyuz TMA 6 spacecraft.
84246d5f2c9decf1078d7491e7047822a2c7e73d	On April 15, 2005, the commander of the Soyuz TMA 6 spacecraft, cosmonaut Krikalev, as well as onboard engineers John Phillips (USA) and Roberto Vittori (Italy) we started from Baikonur towards the ISS.
6ff311e595888f927ee30fff5a82c65e849de98e	The Italian cosmonaut, representing ESA, stayed at the station for 10 days, after which he returned to Earth with the crew of the 10th expedition to the ISS.
9c72ed5d12ed7e3261b5a1e146d06bad1e90b1aa	Phillips and Krikalev made up the 11th expedition, and stayed on board the station for almost six months.
6fb9decbb56fd87fdfc811df06f6f4f8daec0d42	During this time, the crew received two cargo ships of the "Progress" type and the shuttle Discovery STS 114.
664a70f0873c87e5ef288beb62477b2d1465ff45	On August 18, 2005, Sergey Krikalev made a five-hour spacewalk.
a9b70c77292a8509cceab1887cd0c9c3fece4718	On October 3, along with the next expedition, an American space tourist, Gregory Olsen, also arrived on board the ISS.
fde161fa7f0abafb78bf35df75f10e229f9a81d8	On October 11, 2005, Olsen returned to Earth together with Krikalev and Phillips.
b506ff2bb7709fd340d65194a81e6374f1a578cf	Sergey Krikalev became the first Russian cosmonaut to make 6 flights, as well as the record holder for the total duration of space missions – 803 days, 9 hours and 38 minutes.
c0d044aa53b6bff93150068c85530bfe3f596f89	In addition, he has 8 exits to the open space, with a total duration of 41 hours and 26 minutes.
d081869ce9963eccabff40e48f3a8f1374b18e35	For space flights, Sergey Krikalev was awarded honorary titles-Hero of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Russian Federation, he was awarded the Gold Star Medal of the Hero of the Soviet Union, the Order of Lenin, the Gold Star Medal of the Hero of the Russian Federation, the Order of Friendship of Peoples, the Order of the Legion of Honor (France), the Order of the Eagle of the 1st degree with a diamond of the Association of Industrialists of Russia, the NASA Medal For Space Flight.
f9b11aa95c89de94ca69d860a9105c09c16b8d88	He was also awarded the qualification of "Cosmonaut of the 1st class".
c91a80356dfab912946526241e7dd7a01513d7b7	Sergey Krikalev is fond of sports.
210a770a5c1decbd49a000a2caf4a24532ba2311	He has the first category in swimming, is a candidate for the master of sports in the all-around (he received the results of performances at the Leningrad championship in 1989).
0fd094d933af1281b19e621c9544daf53d59a345	In 1980-81. Krikalev was a member of the Leningrad national aerobatics team and received the title of "Master of Sports of the USSR" (he flew Yak 18A, Yak 50, Yak 52, Yak 55).
36657151866bbea6a078709747edd5659fb3fa76	In 1982, Krikalev competed at the USSR Championship for the team of the Central Aero Club, and in 1983 he became the absolute champion of Moscow in aerobatics.
d14fc8b8f964da8a7a7e991ed7e1239a883f758a	At the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR, he played for the RSFSR national team, where he took 3rd place in the team competition and 8th place in the individual.
1a163835f57d69d66710593de0529048d2b32381	The sensational Mars One project - a one - way flight to Mars-is a frivolous idea associated with the PR of specific people.
c3a195c5ddf6dd037b03871271616036106be371	It has nothing to do with the scientific study of the red planet.
9e13dc11d55dcda5f02dc9bd5bdbd86b6c9237f4	This was stated by cosmonaut pilot Sergey Krikalev, commenting on the plans of private cosmonauts to colonize Mars, remaining there forever.
d89dbb7afc5178747db2d2518db04fb41fc4d87f	"I have already spoken about people who are so motivated that they are ready to fly one way.
9ff8b5779a6d6c45469a9a49ca6aeb23fa890342	I will say directly: those who rushed into this project with such enthusiasm are unlikely to receive medical permission, because a tendency to suicide is the first contraindication for participating in such serious programs.
f351208447c7ba5a3e4faf34019b32d7e0e8592d	From the point of view of cosmonautics, it is unacceptable to think about not returning to Earth," Krikalev explained.
91bd2e3e286505e0878ad9eaa453d540d7cbd80d	At the same time, the cosmonaut noted that there are serious projects in Russia related to the exploration of the Moon and Mars.
b817de0690ab356359381f87f7bee723d20d606c	"There was a big discussion about flights to the Moon and Mars.
5dae672fc5a9c2c16f7feea533b3553d29ef2360	The direction was chosen and approved with the signature of the president, back in 2013.
844d3049e2fa77fa07e806f63a9956d68543bb75	According to him, the first step beyond the near-Earth orbit will be a flight to the moon and the creation of a near-lunar and supralunar infrastructure.
20ce4995c0ab283269b7f91a66a6539600dab8e5	Mars and the study of asteroids is the next prospect, which will be implemented both in a manned way and unmanned, " said Sergey Krikalev.
db3fe938824c5148684595e3caaa7e9992e4015e	Discussing with a correspondent of the Federal News Agency the topic of psychological expertise and the adequacy of people conquering the sky, Krikalev noted that in Russia psychological examinations are carried out in the strictest mode.
3398c5acaf842c50d5dc6057ca7f31604f8dba89	Recalling the tragedy with the plane that crashed in France, the expert said that astronauts are checked much more strictly than pilots of civilian ships, and tests with a centrifuge and a pressure chamber are only part of the total volume of checks.
095d2e55d7e12a24ca97bc78c3a7ad8f0dd3498b	"Even a small flaw that does not prevent a person from fully living and being active on Earth, in space, in a long-term stressful situation, can become a serious problem.
03c715c2af7e60dbdc7cdf4ffbd16cbe93e03747	Given that there will be no professional doctor nearby, the initial level of health should be very high, " the cosmonaut noted.
dd46d654de749a32eb35518d49211dc02a73231d	Mars One is a private international project led by Bas Lansdorp, an inventor and entrepreneur from the Netherlands.
0a3346d88424175d4ebaee60d295b07f71c4d41e	It involves landing a colony on the surface of Mars and broadcasting the life of the settlers live.
842760474619064d5ba64cae6d4cd7c803ff6a60	The flight of the first crew is scheduled for 2024.
c04c4ef37cf8cbf0acb589eb621459dd2480b8c0	The project implementation began in 2013, when the process of selecting flight participants started.
415cc7f7e9cd60ef7732f4d296185652dc1c84be	At the third stage, launched in February this year, there are 90 candidates left - 39 people from America, 31 from Europe, 15 from Asia, 8 from Oceania and 7 from Africa.
54a55802d0042f9bcd977be871a3fb24ada5b698	The idea of an orbital house was first put forward in 1911 by the Russian scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.
ab007301c5b07043270984f63eda4711f9762287	The first Soviet station "Salyut 1" was launched into orbit on April 4, 1971 and worked for 175 days, including 22 days with two cosmonauts on board.
6c31768bd140b6e4aa9e4a7e95cd397b41223ece	In 1984, US President Ronald Reagan announced the project of the American Freedom station.
f11fe080a2e301c499d8f24ff5d92366e6309cb9	In March 1993, the Director General of the Russian Space Agency, Yuri Koptev, and the general designer of NPO Energia, Yuri Semenov, proposed to the head of NASA, Daniel Goldin, to jointly create the International Space Station.
8cfd36a568b20ae7d310cc40a7f20340289edf7c	In June of the same year, the initiative was approved by the House of Representatives of the US Congress with a margin of just one vote.
245d9c57b171f7d21504a8b9624f411a882dd68b	The practical work began in November 1994 and lasted for almost six years.
79816e4a0b4c6ec972d47971fdc3a4ae4cc18905	The first element of the ISS, the Russian Zarya unit, was launched into orbit on November 20, 1998, and the American Unity module docked to it on December 7.
0edc45f891571167cd87f2459b9da76fde5aaa11	Currently, thanks to repeated completion, the mass of the station has reached 417 tons, and the length is 109 meters.
dd320b5d99f296fb177a22cad524b061c545d95f	The European module "Columbus" and the Japanese "Kibo"were added to the Russian and American ones.
29eb7399f0db091c7c0df7790de88be57bb733fb	The number of States participating in the project has increased to 15.
c554127d41da42640c1ed789daa13467b26ffc18	There was an unusual amount of space at the station, because there was no table, there was no equipment, which began to be added already during the first expedition.
0c720993b6d2e8fd3743bda09c355b08164c04dd	An empty virgin station created on earth, and that's just when we started working with it.
9744badff59b33adad888ce1cf48a4896e6a0cf9	We have been looking for electrical connectors for a long time to provide a TV report, this was one of the first works on the ISS.
7d32c4add4f7cfd352bf35fae94d32df3ab3bb76	That's what I remember most of all, and then the weekdays began.
6fb51fd6f88b18c52efa6dfbb24ee018ae98670c	There was no direct danger to life, thank God, but there were significant program risks, because at the very beginning there were a lot of critical operations to ensure the flight of the station.
17376019d2c119660bacab5b592f7c2ed65d18f6	Failure to activate any of the life support systems would lead to a forced early return to Earth.
6fa897ebb332cb02fc46c998f21ffcbbb833c649	Therefore, the first crew included only experienced astronauts who had already flown.
2f91dd608f42062b6643b27581933593b209942a	This was the difficulty, there was a very strenuous work during the first expedition.
48952816847c6db33f14877b4507132230185929	In addition to the ISS, I had the experience of flying with the Americans on the shuttle and at the Mir station.
a5f7df6b4df8765c943933cbba3b36bd280e2c8f	Our relations have always been very close and friendly.
9f98c97d683a21f877404bc1e274b821be65b727	The joint work was very tight and well coordinated.
1095b933df54571498455767babfd555431d5f72	Only three of us participated in the first expedition, and we did everything together on the Russian segment and on the American segment, there was no division by segments and by tasks.
bb8a95179595fc6308a51a60e14e8ff1ed1cd5cc	I would not say that this is not relevant now.
6ffce2a7edb50e828ad75550c857b604f206ca90	Despite the political difficulties that have arisen, and probably will arise, it is impossible not to rely on a partner in a difficult and sometimes dangerous situation.
b286001b28b0548f2aedbe5ffc6b6f013c8ae67f	When you expect that there is just a little bit left and it turns out that the distance is not over yet, it is very difficult to bear.
2182969adfe732abaa47aff5102da7fed935edcc	Knowing this, we must pay tribute to him, he came, talked, found out.
7a55937b5c4a6af10dc0b8f0f6cad21bd77eb999	And, probably, the closest analogy here is, as in sports, when you run a distance of five kilometers: you ran a part, and they tell you that you need to run 10.
668af46410adca1e5db450f3f9571e66bba8de15	We had several backup channels and transmitter receivers, but they all went to the mission control center.
328f9dfc108a43e85c24a59ef509d7ca6fef32e8	In addition to official information, news is also transmitted from Earth, journalists periodically come and ask us about something.
23472154b75c5c1d2499eb17dbe117a4f6fdcaf9	But since the first flight, we have established such a rule for those who regularly came to us, Bizyaev, for example, representatives of news channels: "First come and tell us what is happening with you, and then we will tell you what is happening with us."
523ab20d9dd8f38717f48e90687657961d943677	There was information, and the shift attendant told us.
2f6c065d32785f9ee84bd7676fe00430b66a68ce	It was not devoted to this all the time, but we were aware of it.
6fb2cbd197f67f812c77c682aff2455c459cf45a	Another interesting feature: relatively recently, amateur radio communication appeared at the station, we had the opportunity to go out through unofficial channels, talk to random operators on the Ground who tuned in to our wave.
7ceb6e9f8732b7977e8b23de720c69e58ac2548f	I remember that when we arrived and took the shift of the previous expedition, Musa Manarov, who was an amateur radio operator and initiated the fact that an amateur radio station was on board, and when handing over the shift, he told how the system works.
ebba865f647685cf80e64ea70424bc9ea3669cbb	There is a scheme for how everything should work, but there is real life.
11521d33debe49cfcf18ac201ca5acfd3cb7b86e	And to tell us as much as possible the difference between what should be and what really is, the previous expedition tells us where everything lies, what features of the work.
781438177aac577cd79e4b8a8cbb59c13160b495	While transmitting the shift, he transmitted some operators on the ground.
d1f423db7450ad0520a550cd3009283e6a22a46a	We tried to communicate in broken English, some in broken Russian with us.
fb62144f25a56cce5d554f4b29c7b3b4165593fd	And this woman speaks a little Russian, and she lives in the south of Australia.
5625012c755963c0085810372badc70bdbdb850c	Then we talked quite regularly, because she was clearly audible.
d0e3cb8d1615cbb936814c2a8138149d017347fc	As it turned out later, she was a computer science teacher in one of the Australian schools.
a8d5bf384b62ffaa5488ca8a7f622e5bc9be21e5	We started to master packet radio then, when it was possible to transmit information from computer to computer via amateur radio.
1730ca2819f3198cf5f79511496f09a5e502a201	She provided her mailbox so that we could practice with it, it was a completely new topic for us.
352e60b9d709a47dbfda23b9d703f28ce27c342a	We even began to conduct lessons together at school.
c2e77507c47f371f61f80be9c557b8ecf9e1dd96	She told her class and asked if we could get in touch at the time of the lesson.
8241afec5166afe5af00b4cdf25760aad4210579	First, they calculated the trajectory, watched the station fly, and had the opportunity to talk to us for a few minutes.
92068e37800545ab2f5503fe958f25f9c5e22490	Since she regularly communicated with us, it became known in her region, they asked her for news about what was happening at the Russian station.
770a7a2cc1b1b54735beb449b5a473e0506c58f5	It was the same flight when the extension was obtained.
15144bb2643a5bcb8d8ef8356496b618acd8c020	All sorts of rumors spread on the Ground, I then heard some of them: that I was forgotten on board, my health has deteriorated, I am weak and I can't go back.
3cb039b6e9d07fdc23aeb3ca011b64779ad9572b	Her name was Maggie, she gets in touch and asks how I'm feeling.
6a236e4b9e509e7111db138248a061b702f08fd6	He says that the news says that I feel bad.
4a5f1b56f48f75bb4060cfc5d8cc0a6ba70f09b0	By the way, as it happens with radio amateurs, we talked on the radio, and there was no opportunity to meet.
b7a5087cb6829caebd91fb481ecdaa7b37fe9fd4	And then a few years later we met in Houston, she came at the invitation of American radio amateurs.
b4fc3be3374d6dcffc50e53bc43cea3ce76a6e51	We saw each other, talked a little with her.
c0781cb8f1a2c3c192e5221dac2267ef9f2c5800	She says: "There is information on the news that you feel bad."
f1dfa7c37e901ec593619525739bfd9842bae95d	And I say that they live in Australia in relation to other people upside down, so their news is upside down.
183fb704268f5f65d161e673ab5ae37a5413b985	She said that she would write a refutation to the newspaper.
cbc074cd22054321381902c7af571a6ced54ddf1	Somewhere over South America, we flew, crossed the mountains and, as usually happens, we had a few minutes of free time, the radio station is turned on, I hear that there is a conversation in our language on our frequency, and the application gives the word mobil-a moving station.
236f248c66cffffb7c9d67f149d7e88c20f9c390	The radio amateurs finished the conversation, I called my call sign and also say mobil.
3d89c85f0592ee83cf6d86192326a5e64490ca37	The conversation usually begins with how the signal goes.
a9c4dd322cf0faffb97166d7b555656de97cbae5	They ask me: "A powerful transmitter, probably?"
7185f0027779b837b96b88b7cfe832131b46701c	I say, " No, we just have an antenna high up."
fe6d03955eced7bea3c8c6006939b65df9725465	They say that it cannot be higher than their antenna, because they are driving at the highest point on the road, nothing can be higher.
07396893d49cad8a1a5b8658f0eca6a93206a4e8	And I explain that we are flying past at the station.
871f33d62875aceb6ee0f206250b3f4915b83e56	He didn't believe it at first.
0a715abf2704c8e2bc2aff8b86e7689b95be04b6	Some experienced operators were very confused by our call sign "U5MIR", and knowledgeable people who know the call sign assignment system understand that this is a call sign from the other side of the world, and the signal does not extend so far at these frequencies.
6c136c84ba901f2e999e3587aad1e20d1768785f	And some of us were confused by us.
9101ec1a9fac42f1c861d86f062d1106e80eadb4	Cosmonaut Krikalev: The next step of a person in space will be the exploration of the Moon
d7ea86c205508ecfbd284f7b7d5a20aab4bae482	My l!fe
e25aad29a32cdd258eb14da5e95af8e8317d72cb	#sound
43c82b22591dffa208792df8c8f241a7eb479963	more #worldwide # exclusives #usa #politics #turkey #donaldtramp #gadgets
43e5a2b2e1e9ddc70b05e8f78056c6758defc508	09.05.2015 14:47
af74f7c5362aaee985bf8cda3dd75fc80751ce51	Copy
3741d59112eee8ae8d8c64eab52203d4e26fe541	831
1c8cbebe40e779ecc3a575f9666d36926d49f0ff	T. DVIDAR: Good afternoon!
0ef2cd015bf5e26dd24786194b55b72cb74fa53f	Another Thursday, and traditionally Taimur Dvidar is on the "Russian News Service".
deb7ac367b8d845bcf6cda1774183161c3807d9f	Nothing much has happened this week, except that I was deported from Odessa on May 3.
09ecaa6605a810c13041e25a4a5947f9871f7ce2	There was a lot of fun, however, I got into Odessa, spent unforgettable days there.
8dd8f64515556f3830fb2f48152da3e23533fc6f	But about this in another program next Thursday.
e94bb89eaeea5fcce870feed7886319a80397cfe	And today we were lucky enough to invite for questioning a wonderful person who will answer our urgent questions in the field of cosmonautics and the industry as a whole — twice Hero of the USSR, Russia Sergey Konstantinovich Krikalev.
0846f39cb3c64d2941b873cd5b50a8f670e758c9	Good evening!
5c0b3e32f71a326ca2aab3dda31866df698dd00b	Sergey KRIKALEV: Good evening!
76469ba7be2c62145bb85119cb0e399e234874da	T. DVIDAR: Usually, of course, with wonderful people, the broadcast begins with a list of regalia, all sorts of achievements.
603a5447d54e6d9852f6bf58501b4562a2a4cad7	But since you are being interrogated, is this your first interrogation in your life?
9778430b3a3ad012faa1d280bd856c2935926757	Sergey KRIKALEV: Yes, probably.
a6e58ede1a6e9da9850942c2276aa1d6fe8a9297	There were interviews, there were no interrogations.
b999a4dc08b7ebf887aa116cb91952228a8b5024	T. DVIDAR: Please tell me who you work for and where?
5614f51e2d7f81a1862da8a0d9ef018ced510083	S. KRIKALEV: At the moment, I am working at TsNIIMash the Central Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering on the topic "Manned Cosmonautics", this is the main institute of Roscosmos.
728a71a836db544e80466c10a8181675154add50	T. DVIDAR: Marital status?
b26684e1dcde8781465a7e66a4b28c800a93010b	S. KRIKALEV: Married.
3201817871331a1553a040a74c201089565f7e23	T. DVIDAR: Children?
af5851ede015b669211ba463402c3aa27d75fb61	S. KRIKALEV: Daughter.
728cf4d23f41867526625b87399f3d9cefcd94f0	T. DVIDAR: Grandchildren?
74186b102afe27d868552bd80ebbad15a9b89eba	Sergey KRIKALEV: No.
3f62fe70dde9153917f05fc394c4c925e4073b1a	T. DVIDAR: Why did you get the first title of Hero?
b49e548843da0ea06f3e70c8a66d776d67c111ca	Sergey KRIKALEV: For the flight into space.
6e1f1317f7b983f361d8630365d95d105ccd985d	T. DVIDAR: In what year?
e0458c923d31e63a3f14210a1c5eda50cb044bdc	S. KRIKALEV: 1988-1989.
7da2e40d30039bb7770798dc96436c77297dc132	T. DVIDAR: How many days have you spent?
ed906af9340ba45148d64a2e8c27438608c89e0b	Sergey KRIKALEV: A little more than five months.
2f21b8f385564259192eca76eb659f88f0dd97a4	T. DVIDAR: Was this your first flight?
c8d6c609f49614d5babed1184ff481f59b815234	SERGEY KRIKALEV: Yes.
a2bc60e731caca25d4a1c90d962d85080655b7a6	T. DVIDAR: You are not very talkative.
43e3ecb0b859eccc255b3816bd6606c62597616d	S. KRIKALEV: This is an interrogation, you said.
60ad4adf8a7f4910cbc1d7e840cca344684545e7	T. DVIDAR: Why did you get the second one?
8f404d3262f7eab089ac7290703be7196dc503ce	Sergey KRIKALEV: For another flight.
2a7b0c95936a629239450e7379dc7461576da012	T. DVIDAR: Another country already?
c9757911b995886293c23b7721607497153bccaa	S. KRIKALEV: No, the flight began in May 1991 in the Soviet Union.
39bf3754bb2135f15458f4adf9d377c46913cad5	A lot of things happened on the flight.
83f0d8356bdab2134309ea138828e4e76674adc2	It so happened that the flight was planned for six months or a little less, but we had to work out two expeditions in a row, and the flight ended in March 1992.
224e80a51e55311b45e05ce7bff3fd9d4f037310	T. DVIDAR: How did this happen?
c18699f5e1de0ce607dfd69747130f049df8a412	Is this a coincidence?
2e304720a8eba2744bc3877b8182b74c6ba11c23	Sergey KRIKALEV: There are no accidents, everything that happens in our life is not entirely accidental.
9af975c9bed18f02517004a87eba9853a66f59dd	Not scheduled.
0027df124d094a967aa8e588a60380182ead4a6e	The program originally planned that there would be two different flights, two different visiting expeditions, and one was supposed to come to relieve us, the other after we left.
64349f4e1e265893c7e86ad1c1121f52ca54b162	But then they decided to merge two flights into one.
fbe13e7149f72944bb36cb8cd1604108a8aedcde	We began to see how we would get out of the situation.
0a0d016e3dcb22d0eb2ca331faefaf2f1f8ae7f8	And one of the possible options was to ask me to stay for another expedition, which, in fact, happened.
795102ae55d5169e3b39f4b8dfda215efc845373	T. DVIDAR: Did you agree yourself or were you asked so that you did not want to return?
9327dc7d9d430074c1f3b561ac01babc8cad79ee	Sergey KRIKALEV: When you fly in space, there are many analogies.
883cd148c066cd0074e4129b019d6b9dea816a6f	The head who came then, also an astronaut himself, Valery Ryumin, came to the mission control center, got in touch, which is not often the case, since there is a shift on duty, a shift flight manager, the main operator, and then the head comes out and starts telling, you ask if I can fly another expedition?
050af0b6b63e3b80c7f4b81728cf21a35e425ab2	As an astronaut, he understood what it was.
d04ec61460396139067a1c2d4fe01e32a263de29	When he himself was finishing a six month flight, and there was a week left before landing, a situation arose that required them to do another job and stay for an additional few days.
356e46d06739d18bef2a2e900c6a7799003f713d	He says that when the commander agreed so easily, he said that he was ready to strangle him.
a575bbfed227ddba47c996d9e84ad4215d1d29b0	T. DVIDAR: This is familiar to me, I was engaged in sports.
242b6492f7035741d04811a9a46329c20732fb76	Were you already married at that time?
fbf8ee991853d061cd183305c70e37044ec1ffd1	S. KRIKALEV: In the first flight — no, in the second already yes.
7c1365091e8e3b6fb7b90957b2f324c67e04d318	T. DVIDAR: There is such a question, you can not answer it: what happened, what happened, the country changed.
60b847b7ae830535ffcea87d1207e2c974f3db36	Did you know about this?
215ca68f2b74ba7d7bd84b5106925be08b4f0a8d	S. KRIKALEV: Sure.
becd164c0acee6decf6c64d95e36e496c0c531fb	During the flight, we learned, just like on the Ground.
e1c103174aec09c54eebeafb045b10918b7e88ba	T. DVIDAR: I donot think you had the opportunity to switch the receiver.
7468cbad604638a07909eba1e73d7a5281a04d0b	S. KRIKALEV: We had several backup channels and transmitter receivers, but they all went to the mission control center.
4c4b9c9971b6b83424451fd9a7620aea392748d0	T. DVIDAR: And what is the most interesting thing you remember from these dialogues?
d2d5edff0b5dc9764f2722e506a406ad94174fb5	Sergey KRIKALEV: There are many small episodes.
efd168c8330eb1362abf1263a37b6d16e1ae0afb	And here, he says, there is a woman in Australia.
91c91a749e0bacafa8558ab500e3d31aba511a88	All sorts of rumors spread on the Ground, I then heard some of them: that I was forgotten on board, my health has deteriorated, I am weak and I canot go back.
8707ec76e469af512018d66880aff8094864d92d	T. DVIDAR: You can say hi to Maggie.
850b2796901b908b441a487149d2e21b75b37fc9	S. KRIKALEV: By the way, as it happens with radio amateurs, we talked on the radio, and there was no opportunity to meet.
130bedc077cee9efd8982a0ecb766717505ec2ae	Somewhere over South America, we flew, crossed the mountains and, as usually happens, we had a few minutes of free time, the radio station is turned on, I hear that there is a conversation in our language on our frequency, and the application gives the word mobil a moving station.
1645b4f9f6544051bf1387953b595b966db79c9e	He didnot believe it at first.
60182f73755dea7efb9b1d77778968903b7055e3	T. DVIDAR: Throughout the last century, the USSR, the USA, and Europe competed in space.
ee83266afb238926db5a194afdc6548bc4a8fbac	S. KRIKALEV: Probably not all of it.
d815114cf79bf00d6229bc1c8d91ad4c4f9fe9f1	There were stages of competition, then there were stages of cooperation.
882c9a6530fb36785a401214f23f9cad2750b8b1	T. DVIDAR: Well, we will talk about this, because you are the star of the program of cooperation between the Soviet Union and the United States.
094c8ede4e2735001af9bc1d7933ddfdff3e5aab	Then Japan, India, and China caught up.
a77a56f63a7dc2146d1ed16040d4ab4f3c7e85ef	By the beginning of the century, they again returned to the Moon, the Sun, and Mars.
343ffd444c25b7856c0e8a1ebf52ef03d43df69d	You will understand later why you are being interrogated.
35d433fb9c2ba51e5fcce8f3ee29a7964566971a	Let's take a call to start with.
f2a16721518b52b8112901a00ea9585d1a8994a9	Hello, you are on the air.
fcbdc5a0646659fe3f2146e4d71dd5757db49419	LISTENER: Hello.
4a5d61015dd164cff197960e33fd25a1e2323d3e	Happy Radio Day to our cosmonauts, especially radio amateurs.
240daa2f5924ad3aae0cd8e83641d883093907b7	Roman, an amateur radio operator, congratulates him, the best wishes for health, success, but also success in space, so that nothing breaks, everything flies.
59f195d5ddcea9b84851bf928d06ff6db423ce85	S. KRIKALEV: An amateur radio station continues to operate at the station.
0f36ef59dcc9d1d0422ff07fa37748f78562ccf8	Have you been able to contact the station?
2f72c4bc334f12f1baa4989b1a51df8ec28479ea	LISTENER: Yes.
6574338d5719fb7ff7de746ebf630a4380fd4667	About 10-12 years ago, I am an amateur radio operator with experience.
6986154016375756c0d638e2bd864dd3b51853d1	Sometimes it was interrupted for some problems.
0d65f98634f8efbc67e5a3ad5f4b8a6d95672707	I heard that radio amateurs are at our radio station, I always listen to the radio station.
b674d8d11a1a821284923ad4da3f06798858b2c6	Once again, happy holidays and all the best!
9b7910099b691a96bb3e2a59200fd4ea9323f010	T. DVIDAR: Thank you very much for calling!
22fd7a3a4c613a41136f289793d6ccf2170556d0	I'm going back to the interrogation.
b6395cffe39d8d66538b65d0983d430b4f0a8da4	We had a certain thing called "MIR" out of competition, however, tell us about the cooperation?
6d1d8d65ac6aecb2ca9a57ca206c055a18a3cb47	I'm going to start asking bad questions now.
e37b71eef288046b27278147aa7e8b966b416a17	S. KRIKALEV: About cooperation on the "WORLD" or in general?
448fad33553accfd0bfe7ddffa8aeb218a12863f	T. DVIDAR: In general.
34ef6606f55bd0d377a46b1c0aa13f9b6fc17079	S. KRIKALEV: It is wider than manned cosmonautics.
0c5220ba2598bc7a13d7a88c65426b8100e1ed5e	I can probably tell you something about it.
26adbaac16d37500c6c0f7755ca629b98ca79a69	T. DVIDAR: I will have a question about the hardware complexes.
74533aa50f6a21b31067b83288df1edffff701fa	Sergey KRIKALEV: I can hardly say anything intelligible here.
e8feb6e0179af74a7e82507685dce1ad4b89b17c	T. DVIDAR: We have remained in a certain stagnation, in my opinion.
9053f5972ebe925e714e7a608a9b6c4ecb6304b7	S. KRIKALEV: If we talk about cooperation in the manned program, by the way, we are celebrating the 40th anniversary of the Soyuz — Apollo flight, it seems, recently, and this is the year 1975, the month of June.
21f66c57fce7c38acf579afa7c58ab1a7e4e6da9	In mid June this year, the 40th anniversary of the flight will be celebrated.
f1aa8193ab9ebfb108d5b8b02b3fdddcb228c462	This year there are two anniversaries, both associated with Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov.
22aacf0202b88d7558b9079743757c560e86674e	In 1965, there was the first human spacewalk, and 40 years ago there was the first joint mission in space "Soyuz — - "Apollo".
eee44a2e09582e13a958fabe56266e485b5ffa68	T. DVIDAR: For people my age, it's like yesterday.
859c12ebeddb07deb409cb387ceabbbb68a01a03	Sergey KRIKALEV: Propaganda or information policy worked well, that the people still remember what the "Union" — "Apollo"is.
7059be4e6e965ab67a298dfa12f0dde79087c93d	T. DVIDAR: Especially smokers.
24edff43eb037cb7be57ad88fb7f4d93cfb2e83f	Sergey KRIKALEV: Although it is not very clear how the cigarettes were tied, there are even such details.
d334e519ccdd47391bc25e9cacadb26d68ce767d	It was an interesting collaboration, I didnot find it.
275d4935aa7feaea19afeb27269aecea79525543	I was finishing school at the time when the Soyuz — Apollo was flying, I was preparing for the exams at the institute, I decided to go to study in the rocket engineering specialty.
5b737355c675c45fe34826174a054bf1a5381043	T. DVIDAR: Did you, like many others, dream of being an astronaut?
c05ed2339e10b0f20caa6e496c437b1925182421	S. KRIKALEV: There are different dreams, different ways, how people come.
e59dacfe59a286ee12d8ccd7a2b81fc3e9c86aaf	There are those who strive from childhood, carry a dream through their whole life.
0ab33cd54b5a5be41f4224e988624cf103f2885b	Quite in early childhood, probably not.
b9fb32bba0e80f146c790d83a45d6120f67a87bd	I didnot have a clear understanding, and until the middle of school I was interested in a lot of things.
4727f744689add7ff1e977d9ddf0504901017bd5	I knew about cosmonautics as an average person, and maybe only after reading good books, good fiction, somewhere towards the end of school, trying to understand what I was interested in in order to do this business, I realized that I wanted to work in the field of cosmonautics, I would be lucky to be an astronaut.
1966adcee4d1a3a4842623ae83a39b2a832fad8d	T. DVIDAR: Did you have a certain pavilion in Leningrad, like the simulators in the Cosmos pavilion here at VDNH, where cosmonauts trained?
ecd18448486ed55bf075409b36e9b36e6c3fee43	I was there myself, I was spinning on all these things.
06efef93e551d4c961ac7e4b89c64c41b1915821	S. KRIKALEV: I didnot know such things.
92041fa235b31dccdf0452d42bffdaeadcda701a	T. DVIDAR: Have you been to this pavilion in Moscow?
fb8d8a5609aa78985b943441667fa6797db6c0eb	Did you catch him?
b9594d5e1cc8a3c98446125a6968514e14da6f6f	S. KRIKALEV: I was in the Cosmos pavilion, I donot remember any simulators there.
2a385465556da4ee454ae0bf01bc213cb5902382	T. DVIDAR: So, you were there when you were already selling kittens.
ebfdce879c394b52654954c9c431cb7f16eb417e	S. KRIKALEV: No, I was a schoolboy in class 4-5.
201fb39d26f9ca2a32f612bb93773d3e62f9f562	T. DVIDAR: The simulators were on the second floor.
2c07a55c460b17dea1ab2bed4dac17dc9557ea57	S. KRIKALEV: I was in Moscow once during school.
d04339120c91894f0eaa568c4935078138741058	T. DVIDAR: This is about popularization, I bring it to this.
1d9486c4c17a0be836a0014683e56ea7479fa562	Sergey KRIKALEV: The whole system worked.
cb9272fa0a2c735f0efd9d285a18ba3094641a32	There was a club of young cosmonauts in St. Petersburg, in my opinion, there was something similar in Moscow.
e701f406de64d272d178b60ff0707d0bca03a05c	There are various myths that I am a graduate of this club, but my path was different.
ac2e93d41c85dce94ba17c326a86c9113b78dc47	I was doing sports quite seriously, all my free time was spent on it.
2d91d26648689b63246aa86323c0573fc8f573e9	I spent the rest of my time studying, I studied quite well.
4c9cfa58253382ab7da4bcf050357d8821065982	The decision to go to aviation and cosmonautics matured for me somewhere before graduating from school.
9c8149b27d43d2d377adf7f84f6e0cb7469ca5df	T. DVIDAR: As an engineer, do you also believe that in order to achieve something in such an industry as cosmonautics, cooperation is necessary?
56a18a32bdb00b666360ee13bef1b6a4a17bf076	Radio electronics in the Soviet Union lagged far behind, but even today it is not very superior to its analogues.
0f8a3b1736ca3c83912a94f44f20e17f7d4727a6	S. KRIKALEV: As an engineer who is used to optimizing, I can say that it is advisable to perform some work together.
5664e06644de49ae976905ee93905e1a8dad78ac	T. DVIDAR: Tell us about your experience of working together with the Americans, please.
ef89106d0ea4d6f3abd3256fd8cd7737d3d72d55	You are the first Soviet cosmonaut.
ac47a8c4818f7f3f653e9385b1a0dae6f9556426	Sergey KRIKALEV: Leonov and Kubasov were the first.
6cca39e50b12b9e3d08622a6ba2478852f6a22c2	T. DVIDAR: But they didnot train in America.
577ebafb59437fa3dad6a5a8385c3a3893de4f8e	S. KRIKALEV: They had a little training in America.
3e626b41ac9632f9489674a7cb5632eb65d4b5d8	The peculiarity was that everyone started on their own ship from their own spaceport, and they docked in space.
6227c7236ef4ee984354d483c1074a14dd314df0	When I came to work at the PU Energia, where ships and systems were created, there were specialists who worked during the Soyuz Apollo ,it was interesting to talk with them.
0058542239ac9ec0d933cda5286942be427093b5	T. DVIDAR: Start a story about international cooperation and your participation.
88a210c5d1c625e2e1aea2780204aa786164a327	Sergey KRIKALEV: International cooperation for me began with the first flight, it was international.
f22f5b6f22adaf22f422143e3b77881558e59892	Shortly before I joined the space program, the Intercosmos program ended.
505cb3eecf0649db1a747c91430154cb0a00d421	But it so happened that on the first flight I got into the Soviet French expedition, and then we continued the flight with the Russian crew, but we were preparing together with the Frenchman Jean Loup Chretien, we flew together with him.
84615abb605b8bc386a061c62340e74bb02da2dd	He returned to earth before us, but we still have very good friendly, comradely relations, and we always see each other with pleasure.
ab7f42542f921483cc5e43d52bcdcaee9f566c1f	T. DVIDAR: What was his task in orbit?
4a8a384fe58116c15f3037313b4de9a7d348f93c	Sergey KRIKALEV: There was an interesting scientific program.
15c1a266c1462ac375b9054ffed901f83a832f8a	Chretien had a second flight, I was the most inexperienced member of the crew.
43e278beea7ccb187b16ca2fe8818fd6c0d3e391	Sasha Volkov and Chretien flew for the second time, and I flew for the first time.
55158c461c35b9a6e7e0f8b590582ee2f9cded66	I tried to get as much information as I could from them as possible.
cb49b77be99917d5a1d3676e34c759f0aad7660e	We had a very interesting, rich program.
ca945dbbee9deb5a14b6a42baafa55a830530c61	At that time, it was rare for our foreign guest to go into space — according to the plan, there was work outside the station.
3810d8fccb7a05ac7eb0d6f57d982e09bb94c30d	There was scientific equipment created at the station, which was supposed to receive certain data on MIR.
77440675bb6660e7d236702a128157feeaef8de6	We shared the data with the French, they are with us.
b8a3c2e891165ef8b7553c40918aaf8fd8cc4d00	Very interesting equipment was delivered on board, in particular, an ultrasonic tachograph.
876335f2a27e4937803ae340fd2a3529dfb2b7ff	The equipment was made in the onboard version for weightlessness, under the voltage that is on board.
e8c2cec8dcabda2fa8a1b6bfcd59bf4198d906fa	T. DVIDAR: A unique solution.
c9fb260cabd4271a4618bdfe3943ceb6b7ffd1d8	Sergei KRIKALEV: A fairly large box, about half a table.
83093441b8731c2599cedb710382b0f03d954338	We were taught a little to work on this device, Chretien was like a specialist.
69b4c64d219721c6836a1bf6a3197ee961b7e2ed	He conducted part of the medical research, although by profession he is a professional pilot, a military pilot, a test pilot, but he also conducted medical and biological experiments with us.
007d742b601bad3f62c1e37fc7295c4769f2e845	There were many interesting technical experiments on the disclosure of complex spatial structures, in the future there were such models, and data from them on the disclosure of complex solar panels, antennas of various kinds.
06de47edf74ff150b87a1f11c964abdc53509a6e	T. DVIDAR: We'll take the call.
9b56d519ccd9e1e5b2a725e186184cdc68de0731	Hello.
90b509b01c7ec1bbed7ae150ac57b94da54d2674	LISTENER: Good evening.
ae8c73eb59e305adc111b58121ec52b5268d7070	My name is Evgenia.
04cef2f3a3aa98475d20ac893ee20b2a6f1f5829	If we take the USSR, a practical cosmonaut, everything related to space was so enthusiastic, most young people dreamed of becoming cosmonauts, flying into space, making some discoveries.
14d037ad661de690625e937d280522ca79b72f0b	From your point of view, at the moment, how exhausted are the opportunities for discoveries and what should the modern youth of Russia strive for in this area?
7605a6cc7c0f2c05139b0437b8a85e96fcf983f0	And a bit of a political question: salaries in the leading scientific centers of Energia, TsNIIMash are quite low.
d3f357977df8f6038cfd5633bfc9a04bdf3da9dd	Sergey KRIKALEV: There are a lot of questions at once.
c411310dda192269ccc8a234ebcb73495c06181c	T. DVIDAR: Choose one.
56048308f6a8ec094a129099314c4725aa2479f1	S. KRIKALEV: Let's try it in order.
776b48e28dc20ae2c15bdc55047d2fb3663b7f3c	From my point of view, it remains just as enthusiastic.
da8696ea364202af87f7b8176b54fc8de4de545b	The fact that perhaps fewer people are enthusiastic about this or know less about it is not a problem of cosmonautics, it is rather a social problem.
bbc290e1a89075173b47e376c5f08a122642b90a	And I think that this is a matter of priorities in society: what is important and what is unimportant, what is unusual and healthy, and what is ordinary.
fbf2979dd4b50584e611cf3807a3c1efe70cae02	I agree with you that a certain scale of values in society has changed.
59326660ce3ffac23626d754aba89408d320feeb	Maybe the mass media is part of a changed information flow, certain backgrounds, priorities in society.
0af245287d3200cde77e889582cf1c5ff4dcca05	As a result of this, probably, the number of young guys who believe that space is cool, this is what I would like to do, it is not a pity to spend energy, time, and life on.
d5f3988ae496a721b2d3a400e9e2ec20a0e96bef	The number of such people has become less, but they are there.
9f8c6b735eb1b79deb8a5baed78d02ede363f360	These guys are the same as they were.
ce7633bfe66e9399db7298c154ecc213fe076d54	It's just that there were thousands of them then, now there are hundreds left.
0d4543cff39a6e1274ca76791c30b56cd973e8b6	I can say with regret that there is less information, perhaps we are not using the positive potential of cosmonautics enough.
d313114aa0095005a2acc159468586a1f4dca0b4	But those who have decided for themselves who came to this system, many do not leave, despite the fact that, as you said in the final part, there was a period of time when salaries were small, and people worked, because it was very interesting.
22346afc50da48c855f869b2d79dfd236de8d791	T. DVIDAR: Thank you, because you have answered a number of my questions, including.
48e65629ab984468e3a289a446c4d6a8141be3a5	Your trip to America and training there with a further flight — it was nonsense, for me, for example.
b6bdee7c1dd5336e0df3e32c901e1961b4ec2479	I was shocked that a Soviet cosmonaut and American astronauts were flying on a Shuttle.
a9e412a4c04bed34d04af1351853fc3690e2500e	S. KRIKALEV: For many, this was nonsense.
9c76d34841c7784c9f6976f9c9eb30b323599463	T. DVIDAR: This is from the field of science fiction just.
00e5fb6a5ca48f3b607b4ac48762750768dc7328	S. KRIKALEV: I remember a long flight, I looked at the Ground, it's already good orie ntirovalsya that I see.
8636b23d2d0460af193a92195438b83606902cd4	I remember one of my first feelings, although I studied well, but there was some regret that we do not know enough geography or we know the wrong geography, the ability to recognize and see what you are flying over.
5d4fa54bbdf5d9d744ea964d33e20f64b7359e3c	On this flight, I looked at Houston and thought that there are guys like us sitting there, teaching, looking at the sky.
5ef266498c44bbf876da9434b5d994af9bdf10db	It would be interesting to visit there, to communicate with them.
3265e6c6e11bd86590d7a1d6c581a0903fb604d3	And I landed in the spring of 1992, we began post flight rehabilitation (or readaptation) back to Earth conditions, and at the time of the end of the readaptation, information appeared that at the level of presidents, then Yeltsin and Bush Sr., it was decided that they had not done anything together for a long time.
e5412d9bf894c149898d2325ebb529129065efc0	We gave the task to the agencies to come up with something for a joint program.
12d295f60b13218b501d6db9e758258b0c32e42e	The deadlines were very tight, the simplest and fastest thing that could be thought of, as people who took part in this process told me, was an offer to make an exchange flight: one Russian flies on a Shuttle, one American flies to MIR.
41eed85c892a920908f9dba83170eea43e65f22c	I heard that the Shuttle flight is for one week, and they will fly for several months, an unequal exchange.
e8ce9d5db3d70f5451927a2b4de8204b65cf3f79	From my point of view, flying is the crown of this work.
485593d4cd7ae95736bb7338459f865ceaeba141	A very interesting part was the preparation itself, familiarization with the system, with how the work is organized from that side.
54651ea8f651cf25d90545236012d44c92ddf38c	And it was new for us and for them.
774c2e45b1d666513e4cd666a2ef2fabc66f2949	On the one hand, both we and the Americans are somewhat used to working with foreign guests.
cd4247a6d326a1ee29fcad3302ea5160fd5d8b20	T. DVIDAR: In the "Star City", you mean?
59c652b3308d0ac90c96d95b2fe2c34c0b5b5aff	S. KRIKALEV: In space.
1f829e0ce8f31f05ca42977e930a2c4ad8c9f25d	Representatives of other countries came to us, worked with both social countries and kapstrans.
5e3e799c46fd70dc70add5e166427fa6f7dffdc0	T. DVIDAR: How were the Americans perceived?
e3a34c122ef2ca74ff2f247722d2fb977f78b0e3	S. KRIKALEV: I had some experience working in international cooperation with my colleagues, and we were the hosts of the program, the owners of the station, we studied for many years, knew it in detail.
08cb62bf2c0b2bc14c1f3dc5cec3cb38d6ff822e	Specialists came to us, we even had some separation: professional cosmonauts are test cosmonauts and research cosmonauts who are more immersed in the scientific program and the requirements for knowledge of the system and control of the ship were significantly less.
5e6d6a47edd625cf7cf1a1bf76ff7b656bead294	They should know the basic things, but not as deeply as we should have known.
2b6d913263f040f17d0ead8993363e07056b1653	And so are the Americans.
abdc06467e744b60db5da2fd9320b1563006cc07	They also interacted with the French, but they were not professionals.
d6f620bd5049d39bfc26a97d59f83f3a3de3650a	It was unusual for the Americans, for us, and for me: accustomed to being the hosts of the program, we suddenly found ourselves guests.
8d0b2218f5f680fbb8a5cafc8794d2a1a48aba11	And it was unusual for Americans to have not just a person who stood next to the program, but a professional person.
63281897bbc66ce5602249323c93654b1ee9d8ec	Moreover, we arrived with Volodya Titov, I was assigned to the main crew, Volodya was an understudy.
6d656a857a1a9ac8a94d443e5f5663c6bb7a5cc4	Titov had more than 12 months of flight under his belt, I have already more than 15.
62011da5a1f498c785b0a757d7536eec7189f050	We came to the program with more experience than many Americans have.
19d07c66b41d3d9a98f6a3753d1d0ed33aa7849c	T. DVIDAR: Were you envied?
cf32c6d51ecf674fa9eb20d9df45944234e99c82	S. KRIKALEV: Respected.
b696abc9cb841e8fdf9e01e4cee070274a1667a9	To your question, how we were met, I answer: we were met with interest, curiosity.
91dbbdedb71d015405999c6dfbe4f7bb5a25bf3e	They were interested in seeing the Russians, we were interested in seeing the program.
3eec0ed775d372999ab4b630fbbaac5a0d9626df	We must pay tribute to the fact that from a professional point of view and to us as professionals, they treated us with great respect.
6f4c36ae79879129cf1a214bf0b6bd84f58a0c5b	And we treated them with great respect.
4617b20f6e0c21a1e7403874b3fdc26a3ad70cb5	Anyway, we understood that we were unlikely to know the Shuttle as deeply as they did, despite the fact that we have extensive flight experience.
7e819968b5673b541d12354754e998786e33fe18	T. DVIDAR: Did you take part in the construction of the station on this flight?
652afa129ea3804a478d84f6651c1e2331eefebb	S. KRIKALEV: No, it was the first flight, it was still before any construction of the station.
ee511b7595bace49cfe8cd71d5f563175a51645b	When we arrived there, America continued to work on the Freedom Station project.
665ffc745d1914f4ede67157772e4e7f38c4c564	T. DVIDAR: Has MIR ever flown before?
f533e65b8ccf4853804b591bf55f9ba5306a053a	S. KRIKALEV: I flew.
2ab7f3285ba2839ebccd4ac7986616904a4c7c79	The Americans worked on Freedom — it was a station with international participation.
46a5af67f7ee54f1a1fe0089810f099704e11657	Then we had to wean our American colleagues from this stereotype.
424306ed7f3804301febbd8b40dcd7c02f40f834	When the work on the ISS began, they continued to say that it was an American station with international participation.
ffa355a246002211f10172ece7c057a86479ce42	But our program was completely autonomous.
b5b7a4fd96c626bf11af996fc611217ea294b392	Now some experts are confused.
6b56f42693bc62b4cdf3c2e61ef11c72884e9a88	After us, there was the MIR — Shuttle program, then MIR — NASA, they have certain boundaries, a certain difference.
96e4f285d3b58399fe51ce4d7f448a808052696f	Then a program was developed that the "Shuttles" flew to the "WORLD".
50f2916ae5e6007a23e9ad428de5747cd95f0eba	T. DVIDAR: How did the American press receive you?
ba6fe2a7292698ff5d436d26cb895832b5df764b	S. KRIKALEV: I wasnot really interested in it.
afcacb14f8f711484b9bf3014df8c64af2193750	I didnot have any negative or strange feelings left.
078937726e73b95653a876d246e13cd5a4ffc9df	T. DVIDAR: I'm just asking about the positive.
dcf0eef3e1ff1f7ddc6a65dff1b53c845843d995	Sergey KRIKALEV: There was information, but I had no time to read it.
402043788f79328af4b3c6f8f959eab95a7cbe05	T. DVIDAR: Did the Americans interview you?
5ddc44b8e48ed2002c77ef09cf56aadcea503419	Sergey KRIKALEV: We took interviews, asked how we like America, the preparation, what we see, what is different.
52be6b4c5c2db5063445693a8a7edf7f79e5c043	For me, especially at first, it was all difficult, because I had to simultaneously master the Shuttle, the flight program, and the English language.
97dff39ea2bbaa1df486f669cff99c73dee5264e	It was all difficult, but interesting.
41aaca9afaf3fa08f4f9ef6e518d4334b10f0716	When you suddenly start to master a technical language, and they suddenly start talking to you for life with journalists, it turns out a little differently.
4491abd1b282d219a5202b3df36797ca6aa08df4	But we must pay tribute to them, probably, Americans have more experience and patience in this sense, because they often have to communicate with foreigners, and they are patient, understanding that I may not understand something.
2b490d278c087ab2f0fe00939b7166724f051525	Friendly press, friendly attitude.
8633f259e851b1163b7787a4216af271fd687ad5	I still have good emotions from that time.
8f7bee752e74787b5ce67927c3b149b2cebb3d6a	T. DVIDAR: I canot get an interrogation again, because I canot hide my sympathy for this person, for our national heritage.
4796e4f8d0756f8452601a29d864893c0a75f40c	I have a lot of questions about the "Buran", about the "Moon", but, apparently, an hour will not be enough for us, because I am listening.
57a50c22a18b911c4f6ab65026182967e21898c1	A huge number of calls are displayed on the monitor — all the squares are busy.
0dc9d30fd5532687012da83fab912314f4423dc7	Nevertheless, experts say that there is a certain stagnation in the industry of both manned flights and research areas, including programs.
975acc5d0fba8d945db81e0d6385bd966de7654d	It turns out that in recent years, maybe for a couple of decades, we have been mainly engaged in cargo transportation to orbit, there is, of course, some participation in the ISS.
adc8e88693a0ffd0c45c32ea02a858b80ae23e19	S. KRIKALEV: I would not make any cliches, but I agree that there is a certain slowdown in development.
686cee315ed1d044fa113923ab00abeb7ebfb563	I am ready to talk a little about this topic.
4e0ef727c807bae90adb9add9a24a493d10adce3	T. DVIDAR: We heard the other day that the United Arab Emirates is building a spaceport.
0d308135f13fb83c5d89b9ffa040831b2dfc3e1f	S. KRIKALEV: I didnot hear it.
e54bb4df1d97483d9c300d8cb16626b9d11abde5	T. DVIDAR: They are launching the Al Amal probe, as far as I know the translation is a hope.
7ce73216b6a84355c8836d9720db7801166a87ca	With the company Virgin Galactic, they are building a spaceport.
58d0ab89517834945a5be09d88d851f0c3968143	It seems that by 2021 they should have time to launch to Mars.
36ab6f35a6091a0d62191f28d7ed046442b503ae	Sergey KRIKALEV: Knowing how the system is developing, this is not a very justified optimism.
191de70dee605e97ab2943b56cee7fe9c51c4380	T. DVIDAR: They have already allocated 50.4 billion.
5bb5d7d802a283055ba9bae579af07a18b75c324	S. KRIKALEV: I'm not ready to say now whether this is enough to fly to Mars or not.
19deda2560035645b596414f702ff4f06a3bfec7	But when you said that Virgin Galactic interacts with them, it becomes more clear here.
9e765c9eb502c449c706226b24d839dc984b485a	I am familiar with their program.
c23c5e5efffc92277fafa7f981d4fecfbef3f7b7	The flights that this company carries out are what we call suborbital flights.
b14b0571d2b478c993357eb3ab22305076e0d78f	There is a certain difference, because to climb to a height of more than 100 kilometers, where the border of countries officially ends and the international space of space begins, you can say that you have been there.
58beffb498568f8b5bdfbce1fa1c7e57d3980227	T. DVIDAR: God be with them, with the Arabs, God grant them good luck in their endeavors.
5b665bbc1455bd14901b00ed6af4e736bade0b2a	Their dream will probably come true.
3b0770ca9cdc88b54ed089e17e307167d17e7e5c	If they can hear us, they know exactly where to go to go to Mars or send a probe to Mars, including building a spaceport.
c78d7d317de01e62967daf2bd6115c08e2b5cd1b	Does President Putin have an adviser on the space industry?
b3e1b06a1c7a26c188b6f7908ab674af17218f94	S. KRIKALEV: I donot know, to be honest.
5160b411046b9ea6b8ccc00ab71f6f60c14ec2cb	He has advisers in various industries, industry and cosmonautics are included in such areas.
542a2cd5361d7a6f4255010e8360bcefa16d3515	T. DVIDAR: But it canot be as a part.
d0f9ad46d1bd4b76368153313e9a4a179b466778	This is a national project.
6e0afb2b1baadef19beba5c7522363a6ea391e2d	Sergey KRIKALEV: They are often confused.
642140a26993233ba1f33c7be598569cc0a91866	What is cosmonautics in your understanding?
f1e9d7824714c72ebf04731ecdcaee130b79626b	T. DVIDAR: Personnel training, science, industrial sector related to cosmonautics.
b179c6bc7fa4f5fba81d47922974e78a77d6e4f1	Training base.
55981eb818061ff603d0d52d039b7425dfa29170	S. KRIKALEV: I'm sorry that we have an interrogation in the opposite direction.
e4a169d6ad3d658ae9b6147e6745bfb61d60700b	T. DVIDAR: Please, this is not the first time I have been interrogated.
802e7ad1fd146398704acc85866d2992182d694d	Sergey KRIKALEV: Much of what you have said relates to manned cosmonautics.
78bec19e4f8fff50b3bcc5dc422818026afa58df	T. DVIDAR: Since I am a romantic from the Soviet times, I am more attracted to manned cosmonautics.
206647d3a088e403509e937bee9675e2af526054	Why donot we have bases?
ac764caeb9e07bcb449e9ff4f7dad59191509634	You are one of those who suggested building space bases.
ede242a7c2856a38bd6d2d1d6241023b7c88032b	Sergei KRIKALEV: Yes, this is somewhere between the first and second flights, I even have an interview where we talked about what the next steps are, that we should probably move from the orbital station to the base, make a base near the Earth, near the Moon and develop further.
ed6d13962e08ac3f3cacfb92bc8fd40911d28fd7	T. DVIDAR: We have five minutes left.
e808d8a5c23ffd17646c620f6bb364363bb56da2	I wonot ask any questions.
571010bf29447d9e4a6d72850d59c39a31a7c597	I ask you very much, tell us, what will be the next stage of the development of cosmonautics for Russia?
99cea88308b35922b33b0cf7b944e81162b9fc66	Sergei KRIKALEV: The federal space program is being coordinated right now.
cfb6db3b302662a8b68eb72550a1fe68e9ab45f5	There is already a project that has been submitted.
848335e44178cc43e0220ebbc871b74e0f914fd0	T. DVIDAR: Projects are opened and closed.
5cb2666274c9795c4a3e77f4415388bc4c21d844	Your view?
97aad4ebcaaa8cae7ca3b1615710739ee4eb7b08	S. KRIKALEV: From my point of view, the work in the Earth's orbit will remain.
798ce77558eb696346f7afa4f3444a216288cbe8	By the way, did you argue for a very long time, automata or a person, manned or unmanned astronautics?
60a19510b3d08b82f9fab3bfd280732236b2f443	That's why I started asking what is in your concept of cosmonautics, but I work in manned cosmonautics and I can be biased, and I am interested in the opinion of ordinary people.
7972cba9bd85f5dd278835862d2a7cc87534213a	T. DVIDAR: I am a Soviet engineer and an amateur cosmonaut.
ed3540236d0bdd610c0272f9808a90dede67f935	S. KRIKALEV: For many, cosmonautics is manned cosmonautics.
6e0bae8b98e7738981cecd143a3b074916894acd	Yes, there will be robots, automatic machines will work, there are communication satellites.
bb279406c0aaa7733a2c15bce7a7f2d44fe9a95a	But I see that in the professional environment there is an emphasis on automatic devices.
5f23dd5458258f98f24a034123dd28628736889b	This is also understandable, because the main refund comes from vending machines, and this is probably also correct.
b4f90de191bc3196e6519911f269ac6148a1d253	There are automatic machines that provide communication, remote sensing of the earth, various kinds of photos, videos, registration of events that occur, monitoring of the environment.
eb29848584f45c73a80f6972ede00f92235caf4d	And these are all profitable areas.
2fca5edcd18b31daf3b4b3257a8e33bb70c36c03	But, nevertheless, many people's cosmonautics and its achievements are associated with what a person does.
986b85627f782bdf39fd98505e2070f561c28ab4	Oddly enough, this part is very profitable.
68eb91371aa1dbce8847aaed167d113282a95d69	Manned cosmonautics is close to fundamental science, where, putting the result there, you do not get it right away and not right here.
0af98dba3f30dc174525397bdba3c4d9a5087665	You can invest in this place, and get the result in metallurgy.
9bbcb9d8ebb479eb59f2ab4b1780e5d483ae2ecc	T. DVIDAR: We are a great power, which is why I asked you this question.
3d63a734e45b8474239ab749210b7af2de879cfd	S. KRIKALEV: I try to be an advocate everywhere that we should develop this, even though there is no direct refund of money.
5ce5227dfe8b89443f864b01fc6a911d94cd9d18	But in order to move on, not to be on the sidelines of progress, we must do this.
e8c8fb9dd468f2a4526cbb4be215e62a648c2b74	What should be next?
18309f722cf8102159fea1fdd65d36466e6e71a4	We should stay in near Earth orbit, maybe we can use it together with automatic machines.
7b20cd894d2d51c28cea4f8a57790ae2104adefa	And now there is an understanding that there is no need to argue: an automaton or a person.
5de1f23e0ac34ad6cf6c70cae672bea2e00fe6b8	Automaton automatovo, man manovo.
63b9e5bb54ce68283f8209dd5538cdb3bd90ab03	But the most effective is a joint movement.
90c624146e1a2412a127db80870c99001f203e03	T. DVIDAR: Is it necessary to master the moon?
fa1ab0711c9fab89ef8c2cf6a9706bdff38e3b55	Sergey KRIKALEV: The next step is the exploration of the moon, maybe first the circumlunar space.
b64dca56e1f02963649589b160ca62955561cdd4	The moon will be a good reference point for moving on.
7ea468e04d1ffbb0b4ff79c047f44bcad5ab10f0	The circumlunar space, the moon itself, taking off from it is much easier.
b784b47efdeb028e95a370fe35f73f42d9300582	T. DVIDAR: Why did they leave the moon?
fe876295cf65a8a14a6aee302ff69b2ae7f39a35	Sergey KRIKALEV: At that time, it was a race to see who would put the flag first.
644bc1c95c73652225178badf4aaa28b8bf461e1	After the Americans put the flag there, the main incentive of that time disappeared.
57ef86bdea879ced6cf7f31e2e34fccc0746fa43	Now we are coming to a new stage, and there we still understand that we must not just fly to the moon, but begin to master it.
0404ba73f36cbca45f3012222b4207f70e4437eb	In our professional environment, there are several different understandings or even terminology: study, development and use.
bbb323794806ea4eea7a0c8058af370e9c443d47	We are currently in the study stage.
77d74a59e74aa5f0fad6c744f59b370c0995e407	We first studied space, then began to master it, maybe we can use it.
af7251dc551779837adb19f176ce9fe341eb257c	And we continue to study the moon, it's time to master it.
8d6ffc45913ea5ce301c93852c79a0ba170e9bbc	T. DVIDAR: Do you believe in God?
d9e2f4322b2ed8984d2bbc5f544a4226e368626d	S. KRIKALEV: This is a personal issue, I am not ready to discuss it publicly.
9f5e21267ada98900f23c748873e420adfd87de5	T. DVIDAR: I'll take the call after all.
19d3e69455fedfbe8894ecf0d35702e01a25dfa4	My screen is off the scale.
f93a9cea98978b8e117e04bfb824f31c9ea466f8	I am very glad to hear from you, a very interesting broadcast.
9a7ee30cd5f7ba4f5856b60c0ab7a6071b98421d	My child was born on the Day of Cosmonautics, and it seems that he is destined to become an astronaut.
e6caa841e4025cdd9fc5dfa5602cc8481df5a238	T. DVIDAR: This is Aries, I was born on the 10th.
836be0bba4e77229fa547fffcf48af1b8408edef	SERGEY KRIKALEV: Isnot your name Yuri?
d6868369d8891358e0f105462976826d84822dd8	LISTENER: No, Dima.
ceb8432ff4844398cede59a223adea0534db38cf	My name is Alexander.
84f2675ecf40d1aa5aeb511afbdfb997930286da	What steps does he need to take to master cosmonautics?
725d05b468c4cfb684026c11981f2a19ad6bf96b	And you have talked a lot about cooperation, now it is developing.
97f37dff5db9ba79c121c201e419d96d14e0e8f9	Will we cooperate with the Americans?
999daaedd2420609282c4f1357785c87b859f264	S. KRIKALEV: We continue to cooperate with the Americans.
7abda01bb1e124c3b721e6eeca14068ff9a05f2c	We started talking, but we jump from one to the other.
cf359e98f8f28423771f02d4803fbf6db901cca4	The cooperation that began with the first shuttle flight resulted in the continuation of the program, the continuation of Shuttle flights to MIR, the construction of the International Space Station, the use of our ship as a rescue ship.
e2fd115d42544655882432230230b25f3969fb6c	At first it was supposed to be for Freedom, and now it is used on the ISS.
5d00811316d547ebaad9f94cdaedc9352f400721	And despite the political tensions that are taking place between Russia and America, our cooperation in the space sphere continues.
6c7b538d9ca5045e67e397a3e444044fded10150	Moreover, my flight partner, Charles Bolden, with whom we prepared together and flew together, is now the director of NASA.
6a5675801392ac18a76f20031642a59953bfdad2	It is clear that everyone wants to develop their own, and, probably, this is correct.
a8070273cb0d10fe7c7f526eea1c521fea6d5200	There are considerations for independent development, there are for joint work.
0ac7f39bc8fd6b952d864296f25a7c5d8a091836	I think I was lucky, we had a good human relationship with the crew with whom we flew.
dc0ab29683d8424b9e59bc5564cacb5fb0a9905e	We are always happy to see each other, communicate, and I hope we will communicate for many years to come.
d04ca319d7f37b844cc683b76fe12c5574302412	T. DVIDAR: God grant it.
c786e9b4001e2baf37e733ccf08e2dc449c24bff	S. KRIKALEV: I see how Leonov communicates with Stafford when he unexpectedly comes to Leonov for his birthday, although he did not plan it in advance.
135715a5ff394cd22ca6a6f273cdbea86edb2d7b	When to apply for a commission of independent
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de2049d4f69566643d5454d177ef5a3346460bd3	Cosmonaut Krikalev: Suicides will not be allowed on Mars
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349357d242ab1594613f65ff5861a1c083d6680d	08.04.2015 19:31
cce637a738cef6fac143931ad866d768e84f2260	943
679f8f02fe09eeacff5126afd4dfad661df7e145	The sensational Mars One project - a one - way flight to Mars is a frivolous idea associated with the PR of specific people.
35831808ceaf93337eb7e28f1c8d7bbe8dbb87f0	According to him, the first step beyond the near Earth orbit will be a flight to the moon and the creation of a near lunar and supralunar infrastructure.
fa0e61f3caa97ca7280185d4193c8201969bfa30	"Even a small flaw that does not prevent a person from fully living and being active on Earth, in space, in a long term stressful situation, can become a serious problem.
41438236255ee75544f6e9e056415e26fa42df40	24 people should reach the final.
39075bb831179af91e361f0ea44a2e545e7c8d79	The flight will last 210 days.
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953f4f09f5140fb3d72b5416554c6b77393d3066	Krikalev Sergey Konstantinovich
d7d173d14df19654d193c9117d9cff69bcfd404a	Test cosmonaut of RSC Energia"
933e9e7d2c8c2d2bd1cf394972afa334ab77aa53	the 209th cosmonaut of the world
951590cbc47df27905546c307ec2f6a9c03302e7	67th cosmonaut of the USSR/Of Russia.
fa7d2da5bd615176b16848aa112fa40c04ba52d6	Sergey Krikalev was born on August 27, 1958 in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg), Russia, in the family of an engineer at the Baltic Plant.
b73e48b7a336072e2459ff82356eddd9af2736f0	Russian.
3f9f4720ed6aa8f88abaabd1b8f29a517bf2e54e	In 1975, he graduated from the secondary school No.
231c223f065bbc35c7b2a8ab473bae7101b11ce5	77 of the city of Leningrad, at the same time he received the specialty "Chemist analyst laboratory assistant".
e9a34b1332a4d3854de58cd010c52eebde73a94a	Since September 1975, he studied at the Leningrad Mechanical Institute (LMI) at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, majoring in “Design and production of aircraft".
46e45b7a1e79f7e7b2ad330c331d3515f02f50f7	Simultaneously with his studies, Krikalev worked as a laboratory assistant and senior laboratory assistant at the Institute from November 1977 to May 1980.
10d2388ddae46267eee1078092fed41ca6f22de6	After graduating from the institute in February 1981, he received a diploma of a mechanical engineer with honors.
b1192865b002a42fd60e2ce1398d4ceee9e6f42a	From May to August, Krikalev worked as an aircraft technician of the 4th category for the operation and repair of aircraft and engines in the Leningrad City Aero Club DOSAAF.
437f128384be467f231035c04b56fac526e1f0da	In September 1981, Krikalev became an engineer at the Head Design Bureau of NPO Energia, where he was engaged in developing instructions for astronauts.
01a6366f448af3e7cbfa0cfd1a0d1c15e058ba8c	In 1985, he became a senior engineer and participated in the development of proposals for displaying operator information on the displays of the Mir base unit, corrected the on board documentation of the Salyut 7 OS in terms of life support systems, developed the on board documentation of the 11F72 M164 product (TKS, Cosmos 1443).
092184b13c1daf6cdf40f84fbcacbe67f2219806	In 1983, Krikalev passed a medical examination and was admitted to special training.
f63896394357bd30ce5ce1fba215717ec5705523	In 1985, he was enrolled in the cosmonaut detachment of NPO Energia (291st department) as a candidate for test cosmonauts.
73ea3b886d2eaeff942a06c55952fadb9a54531d	After graduating from the OKP in 1986, he received the qualification of "Test Cosmonaut".
082b7d68c9ca5ee04648ec1d272edee516442f07	In 1986-1988.
a2b2fee904380f71c92778055a17d97af1834ca1	Krikalev was trained under the Buran program as part of a group.
7557c8c5cea35479f521d47c4b22749ca65aad92	On March 22, 1988, Krikalev replaced Alexander Kaleri in the main crew of the Soyuz TM 7 (EO 4/Aragats on the Mir OK), who was suspended from training for health reasons, and until November he was trained as a flight engineer of the main crew of the ship.
98440e914cfd5a28a88c7aa295e38d8ddc3ef2d5	Krikalev made the 1st space flight from November 26, 1988 to April 27, 1989 as a flight engineer of the Soyuz TM 7 spacecraft and the Mir spacecraft under the EO 4/Aragats program.
5ef3ab8e1fd931531b71ef85742d9daa77199add	Flight duration: 151 days 11 hours 08 minutes 23 seconds.
51ce3a9f0f6a5e48941096a3eaabd01fcc8c9f73	The call sign is "Donbass 2".
f5cf4d07aa35b2ab070d6326a2e2f40c8fc59b57	In May 1990, he was appointed deputy head of the 111th Department.
19eea08b7eebada01385765cba4c622632a352a6	And from August to November 1990, Krikalev was again trained, but this time under the EO 8 program together with A. Artsebarsky and R. Kikuchi (Japan).
2c4fff1ad4d3b22432f43e37f1185e1b96ef9406	On December 2, 1990, he was an understudy of the flight engineer of the Soyuz TM 11 spacecraft.
0e7ee2c9b511e53772545b19a4589c884d5b589a	Manarov.
8d413f7e8147eadc0715ada97bdb540e381bc4ce	From December 1990 to April 1991 Krikalev was trained as part of the main crew under the EO 9/Juno program.
fe60f26494392f129339ade9f7f8d9c460c29663	Krikalev made the 2nd space flight from May 18, 1991 to March 25, 1992 as a flight engineer on the Soyuz TM 12 spacecraft (launch), Soyuz TM 13 spacecraft (landing) and Mir Spacecraft under two programs EO 9 and EO 10 (the decision on Krikalev's participation in the 10th expedition without an intermediate return to Earth was made shortly before the end of the flight under the Expedition 9 program).
ed60babeed0e85e92f1e8e132b35c99c044912f2	He performed seven spacewalks with a total duration of 36 hours and 29 minutes.
f26a169a5c7a6462adf7c07f4859467b10c5f029	The duration of its flight was: 311 days 20 hours 01 minutes 54 seconds.
39ec12a627dce532ed9cdac991d19e1f6b29c3f0	The call sign is "Ozone 2" and "Donbass 2".
7c11ea27f51c58e5458a897efd3d579386780a3d	For this flight, S. Krikalev was the first of the domestic cosmonauts Heroes of the Soviet Union, pilots of cosmonauts of the USSR received the honorary titles “Hero of the Russian Federation” and “Pilot Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation”.
fdad68a40512b089643fa482c61a423167f481d5	In April 1992, S. Krikalev was appointed to the position of “Instructor test cosmonaut Deputy head of the Department".
f9167802e612329cfd7737f801a431f7a7bad5a3	On September 29, 1992, Krikalev was selected for the first flight of a Russian cosmonaut on a shuttle.
8012b69f6a656b8d1c599f60c7bde96827c2af5d	From November 1992 to January 1994. he was trained at the Johnson Center (NASA).
b7b21718273db36783aab928b94aa878c3c1b6fd	Krikalev made the 3rd space flight on February 3-11, 1994 as a specialist of Flight 4 on the Discovery spacecraft under the STS 60 program.
5978e4a07281a36e8a2557552de64544dd9c6250	Flight duration: 08 day 07 hour 09 min 22 sec.
c25791e414b727678b9b401c7bfcc1c4e35ccacb	From April 1994 to January 1995, he completed another training cycle at NASA and on February 3, 1995, he was an understudy for V.Titov, a specialist of Flight 4 on Discovery “STS 63).
ecd9a617b06d1699338eed6ddca05b1e1a780b12	Then he returned to work at the RSC “Energy”.
f009e209a954b48a3bd96df4e87c8e6508418ff6	In January 1996, Sergey Krikalev was appointed flight engineer of the first (main) crew of the International Space Station.
0f9c926a90a7436652e5a71e04ea6a450f7b5c22	The launch was then scheduled for May 1998.
614feff8a01227dde2ea6534cb804342b9b12b17	Due to the change in the ISS assembly schedule and the postponement of the launch of the first crew to January 2000, it became possible to include S. Krikalev in the crew of the shuttle (STS 88), which will be the first to start assembling the station.
e595f4bf0fefe2e2d26f39ebe726fbfb4b835b66	Krikalev began training as a member of the crew in September 1998.
13be635336d6c03b343e9449089141bad50b7392	This flight (4-16.12.1998, duration 11 days 19 hours 17 minutes 54 seconds) was the fourth and second for S. Krikalev on the American shuttle.
4ce3990bf6d0407a43d9953fdb3617e8b1bc9724	Krikalev's total flight time in space flights (taking into account STS 88) was 483 days 09 hours 37 minutes 33 seconds, and he ranks sixth in the world in terms of the total duration of space flights (second only to Valery Polyakov, Anatoly Solovyov, Musa Manarov, Alexander Viktorenko and Sergey Avdeev) and second among active cosmonauts.
8098bb63b6cb2d95ec7828f3cfab7958546aa6e2	For space flights, Sergey Krikalev was awarded honorary titles Hero of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Russian Federation, he was awarded the Gold Star Medal of the Hero of the Soviet Union, the Order of Lenin, the Gold Star Medal of the Hero of the Russian Federation, the Order of Friendship of Peoples, the Order of the Legion of Honor (France), the Order of the Eagle of the 1st degree with a diamond of the Association of Industrialists of Russia, the NASA Medal For Space Flight.
5842286ede0dfda1ec44df478d6476186fccc945	He has the first category in swimming, is a candidate for the master of sports in the all around (he received the results of performances at the Leningrad championship in 1989).
b1ff0145489e3d47f3f93f5c0737c1205549fd25	In 1980-81.
f503f191c036717c506823b1a712255f6ba33254	Krikalev was a member of the Leningrad national aerobatics team and received the title of "Master of Sports of the USSR" (he flew Yak 18A, Yak 50, Yak 52, Yak 55).
e74abbc1d2f23883130a680088c75e038e345bc6	Sergey Krikalev is married to Elena Yuryevna Terekhina (born in 1956), who works as an engineer at the RSC “Energy”.
aaa6c219343ce56927a6e9dab4ff7995126370ea	Their daughter Olga (born in 1990) is growing up in their family.
eef6bcdec1e31b5f755e2b83d838171febe9e1a1	Source: journal "Cosmonautics News", No.
35069a7137c608c23c8ad831e6746237b5eee3e3	1/1999, p.
d02560dd9d7db4467627745bd6701e809ffca6e3	71
335e83ef80dd671a11285e2d80d725ee69b80737	Switching to:
be444f52067585932089e1dfde9f1f0e580a79c3	Web master: ©Vadim Lukashevich 1998-2005
e3b2b7b6bef517ac8ee5ae76b967c5ce891613d2	E mail: buran@buran.ru
08c62761b9e6b7d2a8d1b09bd28b1cce65b2e483	Sergey Konstantinovich Krikalev
56ba5b3caa9a84409aee7ddd585cf683cdd3d3fd	Sergey Konstantinovich Krikalyov
028cf44863dcebbb6ce20fa6a4a1514e8761f212	Serial number 212 (67)
5b3afc89c7f30f218642fda3efa86764b00608ba	Number of flights - 6
2302fe9a158c5bb2a30843829fe6ae182ac5e033	The duration of flights is 803 days.
747cbb6285cea812d63c9dacef32d186977c77ce	09 h 38 min 31 s.
fc87999f2b5fa40a8cd3dcc08e030f6f75414db1	The number of spacewalks is 8
1e24e8e8ace015753a817661e5e1bc331038a321	The duration of work in outer space is 41 hours and 26 minutes.
d83c6ea9d6b0ae5d9937882d3f7a804a4d070ba6	Status cosmonaut of NPO Energia, 8th set
bd7445bb886d7b5ac364d37eac2ea45d8c50a758	Date and place of birth: Born on August 27, 1958 in the city of Leningrad, RSFSR.
a464dae0c678bef15b88921d2a166a005386daef	Education and scientific titles: In 1975, he graduated from the 10th grade of secondary school No.
2511b513151b1ec48d97181d1daf50d74322ed4f	77 in Leningrad.
0e863775ba35732ce2110bad0f2605fcccfb18a4	At the same time, he received the specialty "chemist analyst laboratory assistant".
a1f7a4123921f3324a379bafbc6b9fe64eca7921	Since 1977, he began to engage in airplane sports in the Leningrad DOSAAF Aero Club.
2b057c63d21c3d96aa97acf06348abd399a4e5f9	In 1981, he graduated with honors from the Leningrad Mechanical Institute (Voenmeh), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, specialty "Design and production of aircraft", received a diploma of a mechanical engineer.
78e89bc6f0ef9aaf07225f0c3ffb4d5b55ed2885	Professional activity: From November 1977 to May 1980, he worked as a laboratory assistant, then as a senior laboratory assistant at NIS Voenmekh.
6736fb55b12d7d25f13bddd5aa315e61d9f9b3b0	From May to August 1981, he worked as an aircraft technician of the 4th category for the operation and repair of aircraft and engines in the Leningrad City DOSAAF Aero Club.
29473f54b7da3f230a3ece040d72fed3e7f9c50a	Since September 1980, he worked in the 111 department of the State Design Bureau of NPO Energia to prepare a diploma project.
16ebd7653624d54f78bd6667e5d1ae744e571e81	Since September 14, 1981, he worked as an engineer of the 111th department of the State Design Bureau of NPO Energia.
f19f0dfa22b7a4db57be2d5703732cee8641038f	He was engaged in the development of instructions for astronauts.
cbb9ae906be93a7d9452272675e85f444006f95d	Since September 1, 1982, he worked as an engineer, and since June 1, 1985 as a senior engineer of the 191st department (former 111 department) GKB NPO Energia.
50268008526d97980834cad9599a2a0d36336ac9	He was engaged in the development of proposals for displaying operator information on the displays of the product 17KS (the Base unit of the "World"), corrected the on board documentation 17K No.
082a99764bdc1b3e94d20398442f039ca9e48418	125-2 ("Salyut 7"), developed the on board documentation of the product 11F72 No. 164 (TKS, "Cosmos 1443").
12416359f3bcaa23c236c1cf49c4f127c76da049	He led the group for the development of instructions for astronauts on the Soyuz T spacecraft (11F732), worked at the MCC as a developer of radiograms, a methodologist for crew actions and on board documentation.
494f5f1e750d2683a18d6d9ce6929a819404508d	After losing contact with Salyut 7 in February 1985, he worked in a group to develop a method of flight to an uncontrolled station, practiced this technique in the technological crew together with A. Viktorenko.
491616980f805299ad515806c295ff5c205a2ad5	He took part in the training of astronauts.
914816bbc115eac146bcbf3fa2139180cc4ef803	On February 5, 2007, he was appointed vice President of the Energia Corporation for manned flights (with the preservation of flight status in the cosmonaut squadron).
75ceddaa6f355bce82cfbad6d24b05fb45fef404	After the dismissal of the president of RSC Energia, N. Sevastyanov, and the appointment of a new one, V. Lopota, in June 2007, he was not confirmed as vice president of the corporation, while he retained the position of deputy chief designer.
f2a1999a265a8b4e8c94b33bc4aa1c8355bf3162	By Order of the head of Roscosmos No.
dc2737c96f13cb8920cef0b131cc4721434080c5	97k dated March 27, 2009, he was appointed to the post of head of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Yuri Gagarin Research and Testing Cosmonaut Training Center".
f69cd8fb0f42bd62d2052d9e17ebd20491579d23	Shortly before the expiration of the five year contract, I wrote an application for its extension, but the contract was not extended.
ac84706219900e2ffd23321f3c4bb3dd2e8a987e	In early August 2014, after a long vacation, he started working as the first deputy director of FSUE TSNIIMASH , the main scientific organization of Roscosmos.
4dcdf9ed0514dbd372e6b5594ee708c408a05cb1	His duties included the development of plans for manned flights within the framework of the deep space exploration program.
74c0749e7a84728cac60658c452e01637ce83934	On March 25, 2016, at a meeting of the Supervisory Board of the State Corporation for Space Activities Roscosmos, he was appointed Executive Director for Manned Space Programs and elected a member of the State Corporation's Management Board.
807cde0e0af641946d0aada0036a639864f32076	Military rank: Reserve Major.
02a7c87cec8884a978b92310d763840f60ba762d	Positions in the cosmonaut detachment of NPO Energia: On November 10, 1985, by order of MOM No. 384, he was appointed to the position of candidate for test cosmonauts of the detachment in the 291st department.
06bbe6fa15c1fc04bd32f619aa903b17cfee6b45	On February 20, 1986, he was transferred to the 111th department as a candidate for test cosmonauts.
ae71fbdfca9768f7c31a52ad37a7237627e750fa	On February 11, 1987, he was appointed to the position of a test cosmonaut of the cosmonaut detachment in the 111th department .
deec1e8661a86c178b9c7d3c6e06d4ceb70d56bc	Since May 25, 1990, Deputy head of the department, test cosmonaut, since April 7, 1992 Deputy head of the department, instructor test cosmonaut.
1b18b1035923d05fd7fc09627178b79d89ffbf46	On March 1, 1999, he was transferred to Department 291 as a test cosmonaut instructor.
7415f85de90700fbeb470404e916891c8d169eed	By order of the head of Roscosmos No.
5b158e04d26c33a0358d3092b65cdf6ad5943f21	44 of March 27, 2009, the instructor of the test cosmonaut of the 1st class was dismissed from his post.
18c72e0088c58cef23cd0cb439beefbfb5ba9f6f	Space training: Passed a medical examination at the Institute of Biomedical Problems (IBMP) and on June 7, 1983 received admission to special training.
74caf5cae5a215c78fd6ef4ab4dccf92ffc125d7	On September 2, 1985, by the decision of the GMWC, he was selected for the cosmonaut squad of NPO Energia.
eebfaaf0e5686932bfb45c29010cc0d4f6841142	From November 1985 to October 1986, he underwent general space training.
4515b5e2ee96600e63aede15d5d182ae72fbaa5f	On November 28, 1986, by the decision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, he was awarded the qualification "test cosmonaut".
23b727a1adecf94ef720ed768503f9b7e308e655	From 1986 to March 1988, he was trained under the Buran program as part of a group and in a conditional crew with Alexander Shchukin.
2a1875a076852dbaed8a5f25a0ee39997bd4a7b5	On March 22, 1988, he replaced A. Kaleri, who was suspended from training for health reasons, in the main crew of the Soyuz TM 7 ship.
acac086413b276f96e6bf211b00520c8ee59fb1a	Until November 11, 1988, he was trained as a flight engineer of the main crew of the Soyuz TM 7 spacecraft under the EO 4/Aragats program at the Mir OK, together with Alexander Volkov and Jean Loup Chretien (France).
b4bc040da5b40cd7a834e836c29510396d4c8938	He was trained as the first test pilot of the cosmonaut's vehicle (SPK) and was preparing to work with the Kvant 2 module, but the flight program was changed.
b5a57e4c1f58e6d8fedfa0f76d28ebbe8cc0ec03	From November 26, 1988 to April 27, 1989, as a flight engineer of the Soyuz TM 7 and OK Mir spacecraft under the program of the 4th main expedition (EO 4) and the Soviet French Aragats program.
9d6b0fe88465ac9bd54a876c33546e48b4a69f61	He started together with Alexander Volkov and Jean Loup Chretien (France), landed together with Alexander Volkov and Valery Polyakov).
9c285b1aff781e631a1e266db5102b34f62ebaea	The flight duration was 151 days.
4a843251b7db332bf70b91c9d486f420ce0c6a3d	11 h 08 min 24 s.
433184eb916017479b2d12d25701399108369b65	From June to November 17, 1990, he was trained as a flight engineer for the backup crew of the Soyuz TM 11 spacecraft under the EO 8 program (and under the Soviet Japanese program) at the Mir OK, together with Anatoly Artsebarsky and R. Kikuchi (Japan).
52bc855be144e01b18243d196aa4be22b6b66e91	From December 5, 1990 to April 19, 1991, he was trained as a flight engineer of the main crew of the Soyuz TM 12 spacecraft under the EO 9 program (and the Soviet British Juno program) at the Mir OK, together with Anatoly Artsebarsky and Helen Sharman (Great Britain).
0d90e28ffa9463907d493b95cc1696c894df7a46	During the flight, he made seven spacewalks: 24.06.1991 lasting 4 hours and 58 minutes;
0c32288b3bbd716764f759b4f13589116b2d241b	28.06.1991 duration of 3 hours and 24 minutes;
4226c24d2361277b611ec0aa4f9c47290c62b2dc	15.07.1991 duration of 6 hours and 4 minutes;
fb68efb949f1e44bac61bb5dbf3b811434aa141f	19.07.1991 duration of 5 hours and 28 minutes;
8ad84526bc7669c617a45dad0bda593723d628cf	23.07.1991 duration of 5 hours 34 minutes;
e509499a21b689442ad38ff4503e3cf70597b0b9	27.07.1991 duration of 6 hours 49 minutes;
7df34551acdb555195d28aebdaa2757d16235274	20.02.1992 duration of 2 hours and 12 minutes.
4325596ba6d400132acdd38e19af047665de184d	The flight duration was 311 days.
dc56ca57de242d4de25b8b1b19e67857bd04b598	20 h 00 min 34 s.
cffccd396ddba158ca71138972804a81f22f0714	From November 5, 1992 to January 1994, he was trained at the Center.
1a0073553bbfb846c2f7f7c9d1bc7fca707f2575	Johnson as a specialist of flight 4 (Mission Specialist) of the crew of the shuttle Discovery under the STS 60 program.
6f71c3882e0a7a7710d371a11f84d05ddda450a7	He received a certificate for working with the shuttle manipulator, was trained during flights on the T 38 aircraft as a co pilot.
4606149517c3af8a0eab055196a5b3f906107ebb	The flight duration was 8 days.
91b57d65cb770e9021c19b3e03a8f811f7f90692	7 h 09 min 22 s.
3ccce380b0cfa23dbf111d6482fba06dc1cb2009	From April 1994 to January 1995, he was trained at the L. Johnson Center as a stand in for V.Titov, the designated specialist of Flight 4 to the crew of the shuttle Discovery under the STS 63 program.
7471f5594b3f1b40e3944d6d29aadec8354dfe2d	Since October 1996, he has been training as a flight engineer of the ISS 1 main crew, together with Yu.
72f0fe34a18774d42b4351b4edecf2815b85d643	Gidzenko and William Shepherd (USA).
41595e3170360402f6c68a0ecab04a8fdb6d4385	In September - November 1998, he was trained at the Center.
f6fbbf41ce53d99a9cbf6cefbad2acdcc616b4d1	Johnson as part of the crew of STS 88.
a841bcf81387fe6ba5c8212d8f5a2580fa9b8359	The flight duration was 11 days.
434163a060e8cb71d4d9e34222a95e66e52c65a6	19 h 17 min 54 s.
5d05d7071f58d8b4995863553854949b7301a834	From 1999 to October 2000, he continued training as a flight engineer of the ISS 1 main crew together with Yu.
daee8ccf323e96cbe4b91a95329816fa926fb972	Gidzenko and William Shepherd.
ecfa488f348c0f39e29717c1adfa5297eb043e71	The fifth flight
395db4b84b50e54948f87e71396c5c7c24416c66	From October 31, 2000 to March 21, 2001, as a flight engineer of the Soyuz TM 31 spacecraft and the ISS under the program of the 1st ISS main expedition.
2cc975fb51330c485d5bcf092c780b5af4a2424c	He launched on the Soyuz TM 31 spacecraft, landed on the Discovery shuttle STS 102 as a flight specialist.
d14c7db255e84c1fe49712a91e97d4fdbdf3f865	At the station from November 2, 2000 to March 19, 2001.
5ff5923501bd5fc674d0d8996d2b005dc9d4c0f1	The flight duration was 140 days.
f0125c63fd8c17f3210213daff331458bacdfaf2	23 h 38 min 54 s.
5b7e9da4dc6b237f4a75491734729302e0080127	In October 2000, he was appointed commander of the backup crew of the 7th main expedition to the ISS (ISS 7d) together with M. Suraev and Paul Richards (USA).
610589e2667848293a8c70104257b5ac073f9ca6	In September 2001, M. Suraev was replaced by S. Volkov, and in March 2002, John Phillips replaced Paul Richards.
477fad1f1d66a1e1fd71a1766b1cd4cf1346ea42	According to this program, the crew was trained until February 2003, when due to the death of the Columbia shuttle, all the crews were reorganized.
59e2bb66efb1eb3f27df5ea95a2e5229d850911a	The Krikalev crew became the main crew under the ISS assembly program with the launch on the shuttle (flight ULF 1).
8e7bd53d8108ad0b8a812893abeaf33a8e43cae9	It was planned that this crew would go to the station on the first shuttle (STS 114).
09948467f61730c1749cf09d0ca1e2c3946be298	However, since the timing of the resumption of shuttle flights was constantly shifting, the crews and flight programs changed again.
5cd0f6bdb1c3661a9e2c6f1d1b56f8af3e4220bd	Krikalev began training as the commander of the main crew of the 11th expedition to the ISS together with John Phillips.
90d967fe1441cfa74ea9efc677e6bf755f835250	In October 2004, Italian astronaut Roberto Vittori, the Eneide program, was included in the crew of the Soyuz TMA 6 spacecraft as a participant of a short term visiting expedition.
62c071def9d27a3306ac634988c1c9be43803bd5	The sixth flight
7c642f6eb7f154cce0858af2994f48e462667403	It was launched on April 15, 2005 (at 04:46:25 Moscow time) on Soyuz TMA 6 (11F732 No. 216) as the crew commander of the 11th ISS main expedition (ISS 11).
63c57aa83cc5ea1a269614b05b3aedf621581a03	The docking with the station took place on April 17, 2005 at 06:20 Moscow time.
fd1ba85597b0eeb6d7b16776662e6443a8fa214a	At 08: 46 Moscow time, the crew went on board the station.
90ddcf2bfb1e498f364538e35e9ea644a2944dfd	During the flight, he carried out one spacewalk:
6b458c2106fd067906a015743f55cddc2f7ce591	August 18, 2005 duration of 4 hours and 57 minutes.
a266626f559accfa464d248a7e3fddc32704f706	The exit began on August 18, 2005 at 19: 02 UTC (23: 02 Moscow time), the return to the station took place on August 18 at 23:59 UTC (August 19 at 03:59 Moscow time).
4e2f315ea1d87ec1d54a7e8995071ea3bc4bc2a4	On October 9, he handed over the duties of the ISS commander.
672ac9a36d55ade80b3f18e0eba7f9f76c87d127	On October 10, 2005, at 22.44 Moscow time, the hatches of the spacecraft's descent vehicle were closed.
8914a87af3d8e433b99235d683fcee39778c8cb8	The ship and the station were undocked at 1.49 Moscow time, 9 minutes later than planned.
7893d7ab3ba2eae054dbbdf5055315d3bf6aa62c	At 04:19 Moscow time, the ship's engines were switched on for braking.
8e5ab9dbdcbc29b51000b2e013a9ab317684b5d6	The soft landing was made at 05: 09 Moscow time, 57 km north east of the city of Arkalyk.
087c94daccecb839eac55f8e650de6dca89ac09c	The flight duration was 179 days 00 hours 23 minutes 23 seconds.
a1db9b79f46c5327e4570536e55710cbfa2c8dff	In May 2006, by the decision of Roscosmos, CPC and RSC Energia, he was provisionally appointed commander of the TC in the backup crew of ISS 17d and the main crew of ISS 19, together with Maxim Suraev.
4f6d3a9cc281e4c9335ed861e55b480dad505450	In August, by a joint decision of Roscosmos and NASA, he was provisionally appointed a stand in for the commander of ISS 17d and the flight engineer of the Soyuz TMA 12 spacecraft, which is scheduled to launch in April 2008.
5ce0fecb01532a989f8ecdad23f28d3f230a7b6b	On February 13, 2007, the appointment was approved by NASA.
77b81b164a8d95419454cc12dfe67577a7a7ee48	However, in March 2007, he was removed from the backup crew, in which he was replaced by Gennady Padalka.
fabec266feee4d53b7d45a1a02679e3a2f36b593	In 2008, he was provisionally assigned to the backup crew of the 21st expedition to the ISS (ISS 21A).
4d8165adf297a4ee922903e40a97a5c2aee0ac02	According to these plans, the main crew should start on the Soyuz TMA 18 spacecraft in March 2010.
777462fa8cc276a92c90e73dc22254f1ea7f8cd3	This should be the first flight of a new modification of the Soyuz TMA spacecraft (700 series).
b0110ea72990d296ee1d427550f5f927dbbfe1d9	However, later (in July 2008), these reports were not confirmed during the unofficial announcement of the lists of future ISS crews.
67e11a9bb31f62adb0fa8f8fb366bc07b89ac0cc	By the order of the head of Roscosmos dated March 27, 2009, the test cosmonaut instructor was dismissed from his post.
0ff659a0d4e0f5610256094a6c2b18ce2dc09816	Socio political activity: In December 2007, he ran for deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the V convocation on the list of the All Russian Political Party "United Russia", regional group No.
1602bca04cf2a60b9fece7b6c87ff22c2fbb5e8a	81 (St. Petersburg). Despite the fact that the party overcame the 5% barrier, being the 16th in the list of the regional group, it did not get into the number of deputies when distributing deputy mandates.
df5a630b34986efce54d5997330c329d700fe655	Since 2008, he has been the president of the Northwestern Interregional Public Organization of the Russian Cosmonautics Federation.
a66a7ea1f0a3e3019e686b72a63be93edca6da68	Honorary titles: Hero of the Soviet Union (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of April 27, 1989), Hero of the Russian Federation (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 11, 1992), Pilot Cosmonaut of the USSR (1989).
cb9d7abd4944d93afb4af3cd1562298f192ca8a4	Class: Cosmonaut of the 3rd class (1989.10.16), Cosmonaut of the 1st class (1992.04.07) Instructor cosmonaut test pilot of the 1st class.
af873b5657ca221ed7cf820704ba0df328af01c7	Sports titles: Has the 1st category in swimming, candidate for Master of Sports in all around (at the Leningrad championship in 1989).
c5fd82481b19559a10babfac99cd445d1d5d42b1	"Master of Sports of the USSR" in aerobatics (1981).
f4d586bb42aac22b9176c851b9e8710d012cb5e7	"Master of Sports of international class" in aerobatics (1986).
f2a67bd0112651bdd57cd9290985616e2280d689	"Honored Master of Sports of Russia" (2007).
342c1fa2c370919fcbad29d6edc3a3e32ea44679	Sporting achievements: Since 1977, he has been engaged in airplane sports.
e5c114890ea5561eaeceb1e0ef35ce9b08fb07ed	In 1980-1981, he was a member of the Leningrad national aerobatics team.
9df274ce2763b9b20c484104448e3012a8d3fc9f	Since 1982, he has been engaged in airplane sports at the V. P. Chkalov Central Aero Club in Moscow.
40c67366f7bd71bff02e8b9200021bb6b4571a1e	In 1982, he competed at the USSR Championship for the team of the Central Aero Club and was a candidate for the USSR national team in aeroplane sports.
2f456953a24258378e51dd894834fa414b48d6b6	In 1983, he became the absolute champion of the city of Moscow in aerobatics.
ec641af8f5dba893de13adf18d5f05ba39effe8f	In the final of the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR and the USSR championship, he played for the RSFSR national team, where he took 3rd place in the team and 8th place in the individual competition.
d47f018fe640909829ce684cbaa4ae64eb561827	He was a candidate for the USSR national team in aeroplane sports.
69a9e27a28cd5e8c52206220c73b9ed00b5eef23	In 1985, he performed at the Championship of socialist countries in aerobatics as part of the 2nd USSR national team and was a member of the Russian national team in aerobatics on gliders.
f6c0a3ede11f16dcd5e1b535ec8d8624cdb822d8	He became a silver medalist of the World Gliding Championship in one of the exercises.
9565ce0f9c20c7d8ed14978a4ee3509ef3863361	In 1986, he became the champion of the USSR and the European champion in the team competition, as well as the champion in exercise.
e68cf739100a63a4d74168796a7f3a310536677f	In 1997, he became the world champion.
7b1a9d727ac6561e07f2c4a06a96e312de5ba0b8	He mastered piloting Yak 18A, Yak 50, Yak 52, Yak 55, Yak 55M, Su 26, Su -29, L 39 aircraft.
127df675fe7a2348114bcf398056a2eea39ac67d	He made familiarization flights with an instructor on the MiG 21, MiG 25 and Tu 134.
48e01a98c07677333204330409f31142092a383e	He received a license of the 2nd pilot of the T 38 aircraft (USA) and flew on it for more than 140 hours.
2df749f018c905ca6fa6bba17f7e2433feefae76	In 1997, at the First World Air Games in Turkey, he was in the Russian national team of the Russian glider aerobatics team.
4edb5348d5b34039ac1e9fcde5e5ff56ed264814	He took first place in the team competition, as well as the silver medalist in the individual competition.
86b668e311b275e26978a54c038c0f16bb5a1bda	In 2001, at the Second World Air Games in Spain, he was the head coach of the Russian national team.
0bb78e739f5a261008dc38b4c7a788b01a5c2e52	Soviet and Russian awards: Awarded the Gold Star Medal of the Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of April 27, 1989), the Gold Star Medal of the Hero of the Russian Federation (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 11, 1992) and the Order of Friendship of Peoples (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 298 of March 25, 1992), the Order of Honor (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 204 of April 15, 1998, for achieving high sports results in the First World Air Games), the Order of Merit for the Fatherland of the IV degree (Presidential Decree No. 353 of April 5, 2002), the medal "In memory of the 300th anniversary of St. Petersburg" (26.03.2005), the medal "For Merits in Space Exploration" (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 436 of April 12, 2011).
d9cc3feaa5ce264e3bfaefad4c270f3fcd05e86c	The sign of the governor of the Moscow region "Thank you" (2013).
90329d99ed538c1d60b4c314e7d6bff17ed7a745	Awards of foreign countries: Officer of the Legion of Honor (Legion d'honneur), 1989, France.
a5a0247560d1a4e3b7f3cceb5c559e1d2cacae5e	He was awarded three NASA medals "For Space Flight" (1996, 1998, 2001), and "For Outstanding Public Services" (NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal, 2003).
e910c1d5eb22b69bc1773ef9a18a9b7edb0747cf	Awards of public organizations: The Order "For Diligence for the Good of the Fatherland" (established by the Foundation "For the Good of the Fatherland") (2006). The Order " Pride of Russia "(established by the Pride of Russia Foundation and positioned as the highest public award of the Russian Federation) (2008). Honorary Life membership in the Royal Photographic Society (Great Britain) (2009).
0f6f1c8a1960f3c26bd40f5028931546c8b820e4	Marital status Father Konstantin Sergeyevich Krikalev, born in 1932, an engineer of the Baltic Plant in St. Petersburg, retired.
e6ba94d6d2055372c5e751cbebde43275478fe90	Mother - Krikaleva (Prokofieva) Nadezhda Ivanovna, born in 1931, head teacher of secondary school No.
e9598f1aa41eb24f023e959be0ed11ed2299b33d	10 in Leningrad (St. Petersburg), retired.
40880704b5a31f364e063e5c780cf7188936d331	His wife is Elena Terekhina, born in 1956, an engineer at RSC Energia.
4c34c097cdd27a64cb0277fcb966e472c1c3f013	Daughter Krikaleva Olga Sergeevna, born in 1990
0f2d6172de28c8682b0ff7e9a41ddca04d15663c	Hobbies Aerobatics, swimming, scuba diving, downhill skiing, windsurfing, tennis, amateur radio (call sign X75M1K).
69aa8ac99fba686554945e7699707c622a2438d4	Back to NPO Energia Encyclopedia
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f7832d1bf3cb56779a0c2bd906d8af926bc81df3	Cosmonaut Sergey Konstantinovich Krikalev Category: Entertainment Cosmonaut: Sergey Konstantinovich Krikalev (27.08.1958) 67th cosmonaut of Russia (212th in the world) Flight duration: 151 days.
b702ce528d05ed6e61ab0169fb062f11c29a946f	11 h 8 min (1988), call sign "Donbass 2" 311 days.
99a4861a7474f6398722f8eaa9ca32d60f0e0586	20 h (1991), "Ozon 2" / "Donbass 2" 8 days.
1aa3b3d33c508d920232b189f0a50055dd280331	7 hours 9 minutes (1994) 11 days.
8faa885ab89c54d3e99f2f3dbc694a9579fb5216	19 h 18 min (1998) 140 days.
d835f1ab4e1653482cc81ca0357eb7be78aa2433	23 h 39 min (2000) Biography On August 27, 1958, the future cosmonaut Sergey Konstantinovich Krikalev was born in Leningrad.
54ce238b9b959504feb8069427ed07aa52ad55fd	He graduated from secondary education in 1975, at the same time he received a specialty called "chemist analyst laboratory assistant".
934d126414285cdd46a0b9752c67fc5d2be5cee9	In 1977, Sergey got a job as a laboratory assistant, later a senior laboratory assistant at the NIS of the Leningrad Mechanical Institute.
93ec817f8a490f2515aaf7e1d5b8381bb7bf7a48	In the same year, he began to attend the DOSAAF Aero Club in Leningrad.
0bcf876b0745abf165958474b8e1b416e2a99afe	In 1980, Sergey Konstantinovich got a job at NPO Energia as part of a pre graduate practice.
924414818432242dcf01b6e200b8f32ce0698070	Voenmeh graduated with honors in 1981, with a degree in "Design of aircraft, and their production".
35a1d3a1135fe0bb0e4c55f9498b6c65aa34499d	In the summer of 1981, he was an aircraft technician for the repair of aircraft and their engines at the Leningrad Aero Club.
816d3dd809ad9035a273df103f793faf7411a8c3	In September 1981, he became an engineer of one of the departments of NPO Energia.
131de93588462f044fe606c5f3109c1cc8af7bfb	He compiled instructions for astronauts.
5a3ca4f038c500cbaf7b62827a372d0a1217a48c	On June 7, 1983, after successfully passing a medical examination, Sergey Krikalev was admitted to special training, and in 1985 he began general space training.
3c7aec5d03cfd59922cde5ae54d4e41e9c92c00c	In November 1986, he was accepted into the cosmonaut squad and officially qualified as a "test cosmonaut".
5979fae8f5b8a57131c45819b4b5bc9b742012e7	For the next two years, Sergey Krikalev is being trained as part of the Buran program.
26129081bac145d0a22a28d81ee2a684546d6ef9	Since 1988, he has been training for the role of an onboard engineer of the Soyuz TM 7 spacecraft.
687641802920fb8600ca7e2c71b7c850fd5f224b	The first flight on November 26, 1988, the Soyuz TM 7 spacecraft went to the Mir orbital complex as part of the fourth main expedition, as well as under the Aragats international Soviet French program.
a892ce64c5c4ee6e681e5ff68e14a41f61513592	In addition to Krikalev, the crew included the commander of the ship Alexander Volkov and the French cosmonaut researcher Jean Loup Chretien.
b29faf1fadbba68a1f5992217af43e44773f5612	It is noteworthy that a concert of the popular band "Pink Floyd"was held at the launch of the spacecraft.
956acfbc377f0fb24ffedf8d2194567a4f0c6b1e	In addition, the band's album called "Delicate Sound of Thunder" was placed on board the ship and became the first rock album to be played in space.
c12c36dd1be53081d580e4d839547e6a21f06bf9	During the stay of cosmonaut Krikalev on board the station, the crew of the 3rd and 4th expeditions conducted more than 5,000 different experiments in various scientific fields: biology, medicine, engineering and materials science.
9a9ace4167c840ff02b08b0dfb5d307dd5756e75	However, the vast majority of experiments were on the topic of astronomy and astrophysics.
eba4524f33926c8e4ad66a2c63158b717edfbb40	An extensive spectral observation of cosmic bodies was carried out, starting from the Earth's atmosphere and ending with the Small Magellanic Cloud.
37f71f6a57f6e03ba80c13ff48d61682e63d030e	On April 27, 1989, the Soyuz TM 7 lander delivered the crew of the ship to Earth.
9bec67d131d591db14b91cfcb085ee6047a4eaca	Cosmonaut Krikalev was awarded the title of Hero of the USSR.
55f21b81f46d474b13711510e941c7c3aa4b06ad	Since November 1990, Sergey Konstantinovich has been trained as part of the Soviet – Japanese flight program to the Mir station, and since December the Soviet British program.
bfcf0c7ec02314cf62a2814ed65b016669dff8b7	The second flight On May 18, 1991, onboard engineer Sergey Krikalev, British cosmonaut researcher Helen Sharman and the commander of the Soyuz TM 12 spacecraft Anatoly Artsebarsky, went into Earth orbit.
3d7b37eb494466bdf82d3cfe16d1faa8d2a4a8fc	Helen Sharman spent only a week at the Mir station, and during this time she performed several biological and chemical experiments, as well as conducted several lessons for British schoolchildren.
cc139aec35d3c5f3e2e2dc0014561bfd9b481933	In addition to a number of experiments conducted by the station crew, Sergey Krikalev performed seven spacewalks from two to seven hours.
12dd06502416c3b9783e2e942d23dff1f512f6cb	During his work outside the station, Sergey Konstantinovich, together with other cosmonauts, replaced the antenna, installed a laser reflector, a folding truss, a new engine mast, and also conducted two tests of the SOPHOR mast.
de56b6fe2c3dc177dfc323e2554c03b8cf57fa0f	Due to limited funding, two subsequent space missions were canceled, as a result of which Sergey Krikalev stayed in orbit for six months longer than planned.
50ecffdbdcdb3e4713e6ad253338cd70bb675571	In total, cosmonaut Krikalev spent 311 days in Earth orbit.
fc2d43037b4e0dd369e7f8f02cff3da815c40eee	He received the honorary title Hero of the Russian Federation.
98bb5ed01faaae9a519b526bab8956e91f2bcfe3	In September 1992, Sergey Krikalev was accepted into the American crew of the Discovery STS 60 shuttle, as the first Russian cosmonaut on the shuttle.
8f0b93e923b629e8c07c52b32d9b2b900730afeb	He served as a specialist (Mission Specialist).
a10fa6de2de53e5ee09de18a245fca083a8aeaed	The third flight of the Shuttle Discovery STS 60 was launched on February 3, 1994.
b27cc919184e3585f29808bd0f08b4d848bb6934	The shuttle stayed in orbit for almost 8 days.
b8d847b6f9d9826f8a5129efd709a5f825bf507c	During this time, many experiments were conducted, including: simulation of small sized space objects for their detection using radars (the ODERAX program), experiments in microgravity in the Spacehab module, growing films from semiconductor material in vacuum using the WCF satellite.
4016dee38034aa33a8d051ae47ee34c7bee93f53	During most of the experiments, Sergey Krikalev controlled a remote manipulator, which, for example, separated the WCF satellite from the shuttle.
8355a010f9a762c3c021b81ba222f588ec9646aa	On February 11, 1994, the shuttle successfully landed on one of the lanes of the Kennedy Center.
76e763ec8e14334a4a8cd24cec0b6cdb5c65c1a1	For the next few years, cosmonaut Krikalev was trained for the next shuttle flights at the American Johnson Center.
172ea495b9fa099413cbc63fc5126f25920d9635	During four space shuttle missions, STS was the head of a group of experts in Houston on behalf of the Russian MCC.
d0436a3a04d42f1bfbc0bf57289abfbff4a7e619	Since May 1995, Sergey Konstantinovich has been performing the tasks of the deputy flight director of the Mir station.
4bdcef08c5adc5a1c07deedf535cb1adb4667593	Since 1996, he has been training for the role of an onboard engineer of the first expedition to the ISS.
42ca3ea345913cd8b961e8fbff1084567d17b91b	Due to the delay of flights to the ISS, cosmonaut Krikalev in 1998 began preparing for a flight on the shuttle Endeavour STS 88.
fc0719ea6dd98a48bc17e394eafad299b65934fc	The fourth flight On December 4, 1998, Flight 4 specialist Sergey Krikalev launches aboard the shuttle Endeavour STS 88 into Earth orbit.
35cc1b825ea50f292f6aeb9e8c648f1b99c80fbe	The crew was faced with the task of delivering and installing the American Unity module.
bad48c091f92ac4e208359786120b62cadce9e78	The module was docked to the Russian module of the ISS "Zarya".
5a2b6c4ddcffb69928895c0b15f01db3ebe04349	"Unity" became the basis for connecting the following space modules to the base of the ISS.
bb901b7bd788be1009c9675a6688f0373f205083	The module was also installed using the Canadarm robotic arm located on the Endeavour shuttle.
df2324299cfaa73bf880ab8e3533dd79e3df632b	Shuttle commander Robert Kabanoy and Russian cosmonaut Sergey Krikalev were the first to open the ISS hatch.
00edc4c3040c6517ff58913638d923e7719205c3	On December 16, 1998, cosmonaut Krikalev, together with the crew of the shuttle "Endeavour", returned to Earth.
c716e180d817e8597c09731b71c2aad9238465f1	After completing his fourth space flight, Sergey Konstantinovich continued preparing for the flight to the ISS as part of the first main expedition.
e4b8dc73610fbb9e26b06b6a24674d78bef92791	The fifth flight On October 31, 2000, the Soyuz TM 31 spacecraft went to dock with the ISS.
42619f960f319f31b47d1070c35dcd52a1243f1b	On August 18, 2005, Sergey Krikalev made a five hour spacewalk.
1d557babb65b2e44d66824c4b047bb166c6427a0	After a successful career as a cosmonaut, Sergey Krikalev took up public activities.
1354ada5f7b7490c20b4b0d213a919b4743265aa	In addition to being the president of the Federation of Gliding Sports (1999-2007), Sergey Konstantinovich was also the Secretary of the Public Chamber of the Central Federal District in February 2012.
db32d90ea7ad118d363542f3e0ea436668b88723	In April 2014, he became the representative of the Governor of Sevastopol in the capital of the Russian Federation – Moscow, and in St. Petersburg.
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47e6c914f7a195373faf90f55d346e6dc98d0b80	Sergey Krikalev: there is no need to slam the door in space
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68d893c97cfadf57ea1e8ef1a284d096405b532f	http://www.bbc.com/russian/russia/2015/11/151102 iss 15 krikalev interview
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3f04fd8ef8ece4ab50503329c0452917799c3e51	November 2 marked the 15th anniversary of the permanent life of people on the International Space Station.
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2c151b57a2563d720f1aab1b19a94c78137fa66d	Image caption
e586692c4f870947514fb06190636db4c47994a5	Sergey Krikalev flew into space six times and spent a total of 803 days in orbit
74c70783dbe4c7a85f75452bbf395372850138c7	The observer of the BBC Russian Service Artem Krechetnikov talked with the participant of the first expedition to the ISS Sergey Krikalev, currently deputy director of the Central Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering (former Design Bureau of Sergei Korolev) for manned programs.
2b5ecdb318188ada28f0bc90df0941d32b3c478c	BBC:You, one might say, were at the origins of the ISS: back in 1998, the first Russians visited the station under construction, then they were part of the first permanent crew and met the XXI century on board.
57124b9af12891e83c0e829b200962baad28d035	Now, 15 years later, is this anniversary a holiday for you?
010ed3cc032cfccf3e8abb3fe9069732699ae18a	Sergey Krikalev: In 1998, I not only visited the ISS, but began to build it.
23d60a1082b5b6117d13a827633f565b417dfc64	Then we joined the first two elements, laid two bricks in the foundation.
1be3ef9017b40d8c75c1ec316ef794ff666c4478	The preparation began even earlier, at the end of 1996, and before that I happened to take part in the very first negotiations when the technical feasibility of the project was considered.
957e55ac5583029ba839ffe0b0c6bc96fc78e771	If we talk about the significance for me of course, I constantly remember.
4f9a67457ea6103b7e11a936e813e99dc25a485e	Today I congratulated my colleague [on the first permanent crew - the BBC] Yuri Gidzenko.
26584d68d23c5335927c0d4e752b56f04742382e	I'll call William Shepherd later because of the time difference.
4e4a8a9b9a0643719a65d4961ad0345b7bfca67c	It was a good start, the continuation of which we still see.
bdb96f5e8dea920275ace3bf8a11ae9f2edb06b9	The station is flying, more than 40 crews have already worked.
ac6244892e08fa31696b31de69e622e24e50acbc	From left to right: Yuri Gidzenko, Sergey Krikalev and William Shepherd on board the ISS
693de4430ab8a5cb4f1bf427f59a58043669e401	BBC:How much time did you spend on the ISS in total?
0ef693da848683779a5f74e9a810fad224b7ac7c	Sergey Krikalev: About a year.
7bacef9232e0b39ef94342bb613d8f19885182dc	A few days in 1998, when the first two blocks were connected and the first routine maintenance was carried out, about five months in the first expedition and about six months on the 11th.
50591bcbd169de56ea2ca008f219d575bd53bfd7	BBC:What did you remember the most?
f1ec1cdf03493dd4e6a32b9d70726095e5848824	Were there any dangerous or, on the contrary, funny moments?
3e7706463dfbc2861598a9c0eb8dc8eebf2349b6	Sergey Krikalev: I remember that yesterday, 15 years ago, we opened the hatch, how we swam into the dark station, how we turned on the light for the first time.
523dd7b8457e03b4fdc72f1bae4da93420136b72	Relations with the Americans have always been very close and friendly Sergey Krikalev
097eddc5ae6a154652c13ef2ecaa5d7ab4b49661	BBC:Tell us about your relations with American partners.
c4dd3fd3da00bc54409b091398ba783d880d4b56	Although you flew to the ISS in 2000-2005, the interstate situation was different then.
2bb66daa972e4a1792468d2ede941d3d3169ef08	Sergey Krikalev: In addition to the ISS, I had the experience of flying with the Americans on the shuttle and at the Mir station.
7c8f0e2236b249d3047392601c934c197674070a	BBC:Communication and management of the American, Russian, European and Japanese segments of the ISS is carried out independently by the centers in Houston, Korolev, Oberpfafenhofen and Tsukuba.
689f269af7e8f160d6dd382acd4df175f565efec	They say that the crews are almost completely isolated?
2c1e2e5570da99861f30eb04c00d224f8966c0a1	Sergey Krikalev: Both on the first and on the 11th expedition, when after the shuttle accident we were left alone at the station with John Phillips, there was no separation at all.
06ac5a85ad52c9209e2980fae0bd4c597d63abb1	Technically, the ISS is a single entity.
900de9bddcfeb597cb5adb3e258b9d6a1559b9f6	This means that there is one crew on board, and not several Krikalev brothers
c2909d35a89b855761c19b6ae6d8567433e25cd7	With the development of the station's infrastructure and the transfer of the center of gravity from life support to scientific experiments, such an opportunity really appeared.
e4763ec58dda28507582852fb7b09d4f1cd3a389	I hear from the arriving crews that the work has become more highly specialized, each in its own segment.
fa8690259964cac2af99f24ba2500cc154a95239	But technically, the ISS is a single whole, a breakdown of the power supply and other key systems in the Russian or American segment would make life impossible on the entire station.
57928aeb2964b7ad0643194444d16b97b6af9a3d	This means that there is one crew on board, not several.
dea25f4111f54d18b70dd2c51f08d70f1637208a	BBC:Cosmonautics has turned out to be one of the most stable areas of cooperation between Russia and the United States.
f27c30ff0e046aa28c4ad270bb607620c5f5b2d4	Political passions are boiling, and everything is going on as usual on the ISS.
ee72768d82ee2a19482f3d439709313331913bc6	Sergey Krikalev: Because when people are in harsh conditions of existence and solve complex non trivial tasks, everything else goes by the wayside.
9e3a9586402f139820b00a796fa0d9331f3269d0	BBC:This is the attitude of cosmonauts and astronauts, but they do not decide the fate of cooperation on both sides.
6ab4c7de3c12edf86eccf2e8aaf2af8544f9b3ac	There is a point of view in Russia that it is necessary to build its own orbital station and see how the Americans, who have temporarily found themselves without transport ships after the closure of the Space Shuttle program, will begin to get out of the situation.
d9df48df93d09d4efc7cc91fa75b925897a9b928	On the other hand, the creation of a new station is a long and, most importantly, costly task.
15ecee02ae83fcbdc1df1d5b8263e3852c9f814e	To abandon the ISS for Russia would mean to leave space altogether for some time.
44402ae118e567221406f962447ccd32501cf4ba	Delivery of people and equipment there
6e00d3e3d321a207a4815c695afc666e17ab616f	"Progress" is commercially profitable, and, probably, it is not in Russia's interests to push the Americans to force work on their own "trucks".
40ee0b91b0b091d18f3471f2a180aad7a0996730	What position prevails today?
9291f13e32aab94f374fd1ff53fa86415777c6ce	Slamming the door and showing character is not in the nature of people who are engaged in kosmosomSergey Krikalev
4971f442d084e1ac5c97d9531768b7b7c744a05c	Sergey Krikalev: Slamming the door and showing character is not in the nature of people who are engaged in space.
3c6f89087bbd8da86aaf5d9bb0d50442637c32a5	They're busy.
7725b6c6fd44897a9fcd85ffdab366cefad380ab	Why break something that works well?
3f3c417bab45174ff049276a83f1ea05b75609ec	Cosmonautics is a long project, it will survive current events.
8348fc94403161fbec362f568a4c4e773e96c02b	It really is a model of how we can set ambitious scientific and technical tasks and solve them together, and not look for reasons to break up.
d20490e94c94a04ea741b04b539266f8ebfd81f3	BBC:So will Russia build a new orbital station, or not?
d04db0691970f3c62c7b578d24dea56d1dfce621	Sergey Krikalev: I do not know any specific plans for creating something from scratch.
3d6e47b55258b81b59339b5dd2394ce7e8868887	The possibility of an autonomous flight of the Russian segment was discussed, if the partners decide to finish work on the ISS.
6df68444e1618dca85206da2817905cf0bd66066	But so far no one has stated this, and this is from the field of virtual hypotheses.
d3cf4adbe9cfa2111a3d41c455322f611e246747	BBC:How long will the ISS last?
274cdfa27f6ec8180beaf76e7cfd38dc4d44fd70	Sergey Krikalev: The project was made for 15 years, which have just expired.
e1c0c59e331b5188893bca977502c1d4374c4a2f	This proves that the technical solutions embedded in it were correct.
d9b12754a641840603ea132cc52714b6aaa70e73	So far, it has been decided to continue working until 2020.
68091133ce1769333f86a2576a6377edd2725d88	There is a discussion of an extension until 2024 or even longer.
42a94306d345ced164bcb0eb288bcd3b7dcd9baf	This is not so much a technical issue as an organizational one, since everyone has their own idea of priorities, and some programs may interfere with others, and most importantly, financial.
2002280a1a4176e05b2b2a73badb5e97464ffdcd	My opinion is that manned cosmonautics is an important vector of human development Sergey Krikalev
87d92e51c6391638dd9032a3eb1356ad10268e8e	BBC:Is manned cosmonautics even necessary?
9e6e2a7c70bc91bd6842d1e66fe701459663bcdc	Different opinions are expressed both in Russia and in the world.
7cf9b5e704aa9f37b2d2e4684870b55a8357946c	Sergey Krikalev: There was probably an opinion once that it was not necessary to leave the caves.
9238f619945a5e64b0448af710ab19ab5d732fe6	My opinion is that manned cosmonautics is an important vector of human development.
2d02116a14c0267c6213058ccf0370b33e6e4139	Many things can be investigated by automata, but sometimes the presence of a person is necessary, in particular, for biological experiments.
3270c63417d90a5724e71cc57c22be8fe63ec0de	And if you look at things more broadly, then the property of all living things is the desire to expand the habitat.
8037924def1532d23e521d25e85d8fca1bab65b5	Humanity has always mastered new spaces as soon as the appropriate technical means appeared: it swam across rivers, then oceans, then broke away from the earth's surface.
9d1759e098a351387b2c9d2b80801da23b775bc0	This is an act of self affirmation and a key element of development.
363b134c412b5f7cbf927fcfa0a022f2be9d68b4	The only question is whether we will go this way faster or slower.
494fdbcc602e2ba4c59c41cc15b142d5863b43d0	Share a link On how to share
8a79d7098fb0886bada9b8505c3cc1913b4237b2	Circus act on board the ISS on October 7, 2015
871a638e1f328a2e1a18d8dfb0c30d8a4a3cd79f	The last Progress M M went to the ISS on October 1, 2015
cbf5a3a763e1a15e40a707dcc691dd898b802146	Soyuz Apollo: the culmination and the beginning of the end of detente on July 15, 2015
195fd542fbe69c9a1574580c61675c1abc27efbd	How to assemble a new superheavy NASA rocket March 20, 2015
50979531977dc839c1760e5e904164033656738f	Boris Chertok: the economists ruined the shuttles
0f28664609dc453a8abb56353d8b303093eb1eb2	Other stories of the section
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ea2c0a8272b17cadaa9a6ca0dc49213c8044f2e7	Krikalev, Sergey Konstantinovich
2e3646a406eb2cabf24f972a9b8b77d98eb0c51d	The stable version was tested on September 3, 2016.
2b0bcd4d94a4274c533762615ef61f932b83fc58	Country: USSR, Russia
fd895774309a9d26c64a7ed9e61e84a1b0740674	Expeditions: Soyuz TM 7 Mir
b1fb0a23f1e0e05d1982264944be22887e09a2ac	Soyuz TM 12 Mir Soyuz TM 13
9decd8210bacc1bb46fb31708c64aeed8786b335	STS 60
897dbabcbc0c08bdde271c749999f8db41c4cadb	STS 88 (short term on the ISS)
362a9b3a024563b018322f2bcf69f00532ce3766	Soyuz TM 31 ISS 1 - STS 102
36ea84789fd1733cc5fbbd36eda734a7e490dda8	Soyuz TMA 6 - ISS 11
99cc1c2964db2161d438133eec0c407094504697	Time in space: 803 days 9 h 39 min
b3fac1664634278182f65f1c6c6477e20c6d20ea	Date of birth: August 27, 1958 (1958-08-27) (58 years old)
7b42411d583247dcbb96be6cc16bdd3418b1b5a4	Place of birth: Leningrad, RSFSR, USSR
99bb550466caf0138bd31bd9429b9cb303873a61	Sergey Konstantinovich Krikalev on Wikimedia Commons
2f775a6f9b5d1af008717b50c9e70e649c486e03	Sergey Konstantinovich Krikalev (born August 27, 1958 in Leningrad, USSR) is a Soviet and Russian aviation athlete and cosmonaut, from October 2005 to June 2015 the Earth's record holder for the total time spent in space (803 days for six launches as of October 11, 2005; the new record belongs to Gennady Padalka).
7026b9f1e420ccbdd31fb45df23e09dfdac5cf59	1 Biography 1.1 Engineer developer 1.2 First flight 1.3 Second flight 1.4 Third flight 1.5 Fourth Flight 1.6 Fifth flight 1.7 Sixth flight 1.8 Work in airless space 1.9 Work at enterprises and institutions of the space industry
e474e367e302070db89119bc3aa73762a8d4e6aa	2 Social activities 3 Hobbies 4 Awards 5 Notes 6 References
80ab1909ca43b86fa917c34fbcc3915c7aec9af3	In 1981, he graduated from the Leningrad Mechanical Institute, having received the qualification of a mechanical engineer.
1c4a6f886cc360689df150cddca3960191b6580c	Developer engineer[edit / edit wiki text]
6691f0713be0e652d1edebe320039bddef1247ee	Play a media file
f6b18525d630bb41ee1299723196af76c2fff72e	A fragment of a conversation between S. K. Krikalev and students of Bauman Moscow State Technical University.
a49cfa8623b106c73c58177bae4cbd08cab8dd6f	A little bit about space tourists.
87c0737e36fe81678b6b28000c0ebad70f5a94e4	In early 1988, he began preparing for his first long term flight at the Mir station.
945ab0945a10d9751fc9dc1242af49e6262f775d	The training included preparation for spacewalks, for docking with new modules, for the first tests of the installation for moving an astronaut and for work in the second Soviet French scientific expedition.
1d8796852ab9d4d5d474178f9cd57ea543066ad4	The first flight[edit / edit wiki text]
2d04878587d89b9c4766142db7185d979aabbfa8	Sergey Krikalev puts on a training suit (June 30, 2004).
6940b02917d35fe83a79df39eba37536a791b9de	Soyuz TM 7 was launched on November 26, 1988, the crew consisted of Commander Alexander Alexandrovich Volkov, flight engineer Krikalev and French cosmonaut Jean Loup Chretien.
c5e175ab0f50def8cce88cfc0dd7c39202530aaa	The previous crew remained at the Mir station for another twenty six days, thereby establishing the longest stay at the station for a crew of six people.
66832b70f0974dd3e66441bc481df078d8442aba	After the previous crew returned to Earth, Krikalev, Polyakov and Volkov continued to perform experiments on board the station.
f9b0812e3d948c7aa46df24be78e163dbb4a47e6	Due to the fact that the arrival of the next crew was delayed, they prepared the station for an unmanned flight and returned to Earth on April 27, 1989.
96c0f1274bbee354f96e8192a1efcd50cad2ae08	During this flight, Krikalev was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (star No. 11595).
682415dba8e2eba4f41a8bda3b135ef821532211	The duration of the flight was 151 days.
bb130eadc20da49c4c7ac84718620d1b58d7fcb2	In 1990, Krikalev was preparing for his second flight as a member of the backup crew for the eighth long term expedition to the Mir station.
a7681ebada97d650aad1d1521928380e42d6811e	The second flight[edit / edit wiki text]
a1b7a9ccb8924d41f3ef699a9cc65ca2c3601724	In December 1990, Krikalev began preparing to participate in the ninth expedition to the Mir station.
20abfdd230312a08b0b4f60c3020d8a45d16148b	Soyuz TM 12 was launched on May 19, 1991 with commander Anatoly Pavlovich Artsebarsky, flight engineer Krikalev and British female cosmonaut Helen Sharman.
f8d67aaad50d60a9565e23d7bfaebe70a7ddf3fe	A week later, Sharman returned to Earth with the previous crew, while Krikalev and Artsebarsky remained on the Mir .
1ed4ee9affe98205af3ec9d505dd60bb0df83cce	During the summer, they carried out six spacewalks, while conducting numerous scientific experiments, as well as maintenance work on the station.
3cf904c96ee5488356666feaf0aad3ff967c9752	According to the plan, Krikalev's return was supposed to take place in five months, but in July 1991 Krikalev agreed to stay at the Mir station as a flight engineer with another crew (who was supposed to arrive in October), since the next two flights were combined into one.
2a039c70e56925594a7576d411c598e77bbd3a01	On October 2, 1991, the place of flight engineer in the Soyuz TM 13 spacecraft was occupied by Toktar Aubakirov, an astronaut from Kazakhstan, who was not prepared for a long flight.
dbb3dcb472361ae22d338f23cf5f9b4e4594a292	He and Franz Fibek, the first cosmonaut of Austria, together with Artsebarsky returned to Earth on October 10, and commander Alexander Volkov remained with Krikalev.
ac8a31b527ab73c331275b4a46cbca2a8ece0739	After the crew change in October, Volkov and Krikalev continued their experiments on Mir ,made another spacewalk and returned to Earth on March 25, 1992.
11443c028c626a50ea1d6e7e8ae56860f5da3196	This flight is interesting because the cosmonauts left the USSR, and returned to Russia during their flight, the Soviet Union ceased to exist.
a5479b2f2982243487117a3525379ecbb1f191a9	For this flight, Krikalev was awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation (Hero of the Russian Federation Star No. 1).
1199f68b6bb25ba620a824192e11756e583502bc	During the first two flights, Krikalev spent more than a year and three months in space and made seven spacewalks.
d5bab8b9f3a347e2160723e806f2d72dd7680e23	In October 1992, NASA management announced that a Russian cosmonaut with space flight experience would fly on an American reusable spacecraft.
d5fe9ed8a8571aa6a639b947066f34a3a13e4072	Krikalev became one of two candidates (the second is Vladimir Titov) sent by the Russian Space Agency for training together with the STS 60 crew.
da703e30f95d36bc78beb2cff6b04f4de36f0296	In April 1993, Krikalev was declared the main candidate.
d4da6d5ac4fef8edefeb3cd130112d264ab26f28	The third flight[edit / edit wiki text]
26d0bc9e26678e8414491f27e15c826a3d14d9ea	Krikalev participated in the STS 60 flight — the first joint US Russian flight on a reusable spacecraft (shuttle Discovery).
bbf113be02d13293edcf87e1f61bf827f452fec8	The STS 60 flight, which began on February 3, 1994, was the second flight with the Spacehab module (Space Habitat Module) and the first flight with the WSF device (Wake Shield Facility).
d6678dd362c78e166cc51e7ca7d7ade95a4cce32	For eight days, the crew of the Discovery spacecraft performed many different scientific experiments in the field of materials science, both in the WSF device and in the Spacehab module, biological experiments and observations of the Earth's surface.
a49f07bd35ecd13239009d15db4e94b0b87444b9	Krikalev performed a significant part of the work with a remote manipulator.
39c9dfce89e9119559e62eb10348ad71468f2381	Having completed 130 orbits and flown 5486215 kilometers, on February 11, 1994, the Discovery spacecraft landed at the Kennedy Space Center (Florida).
18a333ec7b1c3aa81a93c97a284c11b5c8d37e07	Thus, Krikalev became the first Russian cosmonaut to fly on an American shuttle.
c5301f055933b8e6e4d2a5afa660748a72530bbb	In one video interview, Krikalev was asked the question: was it difficult for him on this flight - an unusual environment, completely different equipment, colleagues are all foreigners, a foreign language...
cbefdb5a8e18481af558aaa908d2aedc054f4adc	The answer was unexpected: "It was not easy for them either!"
12c89f0b5b1ab64002d6f538593ee8bbf502895c	After the STS 60 flight, Krikalev returned to his work in Russia.
a8f320bbc2873a2652f8bdd7ad3fdf181c98f11f	He periodically went on business trips to the Lyndon Johnson Space Center in Houston to work in the Mission Control Center with the Search and Rescue Service during joint US Russian flights.
f125f560d90e78e16260e6d5c398f1e4b0fb2ac0	In particular, he participated in the ground support of flights STS 63, STS 71, STS 74, STS 76.
cac1cfd8699fc250dd9bf312818b85f4406eb6bf	The fourth flight[edit / edit wiki text]
b4a009cb20940e978c0d6c34db54950fb61dcfa5	Krikalev was appointed to the first crew of the International Space Station and was the first in December 1998 to go on a short term mission to the ISS on the shuttle Endeavour from December 4 to December 16, 1998 as a specialist of flight 4 STS 88.
bcfd0ac5e6ddd117b6bf43ff6337e797b788be80	From 1999 to October 2000, he continued training as a flight engineer of the ISS 1 main crew together with Yuri Gidzenko and William Shepherd.
f8a0d55cf99615ca83a7b01698a48dfb9ffb2a4e	The fifth flight[edit / edit wiki text]
56a404be6e2474bc4111191c3a9e29b3151804fe	In October 2000, as part of the first crew of the long term expedition, Sergey Krikalev, together with Yuri Gidzenko (commander of the delivery ship) and William Shepherd (commander of the ISS 1 expedition), began permanent manned flights to the ISS.
463633627fe20185c538f7190a24fb646b01d3ea	In this flight, the astronauts met the 21st century in orbit.
5697b274a07048443db530901fac65d5e7e0861c	He started at Baikonur on the Soyuz TM 31 spacecraft as a flight engineer, landed in Florida on the Discovery shuttle STS 102 as a flight specialist.
2e07b806d7c123c85cd8424620b16103d131c6d3	Sergey Krikalev works on the ISS.
6d80cb5c5066315d92b1a8ac03bb88f6a9c5c387	May 2005.
ed575d6289307be4afa99e1a2a9763297726fbf4	The sixth flight[edit / edit wiki text]
63fa52de0e6d836d9b1c0f516e888923977f91e5	It was launched on April 15, 2005 (at 04:46:25 Moscow time) on the Soyuz TMA 6 spacecraft.
df469859bacec5927f527c9e1dedf9d03684e296	On October 11, 2005, it completed its sixth flight, returning to Earth from the ISS in the Soyuz TMA 6 lander after six months in orbit.
e489419dc8a030e0df531fc289daf500109856c3	On this flight, for the first time, he was the crew commander of both the delivery ship and the ISS 11 expedition.
4df55c329ea262bacd1efc1e74f4018ad47cfdf5	During the flight, he performed one spacewalk (the eighth) on August 18, 2005 with a duration of 4 hours and 57 minutes.
9e8c92850f9a15ad83a02a8c98028478ee074691	With this flight, he set a world record for the total duration of stay in space (803 days).
7fd93c6c0e53b95a0ae4e2f540d3567dd86b4ff5	The record lasted for almost 10 years and was broken (878 days) on June 29, 2015 by Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka on his 5th flight[2].
ce633ac839a4e2cbfca1f0ac2263b98df486d4b0	As of 2016, Krikalev has also held the national record for more than 10 years - he is the only Russian who has flown into space six times.
35f32308d6435fe81de957a7f8a360a11efd6f8c	However, the record is not world: Young made the 6th flight in 1983, and Ross and then Chang Diaz made their seventh flights in 2002.
080931eadcc66ab9448cae61764625f7bfffd6f2	n / a Launch Ship Launch Landing Ship Landing Flight 1 Soyuz TM 7 26.11.1988, 15: 49:34 Soyuz TM 7 27.04.1989, 02:57:58 151 days 11 h 08 min 24 s 2 Soyuz TM 12 18.05.1991, 12: 50:28 Soyuz TM 13 25.03.1992, 08:51:22 311 days 20 h 00 min 54 s 3 STS 60 (Discovery/18) 03.02.1994, 12:10:00 STS 60 (Discovery/18) 11.02.1994, 19:20:13 8 day 07 h 10 min 13 s 4 STS 88 (Endeavour/13) 04.12.1998, 08:35:34 STS 88 (Endeavour/13) 16.12.1998, 03:54:21 11 day 19 h 18 min 47 s 5 Soyuz TM 31 31.10.2000, 07:52:47 STS 102 (Discovery/29) 21.03.2001, 07:33:06 140 day 23 h 40 min 19 s 6 Soyuz TMA 6 15.04.2005, 00: 46: 25 Soyuz TMA 6 11.10.2005, 01: 09:48 179 day 00 h 23 min 23 s Total flight 803 day 09 h 42 min 00 s
b12959daa1f5461149a51f5d7d6500c54b3674bf	Working in an airless space[edit / edit wiki text]
9108d26ca147dc7f09998b02e5d78e114c88838c	n/a Spacewalk Duration 1 24.06.1991, 21:11 4 h 58 min 2 28.06.1991, 19:02 3 h 24 min 3 15.07.1991, 11:45 5 h 56 min 4 19.07.1991, 11:10 5 h 28 min 5 23.07.1991, 09:15 5 h 42 min 6 27.07.1991, 08:44 6 h 49 min 7 20.02.1992, 20:09 4 h 12 min 8 18.08.2005, 19:02 4 h 57 min total 41 h 26 min
015cbf6fdfc16472d1f2393491c8e8206fd60e14	Work at enterprises and institutions of the space industry[edit / edit wiki text]
e7168d6cdcea713d22e3b045abf5f0243b75c566	From February to August 2007 — Vice President of RSC Energia for manned flights with the preservation of flight status in the cosmonaut squadron[3].
13069f5846ddf6b1857af32f2e577b81ed769f32	From August 2007 to March 2009 Deputy General Designer[4].
6ee77b8fe489563441a9b7a5f851cd9f62f3081c	March 27, 2009 with the transition to another job, he was released from his position as an instructor of a test cosmonaut of the 1st class of JSC RSCEnergy" named after S. P. Korolev"[5].
a2d9d396d3eff980130176b850c80966d91a08e7	From March 30, 2009 to March 27, 2014 Head of the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center[5][6].
ccf9314a224e91882e7848d247e7b73551967ec0	Since March 2014 — First Deputy General Director of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Central Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering" for manned programs[7].
5688b876d77313610cfbf847c5b85e236895256a	Public activity[edit / edit wiki text]
15df6688cc3d641335dac921b52c3bda3127e04b	From 1999 to 2007, he was the president of the Gliding Sports Federation of Russia.
c961abc60f9d25cae3942f0dd4dac4519410547c	On February 14, 2012, he was approved as a member of the Public Chamber of the Central Federal District and a proxy of the Prime Minister and presidential candidate Vladimir Putin[8], and at the first plenary session on September 14 of the same year, he was elected Secretary of the chamber[9 ].
89954dcf6c27617cc7f6570f0b89e8853827170e	On April 12, 2014, he was appointed plenipotentiary representative of the Governor of Sevastopol in Moscow and St. Petersburg[10][11].
6c15dbf6e5cfd659f31323968bdab1c5b26cf773	In September 2016, he became a proxy of the United Russia party in the elections to the State Duma of the VII convocation.
a8141ac3a8d3e3c5d9afed8e784c80e71b3b32bc	Hobbies[edit / edit wiki text]
5037c5c444c9017dfb19f1b04e7b635d7a785fa2	Aerobatics, swimming, scuba diving, downhill skiing, windsurfing, tennis, amateur radio (X75M1K).
3b31dc105aa7490d6d825d44cd1d44aee804feb3	Candidate for the Master of Sports in the all around.
2dc70d98b96b2b8dec3548acdc31c2b49ac4c210	Master of Sports of the USSR in aerobatics.
d41e5cabaf7416a5a9d4fa13dbe2eb36331a56e7	Participant of the USSR, European and world championships in aerobatics.
fc52ac09dc480f8aa48ab4708c03c8ae763d1d07	USSR champion in the team competition (1986).
67872cb72faf07f4b796774e4eac0c00f7431e07	European champion in the team competition (1996).
c9d7bcd796bc02cc91caaa33e3a03b0e6b5624e1	World champion in the team competition in glider aerobatics (1997).
66d0d747533f63f61a64572ae8bfb0273f45c4a6	The amateur radio call sign is U5MIR.
2b8056997b0e1284ae8c7a7ff013294c48cbce78	Space photographer.
91a478438327ba7fce8941efc0d7af93cc6be77e	The author of the collection of photographs" Painting of the Creator " taken from near Earth orbit.
62dc8609c66897a74952ccf60f459518b6896c35	The founder of a new direction in the art of photography is space photography, presented in 3D technology (2008) [12].
491c4d167b2c92172ef8f2fe1b9815df9109b8bf	Hero of the Russian Federation (April 11, 1992) - for courage and heroism shown during a long space flight on the Mir orbital station (Gold Star Medal No. 1) [13]. Hero of the Soviet Union (April 27, 1989).
64b7fd79793f999d52b2090784276d199177c6c3	Order of Merit for the Fatherland, IV degree (April 5, 2002) - for courage and high professionalism shown during a long term space flight on the International Space Station[14].
0cadaafdc698df3ee0644a04a1f7537cdebfbc98	Order of Honor (April 15, 1998) - for successful participation and achievement of high sports results in the First World Air Games[15].
97c92759f7e0869e6c707aea6b9ba782edef1fba	Order of Peoples ' Friendship (March 25, 1992) - for the successful implementation of a space flight on the Mir space station and the courage and heroism shown at the same time[16].
5e8bad123359a4863881f2fcbd4372a898fa986d	Order of Lenin (1989).
59a31f60b5aa4f8b086306be69e4370b75a40404	Medal "For Merits in Space Exploration" (April 12, 2011) - for great merits in the field of research, development and use of outer space, many years of conscientious work, active public activity[17].
4ef76b59b6425f82b1887bbe45b4f901b2bef1ba	Medal "In memory of the 300th anniversary of St. Petersburg" (2005).
5f69f9bd465f1597b0c0e8c0d336e28fe7d7ac5d	Honorary title "Pilot Cosmonaut of the USSR" (1989).
d233a72ac0dc6e5332bc4403aca72a760b25d889	Officer of the Legion of Honor (France, 1989).
ed23b9b5875d9c614bddca124a5f49064dd5d4c3	Three NASA medals "For space flight" (1996, 1998, 2001).
3a739ce26ef18056483d56738ba36a953e41d232	NASA Medal "For Outstanding Public Services "(2003).
ba2dc96027e7219ac6b8067f2de1a0bc7aeab8b7	Honorary Citizen of St. Petersburg (2007)[18]. Honored Master of Sports of Russia.
55e3bead5e0f33d48778d0d88e1709944d726eb4	Life Honorary Member of the Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain.
1a82c05b27241a959c4bebe712940ce6a3350974	Winner of the national award "Golden Eye of Russia".
e8058f9a485145eefe8d834cfd44ecdd8e139e39	Winner of the national award "Russian of the Year" (2011)[19].
90ec46f018c2f25fe78a1d76618bb4f8b355d334	↑ About the fund.
bef23c1154487199362fe526f923e94b4ed8ab6e	Clean Seas Foundation.
8b624fa13dbad8fc67be0e1e6e0ba49d464e4e9b	Verified on July 24, 2015.
e3b8be1310e25645e8202b86b6463dc5b5754b01	Космонав Cosmonaut Padalka is preparing to break the world record.
c9ea259410059ef3493ea1c249acb7b76d7d1282	Newspaper.
11824b23246a5e958334dca1698835fb921f1fc3	Ru (June 16, 2015). Verified on July 24, 2015.
76e0d55449a37e250a3b50b89bb3634f062561eb	Сергей Sergey Krikalev became the Vice President of RSC Energia.
4470c01a3938269ab6a42b0553328b15432d9483	Lenta.ru (February 15, 2007). Verified on July 24, 2015.
61c8c4c068fea3e6cd3eba7f733b20d00a3d2aef	Кри Krikalev Sergey Konstantinovich.
00a70070ec9bcba0411b20b7e56c5548345dd303	The Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center.
22e1be5bb1f89ece254cfb83a301b56b993b88d5	↑ 1 2 01-04-2009 Hero of the Soviet Union, Hero of Russia (Golden Star of Hero No. 1) Sergey Konstantinovich Krikalev was appointed to the post of head of the Federal State Budgetary Institution Scientific Research Center for Cosmonaut Training named after Yu.
4bc2d930b0aec681af3f1b0669b6a90a9fc7100a	A.Gagarin. (link unavailable) Checked on July 24, 2015.
2e81264a5ee9d6cb7bbe57112633528301cc4b64	↑ The head of the Cosmonaut Training Center has been appointed.
dcb72e8e551648031d1b9ce062779cb1a1f3b51c	Interfax (April 19, 2014). Verified on July 24, 2015.
72ee265666a031db5e77da4ffdfb5e49ef28e67f	Первый First Deputy General Director for Manned Programs(unavailable link history).
c6849d9a563d70199aa29fffa3d9254be1d614c9	FSUE "TsNIIMash".
2d293cd5e47625cf13b1594ab3bfbb880174ccb3	Archived from the original source on October 23, 2014.
086c1df54b4cd44d691f29697dd3613d917406ef	Ц Central Federal District / News of the Public Chamber of the Central Federal District /A meeting of members of the Public Chamber of the Central Federal District approved by the plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District was held.
181bc37914dd767ad26d89df56030dde3c30f05e	The first plenary session of the Public Chamber of the Central Federal District was held in Ryazan.
f0be1633630ab9a972e7ee1542a5a2fc8a10a681	Pilot cosmonaut Krikalev was appointed representative of the Governor of Sevastopol in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
180e103c274c6e9bb5d743b792ea7e48be63484c	Cosmonaut Sergey Krikalev became the representative of Sevastopol in Moscow.
ae75b9e16ae2d6f71771a1c454e021a042f867b0	Rossiyskaya Gazeta ↑ A look at the Earth photos from orbit.
705b67bd26fccba8d0c1f3e7a81b4a8682fd2c87	Video by RIA Novosti.
cfc5fc923e6ebe61b2b014fdd4c17d2fd7c78ac2	RIA Novosti (February 21, 2008).
6f856dda4ccec516629a68e7c870847bcee94db4	Checked on August 13, 2010.
2ab55e1e76591a6e2cbd6d4b84398c3f87bf35db	Archived from the original on 22 August 2011.
a3b76c266bf2f1fea4f1e77eb3cd6786d11c9c5a	↑ Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 11 April 1992 No. 387 "On conferring the title of hero of the Russian Federation, pilot cosmonaut Sergei K. Krikalev".
358326f684e7bb42ad25b746b296e01da87313e1	↑ Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 5, 2002 No. 353 "On awarding the order "For merits before Fatherland" IV degree Colonel Gidzenko Y. P. and S. K. Krikalev".
d1a633012ac012025ee3d72fff48d4ccd77ae653	↑ Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 15, 1998, No. 394, "On awarding state awards of the Russian Federation participating in the First World air games".
e31ecdd6d7ae9d2d79be2ed026355592fbf5f88b	Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 298 of March 25, 1992 "On awarding pilot cosmonaut S. K. Krikalev with the Order of Friendship of Peoples".
71d800a17303d72c86735dc16f7f6fc094b000fe	Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 436 of April 12, 2011 "On awarding the medal" For Merits in Space Exploration"".
d07b0dceb4cb0a0a4e39dea5179322bd83d62cc7	New honorary citizens of St. Petersburg Valery Gergiev and Sergey Krikalev.
537191ea9d2702a44289c598a11a5ea0736ae2fd	↑ "Russian of the Year" on the website of the Russian Academy of Business and Entrepreneurship.
d97071debea240f83bf29d556452ed0fc40d50bf	Krikalev, Sergey Konstantinovich.
17964ad44ea7863c670fe0e8d31622977821b0a4	The official website of Sergey Krikalev.
4922efd4e4c16401ff24a6ada6920b99f3166673	"Sergey Krikalev.
7546bbb2ab6f19eafd9f1f78b7c0e6de81bd8370	Man of Record " - a documentary film of the Roscosmos TV studio, 2011.
e38b2fbf69b2d892e92aeb37d25c2d5fe1b4d8e1	The management of RSC Energia named after S. P. Korolev.
80e702a9b4f1d02d3fae79f4e3489fd64f114a62	A cosmic centenarian.
95eb09561ef25ffcbac3118711add8a84f4d2312	A TV story.
4b8a872df1cd55503a668d2d632539a28c99fd47	Roscosmos TV studio.
706507a02b8208d1a5c645a6917b98cb61f2c9de	The road will be mastered by the walking one.
3fb4c1136e9decd3cbdd63bd3f67bfd5e11658f7	The program "Russian Space", Roscosmos TV Studio, (video 2012).
09a885928c1eee19594e2965a47ee573c9b2a433	Cosmonaut Sergey Krikalev.
008200848d3ecfadc20d693f940b62a6422a53b3	Video encyclopedia "Cosmonauts".
31148ccaff9faa8230fe0d0d11c6a7b21d8c0918	Alley of Heroes (Moscow Victory Park, St. Petersburg)
03a0d83557e6f748f48db99ae8494914b2051cf2	Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov
19b9fd0450725a8eec3fc3c1f74f5096f606d799	S. I. Bogdanov • V. M. Golubev • G. M. Grechko • V. N. Osipov • V. I. Rakov • N. G. Stepanyan • E. P. Fedorov • N. V. Chelnokov
e3451ff112e17c950d5bf7327d08945c11d2b01a	N. S. Maidanov • A. N. Chilingarov
f14d3cc58c5e9d37cb142b73b4497df7f3dba66a	Yuli Borisovich Khariton
36f8d947213ce9560dc75a6d237a50c0f1ec1d7b	A. P. Vinogradov • N. N. Isanin • S. N. Kovalev • A. N. Kosygin • M. P. Panfilov • N.
41292854514e2db0653964e1061fa28b7a1f9d3e	A. Pilyugin • G. P. Svishchev • V.
dc5007f439d7cde67deacb0fd53ba4555f4b6a73	A. Smirnov • G. S. Ulanova • V. S. Chicherov • A.V. Chuev • A. N. Shchukin
e15daca6875b5ef1cc473a6d0710f1855a2d5c31	Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya • Alexander Matrosov
78045ffd6ae06f63d9dc8670bec9697acb04a31d	Heroes of the Russian Federation — Heroes of the Soviet Union
f691f8b172079861443f33bca54b94b5e37505ff	Sergey Krikalev • Valery Polyakov • Nikolay Maidanov • Artur Chilingarov
e894c8a5cd1541d04492b2e4e1ba96ef51a27751	the 1960s
5a8a69efa81e3e6edb1207171f3e7601879a1977	1961: Gagarin, G. Titov • 1962: Nikolaev, Popovich • 1963: Bykovsky, Tereshkova • 1964: Egorov, Komarov, Feoktistov • 1965: Belyaev, Leonov • 1968: Beregovoy • 1969: V. Volkov, Volynov, Gorbatko, Eliseev, Kubasov, Filipchenko, Khrunov, Shatalov, Shonin • 1970: Sevastyanov
69b1bf15ba343a310c92308d6d7da92369b18c5e	the 1970s
48dfb17abab3a83534b5d1992bc75df024aeb0ce	1971: Rukavishnikov, Dobrovolsky, Patsaev • 1973: Klimuk, Lazarev, Lebedev, Makarov • 1974: Artyukhin, Demin, Sarafanov • 1975: Grechko, Gubarev • 1976: Aksenov, Zholobov, Zudov, Rozhdestvensky • 1977: Glazkov, Kovalenok, Ryumin • 1978: Dzhanibekov, Ivanchenkov, Romanenko • 1979: Lyakhov • 1980: Kizim, Malyshev, Popov, Strekalov
960e28b5c05db8677e64e7a282ffa83935ffb816	1980s
3d82df9b4376875c0d13fe9954ba69066166b27d	1981: Savinykh • 1982: Berezovoy, Savitskaya, Serebrov • 1983: Alexandrov, V. Titov • 1984: Atkov, Volk, V. Solovyov • 1985: Vasyutin, A. Volkov • 1987: Viktorenko, Laveikin, Levchenko • 1988: Manarov, A. Solovyov • 1989: Krikalev, Polyakov • 1990: Balandin, Manakov
d707f5c4105e9e2b5c1dee02198d44f0fceb2de6	1991: Artsebarsky, Aubakirov, Afanasyev
c33172d09a0d8a3daed7ebb761bce4f75d6c0ccd	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krikalev, _Sergey Konstantinovich&oldid=80606974"
a48fb6718719ac53c18c3d4494ca3daea2abce2f	Categories: Persons alphabetically Born on August 27 Born in 1958 Born in St. Petersburg Heroes of the Russian Federation Heroes of the Soviet Union Holders of the Order "For Services to the Fatherland" 4th degree Holders of the Order of Honor Holders of the Order of Lenin Holders of the Order of Friendship of Peoples Awarded the medal "For Merits in Space Exploration" Awarded the medal "In memory of the 300th anniversary of St. Petersburg" Officers of the Legion of Honor Awarded the medal "For Outstanding Public Services" Awarded the medal "For Space Flight" Pilots cosmonauts of the USSR Honored masters of Sports of Russia Honorary citizens of St. Petersburg Moscow Victory Park Cosmonaut squad of RSC Energia Graduates of BSTU Voenmeh Cosmonauts of Russia Members of the CPSU Pilots of the USSR Pilots of Russia Air athletes World champions in aviation sports Gliders Radio amateurs Candidates of Psychological Sciences Guinness Book of Records Record holders
08d47ea1d84086dd4a2dcb7d9691090009ee9062	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles with non working links Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Wikipedia:Biographies of contemporaries
19d84816c6e9e35204b3a4dae282ea669ff4ff63	العربية Bulgarian Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch English Español eestiاارسی Suomi Françaisררית Magyar Italiano 日本本 Malagasy Nederlands Norsk bokmål Polski Portugal ets Română Slovenčina Srpski / srpski Svenska Türkçe TinNg ViệT 中文
eb29de8eaae3e8a831dc0c447129a2f708c8897d	Last modified on this page: 10: 29, September 3, 2016.
925ee342f0e7e82041cae92aab63750e966121fa	The first dance movements were a reflection of people's sensory impressions received from the surrounding world.
741c41e96ae48d0f8ee39bb64f8b4c42440daa4f	Dance was born simultaneously with the appearance of man, as it was a natural physiological need for rhythmic movements.
58146482ec3d7f184f8251c4646d7ab3c1cce16b	In ancient times, dance was an integral part of various public holidays and religious events.
57f731af79c39331ef411ee8d3190bf1d4f370f1	Therefore, the term dance covers a large number of different movements that differ in their style and manner of performance.
28c53921e73a7e699f5b26420d3f4481d5ebaf7a	Modern dance was actively developed at the beginning of the last century.
0951465f92f517a2812ec2d74e873dd3c5662d52	Isidora Duncan considered it an ugly senseless gymnastics. Martha Graham (Graham) saw in him Europeanism and imperialism, which have nothing in common with the Americans.
34807a1ee2f24c44174f0b257287b3082199dca8	The twentieth century was definitely a time of separation from everything that ballet relied on.
2b6fee0957cc24a6ea3751a1bf4e547204105ef6	A time of unprecedented creative growth of dancers and choreographers.
105d5a9a98088c74e4574ed3e739720ab1109f33	A time of shock, surprise and spectators who have changed their idea of dance.
1c2cfdcfbd2e521284ea8aa076558f6e7f44f151	The sixties marked the development of postmodernism, which changed the course to simplicity, the beauty of small things, untrained bodies and artless, simple movements.
a83f52cb17e178b728cb7011b877b2d738f4eb8a	By the eighties, classical dance returned to its starting point, and modern dance (or, by this time, contemporary dance) became a highly technical weapon of professionals, not far from politics.
08535670db916965feea741a34d64fc83a782ca8	Two forms of dance, contemporary dance and classical ballet, peacefully coexist side by side, experiencing only a tiny fraction of the former dislike for each other and almost without entering into competition.
ac1730073cb33563f6381173102ad6197cd9495c	So, at the beginning of the 20th century, a new dance direction appeared in America and Europe (called modern by Americans and contemporary dance by Europeans), as an alternative to the existing classical ballet, as one of the ways to express new feelings and thoughts characteristic of the art of that time, boldly rejecting the conventions of ballet forms, differing from it by greater freedom and expressiveness of means.
78a9814472cf7e7efce12def683ca8b5aaf91ec2	The history of hip hop originated in the late 60s of the 20th century and continues to develop to this day.
27e0c0bba8e7e74f3847c98816d9ed786aeaaa2f	But the word hip hop was not yet there, it was invented a few years later by the legendary DJ (DJ) Africa Bambaataa, when the mature culture already needed a common name.
5cf2641392559251424441a93bfffdbf66d1d258	What started more than 30 years ago has resulted in its own movement and culture.
9fca89f07b6e590e580207c2d4213fbad9c35f7e	Hip hop culture originated in New York among the Black and Latin ghettos.
fbfbb3349b9fff96f72c6824435309b21eb880de	It became popular after James Brown wrote the funk hit "The Good Foot" in 1969 and performed elements of this dance on stage.
f31840f2eeba93f4a4e6bb97f4bfe4e3520e0e79	This style marked the beginning of dance competitions.
5432c9ea8bddf163bbbb2970c00859d89c08b8a0	In the late 70s, there was an expansion of the influence and geography of hip hop, first in New York.
a445f8ca0469ed60cab24aa7743f8a9704929157	DJs and breakers began performing in the Harlem, Bronx, Queens areas.
6cc526b4fd9848f058efc5ca35fa03171065464f	There were "battles" between DJs, competitions of dancers.
967714c0ade134881364eaa6a3129a0fdb24c291	Various street gangs of dancers became known as breaking teams, who practiced, performed together, and developed their skills.
5f819081660e8eb949d91468c4891e58f0c253ee	Hip hop culture represented a politically motivated alternative to crime and violence.
d8a475c6e345a2f540cb777f4c7bd6cdff422d90	Hip-hop dance battles kept children and young people of New York from drugs, alcohol and street violence, as doing break dance required a healthy lifestyle.
220ceee6c88da416150f5b3b633102ca71b8d2da	Hip hop has improved the situation in the criminal quarters of New York.
d7db8148643f9d94e3c0e25a9a423dbe5022b94c	Music and dance are truly a universal means to overcome barriers between people!
e93ae1134c4af0257b8924ebdf06dcd543e91124	Bambaataa even stated that when they created hip hop culture, they created it thinking and hoping that this new idea would stand next to the concepts of peace, love, brotherhood, friendship, unity, so that people could get away from the negativity that filled the streets.
13e6e86764f1395c6475eed9cc614fad8a96ac95	And despite the fact that negative things still happened, hip hop culture, progressing, plays a big role in resolving conflicts, and also increasingly strengthens its positive influence.
303e5e5cf3d05ef89c57be393825cbdde99a3526	Hip hop dance can be divided into two main types: old school (old school of hip hop) and new style (new school of hip hop).
62ad2eb1f2d2337e23a9e5234b3d139abf33b1ec	Old school includes popping, locking, breakdance.
f168d9c4d1185be5524ade4f203dd9419cb48ef8	In the 90s, a new form of hip hop appeared, which combines movements from old-school styles: popping, locking, breakdancing (but focuses more on footwork, as opposed to acrobatic style), as well as from many other styles.
a7cfcb8096426e327f0ca32b550ce8ef95a45f59	The main elements of the technique of this style are the" swing " of the body, jumps, falls, rotations and light acrobatic movements.
8917e33f8bc443ac9c7094fec3edbc59622d5404	A very dynamic dance style that combines the accentuation of individual parts of the body (head, arms and legs) and elements of movements from everyday life.
4da00d66b2892f4572b06b164773e968cc7b3e1e	And also-softness, ostentatious relaxation, swagger sometimes.
67f79c11057457c903ca756fd6f2acdf48d8620a	Locking is a whole subculture of dance art. This is one of the most positive funky dance styles.
0351d788f8357fbe73ce764b6e0b5bc87e88c315	It is distinguished by a comic and comic manner of performance, pantomime and mimicry play an important role in it.
5d438dc8b5177d88e69e519025c4e2c5bd1cb335	Locking is full of emotions, dynamic and clear movements.
763857b7089b8719ec902464bb73d6b9c1330f55	The Locking style is also called Campbellocking, because the history of the creation of this form of dance art comes from a man named Don Campbell.
1810d4444e41873fa573f2a54a9903de36ed7795	Since childhood, Don was considered a little eccentric.
60db8c72317faeb2ab00199b9dc662b90df05ea4	He was a very curious and creative kid.
514af3fc48555c51205c9d5aeb301fa788825844	He constantly carried paper and pencil with him, observed and made constant sketches of nature, people, events.
8ffa64f57b387c49442a0a0bd49ea4f095515e76	On the contrary, he even earned it by sketching portraits of people in a Los Angeles cafe.
e0f6856a9a6d45a5bbe22a78e6f74a4b0aa07506	There he also watched the dancing children, dreaming of learning to dance himself, and even better-to discover his own dance style.
f8d9aa941299acbac1ed9fa7c6093fa278445be0	Knowing this desire, Don's friends helped him master movements from different styles, taught him to dance.
12e94c64944acd710756042254985eba1892c11c	And on one of the beautiful evenings, a grateful Campbell decided to demonstrate to everyone what he had learned.
0986b456e1b13b9376c8cfd905e918d3b4ef656a	It happened at a student disco.
8edabf5cd20130bc78e6d6544fd580652a2f03bc	He went out into the circle and began to reproduce all the movements in a row from all the styles that he remembered
1213b4b6cfe822ddfb49eb8bdaac6c693e9ad576	If he forgot which movement was following the other, he stopped, froze, remembered – and continued on.
89ed71b0bf2fc471428d3c957fd5a4b43f2683ba	It was then that the best dancer of the college approached him and called Don "Campbell-lock", which means "lock", "stopper"
817bf42249de6e7621be91309d4c0e7b7f37df4d	Even then, he decided that all the shortcomings of his dance should be turned into its advantages, make it a style.
269ee667510c3d15149f5f53badb8af7ca4985b1	So comic and ridiculous movements became the basic elements of locking.
731be953758ffd6ad1fcd9f0d355bb9a92abcae6	Distinctive features of locking: various chips with throwing hands, sharp movements, various jumps, loops with hands, chips with swinging legs and arms, etc.
5e05215ef9b76cd88ea3294f6272c7f5e8808300	After all, this dance is an absolute positive, it is an explosive energy, it is a desire to live and enjoy all the manifestations of life.
822e40d5c868ea5340e18fd4e9ab851b639ebe01	Dancehall began to develop in Jamaica in the late seventies and early eighties of the twentieth century.
040015699879d610b01ba7c1ba9ad0b04c3092c5	By that time, the entire culture of this country was saturated with reggae.
2f016cb4c2963030fec38e49f5c9115e6b213671	But with the development of digital technologies and the popularization of electronic music, new rhythms and sounds began to be added to the simple and cute reggae motifs.
e610e7e5dadc84c25dfd8580498e092da48845a0	The progenitor of dancehall is Sugar Minott, who tried new arrangements for the famous reggae compositions in Jamaica back in the late sixties.
8a19e9d89d94b96387265c69ab730f12983dc053	By the beginning of the eighties, many performers appeared on the rise of dancehall, whose work is already considered a classic today.
e14320e4fb152ff0cf287bd4fc7b07b701b5edeb	Among them, such singers as Yellowman and Shabba Ranks, it was thanks to them that dancehall was able to win the hearts of many Jamaican listeners, pushing even reggae.
c227977d27e310b090eed5bb7ba9db068ce8b677	It got its modern name due to the dance floors ("dancehall" in English - "dance hall", "dance floor"), where the Jamaican people "lit up" to the music performed by a DJ.
53fa5636952a21468bba0791ada5d7ed2f218dcb	It is performed by both men and women.
3fa79a3956bcb66265fc465a556ead2bde1cb9b9	Moreover, the interpretation of the same movement is absolutely different for dancers of different sexes.
1a4e6b50034669944a58c4916771aff9b8ae8f68	From the outside, it may seem that the dance performance of dancehall is a set of chaotic movements, but this is not at all true.
47cd314270c14ac0426bf21e95b13d81ac753cf7	In fact, this style has long grown into a whole dance culture and often dance uses movements that describe the problems and peculiarities of Jamaican society.
a095c58b016156433001479dc4ba12e7616b220d	Depending on the nature of the dance, the problems raised in it and the place of its performance, dancehall is divided into urban, street, marginal, gender and communicative.
73d3c4ccac491777e62ecab28160131e181764d5	It is also interesting that the whole history of Jamaica is inscribed in the movements of dancehall.
24b039c202dc4c30c5bdb3d4626013447cb8acf1	This dance is a kind of example of collective memory there.
5f3fb24e847e0d1aa9a945de9f8a96f46b266817	Vogue is a style of dance based on model poses and a catwalk gait.
5ea82eb6ea3a3b132e25b01f33f1d4bb205981bc	Vogue begins its history in the early 70s.
b24afe25fba3b146169163f38e3db224a32a6619	The style appeared in the Harlem prison located in the northern part of the New York borough of Manhattan ( * ), where prisoners had fun imitating the poses of models from magazine photos.
3f7d51dca14dda00e1e037c526c8e856e609d323	Subsequently, the poses were supplemented with movement and music, transforming into a dance.
440692051d694de1a41b5ef275b10ab5aa6cea5d	Going out on improvised podiums, they could really feel like stars, demonstrate their skills and talent, express their feelings in dance, come up with images and create costumes for their performances.
4ff008a694c6172f4d311639852b2370f743944f	A new round of Vogue popularity occurred in 1990 after the release of Madonna's video "Vogue".
1e4a8ba8cb9eed8b98f8deb7c4400a46e519e3bc	The style gradually began to penetrate the masses and dance culture not only in the United States, but also in Europe.
eb461061678f2d600a8da2a16fb33926080a708b	The dance style has 4 main directions( substyles), each of which has its own pronounced features (Old Way-posing, New Way-acrobatics, Vogue Femme-femininity, Runway-catwalk gait).
8c1e42f17009cbc2dedd8340796e80730b793d8c	The Old Way includes elements of the earliest Vogue, as it was before the 90s.
839b1bbe4cf91a4ca0cdc7a62a6f6cb8a5440346	It was born under the impression of magazine poses of models, and later absorbed original elements borrowed from various cultures (martial arts, Egyptian frescoes, etc.).
d260f8104ba997d56371fd6c55a43d6dceab7763	The Old Way is based on a pronounced posing and obeys three basic principles: Stile, Prestige and Grace and Pose.
7568b51a470195230f9395de8367aaa3223d1f15	New Way – a new trend of Vogue style that emerged after the 90s.
c3513c3908249b4f359e0fa380bc2ea7a8b983fd	It includes elements that require full concentration, balancing and control over the body.
abb0a2987b1402dada9c517c2280a1d8b8dc2b00	New Way is based on various dance techniques, acrobatic elements, flexing, musicality and stretching.
cb532849fa2d940487f76326c1106aa27c06d80a	Voque Femme is the most feminine direction of dance, obeying five main elements: Catwalk, Duckwalk, Hands performance, Spins&Dips and Floor performance.
461a4159e1c2e4412a6487917f6b4d3e3b9ab426	Voque Femme is based on femininity, emphasizing the lines of the figure.
4ca7ed4773d78e85d0cfe98b2495dfad5b5764be	Runway is a technique of professional catwalk gait in combination with stylized chic suits.
4901cf99b54a5fde3fb580b8172fd7ae19f2360b	Jazz funk is a modern dance style that spontaneously formed in the United States about 20 years ago.
0c01cc02902ad80734c65681c917ccafc6d03012	He borrows certain elements of hip hop, jazz and pop choreography, waxing and strip plastics.
39d3b2664316d61fbd9e38850a6ed5da0e71788b	This is a dance of contrasts, in which sharp and jerky movements are suddenly replaced by smooth and soft ones.
9ae595d6622df029728596696cf67fca764440c5	He literally attracts the attention of the audience.
a2e8e2eed6d6372b981a3ddf5625774cbda4e9b8	This dance is full of mannerism, audacity, special beauty.
5af7d92a93624b713cbcbfaf70116a834738c9b7	It allows you to express any emotions vividly.
638b1ba93f312b7a00ccb87a1814b5f295c4ab3e	A dancer who has chosen this style must have creative abilities.
0bd76306b2981753d1995cb9c8f39982bb3316ce	The founder of Jazz funk is considered to be Bobby Newberry.
340794c99411abc54a2deb7da8cc158fcf145070	This choreographer has worked with such stars as Pink, Eminem, staged numbers for popular shows in America.
bd17632c4ebb21e39dc5133a1353d1a78330b35b	Jazz funk is popular among young people in almost every country.
074a591e8b5f24206a082bf2345a218fc744718a	Moreover, the dance system of jazz funk can change depending on the music.
7817f5103b45b89c5adf3d667ba12bbcdd540582	This is due to the fact that the direction borrows elements from a variety of styles.
ebd4473ef4a4120c2f59d448875010621c0cc440	One of the characteristic features of dance is impulsiveness.
35d26c3a8c177bb87d488fa931fe1ee6e7051116	Moreover, the impulse is formed and manifests itself in the upper part of the body, radiating from the shoulders, chest, elbows.
670f708eade751207b22c66b4ddc966bdcb90329	The body makes rapid movements forward or sideways.
8454a43d22102863b95a0bfe329e7cf3d95888b2	Such spontaneous activity invariably attracts attention.
a37327d17ba09873df30408d484e69b5435759df	Another feature of the dance is the undulating movements.
3519a74cd70874751ad707902b6622cd75d36e5a	Moreover, they go from broken and sharp to smooth and soft.
ca8afd4f4653a3e80e9eae75f50188d1ac311919	This manner of execution creates complex beautiful patterns.
b2ca039d16adc59751b2af63c15c993a575a6ddc	This dance obeys only the rhythm of the music.
3f04bf6ad2bc078c626db438ba077ab45d64278d	He lives and breathes while it sounds.
86bbd34a89f4200c14f1bc52122bf4a20d8edbae	To perform the movements, good endurance, physical training, even some acrobatic skills are required.
4af5685e17225095de5c6dd49ceb3c8d697e3116	After more than 30 years since the outbreak and development of hip hop, there are no signs of a decline in this culture.
c3a7a12a0231a7507c8e74c424d331ce6a626881	And looking ahead, we can say with certainty that the future of this culture is bright, since many pages in the history of hip hop have not yet been written
29e32021672f25b5b4227c23e7a2c07857679606	Vogue (dance)
c29ca37ecbb9407f1921817800a45e898348af42	Current version (not tested)
e4178e8edf0eb0c360b9cf3160ab9c4269cdc2bf	To improve this article, is it desirable?:
e45994db95f81d88b66dd10d6fc28ef662e56d7d	Find and arrange links to authoritative sources confirming what was written in the form of footnotes.
451897e932fc5c7b86c4899f222039cb52cbaf89	Distinctive features: fast hand movement technique, pretentious mannered gait, falls, rotations, an abundant number of poses, emotional game.
ca539787743820a2724c3eaeb4435ca52fb06676	Performed by Vogue to music in the House style.
215af9e07a13ec80aa82d6c649d324bbc9184c4d	1 The History of Vogue 2 The Subfloors of Vogue 3 Sources 4 Links
65aaed6985d276889853118521624389a3eb53e7	The history of Vogue[edit / edit wiki text]
7719b8d989f14db8186112b4209c73cb748530b9	Since the 30s, high fashion in America has been at the peak of its popularity.
b0573d80ad9dfb3884bf991d0245d98afac23378	New York was full of popular fashion shows at that time.
7d8f5ea4de348ba4865c2047666daea2d1513cc8	The style appeared in the Harlem prison located in the northern part of the New York borough of Manhattan
6d99860954e113a756df24d5ed0d0a7ab4a38551	( * ), where prisoners had fun imitating the poses of models from magazine photos.
6b2754bd2e2d48cfb4dc6513efb9d0cd7622cd96	Initially, this was a normal copying of poses.
ad8ef5a518264e23dd1fc064e56e406be4923565	Quite quickly, Vogue became a popular form of entertainment for the sexually liberated strata of New York.
8743c9092124f97cab9453de5229beaa2462f205	People whose social status did not allow them to approach high fashion had the opportunity to participate in their shows, at the so called Vogue balls (Vogue Ball).
ae86607bb1d6503b94255ff480ec03a1558a1458	So a new sub culture was formed with balls, trophies, statuses and houses.
7b871bb0e2eb0e9bd4f1120dc3e2e74cbd42eace	Archie Burnett on Vogue: "I want to be a supermodel.
b748808d9ecd3ed95cad9afb33bd2beddb398b2b	I'm playing her, her life.
f8ca4bba8fb972527ed9d93b88d00e6766a929bd	Click, click pose, pose.
a64ea61eb4d8d363d93072bfb8015e8085b284da	I'm so beautiful today.
ef11cc2d82b60ec1ba04c7b17c7c5000076f4684	I'm so adorable.
4efb4e637d9d78dea5fbc10a9d2c82f8d548b0c6	I'm so rastakaya.
df1d7fa9cd6f065b517f13e59635c36e271e76b7	"" ... the male models were very serious, unshakable.
770f5602df255919b2dcb14075da83efa615740c	From them comes strength and power.
8163bcba17784f90f503ef87342ee18c0161aef1	If they are looking — they are looking, if they are standing — they are standing.
044f6bea528dd71acf0fe5e992fad344d2aee7a8	And the female models expressed vanity and arrogance, complacency.
a2c9e251cb5a8f05be1f6f000a04cc6b6316157e	If you transfer this to a dance, the dance will live.
57e38dd3235b074229a4722846408d598f5cee6c	This is the main idea."
b5e2dc47600eeb0e6727845b24dd9a1626ba270c	Today, Vogue has become an integral part of modern House culture, bringing freshness and new breath to modern choreography.
c2efb95b6e6c05dc41a38a101c872a01a87bd940	Podstili Vogue[edit / edit wiki text]
734e020fd63c003eb464613f00ec83f49da4c0e8	The dance style has 4 main directions( substyles), each of which has its own pronounced features (Old Way posing, New Way acrobatics, Vogue Femme femininity, Runway catwalk gait).
34872d1c61df30911e716784cefac1235b444b3a	The Runway category is the most striking way of self expression at the Vogue Ball.
5eae68080e2dcbf4cf608d53be8b9b1f665ccc48	Sources[edit / edit wiki text]
98a52260abae552e23b3077bc15208027d08615e	"Paris Is Burning" Documentary, 1990
143c1e1b7d0154eb6da6be9a157c6c100e3369e4	"How Do I Look" Documentary, 2006
10d09e501581cb4569bea49a37c0793fe0f9578f	BENNY NINJA Interview
349976b4fe892be10ef265a01a119f1e58b3622e	Candy Lanvin ("The Exclusive House of Lanvin")
825ba3d5c271d4fbc89db69f79a69b529a1f7938	What is Vogue?
82a76a23af98260d11d34fa869dd1ee55383a6f1	Javier Ninja (UDance)
19ddd3a9c1b03fbe1d27588aff509cc6fb1e106c	"The history of Vogue: Significant dates".
6355fe0982ff27d2cde8c0d097adc66b88d8facc	Candy XLanvin "The History of Vogue: A list of famous houses".
844fdda57d9713670ebb83198bd52bbdce82a2dd	Candy XLanvin
05ae7fc2856a4e3d10667949b37ad8d53423166e	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vogue_(dance)&oldid=74705725»
3b9445e1a70fbee3b104065e1a5deedfd18dfb35	Categories: African American dance Street dance Dance USA
d7a1f8272ecf50f1fe73eec67a702dffaa24bf80	Hidden category: Wikipedia:Articles without links to sources
273cb889dc827277cbba4255debd3c5c78a6f58a	Deutsch English Français Italiano 日本本 Nederlands Portugues Ukrainka
5b5c43368a41cd5736246c97ca49c3e205e43d92	Last modified on this page: 18: 55, November 23, 2015.
923fae3442c37664c299540eae0b64ae19807c1a	DanceDB
5688d696c655257cec681eb32b11184959a49a5d	Video Dance Lessons Schools and studios Performances
fd85a400f9037026a0e988b3f14fc46ddc928f45	Modern Dance Video lessons Schools and studios Entertainment videos Articles→ Modern dance: a history
071e0556cf31ae6a03b0ba45e239a175c83763ba	Photos Music Popular Dancers
3911c3a6494fef5a12ba4e06e547967adb02c413	Popular dance styles Hip hop Go go Strip plastic Break Dance dubstep Tectonic Belly Dance Cha cha cha Twerk Jazz funk House Pole dance Popping RnB Bachata Drum and Bass Jumpstyle Free step Lezginka Salsa Jazz Modern Rock and roll Shuffle Si valk Robot Electric Boogie Wacking Samba Tango Waving Waltz Crump Locking King tat High heels Indian Dances Rumba Ragga Jam Bootie dance reggaeton Wedding dance Flamenco Irish Dance Ballet Dancehall Vogue Kizomba Foxtrot Jive Paso doble Merengue Contemp Tatar dance hustle Gypsy Dance
55f86d2610f3fa06dff8c45aedfda12f0f73a2c4	Modern dance: a history
bef7d8bf2b947ee4eb6dfd845059cfa8e37445e5	The history of modern dance has its roots in the distant past.
10a7ab8599b00e2991736687c184a1fe624eb4ab	The art of dance is the oldest manifestation of the original creativity of different peoples of the world.
47b30d4545cb9fc607151888f6ca8b03df81010d	At that time, the famous ballerina Isadora Duncan and several of her like minded people decided to challenge traditional choreography.
912aeb98635fcd5e08b799cccc4fa43c42abb466	They opened their own schools, where they taught the basics of modern ballet.
ba36128ba6564799cf5a3bfe9d69c5b3fbed4658	The main idea of this dance direction was free choreography, based on improvisation and the expression of one's own emotions.
79474a340c492ee2bc8b8335b22bf060c8e9f967	During the XX century, many different dance styles appeared, the most famous of them are jazz, blues, rock and roll, charleston, boogie woogie, macarena, lambada, step, crump, hustle, rhythm and blues, tectonic and others.
a699613e2f51c97196b180270ca0facbefb095a4	Most of the modern dances do not have clear standards and norms.
0576f25e2f179e650925f2406ead83dac900c9e2	All of them are based on democracy and freedom of execution.
137f940dbf745b87f5b4d7fdd008186e0456345a	Almost every dancer brings his own personality to the dance, especially this fact is manifested in the so called street dances.
e5172db3917311a1a0d4c1974b92d24299e32e33	Some types of modern choreography have already experienced the peak of their popularity, but they are still loved by performers and are in demand by the audience.
a662351c9118858ec102e5b643687804cd1cfb7a	And such dances as break dance, hip hop, rhythm and blues or tectonic, on the contrary, are experiencing their rise.
4f5a2ebf03fa5cead08cf977ac25d1176ea66489	Hustle is considered one of the most favorite dances of young people.
492d4995985763199575b8e53ddee80842888c6f	This truly universal direction appeared at the end of the last century.
e38397e23434e36658f0c4170dc5971bc3c05d7e	They dance it in almost everywhere: at a party, disco, dance floor or on the street.
612292d310c4d83c670c0a4faa2393c4d4a13070	Moreover, this dance can be performed absolutely to any music and with any pratner.
6771b09f95dca08f7d089d48a2d64b84b69649e1	A little more than two decades ago, such a dance as kramp appeared.
e7e4382d6a9eb764e4ba720427e597afd9866efc	Its distinctive feature is the power and strength of the performer, aimed at freeing the dancer from negative energy by splashing out his emotions from the stage.
085d8009643c14039c944a28de46bff8314dd3bf	The XX century brought with it such a way of demonstrating choreographic skill as battles.
4ec5a5c2c8f92464920b3d2fa2ed621895141d66	These improvised competitions of dancers to this day do not cease to change and absorb new fashion trends.
7ca38589462cc2a1492d41a91c6b4ce6bbb0e4cd	Popular Video dance lessons Dance schools Dancing for girls Dancing for children Pair dancing Dancing for guys
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1db5ccb55a972087fd134250838e56e642ff0062	Caribbean/ Jamaica/ Dancehall dance and music, without which it is impossible to imagine Jamaica
4843496f829c7062693e553b0d8e266d8abf340d	Home > Content > Articles > Articles about Latin America > History
c80a2fc6829b0713e1d1c996afca38154942d228	But many dancehall performers appeared not only due to fashion and the "unworldliness" of the musical style.
d3e5a7642fff0e3e5ad5a1ffed17791b06e03a00	The fact is that the production of dancehall was much cheaper than reggae.
93feb72250469a25f4e19cfa0de778cb6d15aa2c	While reggae required a lot of folk musical instruments and, consequently, those people who could play them, for dancehall, one sound system was enough.
8d4ea04eeca5b867b670025e1793f83717e5cc76	But, of course, in dancehall, you can often hear the motifs characteristic of reggae.
ae8b6ab056a14a786d5a1787e495be47b5aa3bc0	These styles even originally had a similar name — dancehall appeared under the name "raggamaffin".
482fadc177627c96c73e27cabdd574f6be9da7de	And despite the fact that dancehall was distinguished by fast rhythms and a very peculiar performance, which made the music somewhat more fun and incendiary, the lyrics in the songs remained very serious.
e6b80023bfc55c3073676440d7eb80e8ab4e86b2	They often raised the themes of violence, social injustice, repatriation, in addition, in many dancehall compositions one could hear intolerance towards sexual minorities, by the way, while the rest of the world is obsessed with fighting homophobia, this trait is still characteristic of dancehall.
b832280087b0e28c8db4fb84549d98e053c53048	More or less light and often humorous lyrics could only boast of Eak a Mouse and Yellowman.
54062d07ec998a86cc9792ea042ee65f8b69ae08	The latter became the first Jamaican artist since Bob Marley, who was able to sign a contract with an American record label.
ebbab324445e4e7e1176284c03d62854635382f3	By the mid eighties, digital sounds in dancehall finally replaced the original reggae motifs.
e83d05ecac7a23ec0fbd5ec825a14772360d02d8	The key song of that time was the song "(Under Me) Sleng Teng", completely recorded on a synthesizer by Wayne Smith in 1985.
88db1f6951bd507963e43edc8cd02ad5a9eb0c79	It is interesting that even then the so — called riddims were characteristic of dancehall certain beats on which different artists record their tracks.
2dda3f7bfb9749b020ce2824ecf73c42718c6578	There were even cassettes that contained a certain riddim and its interpretation by several artists.
cfa54c45a4d143690b41719093922ab3ff114303	So, about two hundred compositions were subsequently recorded on the riddim "(Under Me) Sleng Teng".
89e1418921deab495e5c9a88cacfa62a9cce093d	It is noteworthy that by that time dancehall had become so popular in Jamaica that many reggae artists, such as Militant Barry, Gregory Isaacs, Johnny Osbourne, Beres Hammond and U Ro, had switched to this style.
eedc699403c189da7b09435d301329d73a607762	By the early nineties, dancehall had finally spread beyond Jamaica.
884dcb0f911534eda0902bedb6dd7cd47bd4153d	The first international hits written in this musical style were “No, No, No", performed by Dawn Penn, " Mr. Loverman “recorded by Shabba Ranks,” Worker Man "- Patra and "Murder She Wrote", which was sung by Chaka Demus and Pliers.
ded6f8b5928f0708d88c6491f104cdebfb6a7384	By this time, many female performers began to work in dancehall.
4df83837c16db113cb0e93868084d82aa1ef7bcf	Among them, the most famous are: Lady Saw, Sister Nansy, Lady Junie.
a81c05858fad497fc5b531a10b665d32a0f733d3	But perhaps the most famous is Tanya Stevens, it was she who gave dancehall the unique sound of a unique female vocal.
489f90ee3cddf84dfdd6501bc178da8e3ee9e3a4	At the end of the twentieth century, there were some changes in the music world of denhall, which brought with them a new generation of producers.
5007cff127ce28f381833ca592750aeb512efab4	Fortunately, and maybe unfortunately, the era of riddims written by Steely and Cleavy, who for twenty years could be called a kind of monopolists of dancehall, has ended.
ffa714760c0f7f607e01a0a8a19c3c07a27faff1	In the first half of the two thousandth, the popularity of dancehall reached a new peak when the names of Elephant Man and Sean Paul became known around the world.
81800e32b9d8b136d7bc9174a8fcefb385123dc1	The latter belongs to the compositions that have led many international charts for many weeks.
98558eb82580d6e3ec42cde2637986b7c5566119	The most famous among them are "Gimme the light", "We be Burning", "Give it Up To Me" and "Break it Off" (a duet with Rihanna).
d6d81a98a1d7c26791ec8a82829a848a9db7e75a	These songs are familiar even to those who do not know what dancehall is.
0a95e5b1005e9d9cd0edb8bde9e0574b3f6722cf	Today, this musical style is recognized all over the world and its elements are included in their compositions by such famous artists as Beyonce, Rihanna and Christina Aguilera.
0fb425e24fb76e85f9849e7cc49d55e63f0b117b	Of course, with the appearance and formation of music, the dance style was also formed.
0a6080279a92462b4bb85216af9232436578121c	As mentioned earlier, dancehall was originally called "raggamaffin".
06050171446399cdfc79d492d1d1aaf55667cb7b	In Jamaica, dancehall remains a favorite dance to this day.
fa0b45448f1e3d1f22703ba88d0ce41a480d83fa	After all, dancehall contains a lot of anti homosexual slogans, so men use the movements of the legs and shoulder girdle in the dance, while women's performance is more mannered and sexy, with flirty movements of the hips and chest.
b068c5c5cc9654c0a1e91108c2109508f0768be6	At the same time, there is a certain contradiction associated with dancehall.
c44c68280992d65333d63395933073bb1f4fdfa6	While dancers and musicians preach the fight against racial and social inequality, they themselves look very fashionable, bright and expensive.
ec5c2c3f36526e5e07bea2cc429de1cf1fb58710	Many believe that this is the influence of Western culture, overshadowing true values.
b473d5848f82fcb07042e15341b0589c291fdd1a	The performers themselves justify themselves by saying that if they looked gray and poor, they would simply not be noticed.
e5808a5abd8c8be80b1ac6efbea49517ac4a52b6	However, this does not in any way detract from the importance of dancehall in Jamaica.
70389e92446f6b8194932f968f7efde1eb7cb8c9	Another problem of dancehall (and this applies to both music and dance, because dancers often parody gay people in their performances and make fun of them in every possible way) is that it is replete with anti — homosexual sentiments.
64046ed39c97304d6766fdb0f0f2c7449c891a55	Many dancehall compositions have been repeatedly criticized by various international organizations.
adf25da2c25f3617f2799d00df8434b7f9dc45a6	Often, because of this problem, concerts and performances of dancers were even canceled.
fd7f2552e0a09c6f266f1506449b473a89633925	At the same time, the singers claim that the rejection of their lyrics is an attempt on freedom of speech, and homophobia is a cultural feature of Jamaica.
aa2b05a82efc573aea6c918055e4a921cb804bb8	And many scientists believe that this is indeed the case.
98d3a87bc9f8e2d226aeafa20d68bccff3e54247	After all, the society there is deeply patriarchal, in addition, there are a lot of Christian fundamentalists among the population.
9f84209762361816f1d84c3a7b83da8b17d0a012	Therefore, the Jamaican mentality has a true concept of masculinity and rejection of gays.
2d55baedcab2d98383ec108e9ba714f8d984a0a0	Literally everything is saturated with dancehall in Jamaica.
089f879189318be95f9e93180aee031f3388cf46	They know how to dance it from an early age and no decent party can do without this music.
1b80fef6691d7a2ab9c96a82878c76292446ea47	Any Yamaian will name at least ten reasons for the importance of dancehall, among them will definitely be: "with the help of it, the invisible becomes apparent," "dancehall is an important means of communication" and a simple "stress relief and self — expression".
b804e3f3982928805a52ec5ed6eaacbef9a6f41f	Therefore, it is not difficult to guess that dancehall in Jamaica is an institution of a whole culture, in which dance and music, society and politics collide.
a069c56ff1df7e23e7ab797ae762ccd8a415fa63	Number of impressions: 8860
b27059103cb60a94dc8f5b4cb76da0d77fee2cbc	Author: Svetlana Baranova
45cc174ff1a1771332fc0eb189018ac435d2efaa	Rating: 3.66
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635bdae765f22bfd596af6f0fc76b73ebe57cba0	The history of dance
f9a9211ca66533bb26c0786f04856709189b2166	Dance directions and styles
8ed436346ee9191829e5ec30c16a88d81fa1f3f4	- Ballroom dancing
b3700b6a26350492a326eb355b71de7c6daa0aaf	- Ballet
dccd80141de23c0491b4f48f3c71772f6e759cb5	- Russian folk dance
18a5a6dad3aab7c0efe3aa5ca99f0c9703a7b24f	- Hip hop.
68aa05e2a9eb77d608dc089628c5cbe1cc608813	Hip hop
d43c6c6ed01c88ad50caa0fca0ea6e5573457d9d	- Oriental dances
da74cec802bd2d18aae9768128dcc03645a7ec5a	- Irish dancing
9ba6b89d9ad5a087e85b68431e343ccf77f23440	- Spanish folk dance
8dd8a051caea7216d11720b0667a640baf7387f1	Statements of the great ones about dance
4ceac1ee69111791736b5f4b795f0220f35bd07c	Hip hop.
a1b6206ed9de34ca71a92b35f6e102d672f5b937	The history of Hip hop dance
9b4bbb14d70dbb5854c047cbb6b973715f7d96f9	Street culture has existed for centuries in all countries.
b2a2e2faf3ea1e8549fe4be8f7ed0eab7870714d	But in the United States, where there is a ghetto, she had a special isolation from society.
c2c6bfb905c7869be0cb6e3b61b8a4e96add0914	And so it splashed out on the streets of white neighborhoods, and then to the masses show business, discos, movies, etc.
eaba489a05da25b7e9736805bd2a029b8e205e7e	Hip hop culture has been internationally recognized since the 70s.
b60f0d213d45dc6a1900417e95dfea12192ab430	Its main components are rap (MS'ing emsiing), break dance, graffiti, street sports games.
5f550c78c654314a1ec52cf45fd0c080b08ca04a	And it all started like this.
5f8e7bbd4b88cc605b4d8d2442ea5a8070ca9809	Despite the fact that hip hop as a way of life originated long ago in various parts of North America, the South Bronx is considered to be the true homeland - the black ghetto of New York, one of the poorest neighborhoods.
8ee22527835ac0851e5e6b5dfc9af0b7debc46a9	In 1967, Clive Campbell, who received the nickname Kool Herc, came to the South Bronx from Jamaica.
1ae0b03414a2f47b44109f77052bc90dee8266aa	He is considered one of the founders of hip hop.
c51ec0c0f6922f1efec7ca20a567adf3630c7e21	Kool Herk became what was later called "DJ".
78f01117060a286b4c2dcacb64ecef38bb16022b	He brought with him a Jamaican style, where the main thing was in the leading role of a DJ.
15abd457187e53ac576e73a0ef818caf37d31c0f	In Jamaica, the DJ was the "master" of the music system around which the youth life was formed.
638bfcb72dba2f869544de892cc9e99296acc1ac	He organized parties himself, delivered interesting speeches of Mayevka into the microphone.
fca7cd6989097e249be6a1c4c6f6b9c42d29a65b	Soon he began to be called MC ("master of ceremony" - "M. C." master of the ceremony) - he picked up records, played them, announced them.
3f3feaa0255e6bd82ece29b069734e1a24775143	And when the DJ began to pronounce rhythmic texts to the music in addition to announcing, it became known as the word "rap".
d299a5dc8a1c3bab2cce4b787d571df0edaa3b6e	Cool Herk did not play pop hits, he preferred harder black funk like James Brown, soul and rhythm and blues (R'n'B).
a3a4bd8c7a88c1930a4578f9ce579ebd0a5a5d71	Kool Herk's influence with similar parties spread and soon he, Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa and Grandmaster Caz began playing at parties all over the Bronx, as well as in Brooklyn, Manhattan.
29c5144ca0f1ca6f3c02a3ed8305c15d07856d47	Soon, for the convenience of the dancers, Kul Herk begins to repeat instrumental breaks - the so - called breaks between verses, during which the dancers came out on the dance floor and showed their skills.
31bdf09575c82282551ad1a8a1f1d2c59b39003f	Kool Herk noted the enthusiasm of the dancers for such breaks and coined the term " B Boy” (bi boy), “Break boys” - for those who move in the manner of a break, and the dance itself was called breaking style (breaking).
a4e87e0fd657a1a1313dc5ef9895e66bcac99f8d	"EMCEE" became synonymous with rap even when not only DJs became rappers, but also performers who can move in a special hip hop manner.
b065186f3ce8f78492058813d9e3d27180740b3c	In the late 60s, the break existed in the form of two independent dances - the New York acrobatic style, which we call the lower break, and the Los Angeles pantomime (upper break).
2d3b6c92c9abf22aba89a6c3409e1b9a2cb65106	It was the acrobatic style of breaking that originally turned bi fights in breaks.
ba849530321712460689c29c4351620a0a177c3b	All this led to positive consequences - the aggressiveness of fights between street groups decreased, negative energy was realized in another peaceful form.
75488963823a05d44ca97a66c3bc73735476af59	Hip hop dance battles kept children and young people of New York from drugs, alcohol and street violence, as doing break dance required a healthy lifestyle.
acc582a75b43256185b10b267f7b1c897d8dee89	Bambaataa formed his own breaking team called Zulu Nation, which eventually grew into an organization and included rappers, DJs, graffiti artists, dancers.
69436fcabb08578faed87415feb01657004f5156	Zulu Nation, along with other teams, contributed to the popularization of break dancing.
fd658b42ed036e0206b5b0364cc0a916cddf315b	Bambaataa included 5 elements in hip hop culture: MC'ing (”Rapping " - rap), Djing, Graffiti (Writing), Dancing (Breaking, Up Rocking, Popping, Locking) and Knowledge.
3ca2d6e4ce96ce9a97d4c7dd364e0637406f14ed	The last point, according to him, means that there is a lack of knowledge about hip hop culture.
4dd6d25a91dd96c972302bb1ae1fe900be3a9cb7	The Los Angeles pantomime, called "boogie", came from the Negro tradition.
41be0e343dd53c23c7be93578a81802d0937ec43	The famous "ticking" - a broken dance in which the dancer is jammed in different positions has African roots.
3ea57e417f09a6cb5198aba66d56585515bed851	"Waiving", in which the body moves in free waves, appeared as a rhythmic chorus to ticking.
c218080014e69c8eac234e45fbd940bd5a3516b6	In 1969, the dancer Don Campbell created "campbellocking" as a pop version of folk dance.
6bdc25c89de0e3b9c0c2b56a16205f468aa2e348	Soon its name was transformed into"locking".
f3a6980de07026b275ea1391d8098f4438bf5551	In 1973-77, Lockotron Jon and Shabadoo introduced "locking” and "popping" in New York.
131811cbdb922683da6896a2d335a5eaf2b24079	It was the first real form of hip hop dance.
71e81884e753465ad05f857913e5d482a865e3a8	In 1978, hip hop dance continues to develop with the styles of "popping" and "the robot".
67d5b23ad685541862380e993b1416396e1dffd9	B boy teams Breakmachine, Uprock, as well as the motor teams “Rock Steady Crew, Dynamic Rockers, Floormasters Incredible Breakers and Magnificent Force developed, improved their skills and went on stage.
f77f32071e379b2771ea443a78381c4ca1d45478	The Los Angeles boogie came to the disco break in the form of the "robot" style.
eb2f72bac57d48f7e1884de926c1c37f2840908b	A veteran of hip hop and a leading b boy since the 70s of the twentieth century Richard Colon, nicknamed "Crazy Legs".
23702f40fd4aeec192b921ea1aa9e72dc6c415ad	His break dance group " Rock Steady Crew” is one of the loudest, a motor that pulled a new hip hop culture out of the darkness of the early 80s.
141dda553bccc0a822b6a4d764afdf2c38772291	Break and rap have become synonymous with hip hop, which also includes graffiti, as one of the factors that contributed to the popularization of hip hop..
5addeb858c3b069740fb238170fac5e52e253e30	In slang, a person engaged in graffiti is called "tag".
d647638bacfe3ada64ed8d8454c88537e47e3871	At first, street artists painted the walls of buildings, subway cars with spray paints.
104d06af9adc284f724a4df20cc0573644da3f0b	Gradually, the most interesting pictures migrated to art galleries.
acafc04bdd2caf3cc3343aea0d9275fe6aacef1f	Having become fashionable, hip hop went beyond the borders of the United States and covered some of the white youth for a period.
88d0e3e11e26329ecf57eb449d0e4f44aad027c3	The interest of white youth in hip hop, both in America and in other countries, most likely began with break dance, where it was not necessary to know the language, because the language of movements is universal.
0c66684a73ca83d3ab816aa498879b05dda7b947	And this outlandish way of moving aroused tremendous interest in the mid 80s, after the release of two films "Breakin" and "Beat Street".
5bc178e1d17974622c8193a69e74be4ca3ad9efc	White young people began to be imbued with the ideas of break and rap.
c9ed836c1a1058a225b32de523bdae89734ebdb8	In the youth environment of many countries, there was a bright flash of interest in break dance and rap.
aec1710c25d3f2a04264617d4abd088783c071b1	In the second half of the 80s, the hobby turned into a calmer channel.
93532a55353bd4386189c0ff6f01d1efa49b610e	In the mid 80s, rap went beyond hip hop culture into the mainstream of the American music industry, white musicians began to perceive and embrace a new style.
b82896a533e9a624d8acbeb3ebd7f9056ed4b1fd	Some pop groups have become to some extent propagandists of hip hop, having seen something interesting and new there.
1c24b4b648317207c25a81e70e51584c1e62b4e2	There was a creative collaboration, which contributed to the expansion of the international fame of hip hop.
1923f791e154a9e5a18af7b985aa5b97c53c9f5e	At this time, the history of hip hop continues to develop at a rapid pace.
d6af6858a67e07077ad41f21cbb4d246d299b22a	In 1986, rap reached the top ten of the Billboard chart with the Beastie Boys song " (You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!)” and the song Run DMC and Aerosmith “Walk This Way".
cef8a9901eec67b63441fc42dd9a6534b5336426	Run DMC, known for combining rock music with their rap, became one of the first rap groups to be regularly shown on MTV.
306c921ca0ef678de47971b1aeb1edaa2804426b	In the 90s, there is a second wave of interest in hip hop, especially rap.
8197fd7add3b3351c11b26e6ca76465ceb30ac52	Break turned out to be difficult for the masses of young people and became the lot of a small group of young people.
f1814aefcd1befc2c91f07c130d7f1bd86a66d7c	In the 90s, rap is becoming more and more eclectic, demonstrating an unlimited ability to take samples from any musical form.
0cbcc4492cc54ffac9dd1c37faa9985bec5f2740	Some rap artists borrowed from jazz, using samples, as well as live music.
a4a4766bffaef85a228e16d6987479d7f5d533c5	As rap became an increasing part of the American mainstream in music in the 90s, political rap became less noticeable, while gangster rap, represented by Geto Boys, Snoop Doggy Dogg, and Tupac Shakur, became more popular.
270bc0e99fd0541f588b5dccab5ddd6e5e236452	Since the mid 1980s, rap music has strongly influenced black and white cultures in North America.
a647c73a1bfae92c84987ee9c177760f8cb440c8	Much of the slang of hip hop culture became a common part of the vocabulary of a significant part of young people of different ethnic origins.
af3842741c59d2ea09ef3a1511217c41ab08d3f2	Supporters of gangster rap argued that it doesnot matter who listens to music, rappers are justified by the fact that they accurately reflect life in poor areas of America.
28ec7508ca7591895c5d8198a7feade931137c2a	Popping, in turn, is divided into boogaloo, electric boogaloo, tetris, waiting, robot, egyptian, pop corn.
8cd6fef16f831d7dfd194f30bf229615815b040a	The “locking " style has become a stage standard for many black singers and such MTV stars as Janet Jackson and her dancers, as well as many others, move in this style.
2fde6ba08f97e89a723922a7ac0d95b3dd153eb3	In the 90s, a new form of hip hop appeared, which combines movements from old school styles: popping, locking, breakdancing (but focuses more on footwork, as opposed to acrobatic style), as well as from many other styles.
29e697538256d15bae1d38323a3ad7dddf85fada	Later, people began to define this style as a new school (new school).
7a93cf234fe1349cf62fbceb8ba6fb4e828ee663	Gradually, penetrating into pop culture, absorbing all new elements and styles, transforming, hip hop becomes the leading dance direction and stands out in a separate direction hip hop new style.
5c8aeb2ebc36525a368628bd356c8cbc61237ef9	Now in the video clips of famous stars of hip hop and R'n'B music, we see dancers moving in the style of new style hip hop.
ef2a0f4cdec2101f10f4788ac33bc9f4fa117501	Hip hop as a dance direction is so popular that it has penetrated into our lives everywhere - in shows, music videos, dance schools and centers, fitness clubs, movies, theater, etc.
9958a0135eea88bbbb5277a02c7c645dfaae3fdb	Hip hop in our time
21892441cbeece3d04873f26055ea5034b754a63	Hip hop is one of the leading trends of modern dance, generated by the culture of the big city.
4337b5ced27bd3b5dcd98bb5d8c7aafc15c43d56	And also softness, ostentatious relaxation, swagger sometimes.
5345f3237cee11d4934e07e93b18abcb8bd16315	One of the elements of hip hop is Trip hop.
a7d50cde21f14237875473db9dcc8924d3b9e489	Hip hop is one of the most accessible, vibrant and popular styles of modern dance.
e8c5e4ccb52e79310fa6521489004f0b47dcfe35	This dance, which has become a cult, has turned into a whole layer of modern culture, including various components: music, graphite, a certain style of clothing.
d2a25be7fc65f37a11ea8a8a3572b6e3e5fefbc7	Hip hop, as a rule, is danced on the eighth note with a characteristic bounce and is based mainly on different jumping movements.
33c763715987ffc4e558006b856e40a9cb511043	It is performed to RAP style music at a tempo from 105 to 111 beats per minute.
5a8701007718d9e14b6c5e4f3f7e0adee62d0f3a	Absorbing the best of the styles of top break dance: popping and locking and other directions.
26a573eef3b601c86637770f7213c818bcfcd9c3	Every year it develops along the lines of increasing complexity, increasing speed and choreography.
427ff2fc6492314513feef5b38fedd85c3fd57e0	Modern competitive Hip Hop today is a bright, exciting spectacle and is the most popular dance direction around the world, in which World Championships and world cups are held.
b036daec1c85eaf6218e3ea4c1f0896df95b9115	Hip hop is currently the leading dance direction of Western and Russian dance culture and pop, this style of modern dance has gained huge popularity all over the world.
b16497cd9a9ca6a3e14ddcc66b76b6c314cb1e7c	He is the leading force of the generation, penetrating into the hearts of almost everyone from ordinary people to fashion designers and directors.
13f983f03c2e8f8758a5fd241c58788d8e59ff94	The stage version of the upper break dance, which merged with pop culture, applying the styles of the so - called Old School, transforming, hip hop stood out as a separate trendy dance direction in the hip hop movement hip hop new style.
07b78198efac1e40fdd499ac93363679392c2b10	MTV video clips can give a visual representation.
a1802c2d66a73179e64acba91d2f7536cd325b00	Hip hop is penetrating pop culture like never before.
3dce799b0908746588d4124140fdb153694c383f	From the streets, he moves to clubs, movies, theater, TV shows, the podium, he is taught by schools and dance centers, dance studios, fitness centers.
6adca59281d505f39aabc1d0a44ca6ad46195237	And more and more people want to learn how to dance as stylishly as in video clips in order to shine on the dance floor.
1b2066c28df65cdac807c8b787f4a2650e4e1295	Hip hop is always included in the program of master classes of international fitness conventions.
51ec6b133c311da8d64c5b000cd9df5036b353e8	Today, hip hop contains a much larger percentage of choreography than break dance.
0c2b477c7b381500eb59721eb1e78eaa2ec1e7ba	Unlike the already established and basically unchanging break, hip hop dance has turned out to be so flexible that it is ready to accept more and more new elements and styles, whether it is reggae, latin, jazz, modern, salsa, funk, pop, bellydance and other styles.
db6e97b597fe74e0eb02287256678d9be80c6a0e	In the movements that famous stars (J. Timberlake, Jennifer Lopez, Janet Jackson, Beyonce, Usher and many many others) and their dancers do in music videos and on stage, there is a little of this style, a little of that style, a little of that - and all this together is a comprehensive, diverse, always stylish hip hop new style.
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509743a5486710b48543b5de9b13ae8c9ac4cc4e	Schools Map Styles
c78961165288faa4bebe695fd99069cf4d795c96	Home page"Styles"Locking
d1d6079f6b5f44c82f4e240cfc0156faa4fc5b60	Locking
00d67f023647eec63f09ffc718cbf3700db1c589	Locking is a whole subculture of dance art.
f6440a1b8d5f86cc144fc064c3c68fb6b3953f19	This is one of the most positive funky dance styles.
3812fb85489f10d3ca107396a3e890ca3e392536	The basis of the whole dance is the locking positions of locks, from these movements the name of the style was formed Locking from the word lock “Lock”.
3f582d1d69416882f1c77e4ed9a9a219eccc0171	He was born in 50 years in the USA, in the state of Missouri, his childhood and most of his life was spent in Los Angeles.
90ec722d3ed3e0322bbc24edeaf83e7347bd5982	He did not leave his hobby even when he was already quite an adult.
d9e426ff983d91c4bc52c465e4a421efc12ab3a5	There he also watched the dancing children, dreaming of learning to dance himself, and even better to discover his own dance style.
93f45ad67145ac4a03c5bf19d0d10cc5d332eeb9	He went out into the circle and began to reproduce all the movements in a row from all the styles that he remembered If he forgot which movement was following the other, he stopped, froze, remembered – and continued on.
d27c4f6347c37686ee6d71299d4213a5eb5faa87	It was then that the best dancer of the college approached him and called Don "Campbell lock", which means "lock", "stopper"
bb8ed12ff502c9ea5b8e841f64a4959060374c6f	Don was not at all confused by this, on the contrary, he was encouraged, and he continued to dance in the same manner.
08a0071b6b03b3163b1eac68b5418b3e959992e7	His main idea was a huge positive, constant improvisation, comic costumes, funny poses, and most importantly these recognizable stops "castles", from which, in fact, the development of this dance art began.
43d2053e69839e2a46374ba95329403520f80557	It was in the early 70s of the last century.
0fccbc4f02a2979ded82f2e62e0b99234f5f5672	Don constantly developed his art, regularly participating in dance competitions, TV shows, festivals, shows.
68ceb82c13b47084bbac998399941813a7dc7f7b	Over time, he gained many followers and students, thanks to whom locking became widely known to a very wide public.
2b63c9c870eb8af4055434c8ae345f1bab95e930	In the process of his creative growth, Don Campbell organized several of his creative groups, with which he performed and toured the country.
e9ecc599b16842880a30ba5d3e13f1786a3c8c64	One of them is "The Lockers", which united the best improvisers of this genre, and became the most dynamic, vibrant, and influential group in the history of modern dance.
5a5215ee0ed9a3c32813e16a7b710c9b10330d4b	As the years passed, the popularity of locking in America increased and then faded, the group was periodically updated, generations changed, the composition of the participants changed, but it was thanks to its new generation of participants that the whole world learned about locking as a dance phenomenon.
41d181d443cb06fc472d1b51924cc0d4a38dddd5	In the 80s, Japan learned about locking, in the 90s 2000, the disease called "locking" covered France, followed by the whole of Europe, Korea and the CIS countries.
811bdfbe1d220e4898b153e8f041a1d70f76105b	Locking has become not just a dance, but a lifestyle, a way of moving, talking.
652286092b78d843a2069282e60fd7abcb6b3bf3	Lokers have their own special style of clothing – berets, trousers with suspenders, bright ties, striped socks, white gloves.
f85d44a1e602d850bd06037591b05f35006576b4	The main movements of locking, which are its base:
ac0412fb977801c8707392f574452cc40f939815	Lock – "lock", - the main movement of the dance;
8b692802047fef212ac019b27bb31b8cf54da09e	Pace – a certain, characteristic for locking, the addition of the hands in the form of binoculars;
f00ac2b607b9cd6443987536517d9bbab37eda12	Point the locker points at someone with a finger;
cbe2c3a27efb8f45d53f373241b517acdacfa398	Wrist roll twisting movements up and down with the wrists.
397d9d0bb7c8596f885cb0d49bf4bf7ef37e36af	There are many more basic locking movements, for example, such as: Double lock;
d878c42e98ea12049825c7a3e2b5af9ab4adbcd8	Stop and go;
0f57ef940d4cf04068693ed950d6396e6d6433b3	Scooby doo;
80d48c7ab395c0efc0e1e8ea809eb26ca6cc152e	Skeeter Rabbit;
c7fe79c42fdad34054815c9509cc28e580ae1d02	Wich a way;
c0786c658b1494067667d8c7a29fbd0b2b2754a1	Funky chicken;
52b7ac4b98e13f7910b0339b53af88a5df04dcec	The Watergate;
fd57e25244e715df34b0bcf5a89d967232ada263	Funky Broadway;
bde8fb652d9c15a462bdb8ead0947cf252e59b26	Scoo box.
31f56822200558f72fa61b9f3e90e187a485fc41	The dancer, although an adherent of improvisation, is still always based on basic movements.
67a7e2a2bca9004cacb7ee23ab3125a684509196	The skill of a dancer is primarily determined by the quality of the performance of the basic elements.
55aefc728f364a8afd85fb6cc2105d076dfa6449	The elements invented for themselves by the dancer are called "style", but the dancer must perform "style" only in symbiosis with the basic movements.
c2c7b0fa4ce60b0e4edbe2ac5017c436263931fe	These are the rules.
46e54c6326c255b6a27722917ecb72622df13161	The locker must be able to assemble a large structure called "dance"from a variety of small details (basic movements).
ddedb2f2d0b1050ce354c9f8c3bedf728670db18	The more interesting and harmonious this design is, the more professional the dancer is.
41517a8948dc3436dd048876ddc0ccd57491df1c	The skill of the locker is also determined by the ability to improvise to any music playing at any given moment, and the ability to quickly become a "lock" if the music accidentally stops.
e5f43a6c1bd79423fab370525b0071a351ef842b	The most important thing in locking is the mood.
b50b734ccc5354af65c72b522822a9f8979e9131	Locking in Moscow
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ef91b2fd1de079354c434a574424dcd219c460d5	RaiSkai dance school Pyatnitskaya str., house 6/1 page 8
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8183de37bed5ccf94f2d063a93208d639493afb7	MainStream dance school in Moscow - The history of jazz funk dance
ac5020018d5a73357c98c4fb6a9e2542ce5a1ff7	Home > Articles > The history of the origin of jazz funk dance
1d2d2c7c278bf56194c9201fae88614bb31dda4c	The history of the origin of jazz funk dance
a9dd643bf20faff10c172b10ac1bec16cbd20ee0	Jazz funk is a modern dance style that spontaneously formed in the United States about 20 years ago. He borrows certain elements of hip hop, jazz and pop choreography, waxing and strip plastics.
0e158dce39917736a61745652a900eefa341a121	Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Beyonce, Janet Jackson and many other pop stars dance in this style.
14f8cc111281b2a1826a3bc883cf7e2feeee154b	Elements of jazz funk are easily recognizable in the shocking performances of Lady Gaga and her group of dancers.
ac0b3fd507e29a078ad5fe850f19e43a32726cc8	Jazz funk requires the ability to improvise.
41be0af6b0a2bf3125b1c4d444b57ce1a0561265	The movements of the dancer should be honed and precise.
dee490c743ea182c67293d0707b60d829121cd2f	Classical jazz improvisations are usually recognized in them.
426a4bd192fd807b84daa1ef94d383131b5a430c	Today, Bobby Newberry's master classes attract a huge audience in the USA, Europe and Asia.
9c45a0f2b568a11718d0639956d3322dd344b899	Jazz funk: the reasons for the popularity of the style
90a8176c9ff7eeb139cf5bf6d2d9a15abf82b0c4	This dance is a universal language that is understandable to everyone.
b217f795726716deeda1effbc1c73c0a1e66f517	It is jazz funk that is a popular dance that is used when creating music videos.
e2434d7390eafead09897f88f912b19d6db190a8	His fame is due to the fact that this style borrowed the best from others.
ae088be41287e0b7f2c0320e878eb0de255f347f	It allows you to express emotions, improvise.
05225db872d1e3a706f9bc93255d64f45ca154a2	This makes the dance expressive, very energetic, dynamic, even sexy.
051d33b950f59c3c619ad56767f14266b876f05a	A jazz funk dancer gets opportunities for self expression in a special body language.
a75d0d92bbcd8e0318a9cbeacacb717be34b2e2d	The main features of jazz funk
de0ff24f6c22995fa00e067909085a9d6495bfb1	Jazz funk is difficult to parse into individual elements.
26f9302d3bb34d24bda3c3b99d568c7a4ab46d70	At this moment, the charisma of the dancer is especially important and noticeable.
74590fbe2faac2d813f232e20cafb5b5c7bd475b	Jazz funk is a great way to express yourself.
9190baa83ccd738b1ab3722c3a6c3c8926fbd34c	It is not limited by social or other conventions.
3630e1a6b2142d00c2414cb3844823ba27f62271	Dancing in this style is not easy.
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59100aeadf972b4190107125dba20f6180a790cb	..texts
7ca8e647864ac195a9dfb63abf39bce8193bcb64	Isadora Duncan The founder of Modern dance (Course work)
53dc45221c20de8be2ec9f199893d54c655433bf	CONTENT:
c76cf2bcb15a0c4a9ee1206b7a8b98406351344d	Introduction............................................................................3 CHAPTER I. Isadora Duncan the founder of modern dance 1.1 The history of dance.
381cdb824b4d2d9239792dd312df18561751faeb	Modern dance.................................5 1.2 Duncan is the founder of a new direction..........13 CHAPTER II. Biography and creativity of Isadora 2.1 I started dancing before I was born..........................14 2.2 The great "sandal"...........................................16 Conclusion........................................................................27 References...............................................................30
ba3a024c5b4a85edc428b8e22eb2beef5d699f04	Introduction:
56c05739e4b8bec0ad3ab2beda5ba53f2787a840	As a child, Isadora was unhappy — her father, Joseph Duncan, went bankrupt and ran away before she was born, leaving her wife with four children in her arms without means of support.
8859b79c9704f949401c51ae42afaf7aed659387	Little Isadora, who, hiding her age, was sent to school at the age of 5, felt like a stranger among well off classmates.
5415e75af4b8d33f9e46bae33ebda1445a8e482a	This feeling is common to all Duncan children, and rallied them around their mother, forming the "Duncan clan", challenging the whole world.
6b2340221ebdade0fe473ece5a1d4917f62a712a	At the age of 13, Isadora left school, which she considered completely useless, and seriously took up music and dance, continuing her self education.
37e510e392bb8cdc3be2b2ba1057a137a6359d00	At the age of 18, the young Duncan came to conquer Chicago and almost married her admirer.
d36112424ca1a2e25777a2062a7580e8030a5b4b	It was a red haired, bearded forty five year old Pole Ivan Miroski.
101c2d849e6bcf2fe61cb8b6f66c5ee440444c73	The problem was that he was also poor.
583e2b2e2a8233599cbf5657eaa343bc5f237310	And in addition, as it turned out later, he is also married.
c71d1fad4a974c260902d6728e39f96b60776842	This failed romance marked the beginning of a series of failures in her personal life that haunted the dancer all her life.
bf91f682609f5bb22bc05a04aecd12f11be09403	Duncan has never been absolutely, unconditionally happy.
c296a4fc047566a26130e4b26cf255bbfe19abfd	^ The relevance of the topic.
4262ee201aa783a6d6f93f7d6a7894c337632d56	Isadora insisted that dance should be a natural continuation of human movement, reflect the emotions and character of the performer, the impulse for the appearance of dance should be the language of the soul.
82c61dd94a32c09bf09a953f70e6dcbf06866a1a	All these ideas, innovative in nature, naturally came into conflict with the ballet school of that time.
fb293d911c569887c8cfb30511964fac1940f734	The harsh assessment of the ballet itself, however, did not prevent Duncan from admiring the grace and artistry of two Russian ballerinas — Kshesinskaya and Pavlova.
25cb19cd7557ec489a63c9cc3ea838bd38d689bc	Moreover, with the latter, they later even became good friends who sincerely appreciated each other's talent.
e8f87e55200dfdec56c98b849c732e49c12e4026	The dancer's performances began with social parties, where she was presented as a piquant addition, an exotic curiosity: Isadora danced barefoot, which was a novelty and fairly shocked the audience.
b400597ca035e528e8b97f15786f07881de160e0	The tour significantly improved the financial situation of Duncan, and in 1903 she and her family made a pilgrimage to Greece.
dbdaae0427907e56250ec3173c568a34d556c2a5	Dressed in tunics and sandals, the eccentric foreigners caused a real stir on the streets of modern Athens.
8a2f8a6c8f6b6b6b5181b1c0970d76ffb69becff	The travelers did not limit themselves to simply studying the culture of their beloved country, they decided to make their contribution by building a temple on Kapanos Hill.
85062e1e2c418c23b3f21aceb39da435a4c76842	In addition, Isadora selected 10 boys for the choir, which accompanied her performances with singing.
1c654b77aca57c0dad3a015d54c43a636f3ec004	The purpose of the work: to consider the work of Isadora Duncan.
7f0bc90f4685bd407d6e330e0cc14f90ab444bfe	Tasks:
f8c93aeffef648111a29e2095f7b674b0e480da1	1. Show Isadora Duncan as the founder of modern dance;
a429cbe5396e1fc685f2f6dd50a3d3a9bd94e6ce	2. Describe the biography and work of Isadora.
f11865e77ed1266763f22fef6f8f5ebea9226e3f	CHAPTER I. Isadora Duncan is the founder of modern dance
dad04564e177f36f64e97b8a51783fc41d150cfc	1.1 The history of dance.
f6c05272ea0182b72117f3b967e2b7b20a550521	Modern dance
f85d4606ca01461a9b9dd8ec46b2a8a6d8b2e3a9	Perhaps the history of dance is no shorter than the history of mankind.
cacc79bc5d496c519c3f2929a3322f74ebcc9667	We can only guess what dancing looked like in the early eras.
bdfc7519bb955e53b427a9cffc97ed37fa01ba9e	Natya Shastra is an early manuscript describing the dance.
8620bac4de3bd1a2059e229db4e911197c792b55	It is based on a modern interpretation of the classical Indian dance Bharathanatyam.
882d10a3271d6f53f4bec52cc09594e193633051	In European culture, one of the first mentions of dance is made by Homer in his "Iliad" - he describes chorea (Greek. round dance, dance).
caa5f565b611e55c60afa4c6cbe4a92ed8961014	The early Greeks turned the art of dancing into a system that expresses a variety of passions.
c0d3e828c162d21380ab40cab37f833a07bdb1d3	For example, the dance of the Furies terrified everyone who turned out to be its audience.
f4ce2c32a2867efed6cf7180f9761c56dbee851b	The Greek philosopher Aristotle equated dance with poetry and argued that dancers, thanks to body movements in a certain rhythm, can convey manners, passions and actions.
2b2222a52cec745fc474c0c777657bf4fdddea8d	Outstanding Greek sculptors studied the poses of dancers imitating certain states.
413cae8eceb6a1ef80c9a8479a96ac8c1ba8d529	Before the history of dance
e91ef227ae368e0e18b25fb352362bf450cf7611	Historically, the dance was used by people as part of religious rituals and public holidays.
4da1837c0143273c8b38dc08523004ab30531c45	Evidence of this is found in many documents of the prehistoric era.
108be51b8e41ba7990f51f1015a30a773e950548	Probably, court dances have existed for as long as kings and queens.
905ea3478e3234d3d1b3ef94987588afa027c778	The variety of dance forms included folk, social, ballroom, religious and experimental and other forms.
03fb0bb44ba64fd89aa566400e1fbce65f9af3ae	A major branch of this art was Theatrical Dance, which originated in the Western World.
bf1bc30b071a29f3af985b3fec7fc6d9ac114294	The roots of modern ballet, the dance that we all know, go back to France of the sixteenth century the Renaissance.
508b7882bea2b03766ebe61ec465c64992603ee4	XVI and XVII centuries: court dance
172f9c1393976170678b69b3c52e74ce5c787dcc	The prerequisite for the appearance of ballet was a new way of thinking and the philosophy of Enlightenment: now a person became the center of the universe and could control his being with the help of arts and sciences.
f88a11a15c9603f09fbb85d9893f4d3a69e863c4	"Using music that exactly imitated the proportional harmony of the planets, a man of the sixteenth century believed that he could attract planetary influences to himself.
19fef6d9969d598df0567adffb920251c3473fd6	The dance itself was an imitation of the movement of the heavens" (Designing for the Dancer, Elron Press, London, 1981).
9f9023d644a5823168909b0fc828c7509c0bf808	By the end of the XVI century, the court ballet had reached its heyday: it was fully funded by the French monarchy, which used it to extol its own greatness.
2de7a96baab80dca85c3aa0d6be47a52c440374c	The ballets became part of the luxurious, huge festive extravaganzas that lasted for several days in a row and included all kinds of entertainment.
1fa1a76f1f608fa58c844105b8b5eb6a2c21ec68	In fact, all these holidays were a way of self aggrandizement of the French Court.
ebaf876f3369c378b4a45b276c6ce1b385f3a61c	XVIII and XIX centuries: from court dancing to Romanticism
c1a82e8711713efa104cc86bdac3e64067e0702c	By the beginning of the XVIII century, ballet migrated from the French Court to the Paris Opera to the versatile theatrical figure Jean Baptiste Lully, who " preserved the basic concept of ballet – the complexity of the form in which dance is an integral and significant element."
d99fa0d2ffe2e13792fb8747df02c2d2211f124b	During this century, the ballet has spread in Europe and the sophisticated way of movement during large view turned into a self sufficient art, performance art, ballet d'action ("effective ballet", a ballet with a story – Ave.).
8a37dfd3b6257c83311aded1ab9a3f0ca70934df	This new form almost completely destroyed the artificiality inherent in the court dance, and installed the new law: "art should imitate nature, to nature".
e873f9c0a634fb09728c746ac161f35e15e2f4aa	As a result, costumes and choreography have become more free and contribute to a greater disclosure of the expressive talents of the body.
cefda70c93c2817745a1e5298059fecc7f5ced70	The door opened to the world of naturalistic costumes and loose shoes pointe shoes, which provided the dancer with great opportunities when climbing half toes.
3be8872afa15fbab8a802f35bbf4111f7e329b78	The era of Romanticism at the beginning of the XIX century with ballets focusing on emotions, with fantasy and rich spiritual worlds marked the beginning of real work on pointe shoes.
36b88a5c255749e0e61fe2ccf03721eb32e3df49	Now the ideal ballerina (whose qualities were embodied then in the legendary Marie Taglioni) in her shoes seemed to barely touch the surface of the stage and her disembodied spirit seemed not to know what the earth was.
f8c70bad1d2700fb7444272ab3fa7a2665894c16	At this time, the rising stars of female dance completely eclipsed the presence of poor male dancers, who in many cases were dubbed simply moving statues that exist only for ballerinas to lean on them.
eadddc54c548f4099928bce2af6ba1ffc3f694fc	This situation was slightly corrected at the beginning of the twentieth century by the ascent of the star of Nijinsky from the Russian Ballet.
27fc8b73daa953f40cf324bc15f20d8698c8e129	By this time, traditional ballet costumes, choreography, scenery, props had already developed for us, in short, everything became almost as it is now.
f77f43588723ab46f4f0f94129065e99eb48c8b3	The beginning of the twentieth century: from ballet to modern dance
c50aac6f1808897947a7c1582cac9a5c009d8c32	The Russian ballet, which started a revolution in the art of ballet, tried to break the outdated forms of classical ballet.
21691a9be07ca7750bc9369b0327f96568afeeeb	At present, the artistic possibilities of ballet technique and the accompanying music, scenery and multimedia are more global than ever before.
11e49114a89fc49c25e85d552efc29edef2173b3	The boundaries that define classical ballet are constantly being pushed and blurred, and everything that appears in their place now only barely resembles traditional ballet terms such as "rotation".
c95fbb155e227ce1d0bf61c72e6b10558796f33a	A new thinking burst out.
d9448a641ff2bbc227365e6c5eb7caa5a02e93e4	The dance artists began to take into account the personality qualities, ritual and religious aspects, primitiveness, expressiveness and emotionality.
8f9847aef4c5943499ee01cf263cc790ad679317	In this atmosphere, there was a boom in modern dance.
ae0e2ccb258bf4cde790b4af2417c990b507586b	Suddenly there was a new freedom in what was now considered acceptable, which was called recognized art, in which many people now wanted to create.
5839bcc61e931b830bb9abfaee71dc11aae7c347	All the attributes of the new art have become as valuable as ballet costumes – or even more valuable than them.[9;130]
59cf01fb875e92d229eeaafb3ac0cd889ca66288	Most choreographers and dancers of the early XX century treated ballet extremely negatively.
894a3bb6b6555d0b9f3781f2dbde529d76128e12	Isidora Duncan considered it an ugly senseless gymnastics.
2df20730b40fde306cb80c899ebd45222ec9b674	Martha Graham (Graham) saw in him Europeanism and imperialism, which have nothing in common with the Americans.
4688d51de38bf9747661c5da7f51f91eb8b75aeb	Merce Cunningham, despite the fact that he used some basics of ballet technique in teaching, approached choreography and performance from positions directly opposite to traditional ballet.
17c2b3752ad3db5d07ca662d00c31d3ca65c0b36	The time of the revolution in the full sense of the word.
40e7b46df8628841bf28343881b17dcee4b89f84	The end of the twentieth century: the development of modern dance
8c067255e66ddc5086c4beb89a7c7cb1e29ca554	The famous manifesto "No", rejecting all costumes, plots and" show off " for the sake of raw, raw movement – this is probably the brightest extreme of this wave of new thought.
d87b8da8a683949904900ffd8442d816ba31b389	Unfortunately, the lack of costumes, plots and props do not contribute to the success of the dance show – and after a short time, "scenery", "artistic design" and "shock level" again appeared in the lexicon of modern dance choreographers.
b79bbc3cecc73fa6986aa4dbcc72240be44c754e	Today, the dance art is permeated with creative competition and choreographers often strive to ensure that their work is called the most shocking.
9bc371dae3472baf236c55e8571cb30e5585ac34	However, there is still beauty in art, and the dance of modernity shakes with such professionalism, strength and flexibility that has never been before.
0c2a73aa3edcd13896cd0d8445550d94aa0ad593	To understand what modern dance is today, it is necessary to turn to its history, starting from the reason for the emergence of a new direction.
e7c02017d09381f51ff334a59de5bf2b9babdab2	[4;23]
1cf36c6c5fa90755348016bda2bc25d56dfde3f4	There were several large figures at the origins.
1aa51cd348d15deb711ca8136fcdd1f06a5e02df	The ideas of the French teacher, composer F. had a huge influence on the new vision of dance.
110b705c51740e75a134af6bcaa5252f8a0d1796	Delsarte (1881-1971), who argued that only a natural gesture, freed from conventions and stylization, is able to convey human feelings.
fe83035d333a9f9255b025040fd53cdf96c920d0	The Swiss teacher, composer Jacques Dalcroze (1865-1950) associated music education with the movement.
008aa25d1c172d78d0515384985fcba781ff20c7	Music should be "physically experienced".
8147b1f20a7625a7c2d3c35e2e5a764a9f98e6ef	In the 20s, the Institute of Rhythm worked on the ideas of Dalcroze in Leningrad, whose employees sought to create "dancing music".
1f4d97b1bf14f62d33c4bdf99615a066f6b74a0d	If Delsarte and Jacques Dalcroze are theorists, the authors of the concept of a new dance, then the famous American dancer Isadora Duncan (1877-1927) is considered the direct founder of modernism, who embodied the idea in motion.
8c293d00dd7c673a3173cb2aff75a79df7870cb2	Accusing classical ballet of soullessness and artificiality, Duncan sought to reproduce the free plastic, the plastic of Ancient Greece, danced barefoot in light transparent tunics.
d720ac8b57070a6e19c9185dca7f3b1903f5dcd5	It is difficult to describe modern dance more accurately than Duncan herself did in her autobiography "My Confession": "Freedom of the body and spirit gives rise to creative thought, body movements should be an expression of an internal impulse.
433bf53dc01ac6778c19d49ed6135dc9dd14ba6f	The dancer must get used to moving as if the movement never ends, it is always the result of internal reflection.
754155db9f729d64d0e5232963097501e03f22ea	The body in the dance should be forgotten, it is only an instrument, well tuned and harmonious.
8d8589a494d8a27062479207a6d89bc54c027a24	In gymnastics, only the body is expressed by movements, in dance, feelings and thoughts are expressed through the body.
386ca7b65bfe7b31f1efe24c5ac8011d8b6cf9c3	"" Isadora made us consider the art of dance important and noble.
4216c027dd8eff0e8f097976e28ddaeac7a7544b	She made me think of it as art" (Agnes de Mille).
3f55bd8dd45ae58ec9d94db32e2607174f4f1b48	It should be noted that the time itself – the beginning of the 20th century was a fruitful ground for the emergence and development of ideas that reflected a new perception of oneself and the world by a person.
2ed91f55c5dc7319a5fa1c6d611b8d41d29f2bef	The language of ballet dance, so familiar and predictable, no longer corresponded to the changed life, as it depicted a person whose faith was lost.
6decbc2c99cc88e467dec67407ff1988411dff08	Ballet has remained a classic, and emerging trends in art, such as expressionism and Surrealism, have found expression in the productions of modernist choreographers in Europe and America.
38c04b2aa631e3f7dcf42eb2bb51537c75504e76	[2;29]
f61fff2e9f57c5202feac31d3ce5335b02a0f950	MODERN DANCE is one of the directions of modern foreign choreography, which originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the USA and Germany.
d19ae35c2c46cd8ee58edcab9120648018b71a78	The term "modern dance" appeared in the United States to refer to stage choreography that rejects traditional ballet forms.
d6dcf9a602183bc9555e5b78fb077c1e541a4628	Having come into use, it replaced other terms (free dance, duncanism, the dance of sandals, rhythmoplastic dance, expressive, expressionist, absolute, new artistic) that arose in the process of developing this direction.
c74253bad2ed509c2b94e6fab8de9261bfd9fb0c	The common thing for the representatives of modern dance, regardless of what trend they belonged to and in what period they proclaimed their aesthetic programs, was the intention to create a new choreography that, in their opinion, met the spiritual needs of a person of the 20th century.
0cb01b4dd3479b999500fdedb8172d8e853a9ef9	Its main principles are the rejection of canons, the embodiment of new themes and plots by original dance and plastic means.
23bf33af37496f1b5bfd96a92008b6dadd370c00	In an effort to be completely independent of traditions, the representatives of modern dance finally came to the adoption of certain technical techniques, in the confrontation with which a new direction was born.
32c93ca3c7a9d939434f92ac5a460cb2582bbce1	The idea of a complete departure from traditional ballet forms could not be fully implemented in practice.
c18198d60eb47197efa4395553c4d07fdcfa78a8	[9;50]
dac91cc798c38b58096fca8261ea9e7405c75a2f	The ideas of modern dance were anticipated by the famous French teacher and theorist of the stage movement F. Delsarte, who argued that only a gesture freed from convention and stylization (including musical) is able to truthfully convey all the nuances of human experiences.
a77995ac123e4813032973c0f6509db96e492195	His ideas became widespread in the early 20th century after they were artistically implemented by two American dancers who toured in Europe.
5c88694c7c502765258545251e2e903102c77801	L. Fuller performed in Paris in 1892.
a3a9164a144010e5818fc73cc5f68ecf7a77ce78	Her dance "Serpentine" was based on a spectacular combination of free movements, spontaneously generated by music, and a costume - huge fluttering bedspreads illuminated by multicolored spotlights.
263354ba9bc37952ea38a49968844ac9d2bd46b4	1.2 Duncan is the founder of a new direction
bbb54e8f4f96b2d773a1553392475785a43ad6c7	However, A. Duncan became the founder of a new direction in choreography.
a43b7e6a8c083fdc4447cb7ac6d6492eac4534db	Her preaching of the renewed antiquity, the "dance of the future", returned to natural forms, free not only from theatrical conventions, but also from historical and everyday ones, had a great influence on many artists who sought to free themselves from academic dogmas.
b568c3ff4a473239e8b15a9516aa3a17203949a2	Duncan considered nature to be a source of inspiration.
8b79194864183ad82c5bb54e2e543c8cfcddb5a4	Expressing personal feelings, her art had no common features with any choreographic system.
7b4df9e522c07c247de10c33cf0c865bcd2076d7	It appealed to heroic and romantic images generated by music of the same nature.
b2c5e11715a688d942b3f5555c1077f4a101ca24	The technique was not complicated, but the dancer conveyed the most subtle shades of emotions with a relatively limited set of movements and poses, filling the simplest gestures with deep poetic content.
81a2162a3dacb5ea80be5971587175a57ffa99f5	Duncan did not create a finished school, although she opened the way to new choreographic art. Improvisation, barefoot dance, rejection of traditional ballet costume, appeal to symphonic and chamber music — all these fundamental innovations of Duncan predetermined the ways of modern dance[12; 36]
de9e93bf0998e175b18e95e6cdd0080ead02b3a4	CHAPTER II. Biography and creativity of Isadora
b045abe5a7a70e9e1e8dda1e00567dd96f20d5aa	2.1 I started dancing before I was born
0ef8e144ec2a248326af351879a2773d257c3e7b	If she had been born not on May 26, 1878, but in Ancient Hellas, the priests would have seen in her gift an earthly incarnation and the revived "practice" of the muse Terpsichore.
30747211d8a7e5fb8f3b6c55515ae06381eecae6	If she had not lived in the agitated Europe of the beginning of the bloody XX century, modern feminists would have made her their tribune and role model.
8f0c51d24d8e807a3c89213d79711a5b78ae9482	If she were not mortal, people would never have known that even the violent grief of loss cannot extinguish in the heart of a woman who has devoted herself to art, the desire to find her god man, the god of inspiration Apollo.
f576e305a78ec2fcd8d71517547782f18c11b3a2	Well, the most surprising thing about her romantic fate was that a rare biographer did not feel a sense of confusion from a huge number of mystical details, the cloying and concentration of which for a fictional literary image could become a reason for criticism to accuse the writer of promoting fatalism and of the contrived plot.
2f70c7c8e2859040cffccde18dae96fa64fa6e7d	Are you a vessel in which there is emptiness, or a fire flickering in a vessel?
9608ba55a40fa514b61dca177360590338df894c	This was not said about her, but one day a bright spark of divine fire broke out for her, illuminating the path in art, in one of the Greek vases depicting ancient dance, which made the famous Isadora Duncan out of an aspiring American ballerina.
9b3a447750ee525fbe76d086072f2072bb00aa51	[13;89]
d93f70de51ed92562cb7495591daa83110806c66	On that May day, when Isadora Angela Duncan was born, the mother of the future star of European scenes suffered two disappointments at once: the first sounds she heard, barely recovered from childbirth, were the furious screams from the street of her husband's bank depositors, who had fled the day before with their savings to nowhere; the first thing the unfortunate woman saw was that the newborn was almost convulsively beating the air with her feet.
0b9c4bb9c32911e53878949a460756df85b56621	"I knew that a monster would be born –" she told the midwife – "this child canot be normal, he jumped and jumped in my womb, this is all punishment for the sins of her father, the scoundrel Joseph..."
8a6d438c6360c90992bc3e0c48c3188fe8b1d44a	She did not see in the first movements of the baby a mirror reflection of her future fate.
e8f6c4c45a82749e838df33ca1ee7fd442c36617	However, despite the complete lack of the gift of foresight, the music teacher managed to put her daughter and three older children on their feet without the help of a crooked father, and even give them a good education.
2fa95318a025d4a174522e927bd764bef6f54471	However, these efforts were of little use to Isadora: at the age of 13, she left school and became seriously interested in music and dance.
f052ec185c72d481754bf370cb19bf6df45a4412	Nevertheless, the attempt to conquer Chicago ended in nothing for her, except for the first stormy romance with a fiery red seducer a married Pole Ivan Miroski, who burned her soul to such an extent that the dancer preferred to escape from bitter happiness to Europe, not disdaining even the only mode of transport that she could afford at that time – a hold on a cattle ship.
888c3fbf53e53ebe8c99b3ee2f857560bc340ac7	Foggy London breathed on her with the primness and intimacy of secular salons, which could only be conquered by something stunning in the conditions of fierce competition.
d03de6001e571226018d73eec64c2da483e6de73	On the other side of the English Channel, her main rival Mata Hari had already found her credo in dance, risking to undress in front of the audience, and bewitched her with oriental steps.
3c1f6b231649808946eb6b2b984419906009854c	2.2 The Great"sandal"
97470f42c87180f904f332567140f5e8ed18510e	In deep thought, Isadora wandered through the halls of the British Museum and searched, searched...
407e488a6c769581d23372e6ecbb8d5ee196e772	The grace and artistry of the outstanding Russian ballerinas Kshesinskaya and Pavlova were too academic and assumed a long and exhausting drill with lessons, enslavement by a finely verified dogma.
cbdabdc56cf4896a6a77d6815c9f6d7af7b7c43f	The greedy American woman had neither time nor mental strength for all this – she breathed a thirst for freedom in art and in life...
7c2b31d35751137f51d86466e071148992db0546	A huge red figure antique vase, taken from Athens, caught her eye.
a7d6a12b699cf671803e78dfb65b167f41eb5f3c	A slight tilt of the head, the fluttering folds of the tunic, a hand flying above the head in an elegant gesture.
fce7e87827d61aa3b34d2912c2c6e3bd9aae418e	A bearded warrior was sitting at the dancer's feet, raising a cup of wine.
2964c9e87d0acb15104188039dd9c35ca84023db	There is nothing more beautiful than a galloping horse, a floating ship and a dancing woman.
f96f984ac47ec1e04a54383c4552efcc607249a7	Through the centuries, the artist was able to convey a man's deep admiration for the dance of the hetaera, a representative of the most seductive, the most free from humiliating life and the most educated female caste of the ancient world, performing at the artistic banquet of the classical era the symposium.
324eea12f819019c96345950deb6269562d42577	Who was this dancer, and who was her audience?
2cc042bde32cc5be5edbf6255ed8ba3f1c2c3b8b	She is Thais, Aspasia, or Terpsichore herself; he is Pericles, a companion of the great Alexander Ptolemy... or one of the Greek gods in earthly form?
3534da3ab9d67ab54ecaa9bb648c45e4a188ff82	A flame of insight flashed in front of Isadora...
9cf02400367d6283b373ba2d2dd2a782130f818b	Within a few days, she found a patroness in the person of the famous actress Campbell, whom she infected with her the idea is that the dance should be a symbol of freedom, a continuation of natural grace, speak the language of emotions, and not once and for all rehearsed gestures.
38b5a81962f7c23dae200a6986c77f47e8c255ac	The calculating queen of salons arranged her protégé's debut at one of the private receptions, where she presented her almost as an "exotic snack".
09175009910d9a7f41c519d1bf306a0887e11dd5	And she did not lose – the daring Isadora, who performed barefoot and in a tunic instead of a tutu, having managed to copy ancient Greek plastic in many ways, saw admiration in the eyes of the audience.
7ab4e9e8a276f7a2e3e231294d84024bd471571e	Success rushed ahead of her in Hephaestus sandals – already in 1903, Isadora was able to go on tour to the coveted Greece, where she honed her skills of plastic improvisation.
29a9afe3e89807edbf9b58076c949fb5a3ba2e07	She was applauded by the best stage venues in Europe, everywhere her performances were sold out.
632cb91a960bc68ac0827e7faf242ed57f9d70a8	And the newspapermen, like hounds on a blood trail, rushed to investigate the details of the amazing woman's personal life.
a8e04de359bed6bf6e9dd70a0a68886607ef1daf	And they also ran into a gold mine.
db9dee6113ee6d095ad64ec6617bd101239dd9bd	[11;67]
c678c354410e62e6a1f9d9453c99ac5dd70cd51e	Finally, Duncan's luck smiled: she was engaged for a small role in the New York theater by the famous Augustine Daly.
3325a28419acc7f37db512ffae98d4bc534f2adc	It was a chance.
ed0009859e5ac0afc385675c926cbeb47b79d1f5	Ivan Mirotsky fell into despair at the thought of separation.
89986b3c6933c492d6a8fe8c70208f553d06ea27	They swore eternal love.
0def2de7418540d7e0a94922350509bb5d584557	The girl promised that as soon as she achieved success in New York, they would immediately get married.
d7d216b5883b25b313c6edb5edca39e0e04c2023	At that time, Isadora was not yet an ardent supporter of free love, for which she later fought.
fc8ecce30ee62b1a2fa05e9765527e9187d25db3	In New York, she was accepted into the troupe.
7948cc70e0159645d35817aa9851e1f11f781161	A year later, she went on tour with the theater to Chicago.
21c4769f4c8a1a106bb39a37330ff9783d055c32	Isadora was looking forward to meeting her betrothed.
68b0b1890648c375b7d0fb8fe75e404b1ee44ee8	It was a hot summer, and every day, free from rehearsals, they went to the forest and took long walks.
acd7918365a8e2dc053fd49ea2ba0907a5e97c01	Before leaving for New York, Isadora's brother found out that Mirotsky has a wife in London.
9697bb6199d55ad3dd2197e035fa103b6b6ca225	The bride's mother was horrified by this news and insisted on separation-
7750e296969485b546e9b1792c430c7d877b4af2	The unique style that distinguished Isadora Duncan's dance numbers arose after her study of the dance art of Greece and Italy and was based on some elements of the rhythmic gymnastics system developed by Francois Delsarte.
2ad103fba5458bac250ac084909f647596b525cc	In 1898, Isadora's entire wardrobe was destroyed by a terrible fire at the Windsor Hotel in New York, so during her next performance, she went out to the public in an improvised costume that she had invented herself.
6b117a796c1fa2d0803ee244d67eaccf29a49065	The audience was shocked - Isadora appeared on the stage almost naked.
c882af1f41c9d0f9122d5e8f2549af516cad91d6	The strong, slender body of the young dancer from that time began to fit the famous flowing clothes, caught under the chest and on the shoulders in an antique image.
efc6fef6705b01b958541baf2a444765b110f09b	She did not recognize pointe shoes and danced like Aphrodite on her fingers.
4c3f5627e58ec1308e4a99a6323a96c727d6bf4c	Her bare feet were beautiful, strong and light.
2bfa7cc20076d2209645baa9a786177e4c7cd469	[9;136]
099e3d50b3fa45c8e2dd59a94ffab240f2b8c22d	Isadora went on a big tour of Europe and soon became a favorite of the whole continent.
4a3f7e840e6ebcdeecb00a1bac9773314aa25b4d	She signed a contract with the impresario Alexander Gross, who organized her solo performances in Budapest, Berlin, Vienna and other European cities.
df5ff97aa1d46d8673b44bc4defb3bfa0ecfcada	Shocked, but excited, the audience besieged the theaters in droves to see a passionate dance performance of a half naked Isadora, who improvised to the music of famous composers (Strauss's "Blue Danube" or Chopin's "Funeral March").
cb79a29281148c21cd367754d2140771f5995428	Isadora was one of those who chooses men herself.
0465b8ee316fea86ef63a3921eec6fd885cf79f2	And I chose, it must be admitted, with excellent taste.
19e24421b935f69d36abc8345336b75f55f9ae12	In Budapest, a talented actor, a handsome Magyar Oscar Berezhi preferred a career to a connection with her, then the writer and teacher Henrik Tode broke down under the weight of sanctimonious morality and broke up with Isadora after the first scandal of his legal wife.
aeb1b93c5828c0caa4f9426b7a74af12c611b685	Then the theater director Gordon Craig appeared in her life, already engaged to another.
c83c03c5f36a84a9d80d52ac89e813e689c7ef35	At the age of 29, the dancer received the first award in her life from this unhappy love – her daughter Deirdre was born, which means "sadness"in Celtic.
dc5e295e2d0506a47d2689ff82989bde5e7ea2c1	Then, having suffered after a difficult birth, Isadora made a statement, then picked up by feminists: "Who came up with the idea that a woman should give birth in pain?
8396ed52f3272d8f7fb2589c940ff8241513d9ad	I donot want to hear about any women's social movements until someone figures out how to make childbirth painless.
8b0662d1754a3bfb6a56965acfafa5d3fab0c852	It's time to stop this senseless agony."
fac11d4398227943a10393880b76ee36f4171bc8	And yet, after the marriage of another "Apollo" with his former bride, the great dancer made a disappointing conclusion for herself: love and marriage do not always go hand in hand, and love itself cannot be eternal.
10b41bdc567a1199e0ef11ec73d05a507f319923	At the end of 1907, she gave several concerts in St. Petersburg, where she met a new candidate for the role of the only man for the rest of her life.
cc80abbf53efff89a6b639aed5bb7c458ac918db	She was unlucky again – Konstantin Stanislavsky, also a genius and also a handsome man, made it clear to her that he sees Isadora as nothing more than the perfect embodiment of some of his ideas.
3adbf461097bc5474e0c36d45ced3d0ff319de80	The world famous "barefoot" with her deafening romances with married men broke the taboos rooted in the consciousness of society, and those who could give her the long awaited happiness were satisfied that they were her lovers, nothing more.
ca26779e286859326ab0b9fa6885a1de32f59400	She remained alone on her dancing Olympus, giving the ungrateful a return to the distant origins of art. At this stage of her life, she seemed to have almost touched the realization of the eternal female dream, having met the sleek and beautiful rich man Paris Eugene Singer, the heir of the inventor of the sewing machine.
555cc67c7db76f3e6fe5ded2a1f5dbd2e9cef577	He not only paid all her overdue bills, but was even ready to offer his hand and heart.
1b502363e490d31fe27369223c16bec2ef57fdec	However, he was so jealous that he set the marriage condition, stipulating a place for Isadora somewhere between a toothbrush and a sewing machine.
905d1d77f10b7053a6ba763f3c42ac4539489880	Isadora said that she could not be bought.
c3ee33218bddc9336dbde5bb136266df42339ced	Almost immediately after their son Patrick was born, they broke up.
da7596caf8d353996801feaacad51e0e849f570d	The new drama broke the actress: she began to see funeral marches, then two children's coffins among the snowdrifts.
e49816e2d060839738db47561489846dcad49869	"Insanity" turned out to be a premonition of the first real trouble, because in a series of novels, children were her only light.
d53786d4ad58e525a1f152563b90afd55ae51f18	In January 1913, after meeting Singer, both of Isadora's children, together with the governess, were traveling by car from Paris to Versailles.
2ae06f5b4eb61c45d2e264ab53c7a08ad7fba528	On the road, the engine suddenly stopped, the driver looked under the hood, pulled something.
cb82092eedfdc3b7e42f4c363fdbe53f3653ecac	The car, knocking down the driver, took off and fell into the Seine together with the passengers.
65f664183a389c8c76cbe612bbc78cdb74dc2947	She never recovered from this loss.
09a025266069e3287d5197dc3a3f3ac3a296c717	Isadora was haunted by visions – once she imagined that she saw her babies entering the water.
964a638fb7a761ac42adc5f15776c7f2536d1f88	The sobbing woman who fell to the ground was picked up by a passerby.
974d8e9ccb4d2250d58dc766448a414d62aae78d	"Save my mind, give me a child," she moaned.
69b404110bfd508fda4327008a24f07a1f22c395	The young man was engaged.
97ddf73fda1432d0a0490eef908f1af599dea255	The boy born from their relationship lived only a few days.
a6b53753fb33a28560185e057d520056b8f5e999	Isadora began to drink, the newspaper even replaced her last name with Drunken (drunk).
0cebd63ab2c1bde971d002e2572ae2710f648cfe	[5;63]
608ca9d8533799f15b296e3c877bdf2e5703b6cf	Fortunately, soon she had a chance to start life from scratch.
590d80b7ae5b4ea94e658f175c451274c817810c	In 1921, Lunacharsky officially proposed to the aging dancer to open a dance school in Moscow.
1bc89886475067d9183ab4a3c1c271d3ea5e8c0d	In response, she was the first of the artists of the West to greet the new revolutionary state and did not even go – she ran...
9bdbc853fed5a27779ff08fbddcb33b30f18624d	But you canot run far from yourself.
4063663270b471ac6d824f26b20df6be935ea327	In Soviet Russia, a new fatal passion overtook her.
a650be982c1cb4dcf066abc119e8c63f53c1bc20	At one of the receptions organized in the mansion allocated to her for the school of "experimental ballet", the golden haired Sergey Yesenin appeared.
9334cb126883af434496dc72d909790a08c2d927	He was bewitched: not knowing a word of English, he took off his shoes and danced some wild dance.
9954c56aa94309d5002eb94aa1381c36d9653645	But Isadora understood everything: she stroked his head, repeating only two Russian words – "angel" and "chort".
e81870ec2214066fbee096a74a18d5bb2326ca4a	Three hours after they met, they left together for a magical Russian night... she was 44 years old, he was 26.
9571002f5cfafc17342d70cef704485cc49a9a8b	But for both of them, this passion was the last, wild, exhausting.
ff389294486f81f22dbdbc3928b83fd76461c992	Was it possible for them to merge spiritually?
ff9cee3e31be83c68aff668a494613020241d9d6	It's hard to say.
519e262bfe9fa9ffbbc2d808c10dae2bff42cdf3	After all, Yesenin spoke only Russian, she barely learned a dozen words in a foreign language.
c6d70e937a0be858bf3ea24a9f93077fb5b2e092	If they had understood each other in time, everything could have turned out differently...
c058eb9bf26c37987b45a52a75bbdb11b76e8baa	The poet went crazy with her dance with a scarf, fiery and temperamental, when the scarlet cloth curled around the hot body of a woman, allegorically symbolizing the storm of revolution over the eternally young earth that gives life.
8669da0801b315e92179ea8fc756708f6f4bccee	But the idyll of their life together quickly ended: The "Moscow naughty reveller" loved Isadora and hated her.
6a585462bc57ab42fc1d9851f06289a463c3a6a3	The great seductress, who cherished great simplicity in art and female freedom in her work, endured everything like a woman – both his crazy impulses and his spree.
7ed29eb218b26f31d7b15b14e9cfe0f48e5658e9	And even repeated through a stream of tears, catching a boot that almost hit her in the head, in broken Russian: "Serozha, I love you."
533045058ce55110ede95b139e1a994721bf1cb3	And he, breaking away from her embrace, hiding from friends, sending telegrams, it was over, but again covered by the tenderness and remorse, and she ran her fingers in his curls when he dropped his face against her knees.
e8d3cc2be9fe59ccd1474db5c56370b89ec679c7	To snatch a loved one from a permanent spree and disappointments venomous rebuke from the then literary elite of the new Russia, Isadora went to the trick – having him in 1922, the marriage took Yesenin abroad.
9f96f9318ef2f720f247f56fc0af1404422cd7da	For the first time in her life, she, who had never been married before, was happy.
2f15cc22d8d84206d69e051ba3096269b91496cf	[7;34]
b9e02b409e60dba65ed0468458d78bd2d169d06f	However, in Europe, the poet became even more sad after talking with Russian emigrants: "They are drinking here again, fighting and crying to the harmonica yellow sadness.
fd0f8314f3e163c5a11f30ad6864da7185c888af	They curse their failures, they remember Moscow Russia...
1afe623aaa55fe33aa6b8c3b65f4257253c46610	" Since it didnot work out from Paris for a sanatorium for a drinking Yesenin, Isadora took him to her homeland.
74775e50147330c667ac87be6644a107424c1550	In America, both were treated with squeamish caution, almost like a Trojan horse of the Bolsheviks in the sphere of culture.
379df64ca16b40a824b62102f416240165f06d94	Duncan was not confused by this: spitting on the upper world, "red Isadora" began to perform in proletarian quarters, she was received "with a bang", life smiled at her.
d6528493710cd82afae48aded126174e5d10cb21	But then for the first time she learned what marriage is in the understanding of a man.
8a31645b30a6b4a5b38a1c88625b8dba974382ed	When the press called the poet "Duncan's young husband", he literally exploded.
21c2ab4f51ea24f7b685327f3b4b98aff12aea07	Yesenin was patriarchal at heart and could not bear such humiliation.
0ec2e7ef76dda8f868d5b66e5db53800f717da7e	Hard, to the point of unconsciousness and the destruction of furniture in restaurants, he drank again.
094b1188cd07a3cb0426f847ad26e56129fd6f79	One day, after paying the bills of his " festivities", Isadora could not stand it and told him: "Go home!".
9c9d6e599e1d839a5599e28792a8cc2c67398a48	He left, but rushed to her again from the Belgian border, unable to bear the separation.
8718248c25925cc87022881c92c59ab140b2faf9	Alas, the broken cup could no longer be glued together.
7b3f3e0e81cb62ee90e90a9b0aa75f9cd9f5b550	Wild passion was dying, killing those in whom it lived, like a deadly disease.
9d2eb9a0d715db22f82617d547315c44c3691c85	2 years after the breakup, the poet was taken out of the loop in the St. Petersburg hotel "Angleterre".[8;79]
0149b7a47c89e56dd0f97ee94d075e722d4b008e	Duncan tried to lose herself in the dance.
6fee4963147ced6f88240243fe25664b70238ed4	"Isadora dances everything that others say, sing, write, play and draw," Maximilian Voloshin said of her, " she dances Beethoven's Seventh Symphony and the Moonlight Sonata, she dances Botticelli's Primavera and Horace's poems."
dd40881bfa25373458bd2f62e77c7e0de84aa823	But it was more of a look back at the past than a real life.
5f590e1fbaac0983d19ca2412b070be56d9e659d	Even a short romance with the Russian pianist Viktor Serov could not resurrect her.
c4a6eef49916a2714e1bc01ee2f23f44584874b1	She tried to commit suicide... a couple of days after she was pumped out, on September 14, 1927, in Nice, Isadora Duncan got behind the wheel of a sports car.
234ad8333b4c2975807ee6ac22a8b8e763dfecbd	It was chilly, but she refused to put on a coat, tying a long scarf around her neck.
aa6195fce515503506acd96079437994ce965615	The car took off, but did not pass even a hundred meters.
b01da5b6c9744fd8d0c71fc8809470fffb67e6d7	The end of the scarlet scarf was pulled into the spokes of the wheel by a gust of wind...
85dcb4ec0717d998369cb3ff5bd5b37a7b92162c	The head of the 50 year old dancer fell sharply, bumping her face into the car door.
cd568a6b12a5360582cb495663cba88720d4199c	The scarlet scarf strangled her.
5f1e389e3fba57b30a36a1f807898977c0adea9d	It is hardly worth looking for an allegory in this, they say, the founder of the new philosophy of natural dance was killed by a symbol of the revolution floating in the wind, just as the proletarian stranglehold itself strangled free art. Dying, she managed to say: "Goodbye, friends, I'm going to glory!".
cebce21790f7853127906a939f239a65351e3aae	And in this glory was her happiness.
c8ba698d420a41b9dc9fbd83d1b57374ef3e60d5	Well deserved.
fbaea3ab19178c4223cc892634ed16501cf05691	Even if it is not as desired by her as a simple female happiness, given to many.
971fe496395ee6cc49b632c542856bcbc7092c82	[3;70]
89796828a2774b05e1cb510c58daab946b865db2	Already at a young age, the girl rejected the strict canons of classical ballet, striving for naturalness in dance.
aefc55f3e4666e56f2bede7cb03e357fa83fb722	Her first performances in America did not bring her success, and at the age of 21 she left the United States, sailing to England on a cattle ship.
f8e4b808e3f5e80e716303991894eb473429be9c	Her meager savings did not allow for more.
5fc9edeb30a31e1fe99f9dc3870d141fbd51c128	In London, she was patronized by the famous actress CAMPBELL, who invited the ballerina to perform at private receptions.
31177a7678b758ddec5060746eab278572487e3d	By this time, Duncan's dance had already been formed, taking as a basis samples of ancient Greek plastic art, which she studied in the halls of Ancient Greek art in the British Museum.
ef40353fb925c172a1123af7b035ffe08c74f8a7	The ballerina changed her traditional ballet costume a tutu for a tunic, performed barefoot on stage, and abandoned the language of conventional gestures.
cfca64a9197cc7955ca010bda5aae6160d174d79	Duncan's innovation aroused the admiration of dance lovers, and soon she was greeted by crowded theaters and concert halls throughout Europe.
c1a213082d279d547b9acd80e72544a321e7da89	During her first visit to Russia in 1905, she attracted the attention of Sergei Diaghilev.
fb96751a170fce548fbdf28fc86ca3709a6820e2	The ballerina's personal life was also a constant topic of newspaper headlines.
188e0344b88f65fc011a432ab02fb964a9391e2e	As in art, she constantly violated taboos that were ingrained in people's minds.
8ac503fa5271ad531110c7170f7bd9f6eb6e3050	She gave birth to two children without marrying any of the fathers.
ce1b31aa1c2e0656bd0091cd238cf99303dc5942	In 1913, a tragedy occurred in Paris that shocked the ballerina.
8cb5386951204cae0d123c6486af04810cd39c7a	The car in which her children and their nanny were accompanying them fell into the Seine, and all three drowned.
a466bbccbe6220b51d4340df2112e17e2e298ddc	the year 1920 marked a new stage in the life of a ballerina: she was invited to Soviet Russia to organize her own ballet school.
a34d6982a32a543909908961e74a0dba7a9c551c	One of the first among the artists of the West, she welcomed the young revolutionary state, and this decision fully corresponded to her nature.
ed406ebd3fd35516a65ccbd0fe4d825f8d480618	Acquaintance with the poet Sergei YESENIN, who was 17 years younger than her, ended with their marriage in 1922.
1b1a91460a3369a13f14ede7b98db41559d95f2d	Duncan decided to conduct a tour of the United States and went there with the poet.
aff7ca9db4dc8fbdbb1649d585d2ac3a965b39b1	But the timing was unfortunate: America was frightened by the "red threat" - and they were met as Bolshevik agents.
55bc569a8b8196e6156d83b77a3cd836aa2eca8e	The obstruction arranged in Boston, when she introduced Yesenin to the public during one of the performances, forced her to leave the ro
d0503d68a22987f2d5ca032ed320a70f695d07c7	Yuri Ivanovich Malenchenko (born December 22, 1961, Khrushchev, Kirovograd region, Ukrainian SSR) is a Russian cosmonaut, colonel, Hero of the Russian Federation, pilot cosmonaut of the Russian Federation.
7109bf92af4f416221e6c8860e7350a97661c474	During his career, Yuri made six flights into space and spent a total of 827 days in orbit[1].
bf44b117b8c3566ef4d99d9652813d20f4de68a9	During the flights, he made 5 spacewalks, one of which lasted more than 6 hours[2].
91d3ab43d1c1d6597e984e2771776d3336bcbaf4	He was born on December 22, 1961 in the city of Khrushchev (today this city is called Svetlovodsk) of the Kirovograd region of the Ukrainian SSR in the family of a collective farm chairman and a primary school teacher.
e629ceab3216d189f51a138b00e63924691cc469	In 1978, he graduated from the secondary school of the village of Pavlovka in the Svetlovodsk district of the Kirovograd region with a gold medal.
a257d4ad77236904007fc4f3aa8b76fd5dc91ad3	In 1978, he entered the Kharkiv Institute of Radio Electronics, but after the first year he left the institute and transferred to study at the Kharkiv Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots named after S. I. Gritsevets, from which he graduated in 1983.
19831b2a5b36d9c182cf0fcaa26cc68f79fb0d9a	Since December 1983, he served in the 684th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment of the 119th Fighter Aviation Division of the Air Force of the Odessa Military District in the city of Tiraspol.
8386424f0a9b16146eb2ada7d4a46612269d3bb2	Service in the cosmonaut squadron and the CPC: From August to December 1996, he was the coordinator of the CPC in the NASA.
d562cd203b24e5432e0be80521fd54c09494faa2	On October 17, 2014, by order of the head of the Cosmonaut Training Center No. 527/k, he was appointed to the position of instructor of a test cosmonaut-head of the 1st department (cosmonaut training, flight and space tests of manned spacecraft, scientific research and applied work in space and space flight safety assessment) The y. A. Gagarin CPC.
6b090b845c0c0e5d9213ad2dea77fa4b0fbc2cc9	In November 2015, he resigned from the post of head of the 1st department of the CPC, but remained as an instructor, a test cosmonaut of the 1st class.
40de763d56a2d23c83daa3c16e4cedb9884e168b	On September 2, 2016, by order of the head of the CPC, a test cosmonaut instructor of the 1st class was dismissed from his post and appointed head of the 1st department of the CPC.
06c6f97de925e7806a35facccac00cf08335161f	On October 21, 2016, by order of the head of the CPC, he was appointed first deputy head of the CPC and dismissed from the post of head of the 1st department of the CPC.
fcf27009d53ff564023758ffe0dd60a7ca2e841e	Space training: On March 26, 1987, by the decision of the Interdepartmental Commission for the Selection of Cosmonauts, he was recommended for enrollment in the cosmonaut squad of the Central Committee of the Air Force.
02fd643573ff75410b7b4d745130b671146f4837	On October 6, 1987, by order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force, he was enlisted in the cosmonaut squad of the Central Committee of the Air Force as a candidate for test cosmonauts.
8c86d017a4189566fa47ad028cb7744e3efe79cf	From December 1987 to July 1989, he passed general space training (OKP) and upon its completion on July 21, he received the qualification of "Test Cosmonaut".
d77e35bf96bb228282675ea3614e441cfcc4f902	From September 1989 to December 1992, he was preparing for a flight to the Mir Space Station as part of a group of test cosmonauts.
b842e4552dc9bea5c738f25bded852a7ce930c72	From January to July 1993, he was trained as a reserve crew commander under the program of the 14th expedition to the Mir OK (EO 14), together with Gennady Strekalov.
ee8148fbcf093aafe86c0edab36e96de72c983c9	From August to December 1993, he underwent direct training for the flight as the commander of the second (backup crew) under the program of the 15th expedition to the Mir OK (EO 15) together with Talgat Musabayev and German Arzamazov.
d42c8c32a6ef327e6eef78298c30252b24fd9261	During the launch of the Soyuz TM 18 TC on January 8, 1994, he was the understudy of the ship's commander.
14a6311e1fae58b0931a579cf309ad56b6624da2	In January-June 1994, he was trained for the flight as the commander of the main crew under the program of the 16th expedition to the Mir OK (EO 16), together with Talgat Musabayev.
3d1bba45b8677faf803e0337c65dc3115083c030	From July 1 to November 4, 1994, he made his first flight as the commander of the Soyuz TM 19 TC and the Mir OK under the EO 16 program, together with T. A. Musabayev.
7cc6d8d55f34146ae6d6e917e20520421d4eb13a	The flight duration is 125 days, 22 hours, 53 minutes, 36 seconds.
ac4016b7266017d78bf004645520f196ad492916	From August to December 1996, he was the coordinator of the CPC at NASA.
aebb04ed96be7a75e690d20d4b9ef96ea66fa5eb	In 1997-1998, he was trained for a flight to the ISS as part of a group of astronauts.
4ed09428f6f61fc666a3c09beb30cf79aabed573	In August 1998, he was assigned to the crew of the shuttle STS 96.
d82624df406377278043271b13f73344b1405ce5	From October 1998 to September 2000, he was trained for a space flight on a shuttle at the Moscow Space Center. Johnson (NASA).
c0111ca041f305f28ac67174b4ac6f222c54fa9d	From September 8 to 20, 2000, he made his second flight as a flight specialist in the crew of the shuttle Atlantis STS 106.
2d85d674d8fef980631481e927d1a9b9f2fdb03e	The flight duration is 11 days, 19 hours, 12 minutes, 14 seconds.
cbaf92d31308dcfd585d9fd4ed88eec8b9a6cbc7	Since January 2001, he has been preparing for a space flight as the commander of the main crew of the 7th expedition to the ISS.
f21d747af1d7db4c4d8d797a9468591d0d482a18	From April 24 to October 28, 2003, he made his third flight as the crew commander of the 7th main expedition of the ISS and the Soyuz TMA 2 spacecraft, together with Edward Lu.
d616a9d9995fad85d1a9bb28c427f3e94e26790b	The flight duration is 184 days, 22 hours, 46 minutes, 28 seconds.
15e1ffc084bb42b26088b084e3e0690a5504056c	From October 10, 2007 to April 19, 2008, as the commander of the Soyuz TMA 11 spacecraft and a flight engineer, he participated in the 16th main expedition to the ISS.
463e6a8a36ce954732d17d6a354739bc25df1ae2	The crew includes expedition commander Peggy Whitson (USA), researcher Sheikh Muzafar Shukor (Malaysia).
04e280262bf1bad954cb4c0063239ff2b25ccedd	This was the fourth flight of Yuri Malenchenko.
15584fdef11c7ad3159143d296347e55f9c27a9e	The flight duration is 191 days, 19 hours, 13 minutes, 21 seconds.
4367ae0dfce7c443df7106b633477d2a8495cd71	The total duration of four flights: 514 days, 11 hours, 58 minutes, 05 seconds.
776a7db8b24040f83103d8091c5c3ab312b7a8bf	In July 2009, Colonel Yuri Malenchenko was dismissed to the reserve of the Armed Forces and expelled from the cosmonaut squad of the Gagarin Space Center.
a8efa16dcff5d11c06ee6a8308c39cd00de552d3	In February 2010, he was enrolled in the civilian cosmonaut squad of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center as an instructor of a test cosmonaut.
264202a6713b8baf4d37b4c2ba8e3a5531fe23cc	He lives in the Star City of the Shchelkovsky district of the Moscow region.
82ac724cc9a7a1b05ef9e81ffb5937e87b5ddbfa	On July 15, 2012, he went on his fifth flight as a flight engineer of the ISS 32 and ISS 33 expeditions.
cc7d3900bd040f6df85e08d23240c4948b2c7b32	He started on the Soyuz TMA 05M ship as a ship commander.
9f78f674cd976648ca206ef60d06eb3e5a892eb0	Landed on November 19, 2012.
c53950aa19ba474311b55eff8c37358d62c19463	On December 15, 2015, he went on his sixth flight.
b204953075fdf7bb41c02b12ef533964df558481	He started on the Soyuz TMA 19M ship as the commander of the ship[3].
9e463223e4f834c5b4b0dc52f19b1beb54307ece	Landed on June 18, 2016 at 12: 15 Moscow time.
2843d9e3f495f2c5192ca906e217ac2d2ed3253c	The duration of the ISS Expedition 46/47 crew's stay in orbit was 186 days.
41adcee75e298130bc05b7798e33331027dd349f	On this date, the total duration of Yuri Ivanovich's stay in orbit is 827 days, which means that he ranks second in the list of world record holders for total stay in space, after Gennady Padalka (878 days).
e0719971ffdcb781fb99bf73062070be387b0fbd	In his 6th expedition, the duration of the spacewalk was 4 hours and 43 minutes[1].
72a8878e7c57eba869ce4a750b0658c0916bb249	On September 2, 2016, by order of the head of the CPC, he was dismissed from the post of instructor of the test cosmonaut of the 1st class and appointed head of the 1st department of the CPC.
4ef6a51c34b8fc6abddc7e002a117f194fbe7bc3	The weather in the American city of Houston in Texas on August 10, 2003, apparently, was warm, but according to American meteorologists there was a thunderstorm that day.
af1e027d9aa73e36d8ac31f13f954a38ee42ad9a	However, even hail at the end of summer could not spoil the wedding of an American of Russian origin Ekaterina Dmitrieva and her fiance Yuri Malenchenko, if only because the latter was about 380 kilometers above New Zealand at the solemn moment.
6f61b0190c5b1445997900058b9dd6d8e8d509f2	Russian cosmonaut Malenchenko proposed to his girlfriend back in December 2002, and around the same time the wedding was planned for August, but due to unexpected shifts in the flight schedule, Malenchenko was supposed to be on board the ISS on the cherished date.
71be70285ce23e5d27b745290fcffa97cba00541	This, as we all know now, did not stop the lovers, especially since according to the laws of Texas, a marriage can be concluded without the physical presence of one party, if there is a good reason for it.
b01b32df997f6f17849691a9a81fdc014884d4b0	The ceremony was held in the mode of a teleconference with the American MCC in the presence of almost 200 people.
d227541bfe03f33076e3b137a07e21f9ab7e4ecc	Instead of Malenchenko, his friend signed official documents, and the bride in a wedding dress and her groom, who added only a bow tie to the standard cosmonaut uniform, exchanged air kisses via video link.
bf19d3421c96bc384bc04c355315751d99a60790	American astronaut Edward Lu, with whom Malenchenko had previously flown on the shuttle Atlantis, acted as best man, performing the Mendelssohn march on a portable synthesizer.
7a143354f0198ba5ed0aa14aae1b4481d50a7684	The" wedding " flight to the ISS for Malenchenko was already the third in a row, and the dissatisfaction of the bosses, nevertheless, did not close the road to space for him, as many industry experts predicted: the Russian cosmonaut subsequently worked on the ISS in 2007 and 2012.
ec22e830070a88118620a6dd26971f4ab25b28d4	However, no one else will be able to repeat this number, apparently: they decided to add a special clause to the contracts signed by the ISS crews before the launch, prohibiting wedding ceremonies during the flight.
258650556a01d8c1fba00cc7fc5d397c8cb756ea	At the same time, American astronauts cannot fly to the ISS on a honeymoon: after 1992, relatives cannot work in the same crew according to NASA rules.
b7f757a825a5664f2b809680e44eba441b80f474	The future space bride Ekaterina Dmitrieva was born in Leningrad.
b1c7aa9ade84833a2fc1262f93ac78ffd107248d	When she was 4 years old, the whole family emigrated to the United States.
c68080002ed5f1f00b7de523f7354eceddf39706	At the time of the unusual marriage, the girl's mother worked at NASA as a specialist in orbital programs, and her father taught at one of the universities of Texas.
5edc4cd2b7cc74300e006c8d72384136c323d479	By the way, the first meeting of the future spouses took place five years before the wedding: Yuri and his colleague Yuri Gidzenko came to congratulate Ekaterina's mother on November 7.
8768c78d23bf84422bf4c611658d8ccb37b1625a	But at that moment, no one could have imagined that real feelings would flare up between the girl and the astronaut.
aa624cf2565b3322eb89b78c25e16dfab81f7bba	The official acquaintance of Malenchenko and Dmitrieva took place thanks to their mutual friends on April 12, 2002, on the Day of Cosmonautics.
be00918eb4bf87903a57243a635122fa5fbd36c7	The cosmonaut was 15 years older than his future wife, he had already had one unsuccessful marriage, in which his son Dmitry was born.
ad403b44258fd806f4d1e1ab14013ad7d20ffe4d	However, this fact did not confuse 26-year-old Ekaterina, who not only agreed to marry Malenchenko, but was not against a cosmic marriage with her lover.
0ef9806d37be32788f6765ff992206c6c1723507	However, the couple did not intend to make their mural public domain.
fdafaae4ddcdc54896cc327a307a7146651aa027	Everything was supposed to take place in a private video link.
fbbdb2415f9e8ac9698c0d07f2554f365c494fb8	The future head of the new family did not even inform his own parents, he only asked for their blessing on the phone.
0fe13b91be62f672312b4a260ae5d29e80684cab	But the plans of the lovers leaked to the press, and crowds of journalists began to besiege Malenchenko's hometown-Svetlovodsk-and the restaurant where the bride and her guests later celebrated their marriage.
bee5a0e27b3057327f1435372d5ff490dc389acb	When Yuri returned to Earth, the couple got married in Russia.
ee607ec4c78bd3c0e42bada2df20e08e44fd8397	The sacrament was held in the Resurrection Cathedral of the city of Tutaev (Yaroslavl region).
6924b80df655db77ab3fbececec37bddc851cc17	This place was chosen by the cosmonaut not by chance, it was here that Yuri Malenchenko was baptized in the late 90s, and his godfather Archimandrite Veniamin was the rector of the cathedral for a long time.
2083fa3d9d484a2a7327b94ab620e29c6fab6b54	As before, the lovers wanted to get married in secret, but reporters began to come to the temple in the morning.
88105fb828f84304ea149029609bd7549e2718ba	Only thanks to the vigilant security, there were no outsiders at the ceremony.
4626863cc1b15c1f6ae548116ea0b20431aae7ee	Doctors of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center (CPC) are studying the threshold of pain sensitivity and features of blood movement in the body of cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko, who returned from a flight on June 18, after returning, he participates in more than 20 ground-based scientific research and experiments, according to the CPC website.
4799d3786130f4ad3a3c2c6fae7287d705f13fbf	As noted on the website, during his work on the International Space Station (ISS) as part of the 46/47 long-term expedition, Yuri Malenchenko performed about 50 experiments from different fields of science.
ba6ea55abf49a2ff610d47d7f3ae6c1726c35ef5	During his sixth flight, the Russian cosmonaut worked out one spacewalk, completing all the tasks in 4 hours and 43 minutes.
f6f9c07349d458c91ebdc2de124be82af089a420	"The commander of the Soyuz TMA 19M spacecraft, Yuri Malenchenko, who returned on June 18, 2016 after a six-month space flight, participates in scientific research and experiments conducted at the Yuri Gagarin Space Center.
cfe82889479da54cce76c75b1fe7019ccaed28df	In total, Malenchenko will take part in 10 ground experiments, and he will also have to take post - flight background data on at least 14 onboard experiments that the cosmonaut performed for six months on board the ISS," the message says.
b78eba91a06e096e97c76b3618aaba3647e329c7	According to the deputy head of the medical department of the CPC, Vladimir Matveev, whose words are quoted in the message, Malenchenko feels fine and copes with all the tasks set as part of the ongoing scientific experiments, perfectly.
0915f311c9b95c2e718109e703f5b5667af70c2a	"The program of post-flight rehabilitation of cosmonaut Malenchenko provides for a whole series of medical and physiological experiments that play an important role for future space expeditions.
a808299a212ce3eed12fb0a2525f00211da4ad6e	The scientific program of any space flight does not end with the landing of the ship, " Matveev said.
c4d61dfa0839b18b68f2a84f6e9f0f36a032dbcc	The Russian cosmonaut has already taken part in a number of medical and physiological experiments, including "Algometry" and "Hoopoe", developed by the Institute of Biomedical Problems, the material notes.
dc311095255b8c97b5866938b4a45b5c5387af1f	"The experiment" Algometry "is aimed at determining the pain sensitivity of a person in space flight, and "Hoopoe" is aimed at studying the possibility of correcting hemodynamic changes in weightlessness with the help of negative pressure on inspiration," the report says.
4892ae1ea7774fca1868d2ed4133ea49bd63dccf	Crete, which is a beautiful island, is becoming a favorite place for astronauts, because it helps to restore their health after returning from a space flight, Russian cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko said during a meeting with the peripheral Patriarch of Crete Stavros Arnautakis and Archbishop Irenaeus.
343ca622b488abd57baeccdaddcd7dd0ccb30d96	The archbishop and the peripheriarch, who warmly welcomed the Russian cosmonaut, wished him and his family members a pleasant stay on the island.
5caca23a1ef08bbf4690c796cb7709510a43e434	Thanking for the warm welcome and presenting the peripheriarch of Crete and the Archbishop with photos of the island taken from the spacecraft, Yuri Malenchenko said that he and his colleagues admired the island from space and now he is happy that he is in Crete with his family.
41b798e9dbb18ed4fa11f91d0c45a38cb37c3154	The Russian cosmonaut noted that Crete is not only an excellent tourist destination, but also has modern hotel complexes with a spa center and all the other advantages for restoring the health of astronauts, a very good natural environment, ideal climatic conditions and the famous Cretan diet.
4653ca65a80cba41a299ce4c0bfaaac4303b6c07	He also spoke warmly about his stay on the island and visiting various attractions and Orthodox shrines.
36b399af2ac07975cd7311e5fc3ab37a55e2c509	Welcoming the Russian cosmonaut, Stavros Arnautakis noted that this is not the first time that an astronaut is undergoing a rehabilitation program in Crete.
e9d3f277586a1163e7c4d7714213559601df36dd	"And this is especially important, because Crete offers all the conditions for the full recovery of the health of astronauts who arrive on our island.
9717d2bda6397717def5721632f1472380c989a0	Yuri's presence in Crete is of great importance for the promotion of our island, its history, culture, tourism, Cretan food," said the peripheriarch of Crete, handing the cosmonaut memorable gifts.
61e858c08729531145b9d36e34c5ad2f00a8d3bf	Russian cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko, who last week manually docked the Soyuz TMA 19M spacecraft to the International Space Station, will receive congratulations from family and friends on his 54th birthday on Tuesday during a communication session with the ISS.
b2c9697594db9a63661c88df524deac8bcedefc3	This was reported to TASS in the rocket and space industry.
8dd59cd44f6296191fab50fab8a9dd4746a357ad	"In the morning, Yuri Ivanovich was congratulated on his 54th birthday by the staff of the Mission Control Center, cosmonaut Yuri Gidzenko.
db2dba704907ff1390ca38e8f5c0aee2e85d1ab1	In the evening, a private communication session with family and friends is planned, " the agency interlocutor said.
e19f1ec04b1bcd5ed41f63b55819cb9cffd01b41	In the evening, the ISS crew members will gather at a festive "table".
983e6316a6edced8e0b60c9df1ac16876250ab91	"On this special day, the management and employees of the Cosmonaut Training Center, the cosmonaut squad, colleagues in the space industry congratulate Yuri Malenchenko on his birthday and wish him happiness, health, successful flight, timely soft landing, new successes both in conquering space and in earthly affairs," the message published on the website of the Cosmonaut Training Center says.
2f002536c2033c07bd486483c2347fb205887139	Malenchenko went on the sixth space flight on the Soyuz TMA 19M spacecraft on December 15, together with American astronaut Kopra and European astronaut Pik.
11b7506c70d10992269578d464647f01cf30fa7c	During the docking to the ISS, there was a failure of the automatic docking system, because of which the commander of the ship had to take the helm in his own hands and perform the docking on the second attempt.
bdadf3924aa2c94ffd124a04a6fd9adabcdecc2b	In 1994, Malenchenko saved a manned expedition to the Mir station by manually docking the Progress M 24 cargo ship to it.
6e0788f89a117739938443041de01657adc98fe2	150 meters before the station, the ship's rendezvous system was turned off, and there was only enough fuel left for one attempt of manual docking.
9fde76b46831dbfbade2dbb39678621cd81def3f	Thanks to the precise and precise actions of the cosmonaut, the ship got into the receiving cone of the docking node.
383f9da3cb24e1e29f11966fe389f879b45dce4d	In an unfavorable case, the expedition working at the Mir station was threatened with evacuation.
f7a27ca99d155daa63d2a67c59a6faa1033688f4	To the question, would he change his profession now that he knows what risk it is associated with?
c6fe8c219c27051e663988f2c983a205c730d0b3	Malenchenko replied: "I was a military pilot and then I received an offer to pass the selection and become an astronaut.
07a36d4bf731a5e069cb4bacd51b2cd832749f00	Flying into space sounded like a fantasy, and I couldn't miss this opportunity.
13083ea8fab0eee28946fcb59c2cd1ca2810bbe8	I have never regretted this choice.
a0c1ceeab7a37ccd02a3037dc94b60e2dee1eb4f	Therefore, if someone from the younger generation decides to link his life with cosmonautics in the future, he will never regret it."
255cc327e26b0b782144dcb216ecb880182dedac	The cosmonaut considers the smell of apples to be the most vivid impression upon arrival on Earth.
af9a03b0eda8be403c27aa92a161cb5f240b3a27	"There are almost no smells in space, because there the purified air is obtained without impurities.
ca32b952092abb75903fce87b5331448dab7204b	Therefore, when you return to earth, you are immediately picked up by a wave of all odors, to which the body reacts very sensitively, - Yuri Ivanovich shared his impressions.
1ee54a7500c37b2f83d9909a7aa3ccc30c143d8e	Bringing apples to the planting site is a good tradition.
fe1e0734cc3e4d8ea13139591208e0a8a0bc48d8	There is even a certain variety – Alma Ata very fragrant apples."
6942bf6a0f5cdf099dedb3b30b7212fde14650f8	Malenchenko also preferred not to spread too much about the everyday details of space life.
71aebd335b35b46ac727454d06395e74625df0bf	He only mentioned that there are icons for Orthodox cosmonauts at the Mir stations, and now on the ISS, and a temple has been erected on the territory of the Star City.
a8247f3f62381f5f2f80f1d3b748a09d7d51c1de	By the way, at the place of Yuri Gagarin's death in the village of Novoselovo, cosmonaut Leonov is restoring the church, and the bells on the bell tower bear the names of famous cosmonauts.
f2bbb3f5dfa9d916180889cd45fdd716b81e0929	Will space tourism develop?
f39c6aed6f27d6855445ce4da2ef137f8d5d9782	It will definitely be, it's only a matter of time, Yuri Ivanovich is sure.
2c8ed60e21b1b5454f324cbf94ce7e1caee5cfe5	The person is curious.
0b9a732650c11bc79528ac88582b8c61291b79df	In many ways, the opportunities that we have today were obtained thanks to this simple quality.
78784138faed482489bba5a23cd915252e759033	Our outer space is huge, although man has advanced very far in it.
2772eab869f3bd7233f71ac20c08bd76d9e9e2d2	But we have already settled into low-Earth orbit.
a0cab7815f0234cbbe612b2dd977581e1ee31ea4	If you look further, it is such a depth and distance, such a huge number of stars and planets!
62315d5ada6d2eed65bfdd260d22ee7def86c8b6	Of course, a person is drawn to go further, to see what is there in the universe.
e7b52f37df3ef628314355d5e589839ad2c884ba	And the fact that tourists have started flying into space suggests that we have reached such a degree of development that it is only pleasing.
ea686cfd0492c57548cd28654e3f627bd17ff233	According to Malenchenko, there will come a time when space flights will become more accessible and safe for almost everyone.
75f30b650aad5e80b615bd828f50f4bb128db324	In the course of the experiment, the Russian Malenchenko even managed to make a "kosmoselfi" on a miniature camera.
43859a6c279d4c3eed464a687a4bdb94297b95cc	During the "Restoration" experiment to test new technologies for repairing the ISS surface, on February 3, Russian cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko took a selfie in outer space.
79d3414cf20ce3a86d782d509f7b1284a5a8b237	His colleague Sergey Volkov posted a number of photos of the first works this year outside the International Space Station.
f865160d3e91594fb95a97d9e03f1f15af2167e2	As part of the "Restoration" experiment, Roscosmos cosmonauts tested a special adhesive tape to combat depressurization.
0ff636ba03f571e66f3be492300963d2a10e99ea	The astronauts also dismantled a monoblock with samples of organic and biological materials.
bcbbae4bddf6e4b603af933ba87a38337f089f24	Mutko: the Russian national football team plans to play with the Argentines, but not in March
bba2c477adeed6e837a3d3bcbb220e3392c745e6	Sports February 3, 20: 53
19e19d83e764b635e8594455ec28aa395634f1e1	NHL club "Detroit" put defender Marchenko on draft waivers
fcaa0a3362d8784e9acdef1dabfcceb4a1dbc75d	Sports February 3, 20: 47
47b035cc374e8f6ba49a5c98b4036a1789b17c99	Kuznetsova lost to Putintseva in the quarterfinals of the WTA tournament in St. Petersburg
45fde231fbbd08b5bc350c5a0314821f28c3f9ed	Sports February 3, 20: 22
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88c35b375cf94d013e03e4eaba252fc475ae389e	Army and Defense industry 3 February, 20: 18
ceb1c4d3290ffbfefa6059ae4226546b9cb838ad	Lukashenko spoke about the situation in Belarus and about relations with Russia
8182f1d76c75ddbb542348241cc079123dd4baa1	International Panorama February 3, 20: 17
871477fbf81804855021be2e1e60d4bf76a90cf5	Veteran of the HC "Spartak" Yakushev was awarded the badge of honor for his services in the field of sports
c129f112c9c572743eaefd48cc4bbd9e9118c4a7	Sports February 3, 20: 07
0a2238bb2a36b193978acc3fea9733277f1b37ab	The Russian Embassy in Damascus was subjected to mortar attacks on February 2 and 3
1ba8a6b7662c758efa5a93cc173af46b8c06fbfe	Politics February 3, 20: 07
03a7ef0f3693647f698f38261efff6c6d73b7356	Metallurg Magnitogorsk defeated SKA in the KHL championship match
51d3be542e5c177315329faa6a4528f8c1f00e19	Sports February 3, 20: 02
ad76346a709c54941c57b4ce9f46b97d4e5f17ca	Resident Evil: five key cities under the control of the "Islamic State"
e9aae734d7d1f3b79cfd6f8952edcbf6ee00e01d	International Panorama on February 3, 20: 00
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5e3f05fc9f0a6251a2e3fa10e73416561e7e92d4	Russian cosmonaut Malenchenko celebrates his 54th birthday on the ISS
13b17581e541e925a9b165a6c1f032dbe62bb09d	December 22, 2015, 14: 16
cfef49be4c8add6d6446b4adcc537017014f4915	UTC+3
77c1763b415d5621811d3b5a85a98f7a09ee0f34	MOSCOW MOSCOW 22, December.
5a951b1d6414d4737129ab072c78ad5b7b5bbf2b	/TASS
c91138c59fa9caff0a89781f983a40cff59a1ecd	In the evening, the ISS crew members will gather at a festive " table"
6296714f4c507c6f9d6143a84f04513f82b1bb5c	Material from 1 page
92d678a30915dde493aff4b0217f7763f147f6db	Yuri Malenchenko
79b7ba0fbfb5333750436a50c1760f1e509c6acb	© Sergey Savostyanov/TASS
c97aa4031d4b39a5fabc6df7970f14a54195c744	MOSCOW, December 22.
e9154a4894bf8ddaf39f4553b456f57bd7236ff4	/TASS/.
703960731166f23ac4790b86a574b011b1c80130	The first cargo ship of the new Progress MS series went to the ISS
1cd5ba4779e7199260c13a861d53b342737dbef3	Modernized transport ships "Progress MS"
c8d9d2e96c9b36e9c665d8c28cd401ba71735ec5	In 1994, Malenchenko saved a manned expedition to the Mir station by manually docking the Progress M 24 cargo ship to it. 150 meters before the station, the ship's rendezvous system was turned off, and there was only enough fuel left for one attempt of manual docking.
0c091accc88ef5392f2f1161ff8648f4cdf63788	For Malenchenko, the 54th birthday will not be the first holiday that he celebrated on the ISS.
1c6d19d1008e4e0dfa8fe5c467cc022b6d93095d	In 2003, during his third space flight, the cosmonaut got married while in orbit.
e8e25a947e96b4624f35d779d705b62ca7492320	His fiancee, Russian American Ekaterina Dmitrieva, was at the Mission Control Center in Houston (Texas) at that time.
832c124cabee08af5085111a609ad21950180aab	On behalf of the groom, the documents were signed by an American lawyer.
6c1d45b82cdff9b31bdc283fc5dec9e315561b11	In 2007, one of the Ukrainian TV channels organized a TV broadcast with Malenchenko, who was on board the ISS as part of the fourth space flight, where he congratulated the viewers on the upcoming New Year against the background of the Ukrainian flag and, after saying a toast, drank a clear liquid from a bottle.
7e83e9fa63615ad97af858c8109c2a5fce908d7d	"Mr. Yuri, is this really a real gorilka?"
80849f5245829fee3c163817ad27d35fb9d34494	- the TV presenter asked him.
cfd105067201020ac0f63ace2513697c5884881a	The cosmonaut did not answer the question.
b07dfd26d5d5e635eb28531436b30246e638278c	{{item.group date}}
3de75b9bfb94729898f794e2a9c8db0ea9fd1e9b	{{item.suffix?", "+item.suffix:""}}
58279b063aa9ea72e1a018946be8ee62a9a7e4ad	Main news
d2adfe25209060f67eccc26ec20f7f99359c04a2	February 3, 20: 17
3b3016c82befe89a16ca5b8de9992fbd6dfd6282	February 3, 20: 07
2474737a4a53ec883d1adb22fa44e048113accce	February 3, 18: 32
aea17753f95d1799725749767009352f17328e5f	Russia has banned the supply of beef from the Minsk region since February 6
f13566bdbc3ebac0f6a04b792d9c314ef665cd76	February 3, 19: 40
9002b26966fe1f311fdbcfae5195759724c0fc6e	The grace period in the Platon system will end on April 15
f72e7d7630642335a46df6215b77de3b29843d66	How was the launch of the Soyuz MS manned spacecraft to the ISS
b942c1718d6f9b70af74e85adb831b99ccea90de	The launch vehicle with the first Soyuz MS spacecraft in the new series is installed on the launch table
407b58f0d8eb5d8da267de24db547aeeffbf1257	"There is something to be proud of": a photo report from the new Vostochny cosmodrome
a6e749d7b0112bc8e1e43395543834367878ce30	Interesting
0642a76d70d9d0c8a71b4b17888bf321becf02dc	14 best photos of the week: husky driving, champagne under water and refugees in gold
a69c3aaaad81a829211f7a6369b5434bd3a9fecb	Friends forever: The fashion story of Audrey Hepburn and Hubert de Givenchy
e005ac27e778e06d6ae56058fa2afc47241a0084	Russia: seasons
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76c86c06f4045d01baa54c0165f946a97d18eeb7	For a week
374aadca1199814a8f25ad97dcc10e767e6ada07	Russian Belarusian relations.
8ed6578829ed850c28d5f5af90f54b55053fec15	Dossier
5e2298374cdf7517aa7ffd2f2134f318990e8b1c	The UK confirmed the discovery of the body of Natalia Melamed, who disappeared at the end of January
1b6453892473a467d07372d45eb05abc2031647a	4
1cc3c41b990d264589e8df97ac0df90677af44db	Churkin suggested that London "clear its conscience" by returning the annexed territories
5f025ab6f248eec083098ae05caac0079dadfe2d	The UK has not yet confirmed the discovery of Natalia Melamed, who disappeared at the end of January
e4ea18a94efa58cf8002e153d9faa0c6fba131ca	The court involved the parents and son of Zhanna Friske as defendants in the claim of Rusfond
8428b4e58a7ec0eb7faa13c234293766a1159a22	Churkin noticed a noticeable change in tone in the first speech of the new US permanent representative to the UN
d47b17ca89377a098159a2f2278e6225b6cdfd43	FSSP on the new money laundering scheme: we do not check the decisions of the courts
b83dcdf8a621f5057abf160880b2749ede9536a9	Kittel demands to disqualify the cyclist Grivko who hit him for six months
5a1fcac34d1d0c4524d01388b07b7bd9ad6df256	Lukashenko believes that Russia has violated the border agreement
6f4239cd3d37936ca51ec4f2522b6fd39d2b6674	Rogozin ridiculed Lithuania's refusal to claim Kaliningrad
789bc845c904d10d1e8ce85214cb11d86ef13400	Izvestia told about possible schemes for raising the retirement age
84f9a05a9cace50dbd155284de2d965b247d9520	The Kharkiv resident said that it is much better to live in the Crimea than in Ukraine
e2ac0ec2034eee7d3b4413f09ae578ff30f2b188	Putin dismissed 17 generals of law enforcement agencies from their posts
13161f4df971629611c5f9f39846494e4d76eb11	People's Artist of Belarus Alexander Tikhanovich has died in Minsk
a554672ddbb07b1634ba3e9d4ceb57eb9ed56c80	Biathlete Fourcade deleted an offensive comment about Loginov
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790932574fc4a1322458c1ccd2e5f0849909a56d	Russia - Belarus
946bb385f76263a8d79ab809cb4083a61875681d	Introduction of fees for trucks in the Russian Federation
118b1bceb9a6c51eec7a6c922627aca79820cff0	Sanctions against Russia
dc595719d8e89fb3a90947bf363257a4d16b2513	The crisis in Ukraine
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0bb04b80c309016bbc92a0269e3d49221cb99146	Yuri Ivanovich Malenchenko
2d5cdf655d7077b60051b1f01c5855159938e247	other photos by Yuri Ivanovich Malenchenko
6b25cc3169229b30dbacf4cc2592822f1d93c34f	Serial number 311 - (78)
6a09b8793ae50b77af0bdd3437ad3bbfda34dde6	Duration of flights:
8377e324c403d585eb0a980d60020f992888414c	Status Pilot cosmonaut of the Russian Federation, detachment of the FSBI CPC.
509eb49a50222c9828f14a726ba071ad09fc7b39	Date and place of birth: Born on December 22, 1961 in the city of Khrushchev (today Svetlovodsk), Kirovograd region, Ukrainian SSR.
951a33b1e6ce7a4c10ef26562b2d0fff935fa5ef	Education and scientific titles: In 1978, he graduated (with a gold medal) from a secondary school in the village of Pavlovka in the Svetlovodsk district of the Kirovograd region.
a77036e67aa5b3be7105a368ae5159d2820c9108	In 1978, he entered the Kharkiv Institute of Radio Electronics, but after the first year he left the institute and transferred to study at the Kharkiv VVAUL.
2c4c6abbaa55c288222d284148da01192b74b672	In 1983, he graduated from the Kharkiv Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union S. I. Gritsevets with a degree in Command and Tactical fighter Aviation with a diploma in military pilot engineer.
a69b3a60aa674fc89d8c94fc8531ccfeb598df10	In 1990-1993, he studied (in absentia) at the Air Force Engineering Academy named after Zhukovsky at the Faculty of senior engineering staff in the specialty "Operational tactical Engineering, aircraft".
9abf0708eed9093cfb855d64a64b302f9b62a37c	Military service: Since December 15, 1983, he served as a pilot (since November 30, 1984 a senior pilot, since November 28, 1986 an aviation flight commander) in the 684th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment (iap) of the 119th Fighter Aviation Division (iad) of the Air Force of the Odessa Military District in the city of Tiraspol.
6418b3315029587046385cfba0691e2c0d6fec01	The total flight time at the time of enrollment in the cosmonaut squad was more than 830 hours, he had more than 150 parachute jumps on his account.
ad7e356b0625b6adc4514c7c855c7b40adc6f7fa	By order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of July 27, 2009, he was dismissed from the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to the reserve.
0a1456f417eada2821f5151b585ff851cb9982b8	Military rank: Lieutenant (1983.10.15);
9ccb722abe5ea7834eacdbbba69a30b35391e8ae	Senior Lieutenant (1985.11.05);
533cd42eb1074a57856381862cd224ea5540b35f	Captain (1988.01.03); Major (1991.01.29);
3581ea80c4b814d2c3327c5058de40f9dccc2668	Lieutenant Colonel (1994.01.29);
81cd4b48d765dc394b042aaa688cd6154a70c062	Colonel (1995.12.17, since 2009.07.27 in reserve).
36fd3384d5c01964dcae24b0ebe9675b7026dfce	On October 17, 2014, by order of the head of the Cosmonaut Training Center No.
e25ab693590e39738f23625cfdee4ad643510cd0	527/k, he was appointed to the position of instructor of a test cosmonaut head of the 1st department (cosmonaut training, flight and space tests of manned spacecraft, scientific research and applied work in space and space flight safety assessment) The y.
eda52a8b685041844585e7bdb3ba7d960ed34d16	A. Gagarin CPC.
e5a3cbb0a9c88d17f5d6cf955e0c908eb5b8247f	On October 6, 1987, by order of the Commander in Chief of the Air Force, he was enlisted in the cosmonaut squad of the Central Committee of the Air Force as a candidate for test cosmonauts.
77577989b81eb2537338641a822af83bfe1aa9ad	In January June 1994, he was trained for the flight as the commander of the main crew under the program of the 16th expedition to the Mir OK (EO 16), together with Talgat Musabayev.
fd42881a20b9cc28d71efbcd9195b7a500f702eb	From July 1 to November 4, 1994, as the commander of the Soyuz TM 19 TC and the Mir OK under the EO 16 program, together with T. Musabayev.
c6f6fa143e25ecfe1582b8ff48d514d8698265bf	Call sign: "Agat 1".
566f11c37a7db3e0e883ebcc8ed360129e9bb14e	During the flight, he made two spacewalks:
ab3c3c98173e6109603445c33b177c71dd57487d	09.09.1994 duration of 5 hours and 6 minutes.
dd6fced3d2fb674b278e9183e3c6b36a420c4494	13.09.1994 duration of 6 hours and 1 minute.
b32543666d70fd6cf5ad923d427ccb8ba9cb56ed	The flight duration was 125 days, 22 hours, 53 minutes, 36 seconds.
7a51b841173eb69e96a7b5a009d16f0c8c8fa347	From October 1998 to September 2000, he was trained for a space flight on a shuttle at the Moscow Space Center.
98dc19448e494c82df0832834d2db576df28b5f4	Johnson (NASA) under the ISS assembly program (flight 2A, and then 2A/2B).
3e3ca05eb121c16bad9e60385281194f647c692a	From September 8 to 20, 2000, as a flight specialist in the crew of the shuttle Atlantis STS 106.
4189f3553950055a9e08887a76f4f19363639049	During the flight, he performed one spacewalk:
12aed417aad2def2373b803add6f7e2e0872b424	11.09.2000 duration of 6 hours and 14 minutes.
ecbd5f380ca91a81514c1cf776a882824e24bcc5	The flight duration was 11 days, 19 hours, 12 minutes, 14 seconds.
e90e4b11a0dfdd0b2b87ac127c488fea3d36f875	Since January 2001, he has been preparing for a space flight as the commander of the main crew of the 7th expedition to the ISS, together with Sergey Moshchenko (in October 2002 he was replaced by Alexander Kaleri) and Edward Lu (USA).
b7dd92bff70b211be4edf0cadc8dbbfaa81f884d	However, after the Columbia shuttle disaster in February 2003, the crews were reduced to 2 people.
4df8e6aa1154757e16d4aae9075532f30e1bbced	Since February 25, 2003, he continued preparing for the flight to the ISS as the commander of the Soyuz TMA 2 spacecraft, together with Edward Lu.
287ec0197e7894db9a82a528a1257e434aae37dc	The third flight
565baaad0161abc823e2271792f2fa3e79401dff	From April 26 to October 28, 2003, as the crew commander of the 7th main expedition of the ISS and the Soyuz TMA 2 spacecraft, together with Edward Lu.
2463bd67666dc758f585fbaf7d06296a43dbe5bf	The flight duration was 184 days, 22 hours, 46 minutes, 28 seconds.
78fb5f3b6e51b12346555ae21c0cbb88546ee82e	September 20, 2005 resolution, the DSWD was appointed flight engineer of the backup crew of 14 of the expedition to the ISS (ISS 14D).
2c5dbc9b814e77c959492ca1f81faa372b81c4c9	At the meeting of the international Commission MCOP in the USA (30 November 2 December 2005) was approved as a flight engineer of the backup crew of 14 of the expedition to the ISS (ISS 14D - Peggy Whitson and Yuri Malenchenko).
ee9e53d6fe9b7d5b70ff529431454caa38808ec6	In early May 2006, NASA officially announced the composition of the backup crew of the ISS 14D, already consisting of three people: Peggy Whitson, Yuri Malenchenko, Clayton Anderson.
fbaf8ac2a6adcfaa658e6ced9ded2b2bbcf59db6	In May 2006, by the decision of Roscosmos, CPC and RSC Energia, he was provisionally appointed flight engineer of the main crew of the 16th expedition to the ISS (ISS 16).
164d22382126b14c78d025cc34253b7d8f874659	In August, by a joint decision of Roscosmos and NASA, he was provisionally approved as a flight engineer of the ISS 16 and commander of the Soyuz TMA 11 spacecraft, which is scheduled to launch in October 2007.
2fa2f05f9f731494a9d1a3745e42f58a697dd621	On February 13, 2007, by a decision of NASA, he was approved as a flight engineer of the ISS 16 expedition and commander of the Soyuz TMA 11 spacecraft.
a0bae9e7dbb16236adc27ca984df58d5e0629d68	On September 17-18, 2007, as a flight engineer of the main crew, he successfully completed comprehensive exam training.
dcd149df2053b6c2dd0b1f7b409726b35741c304	On October 9, 2007, at a meeting of the State Commission at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, he was approved as a flight engineer of the ISS 16 expedition and commander of the Soyuz TMA 11 spacecraft.
2f865a5c6737c9f53d44a06e82dd458a00de885e	The fourth flight
c78e8d4694a1a088a84966e0456e6ddaf6ef0313	It was launched on October 10, 2007 at 17: 22 minutes 39 seconds Moscow time as the commander of the Soyuz TMA 11 spacecraft and the flight engineer of the ISS 16 expedition together with Peggy Whitson and a member of the 13th visiting expedition, Sheikh Muzafar Shukor.
07b7fe60b44c3eac8046f08e6df202ef28ca260c	On October 12, at 14:52 UTC (18:52 Moscow time), the Soyuz TMA 11 spacecraft docked to the International Space Station.
8417f61b036e6803d85ac2995f768b6f39eafe96	2007.11.09 duration of 6 hours and 55 minutes.
599f9ece343a0cc1b5add2ae9ac3377ed8c766ab	During the exit, the astronauts prepared a docking hermoadapter for installation on the Harmony module.
816a5ef2327f432ccbe1ad1cad255c22cdc51dd3	The Soyuz TMA 11 spacecraft was undocked from the ISS on April 19 at 04: 06: 27 UTC (09:06:27 Moscow time).
baa85bca05139d4c0af7e0e9d571b39ed0688f20	At 07:40:46 UTC (11:40:46 Moscow time), the ship's engines were switched on for braking.
e8d5a9090cfbcc6c3dca5c433a43d23cea4c4fb1	On April 19, 2008, at approximately 12: 36 Moscow time (08: 36 UTC), the ship landed on the territory of Kazakhstan at a point with coordinates 50°31 's, 61°07' s.
eb86336bd43e67d5ab0a1792c62031f0f1cb3549	Due to the fact that the ship broke into the trajectory of a ballistic descent, the short flight to the planned landing point was about 475 km (according to other data - about 420 km).
39e1d5e2316f02b034e1ddac87e151b9c82d3e5b	The flight duration was 191 days, 19 hours, 13 minutes, 21 seconds.
408e25fa93dda64351914688f8533bdde48a60e5	By the order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of July 27, 2009, he was dismissed from the Armed Forces and dismissed from the post of instructor of the test cosmonaut.
e7e4e2f96f2f8b445cba6cfb99be5d15562aa35f	At the meeting of the MMC on November 19, 2009, he was admitted to special training.
536f8ee794d071f6fa3b27fa8b71829fa54a6be5	In January 2010, reports appeared about his appointment to the backup crew of the 30th expedition to the ISS (ISS 30, the launch of the main crew on the Soyuz 29 spacecraft (Soyuz TMA No. 703) in November 2011) and about his appointment to the main crew of the ISS 32/33 expedition (launch on the Soyuz 31 spacecraft).
ffeccb5203a231b472ab1d7ed685158973af0d92	At the beginning of February 2010, at a meeting of the GMWC, he was recommended for enrollment in the FSBI CPC detachment.
e5e4ca39af28d6ac102a17507a2166755a22109c	In pursuance of this decision, by the order of the head of the FSBI CPC dated February 9, 2010, he was accepted as an instructor of a test cosmonaut of the FSBI CPC detachment.
a8ddbff06d4af6fe3dfc1b795b81b24bde48e8d9	On July 8, 2010, his appointment to the main crew of the ISS expedition 32/33 (launch on the Soyuz 31 spacecraft in April 2012) was officially confirmed by NASA in a press release 10-161.
abff89a323f41cddde29b28fcec92f4a66852342	On October 12, 2010, his appointment to the main crew of ISS 32/33 was confirmed by the Interdepartmental Commission for the Selection of Astronauts and Their Appointment to the crews of Manned spacecraft.
afd6235f11b819a785405865a45e84f34588c778	From August 2 to August 5, 2010, he took part in trainings on conducting visual instrumental observations from an airplane near the city of Severomorsk, Murmansk Region, during which the tasks of observing objects and solving environmental monitoring problems were worked out.
abca10a24092f217cad90c1b8f20f3514b8f1c9d	In January 2011, he took part in survival training in a forest near Moscow as a commander of a conditional crew together with Andrey Babkin and Ivan Wagner.
d2655e0ae769c979c0386148b3f50bbd5e411229	On November 29, 2011, at the Cosmonaut Training Center, together with Sunita Williams and Akihiko Hoshide, he passed a pre flight examination training on the TDK 7ST simulator No.
583c84bfb33add10a001dbe2566573e4af95b7ac	4 (Soyuz TMA simulator). On November 30, 2011, the crew passed an examination training on the Russian segment of the ISS.
54590cb8d6ccc242f2ddc046d2a30eefe53ce937	On December 1, 2011, he was approved by the Interdepartmental Commission as the commander of the backup crew of the Soyuz TMA 03M spacecraft.
61f71031580780e0b546ce0ba58c25898f13b363	On December 20, 2011, at a meeting of the State Commission for Conducting Flight Tests of Manned Space Complexes, chaired by the head of the Federal Space Agency, Vladimir Popovkin, he was approved as the commander of the backup crew of the Soyuz TMA 03M spacecraft.
31cf781566e6ee5931dcec26ce0b04ea923e6f59	On December 21, 2011, during the launch of the Soyuz TMA 03M TPC, he was the understudy of the crew commander.
2ca303fd38d2eecce217241494344144cbdcf356	On June 19, 2012, at the Cosmonaut Training Center, together with Sunita Williams and Akihiko Hoshide, he passed a pre flight examination training on the Russian segment of the ISS.
7f9ccb362c4b70aa6e8474c4ac3c35e6c2d73780	On June 20, 2012, the crew passed an examination training session on the TDK 7ST simulator (the Soyuz TMA simulator).
7f9ff8c6de0853dad80533e2470359c851f2ee94	On June 22, 2012, he was approved by the Interdepartmental Commission as the commander of the main crew of the Soyuz TMA 05M spacecraft.
08b4298f665f9cf23393b15cb1562fe92a450909	On July 13, 2012, at a meeting of the State Commission at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, he was approved as the commander of the main crew.
6e9a0b2da7260d53a40d892b8b058938762443db	He started on July 15, 2012 at 02: 40: 03 UTC (06: 40:03 Moscow time) as the commander of the Soyuz TMA 05M spacecraft, flight engineer of the 32nd and 33rd main ISS expeditions.
5f12fc320176670a2de49b586edf905ab97d4dfd	July 17 at 04: 51 UTC (08: 51 Moscow time) The Soyuz TMA 05 spacecraft docked to the Rassvet Research Module (MIM 1) of the International Space Station.
04a01287394193565457ba5dfe6886bf37299bc8	During the flight, together with the crew commander of the Soyuz TMA 04M spacecraft, Gennady Padalka, made one spacewalk:
7def259bd135ee4dedc114b986a601832ac0d47b	2012.08.20 duration .
a6e9f46c3f4825017dc079e596699bdfb702ff15	The spacewalk began at 15: 37 UTC (19:37 Moscow time).
c617f26c2833a9dc26895c745ee3dea93103771c	During the exit, the cosmonauts carried out the transfer of the GStM 2 cargo boom from the ISS Pier to the Zarya FGB hermoadapter using the GStM 1 cargo boom, manually launched the Sphere 53 satellite, installed 5 additional anti meteoroid panels on the Zvezda CM and 2 struts for the output device on the Pier, dismantled the container No.
8d18f26670c38d3cf3e8a176f000b80ffe5a7760	1 of the Biorisk MSN equipment on the Pier.
b7e4f7602effc670643802abd64a96ab81a701ee	At 21:28 UTC (August 21 at 01:28 Moscow time), the astronauts returned to the ISS.
f47fa600189b2732defa4c10f1820e5cd19d265c	On November 18, 2012, at 22:26:03 UTC (November 19 at 02:26:03 Moscow Time), the Soyuz TMA 05M spacecraft undocked from the International Space Station.
2ea9607b605e2f443210fdaafbc84517256a0327	November 19, 2012 at 01: 53:20.1 UTC (05:53:20.1 Moscow time) the descent vehicle of the Soyuz TMA 05M spacecraft landed 91 kilometers northeast of the city of Arkalyk, the Republic of Kazakhstan.
a6e1eec9e55728345024553ef6ba23c09a6786d8	In April 2014, information appeared about his possible appointment to the main crew of the ISS 46/47 instead of Sergei Zaletin, who was not allowed to special training.
b4c1ac5ffa659b042c97dfafb135e6b25bc30c2f	On December 16, 2014, at a meeting of the Interdepartmental Commission for the Selection of Astronauts and Their Appointment to the crews of Manned Spacecraft and stations, his appointment to the backup crew of the ISS 44/45 long term expedition and the main crew of the ISS 46/47 long term expedition was approved.
74fac82a40d4c02230d9cd9e7fd1d108946b40bc	On March 20, 2015, it was reported that Anatoly Ivanishin will replace him in the main crew of the Soyuz TMA 19M spacecraft (ISS expedition 46/47).
6a6d2bca2abfa81a15ce0d740721649a59ec0eb4	At the meeting of the Main Medical Commission (MMC) held on April 16, 2015 at the Cosmonaut Training Center, which analyzed the data of medical examinations of Russian members of the main and backup e the crew of the 44/45 th long term expedition to the ISS, was declared fit for space flight for health reasons.
d1936c060964c229eec0c2faf6b63dd71b8d8b49	On May 6, 2015, he began undergoing comprehensive training as the commander of the backup crew of the ship together with flight engineers Timothy Kopra and Timothy Peak.
e1dce0e5329de7f049ba7aed661cbd0e1e283d64	On this day, an examination training session was held on the simulator of the Soyuz TMA M TPC.
76d5d58f2a032cbc03e216046b697e0791a31553	On May 7, the crew passed a test training session on the Russian segment of the ISS.
50c299bd3ad998c2a05342d9cd2b994dfa62884c	On July 8, 2015, at a meeting of the Interdepartmental Commission held at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, he was approved as the commander of the backup crew of the Soyuz TMA 17M spacecraft.
2dc83bfff0876f74083400660d1631817dcdfac5	On July 21, 2015, at a meeting of the State Commission at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, he was approved as the commander of the backup crew of the Soyuz TMA 17M spacecraft.
c11b4efcf9d616533ff75258563faaf5f85891cf	On July 23, 2015, during the launch of the Soyuz TMA 17M TPC, he was the understudy of the crew commander.
7b86b42c6bc74f9fa53af9ef7e007a0e9dd2e74c	On November 3, 2015, at a meeting of the State Medical Commission (MMC) at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center (CPC), he was declared fit for space flight for health reasons.
0f70a00d2364c47ccf846afb1d44afacc3584121	On November 19, 2015, she began undergoing comprehensive training as the commander of the main crew of the ship together with flight engineers Timothy Kopra and Timothy Peak.
8b327ced732d2b5732641d2502df3dfe4aab6262	On this day, an examination training session was held on the Russian segment of the ISS, according to the results of which the crew showed a good result.
93f08f75191e45ec25506bf4fad3553855e14573	On November 20, the crew passed a test training session on the Soyuz TMA M simulator.
82d7ae63360b788058afce8fd1d991550b79e789	November 23, 2015.
0407b2f85fb39c94338044c67254d9a27e385346	At the meeting of the Interdepartmental Commission held at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, he was approved as the commander of the main crew of the Soyuz TMA 19M spacecraft.
a72b01598209fec5a8c3cc1e84b90e9ba8653724	December 14, 2015.
b3289c01be2d414a0b0f4990781faffbf8a74e2f	At the meeting of the State Commission for Flight Tests of Manned Space Complexes, headed by the head of Roscosmos Igor Komarov, held at the 17th site of the Baikonur Cosmodrome in the Cosmonaut complex, he was approved as the commander of the main crew of the Soyuz TMA 19M spacecraft.
d1bb7a7afce00657c48524340f083409c90c55a5	He launched on December 15, 2015 as the commander of the Soyuz TMA 19M spacecraft together with flight engineers Timothy Kopra and Timothy Peak.
b687bfa40017b6ea01c481445d4a002b66ea0006	The spacecraft docked to the small research module "Dawn" of the International Space Station at 17:33 UTC (20:33 Moscow time) in manual mode.
facb9bf7c73961728ffbba8c1003e6ae2708d07f	During the flight, he made one spacewalk:
ec348139fa7581cd32896057f7974f4fe92179cc	2016.02.03 duration .
519f1ca66950105483372cabf3792c5d05d4b04b	The exit under the VCD 42 program began at 12: 56 UTC (15:56 Moscow time) after the opening of the exit hatch from the Pier.
455c2f51d0eb5ea9c3d306accf7db5f6907d7bda	During the exit, cosmonauts Yuri Malenchenko (EV1, Orlan MK spacesuit No. 4) and Sergey Volkov (EV2, Orlan MK spacesuit No. 6) performed the "Test" experiment, dismantled the monoblock responsible for exposing samples of organic and biological materials in open space (experiment "Expose R"), and installed the sample exposure unit No.
b4d1f735394b76b70b2ad9561ff961d98ced201b	2 of the Endurance experiment on the Poisk module (MIM 2), and on the output device of the docking compartment "Pier" we performed the operations in accordance with the program of work on the "Restoration" experiment.
5c189f3893247872cdd9e4d57151b6cb446237c9	Soft handrails were installed on the conical part of the instrument sealed compartment No.
307715a694ebb305364c5da4519ee85682232cca	3 of the Zarya FGB.
d600bbc4201aec4e3ce984da78be964a00bb25e3	At 17:39 UTC (20:39 Moscow time), the astronauts returned to the ISS.
b2af1e124f6854a47411135a99bfff43a68e98bd	On June 18, 2016, at 02: 36 UTC (05:36 Moscow Time), the operation to close the transition hatches between the Soyuz TMA 19M spacecraft and the International Space Station was completed.
cb2c86fea0374acce48814db974db9b4e1b4b00a	The undocking of the Soyuz TMA 19M TPC took place normally at 05: 52 UTC (08:52 Moscow time).
6dd5449cf3e0096e07289d47d0e14c503dc022c9	At 09: 14: 39 UTC (12: 14: 39 Moscow time) the spacecraft's descent vehicle landed in the Kazakh steppe 150 km east of the city of Dzhezkazgan.
1467282d5a4248b00b2e6ed7810a6669f6acf79f	The duration of the flight was
c79e021c8aab74e9f0904afc316bf033a194e96c	He left the cosmonaut squad on September 2, 2016.
b224bf77954e9ca0b1f7b833de4c8cf43bf9853c	Honorary titles: Hero of the Russian Federation (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 2107 of 24.11.1994), Pilot Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 2107 of 24.11.1994), People's Hero of Kazakhstan Halyk Kaharmany (1995).
a6f5334cc38bede2caaf84dcbec61274d5b1b9f9	Pilot cosmonaut of Kazakhstan (1995).
9c8a4770c504bf8cf29a41ac9e26929f5ef97e33	Class: Military pilot of the 3rd class, Cosmonaut of the 2nd class.
3e9a1c13a2cd33bf1c29ca5607fec85d4f8bd37b	The instructor is a test cosmonaut.
37dc581e54fb4fac2d2a7d2950b5c62694081220	State awards: Awarded the Gold Star Medal of the Hero of the Russian Federation (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 2107 of 24.11.1994), the Order "For Services to the Fatherland" of the III degree (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 357 of 22 May 2014), the Order "For Services to the Fatherland" of the IV degree (2008), the Order "For Military Merit" (2000), the medal "For Distinction in military Service" of the III degree, "For Distinction in military Service" of the II degree (1996.04.04), "For Distinction in military Service" of the I degree (2000), the medal "For Impeccable Service" of the III degree (1990), the medal "For Military Valor" of the I degree (2000), the medal "70 years of the Armed Forces of the USSR" (1988).
09e2ca983a0114d5ac32c11a739bc58512779296	Awards of foreign countries: Awarded the Medal of the People's Hero of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1995), the NASA Space Flight Medal
083c8fce173f77923c474bc4b4dd532287ffdca5	Marital status Father Malenchenko Ivan Karpovich, born in 1930 Mother Malenchenko (Ananyeva) Nina Pavlovna, born in 1937 Brother Malenchenko Sergey Ivanovich.
4d532bf036f365926952ec0e21b2d9e3df3d41e2	Wife (ex wife)
cda6f61f8e9811b048d5a3cdafb7a0583702194c	- Elena Leonidovna Malenchenko.
cda3b80b8b1037157514040517277b9633ca50b8	Son (from the first marriage)
10093fed838079f4464c26dd285313fee5722285	- Dmitry Yuryevich Malenchenko, born in 1984, his wife Ekaterina Dmitrieva, born in 1977, (an American of Russian origin).
b73a4caaecd9aa6d08271861f86aee0cfb8e8d6a	The wedding ceremony took place on August 10, 2003, when Yuri was in orbit, and Ekaterina was in Houston, Texas (in this state, the wedding can be held in the absence of one of the newlyweds).
901e71eb26272d048c06b7702a19948c94d29518	On behalf of the groom, the marriage documents were signed by an American lawyer.
9cb388099b4346007b68f00576084ac44a49097d	Daughter Camilla (born in 2006).
e0e23e055b4157da7fad47113721cf4eb1546654	Hobbies Sports games, music, hunting.
205cb486d51574ab9eb886a70e51f61f01084ae2	Back CPC Air Force Encyclopedia
d6cdb70f3c9a42e545d52edbc9ead0cd4c692273	FEDERAL SAINT PETERSBURG Adygea Arkhangelsk Barnaul Belarus Bryansk Vladivostok Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Dagestan Irkutsk Kazan Kaliningrad Kamchatka Karelia Kirov Kostroma Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Crimea Kuzbass Nizhny Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Penza Perm Pskov Rostov on Don Ryazan Samara Saratov Smolensk Stavropol Tver Tula Tyumen Udmurtia Ukraine Ulyanovsk Ural Khabarovsk Cheboksary Chelyabinsk Chernozem Chita Yugra Yamal Yaroslavl
bbcca824a573331c97fe6137276cf3526f8dcf6e	Special Projects of the AIF Publication
4cd88fa2e876639c106e6579f6b94860d8693610	Federal AIF
018618c0e1e71a7995c1470d7258dd8963728818	Kitchen
da357ce6356495d5da6f68128ae42bbe8605668b	Country house
c801ffe9685bde621e090aa418742d144d0dc627	Opinions
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06d16a7315d12bec54d58ebe8f142feb7b772c0e	Entertaining "restology"
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c2cfb48077b06c182583a2fc4b7416632defb910	All special projects
67759a838057bd9567d023415c13991d2813ec46	The doctor from Podolsk does not admit guilt in violence against the patient
ce09b127d48f83868a45645e246d3b52f4bdecbe	512
94dfc859e871a4dcce94a83a7f0730f0932aa417	In Austria, it will be forbidden to wear the niqab
aa62ffff47619bf0b14843d4865e7dac00e278ef	607
bd0fa21331379ceb91f9ea5efd96ff17afeb163a	Loza suggested that Trump "pinch the tails" of the stars who criticize him
0d990fa9636db56c6349320acba1a0c6499a1db3	378
06379d9a7fed5e1154f97d838e9223fe3f895821	The Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation opened a case on the fact of shelling in the Donbass
dd7c1a3d9d5627da9aea5415e3d07202bfb5925e	256
14b6430d349e117d4c19b446d9ffb7b158ada35a	The Federal Air Transport Agency denied claims about the format of data on MH17
304eba530ae8e7341bc086f6e1e7355d24cfc6ff	4249
5e52cabe892e10167adb6e9d8cd3f001f70e2821	A case has been opened on the fact of the boy's death in the hospital of Ivanteevka near Moscow
eb65e208b715d3b42fc535aebcd8d3e7fb5f2c94	298
812c433c57cd1cf2dcfa23da82abfdd90ae2b335	In Moscow, firefighters rescued eight people from a house with a burning apartment
899a19b6bec5cddc50179f183ba138b628cf94b3	1012
bb0e03f55b2e502a5cc1f8d555d195f1f181b77b	In the Volgograd circus, white tigers attacked an assistant trainer
8112fa7342035457d2350c39aaf198445617db2a	Poroshenko instructed to bring the situation in the Donbas to the UN Security Council for discussion
5b384ce32d8cdef02bc3a139d4cac0a22bb029e8	38
4039871b4152bb49071dfff5642b8e308005d541	The DPR asks Putin, Trump and Merkel to force Poroshenko to stop fighting
5f66a4733cc0f71234da7ec2d688b505048e18e9	Pridnestrovie asked Russia for a loan of $ 130 million
b6692ea5df920cad691c20319a6fffd7a4a766b8	33
34745137533103edee378433ff39018f062baefa	Noticeable improvements.
7f16a01ba07b551402f3e50090766b7e6bf9040e	The governor of the Moscow region spoke to the residents of the region
be461a0cd1fda052a69c3fd94f8cf5f6f86afa34	84
538d8aa9441e7a5bc44d07b81ca5c905a3a03421	Food inflation in Russia is 3.5 times ahead of the European one
4afa8f9e90756f0f919a124a1dfbba19be004edc	206
8f13e917c53b369902b80e83476fe42439ba3a7e	Is it worth buying dollars now?
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b5b85ba7ade4bdbc11ab786920ea64b4fc222190	If the bank has failed.
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6e51226fa1720a2b1ead375ea28e67786edee133	The Tretyakov Gallery has extended the exhibition of masterpieces of the Vatican Pinacoteca until March 1
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350471de2b94c2fa0dc1050e4e3b83e6286afa80	How the logos of the Eurovision Song Contest changed
7884821233b445e6204ce5d4ba2dbb79d8c9cfa6	937
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ae8867d461059391372a8a86f2eeecbf79233f8d	1813
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bb494e6e8cd8a8a08d02ea68a03da6dac1b85c60	Natalia Poklonskaya again complains about the film about Nicholas II
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5c21ba416bcbfe430cf76149eee3076a83030a31	CSKA striker Traore has moved to the Spanish "Sporting"
7224f997fc148baa0b7f81c1eda6fcc3fd003db0	106
763fce103d16c300d210fe6af820b6c51691b0f7	In the span?
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5d00f2c62873169a8720963189ff86b1f29d4958	261
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dbbdfdc6587a87809cc4b593f57e1de2b36e2247	When you need to change the spark plugs in the car
85fa7c80ca782c165c6aa5d26c6f18088eede60e	10687
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efa260adfcac648aa5df57fc33520b5e0a3fb0c3	590
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53ebc572b4a44802ba114729f07bdaaf5409a9d7	Network
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954daa8b00335c66e262106e01f7dc22b19a4372	Right
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375cd64816757d06c249b6524091998aa69c2630	Agronovosti
90ccd6497400b5576aeca1bd94af74aae1e0a250	History
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952aad57f0c83f9b8feaba1c0e4229b1485b9640	MASS MEDIA
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72d40147b9486ebd233f91c27a6e821699e93574	Charity
06f0525c9abfae370ab4b174d66eed94b3e0c3bf	Change one life
f26c677d206dd813d63591beb22113eee3715527	Galleries
4afcaeb9886fc32b3efc82688ab063507391174b	Natalia Kozhina
cedd19b909120de34756b4dc207f261bc79f93dc	0 3683
e0356617fc74d437261c990900ced5f5c6e8f4b9	She is on the Ground, he is in orbit.
c8dfbc938a2c2a340ea003ede86fbc804727a64c	The story of the world's first space wedding
2beeb4cb3d9beba670d0399897665f6baff892dd	On August 10, 2003, the world's first registration of a space wedding took place.
c461fdea9a21c270ab7a634cdb2e1a4e31571cc2	Cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko and his chosen one Ekaterina Dmitrieva entered into a legal marriage.
0f24ca3076d2ac1e52fda38ab4394b024e6657ff	АиФ. ги he remembers how an unusual ceremony took place.
1dcad7abfdf42e67390fe99b6a23083383f02a20	The lovers entered into marriage while being at a huge distance from each other: Ekaterina Dmitrieva - on Earth, Yuri Malenchenko - in orbit.
5469874bedbe1a2beb259bb979e275c572a815ca	© /
af9db2524ac49863c875a579d64416fd9b74fed0	Frame youtube.com
106113cc1071866d881855697c6664c22b8c2fe6	This wedding was one of the most high profile events of 2003.
63de82937c7f20b89cbd4f86d244f8da2ead296a	Being at a huge distance from each other, the famous pilot cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko and an American of Russian origin Ekaterina Dmitrieva tied the knot.
cbf76b7aa7b897fc6cf111bb56e66a09e7918b30	They were allowed to perform such an unusual ceremony by the laws of the state of Texas, where the girl lived.
e7434a9d3f72f277299513285325190ecbc27700	However, not everything was smooth.
657c07b76d7a2b461584fee6493315cccbafd561	Who put the space wedding at risk of disruption, tells about this and much more АиФ.ги.
07d9d4c4c65b513549d5a5816256227372335a0b	He and she
cb907d75df2c4d96aeaad1ca8e1af46c9175a5cc	Cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko.
c6c79ce99542ec66f917fd754b3f22b9c879640e	Photo: RIA Novosti
94518113e7799407cfc07ceb048da9c66ee47762	Yuri Malenchenko was born in an ordinary family: his father is the chairman of a collective farm, his mother is a teacher.
26009082d3b3359ec5f069670a26c0596b917b42	The boy graduated from school with honors, and in 1978 he entered the Kharkiv Institute of Radio Electronics.
9764e4bcd41b252afbb4c38e84d51a4d77c24755	His parents dreamed that their son would become an engineer, but after studying only one course, he decided to change his future profession and transferred to the Kharkiv Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots named after S. I. Gritsevets, which he graduated from in 1983.
a275eef8e90c6b8fb268f742381a6e13a04ab43f	Malenchenko made his first flight in 1994 as the commander of the Soyuz TM 19 TC and the Mir OK.
96c524870e64d93542ceffe05f5a22e2582c4aea	Then he stayed in space for almost 126 days.
910f3dffbab3a6dfbc703b579c53b7a91b35f57d	However, this fact did not confuse 26 year old Ekaterina, who not only agreed to marry Malenchenko, but was not against a cosmic marriage with her lover.
bbcba644941986a56c33dac73c789ecbfa5cec3c	But the plans of the lovers leaked to the press, and crowds of journalists began to besiege Malenchenko's hometown Svetlovodsk and the restaurant where the bride and her guests later celebrated their marriage.
8a2ffd5a55b10be2b06f476cafc6b97d3cca437e	Be mine!
0b1b12ab173a3b34fe8805a97e64a1a5b36a8cc8	Ivan Novoseltsev and the 6 best marriage proposals in sports
f6ce7f891ee94434ff37c4bbb35f0cef17f48bb1	The "against"guide
6e89808f760c3e5af1ab97174d58a38e358a52a6	Not everyone liked the idea of a cosmic wedding.
9b7c17b416b4d25a2676cb8338c7e4f3e493ac38	Catherine did not have any problems, because according to the law of the state of Texas, the bride or groom can be absent from their own wedding.
84286788941e2eea825c28a06bd0fc7ff32fe689	But Yuri had to sort things out with the management, for whom the news of the upcoming ceremony was an unpleasant surprise.
fdb40900a743161189db3f81630003a8914f7956	The future groom simply put everyone in front of the fact, moreover, by his act he violated the rules of secrecy that have been in force since Soviet times.
e0a92efd54b2a52a11356dc57f705c96e0ca8f31	In order to marry a foreign woman, the commander of the expedition had to ask for the permission of his command in advance.
ffe632791e607b513beed6b472f4165ccdc5810d	Due to these legal delays, the wedding was under a big question for some time, and many media outlets wrote about the cancellation of the grand event.
107ca4f70a910cbab715d3622a675057ef0de940	However, in the end everything ended well.
50f24ead790a7369bc2137dbf565d6d97948490d	Yuri heard the desired yes, only now not from his future wife, but from the management, who gave the go ahead for the ceremony.
479b8190479cecfb37d2d42fc27c8955e270cb2c	Day X
4c9a89e2961088852025c046e06548383dbb7c35	How not to spoil the wedding.
11b3898a05653dd3477618ee9c4bf9ed653dcbed	Tips that will help the newlyweds
2c986df9f2b4e3c9bd70778ae446c8164ea2414b	The long awaited event took place on August 10, 2003.
a0a81c81bf01bca561315938d574431fa97fb5b2	The lovers entered into marriage while being at a huge distance from each other: Ekaterina - on Earth, Yuri - in orbit.
cb79882139ef01f0ca04f9e9dffee1f29b7e6298	The media wrote that on the day of the wedding, the groom was in full dress — in a tailcoat, but this is just speculation of journalists.
b15f650aec7d56720eacf55351a6f993b410b9b6	Shortly before the event, in the month of June, a small parcel came into orbit from the future wife of the cosmonaut, in which there were two bow ties and a silk belt under the tailcoat.
b4e59855705fd1a03fb17baaf29507c49f1f3c01	Malenchenko and his American colleague Ed Lu put these simple wardrobe items on their work suits before the ceremony.
434ada6207eeed21f1149aafece12aec03ea3e92	The young people made vows of loyalty and love to each other, looking at the monitor screens.
f5da51ad574fbebfd68ce2745a9045e55fadf9ef	They put on their own rings and sealed the union with air kisses.
d4f5df4ecf1c1d2806f96ae8493402d64367a47d	The lawyer signed the marriage certificate instead of the groom.
ab9d80cd7b3a33e006bab496d6413156b03ce0d9	Oh, this wedding
5bbbc0f5372e38dbcf3c6e88d5534aa7443f0191	After the ceremony, Ekaterina went with her friends and family to an Italian restaurant to celebrate the joyful event.
756bd5bea8aca02d44ee9f13a09be9a0ceeaadd1	In the photos from the banquet, the happy bride is depicted together with her husband, only not a real one, but a cardboard one made in full growth.
70ba32d55034fd389e5342a5cb00a6cbde6ab184	After the wedding, Ekaterina moved to Russia, and the Malenchenko couple had a new family member daughter Camilla.
1acbf6725ccdacc79573c8667eacf17d123b829f	© frame from youtube
bcb6cbb7351b989404920e44442b6f7981a328c4	© flickr.com / Maria Casacalenda
3c795b0952575289e7d4eac2855984e9c1bf92f5	© flickr.com
cc9ebfe9b17848b63264c46fed7036d1b370aa9f	© www.globallookpress.com
73ffeadca17d4f4eb70bebebbcef6ed7c21980b8	© flickr.com / Kanani Reichlin
25cbfd9559a1c9182e930c26003e140c81a19a56	© flickr.com / dangerismycat
db7baacac6eba0568f3e33fbe9b365cc6a33da61	svadbakosmos
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159e7261804ea8cc8bcc9bd8b2aaffcf74b17921	Until the death of the universe does not separate: 10 years of the first cosmic wedding 09: 5509.08.2013 0276671
328d8708b738dd6524c386e953093cbf0ea90896	By the tenth anniversary of the first and so far the only "cosmic" wedding in the history, RIA Novosti tells about who is now ready to organize a marriage for you in the literal sense in heaven, how much it will cost and whether it will be possible to take bridesmaids and best men with you.
32f91d8d83e5921a3908b6c1b69390269491c314	MOSCOW, Aug 9 RIA Novosti.
85ed96a5880e1bbc01a2dc10f16088e29b6595f4	Extraterrestrial love
f34ff9db99c029bc83444508b1ac55630b91a062	Anton Belitsky Go to Photobank
65ec24cd5bbd8803df86ef716f76729f815bf599	Gagarin Incorporated, or where private cosmonauts have already gathered
9544479d6dcea997e42217239e862c3d8bf7be93	The first marriage is a lump
25abeaea9a3623c7bdd8fbdfad103ecbc9354cc7	© Photo: NASA
a7bbdf4c775c195dfe51efcbbcfbdb2cb6baff19	Space tourists on the International Space Station
2da12ee1c34a99f339ba6f726157eba04da93903	Private individuals, however, are not limited by any contracts, so it is not surprising that interest in such exotic weddings has not faded since then.
c542b7c7333750ca54aec0bdee14e457cd6cdc1f	However, even 10 years later, the place in history for the first "civil" space wedding remains vacant: despite a huge number of plans and ambitious statements, no project has yet reached the stage of the first "Bitter!".
c27a6f7d643d3d1855934542475e63dec4b264cb	Probably the most public failure in this area can be called the project of the Japanese company First Advantage, about which only lazy did not write in 2008.
408cc0fb28c8954f637135af325fb39bb81b0958	The Japanese, together with the American Rocketplane, the developer of the suborbital spacecraft of the same name, announced a unique service at that time: pay money, take a four — day express training course and the rings can be exchanged in zero gravity.
013210ddb24c784a0fa8820e48d20962942038b6	According to the company's ambitious plans, a space wedding would cost the bride and groom $ 2.3 million, and this amount included not only tickets to space for the couple, their two guests and a priest, but also a wedding dress, organization of a banquet on Earth, transportation and living expenses, as well as a live broadcast of the 60 minute ceremony.
7934edf6b6c25e98b50f97ad0d6be9af170b1c28	Actually, the newlyweds and their guests could spend about five minutes in zero gravity.
b0a9aa0461770fedae435aa102690f5463d00960	First Advantage planned to organize the first wedding in space in 2011, but Rocketplane was unable to fulfill the terms of the contract with NASA, under which the Rocketplane XP spacecraft was created, and in 2010 declared bankruptcy.
c07ba29c5280bb593f124a3b10d6e3f94bce9e9c	Probably, the Americans who were most upset were Cindy Cashman and Mitch Walling, who, as noted in numerous articles of that time, planned to become the first customers of First Advantage.
d1374652cdb26cd31ce760a16e8a5154eb4d214d	Wedding Ships
eae1c1d89f063ffcc38328ba74dbc163d8f2b391	Virgin Galactic may send the first flight into space in 1-1.
12fbf1889fc848353f52a55546409370dd96b488	5 years
ffac73da0862ef0f3cc4ee19114541fac7e0db29	Today, those who want to go down in history in an "extraterrestrial" way have only a little more choice than five years ago. Most of the projects are still at the stage of ground tests at best.
908cf838c782c54b6e715069f981ab46948f4007	Only Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic and the Dutch Space Expedition Corporation are doing a little better.
564bcdb81bb66356038e60ce918c84947b680d01	Both of them expect that the first commercial flights will take place in the middle of 2014, while Branson's company has already announced a "queue" of about 600 people.
0795ff45546a4b86d4fd74e1320c20b4832e933a	According to various sources, among them may be Kate Winslet and her husband, Branson's nephew Ned Rocknroll, who were already married in New York State at the end of last year, but want to continue the banquet, as well as Mila Kunis and Ashton Kutcher, who also dream of a wedding trip to orbit.
a6d49c9a31770641d6ede78cf3a1732754756be0	One ticket for Branson's SpaceShipTwo will cost 250 thousand dollars, while the Dutch promise to take you into space on the Lynx ship developed by XCOR Aerospace, "just" for 100 thousand.
3785ceef52390a5ea24e5a26619ef15b746d9815	However, if the capacity of SpaceShipTwo is six passengers and two crew members, then no one, except the bride and groom, will fit in a double Lynx.
7b981cafedf00edf8a0cf9cc37609df941a57713	© REUTERS/ Michael Berrigan
7d89da2dc2d8a350df7ef495d5fb87376171dc31	The tale of the "Dragon" who changed his mind
ae8488164951d40f597117aa2a126703524850cf	If a short flight to an altitude of about 100 kilometers is not enough for you, you can contact Space Adventures — this company has sent all the tourists available today into space.
91391c8125b372734a9309115e29655c0a93bc79	The head of the company, Eric Anderson, in 2008 estimated the cost of a flight on a specially modified Russian Soyuz around the Moon at $ 100 million per person, last year seats on a lunar trip were already sold for 150 million.
71373760a7f82b57dfd4f72b1dde505604d0f716	The first wedding in orbit around the Moon may take place as early as 2017 if Space Adventures succeeds.
7a365f517d4c20bb11f712b2a038b472726c8c5b	We can hope that numerous companies that develop manned spacecraft for NASA will think of using them as "space limousines" for those who want to ride into near Earth orbit for a wedding.
0576638bfdb8eb06bbfee9f468f08e2514c0d969	Now there are such projects at different stages, for example, United Launch Alliance, Blue Origin, Sierra Nevada Corporation, Boeing, ATK, Astrium, Excalibur Almaz, as well as SpaceX, which is the only one that has really launched its Dragon into space and is now rapidly converting it from a cargo ship to a passenger ship.
f7d25619da2ada1774e4c832b6697499127194e2	Wedding in red tones
233c63f6a23e8b54bd3fb5f5ea9df194d7bb1d4f	© NASA
c452528f99384c9f93e6458abf326f35a110b5df	Five questions for those who will send people to Mars without a return ticket
0e203d86ecfeb3dd967426376edaaff3913676b1	Finally, there are extreme options.
bde14f6c71b112615d642c5cad67c41741d299e6	If the bride and groom want an even more historic wedding and do not want to live together with their mother in law and mother in law, respectively, they can take part in the Mars One project, which started this year.
bbbb49b69825dee6a4f28836223b58037115f525	If the couple manages to bypass about a million competitors in a multi — stage reality show (according to the organizers ' estimates) and become part of the first crew, then in 2023 they will have a one way flight to Mars.
b98c77a5ba769044cb1e9da69d61dfbfad9c6081	It will also be possible to get married there, and one of the other two colleagues-"Martians"will be able to hold the first wedding in the history of the new Martian colony.
f0b0c036a94f6632c4d0381a6baa5c4b60a4b0ad	Only one of the many inconveniences that the couple will have to put up with is the broadcast of the ceremony live to the whole world, while the wedding of Malenchenko and Dmitrieva was not shown on the official NASA TV.
43cb323de85fb405059dbbb0644de31cf7ed1170	Registration in Mars One closes on August 31, so those who liked this option should hurry up with a marriage proposal.
6dc3fe8d6e30b31aac1a84b3c23b08b6d02dc668	© INSPIRATION MARS FOUNDATION
443df736bcab5a2e1641341afac301a082255ecc	Space tourist Tito will send a married couple to see Mars
a48aa387201e1c7b29238dd30aafa49ac7a8ff47	If you are more interested in the idea of a Martian wedding trip with a return home, you can, together with your spouse, pass the selection and become the first participants in the project of the Inspiration Mars Foundation, created by the first space tourist Dennis Tito.
9cadbb9a09aeb71d65a16d8c6dc97c5672abbdca	The estimated date of the 501 day flight to the Red Planet and back is already known January 5, 2018, and the next opportunity will be presented only in 2031.
63e47ca9099e077c55470c4061e3a84b5abcb8c5	So far, there is no information about the entrance fees or the fee for participation in the project, so theoretically, such a honeymoon may be free.
ebbab76fefb05d15f00e8d317512fb173ecc285a	At the same time, you need to get married in time for the start of the selection — the foundation is looking for a married couple for the first flight, because the crew members will have to share only 35 cubic meters of living space for two, half of which will initially be occupied by supplies.
ccbe92f957cb18d49b44497563ed1a888983b03a	Until the death of the Universe does not separate: 10 years of the first cosmic wedding 09: 55 09/08/2013 On the tenth anniversary of the first and so far the only "cosmic" wedding in history, RIA Novosti tells about who is now ready to organize a marriage for you in the literal sense in heaven, how much it will cost and whether it will be possible to take bridesmaids and best men with you.
a82aad0e873d3cf35c2f90a180363de7abdba719	RIA Nauka #Yuri Malenchenko #The Boeing Company #XCOR Aerospace #Xcor Lynx #Dragon SpaceX
e237ab3f9f90cdbb8eaa06932bb320d0b7cbc025	References Announcements Surveys Tests
8853940be3637a092e58b67d4e0027e8bca61cda	Photos Infographics Videos Cartoons
bd7e7f27ad2560185d6e72e68352d28954f62b33	Sputnik AҧSny / Abkhaz Sputnik Abkhazia / Russian Sputnik Belaru si / Belarusian Sputnik Belarus / Russian Sputnik Արմենիա / Armenian Sputnik Armenia / Russian Sputnik Kyrgyzstan / Kyrgyz Sputnik Kyrgyzstan / Russian Sputnik Hussar Iryston / Ossetian Sputnik South Ossetia / Russian Sputnik Uzbekistan / Uzbek Sputnik Uzbekistan / Russian
ab2357b9680a67e4836d2b71db5c9e856ecde9a4	Application for the placement of a press release Company
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2cff4e2cded288cf9294cc47ea96489969587744	Contact phone number or E mail
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a5fd7d02116e443ecf92b2e64111c4910e249b00	Malenchenko, Yuri Ivanovich
451729d6c9e7be92d2d42cec3227edebe0573108	The stable version was tested on November 24, 2016.
1dfcfd28238c38f5326e8fe1746044443285490f	Specialty: instructor cosmonaut test pilot
66ccdc7cb01259b2825ccc09aa810c50fdd8e54e	Military rank: Colonel
9b24e730ef304cd230461533218fc92294c72410	Expeditions: Soyuz TM 19,
c4c1c7f17d925679ae345e8a1bd59f5cf7a52bb5	Atlantis STS 106,
49b8bda98bb27a0620b719b80187260513eab7b9	ISS 7 and Soyuz TMA 2,
465e582db53c526a5e8ff15305058f1369d560a6	ISS 16 and Soyuz TMA 11,
a480c32bd752649d8dc445a48a5cf8bc65b27fbf	ISS 32/33 and Soyuz TMA 05M,
3e4d8a941885e6d5250f4fc6df479f2a4d234a01	ISS 46/47 and Soyuz TMA 19M
97112a34325594792e95d7948b8c70b2deaadbd8	Time in space: 827 days 09 h 23 min 19 s
7ec98f2f39e0b4928eb51a6aaa5345c464a7f8f3	Date of birth: December 22, 1961 (1961-12-22) (55 years old)
0b7f85a837c645a50bc6a1fb6bc41339cd0dcb7d	Place of birth: Khrushchev,
32e5b36f21a1c556e4e48b41148be8a379bb56b2	Kirovograd region, Ukrainian SSR, USSR
529e67d90d65123c1abe97f77fa3fc2e991b95bb	Yuri Ivanovich Malenchenko on Wikimedia Commons
000cfba4bd9ab0f4daf9012940a2de30b9009222	Postage stamp of Kazakhstan:
dc11d26d17c02ae111427aac4464fe23590a7b7c	Yuri Malenchenko,
5803a5cfd89d3ba6fae579895bf359aa7801c190	Talgat Musabayev,
c01da37c333071c88c060f4e66eac9d470f58de2	Ulf Merbold
ae91f6cb38a16cbf2e22677e7a7da1bfa04f166a	1 Biography 1.1 Space Wedding
46bb7a97cebe0d865a602723a007d5c215b82589	2 Awards 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References
6e7ab5ffb41eb6a3f524362e09a82af56b31bd0f	In March 1987, by the decision of the Interdepartmental Commission, he was enrolled in the cosmonaut squad.
1f82ef59ab39047a68a2af35be5840755cdce50a	From December 1987 to July 1989, he underwent general space training.
2f32b38126ecf7e278efaf106ee524f7fda80a8d	In 1990-1993, he studied in absentia at the Military Air Engineering Academy named after N. E. Zhukovsky at the Faculty of Senior Engineering staff, specializing in "Operational tactical Engineering, aircraft".
ad6f26ef2e7dec6a428b6cfc261b382441bb402e	From January to July 1993, he was trained as a reserve crew commander under the program of the 14th expedition to the Mir OK.
bbf8f55a612ce3c1fa78ba3bc19a6957da854fdd	From August to December 1993, he underwent direct training for the flight as a backup crew commander under the program of the 15th expedition to the Mir OK.
dc0351030688636a7e68a833b17b3cd1eaa37abf	In January June 1994, he was trained for the flight as a commander of the main crew under the program of the 16th expedition to the Mir OK.
b77494cee58390dae9e8ca139c640a804d4a934a	From July 1 to November 4, 1994, he made his first flight as the commander of the Soyuz TM 19 TC and the Mir OK under the EO 16 program, together with T.
acee0a9ff8c35eee2b9a8ecaf4c3bff08ccf1718	A. Musabayev.
1536856bb3267f1277ec484b645bc99fc072e9ab	Johnson (NASA). From September 8 to 20, 2000, he made his second flight as a flight specialist in the crew of the shuttle Atlantis STS 106.
6af21c28f993afe9af7ed79de89758de7240035f	[4].
3ba036d419226764add64ed033b52efc412a594c	Cosmic wedding[edit / edit wiki text]
408e681ff1f389d76d09c4b131cffefd693e2979	On August 10, 2003, when Malenchenko was on board the ISS, the correspondence wedding of a Russian cosmonaut and a US citizen of Russian origin Ekaterina Dmitrieva took place.
640f1a156d268c3daa6bc0f380fffdab266ef7b6	Malenchenko met his future wife in Houston, Texas, where he was training.
d04e5d1de897bfe8170d655d64df5a6ab6a9d5fd	Ekaterina emigrated to the United States from the USSR with her parents when she was only 4 years old.
d5188f8ed0dbfb8b7dccb0cdfa8fed35b324dc54	She is about 15 years younger than her husband.
2c8a85b2ed1d28c95f0ca232e39c780e0d75b042	The bride's mother works at NASA as a specialist in orbital programs, her father teaches at one of the universities of Texas.
507dc6e9975f3bf578921963e04745a9f91f0903	The Russian cosmonaut proposed to the bride four months before the flight, scheduled for April 2003.
393098bbe2b4e03b59a3e58fd20a0546d51686b9	The wedding was decided to be held in August, after Yuri's return to Earth.
fe9daf78f80bc0b02410fe860c1f7161a3722c39	However, while already on board the ISS, Yuri Malenchenko and Edward Lu received a notification from the Mission Control Center that their space trip was extended until October 28, 2003.
391ee9d976fa1a80e71b0ec5fffaa79345a5ce51	And then Malenchenko decided not to delay the marriage, which he notified the MCC of Russia and the United States (according to some reports, the bride insisted on this).
08906f0b2c1a340b55847979795c131a053d384c	According to the laws of the state of Texas, marriage registration is allowed in the absence of the groom for a good reason.
63325c5183582522114883370c02fec9bde1681e	The NASA leadership even went so far as to hold a marriage registration ceremony in its MCC.
3c919e734c7644c2bc6e3ef84ed503ece1366625	But in Russia, Yuri's intention was not approved.
55017ef911216fd121da78e762bc7cd401ac9ab1	The commander of the Russian Air Force, Colonel General Vladimir Mikhailov, referred to the fact that an active Russian officer with access to state secrets must first obtain a marriage permit with a citizen of another state, and this can only be done on earth.
d29d3d10a0cb0bff4f5053d29a543f7a44d9f730	He said: "We do not forbid him to do this, but he should behave like an astronaut, not like a movie star."
67b5291c17a95b2ad89a560498028af533d45ee7	Malenchenko seems to have first promised to postpone the wedding until returning to Earth, and yet the wedding took place in space.
af36c18d3e46fd36c8e39bdf39dcb9760f687207	On the wedding day on August 10, 2003, the bride and groom, looking at each other through the monitor screens, put on their own wedding rings.
f44ce8ead939cc014f24602ba90dd096cddab94f	The groom's witness was Edward Lu.
c1498d713d4b29000e8782c329250df834e45ca0	The wedding ring for the groom and the bow ties for him and the witness were delivered to orbit in a parcel by the Progress cargo ship.
9ccd75bba7ac733150926db776c2340f2cd6ebc1	The witness performed Mendelssohn's march on a synthesizer.
532b1b405f12fd52169fd575705885884077213b	There was a lot of excitement around the first space wedding in the United States.
764e601bebdc567875f462d8e655370a8646f55b	A chic pink wedding dress was made for Ekaterina in the most prestigious salon in Houston.
0882cd9709fe09f95ffc4c0f9f7850d36d7e2d27	The wedding ring — the same as Malenchenko's — turned out to be very symbolic: the precious stones scattered on the gold represent all the planets of the Solar System, as well as the Sun and the ISS itself.
450bdfa1e74c14658703e453be17a5266407e423	An American lawyer authorized by the Russian cosmonaut signed the marriage documents instead of Malenchenko at the Mission Control Center in Houston.
a9c1a125b68591e13492cd4d4c55d3c32214f761	Ekaterina celebrated a significant event together with relatives and friends at the Italian restaurant "Villa Capri" in the town of Clear Lake near Houston, where all the curious had the opportunity to photograph the newlywed with a full length plywood copy of Malenchenko.
2d5dc435ff1fa2d0c5f71a7d38703f74bc906858	After the wedding, there were reports that NASA and Rosaviakosmos are going to include a clause banning such wedding ceremonies in the contract that all astronauts conclude.
93c30cae5f61ef8089ca238a563928b5cd49f424	Yuri Malenchenko has a son, Dmitry[5].
2e3f4a107f01d8bef25c11eb1df7e9bcfb06e8a0	In 2006, Ekaterina and Yuri had a daughter, Camilla.
ca4dccbb916ef5e7fd86eaeaaa3488f6748a0fb7	Award of the Order" For Services to the Fatherland " of the III degree.
4a7f21a4d7438e2017ea098155087645f48d8470	July 31, 2014
1303a8ff64466f32d264da77b04aee454b0a66b9	Hero of the Russian Federation (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 2107 of November 24, 1994) Order" For Services to the Fatherland "of the III degree (May 22, 2014) — for labor achievements, significant contribution to the socio economic development of the Russian Federation, merits in space exploration, the humanitarian sphere, strengthening the rule of law, active legislative and public activities, long term conscientious work [6] Order" For Services to the Fatherland " of the IV degree (2008)[7]
38940162fa6057f6da89c7fc4b198e8cf35c51f2	The order "For military merit" (Russia, 2000), the Medal "For merit in space exploration" (12 April 2011) — for outstanding services in the field of research, exploration and use of outer space, many years of diligent work, public activities[8] the Medal "For military valour" of the I degree (Ministry of defence of the Russian Federation; 2000), the Medal "For distinction in military service" of the I degree (Ministry of defence of the Russian Federation; 2000), the Medal "For distinction in military service" II degree (Ministry of defence of the Russian Federation; On 4 April 1996), the Medal "For distinction in military service" III degree (Ministry of defence of the Russian Federation) the prize of the Government of the Russian Federation named after Yuri Gagarin in space activities (2016) — for the creation of multi segment technology training for flight crews to the international space station jubilee medal "70 years of the Armed Forces of the USSR" (1988), the Medal "For impeccable service" III degree (1990) Pilot cosmonaut of the Russian Federation (decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 2107 of 24 November 1994), the Title of "national Hero" — (Kazakhstan, 1995).
9bbe1ebc802b63ee7e02f9308319dc235f4cb842	Medal "For Space Flight" (NASA)
5beb9d89778fc77c0e3736a67c698df172173d1a	International Space Station (ISS) Soyuz TM 19 Soyuz TMA 11 Soyuz TMA 05M Soyuz TMA 19M
a4fa5bb7467b76d5baabe0c422147d767ad72b8c	↑ 1 2 ROSCOSMOS.
aebf9983d48ea05031be26517dc6ccd577d1815c	The crew of the Soyuz TMA 19M spacecraft returned safely to Earth (June 18, 2016).
4a5052b9b227046a040a211550742cc91017577d	Юрий The second record holder in space, Yuri Malenchenko, left the cosmonaut squad ↑ Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos)| ↑ The second record holder in space, Yuri Malenchenko, left the cosmonaut squad ↑ Biography on the website Peoples.ru Указ Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 357 of May 22, 2014 "On awarding State awards of the Russian Federation" ↑ Awarded with state awards ↑ Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 436 of April 12, 2011 "On awarding the medal" For Merits in Space Exploration""
c1b13d50dad16c029d85adf99e0a4f9e52715bba	Vikinovosti on the topic Yuri Malenchenko:
68526578ddfdde417317f5ea76b888d7b760e6a3	The international crew of the ISS returned to Earth
371953ed058678ed3b6339867b815123e45ad960	Malenchenko, Yuri Ivanovich.
89668db30e8a7ab2b45c6b70bb1bf6e58510ebcd	The website "Heroes of the country".
08fbecbc97a51bd9ef8ba138fe886dbfea2f0254	Biography on the website Peoples.ru Newspaper.
47eb1096c7e175393d52bc90f313219317cba3c9	En "The last wedding in space"
98576b313c8465fe08129dfbf22fd233bae01dfc	Cosmonaut pilots of Kazakhstan
145cb5ed95976acc56ca6f1c6c5cadb58ff0b278	Aubakirov
6a2264b89f48fb86e97b7427f55018c8c94dc675	(1991 • * Musabayev (1995) • Malenchenko (1995) • Aimbetov (2015)
f3243da657aaa1cab1c3899ad03f44023b4a42f6	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malenchenko, _yuriy Ivanovich&oldid=81836609"
80a8adc0a2e02645d547ced38bd9cadf090e0394	Categories: Persons alphabetically Born on December 22 Born in 1961 Heroes of the Russian Federation Born in Svetlovodsk National Heroes of Kazakhstan Holders of the Order "For Services to the Fatherland" 3 degrees Holders of the Order "For Services to the Fatherland" 4 degrees Holders of the Order "For Military Merit" Awarded the medal "For Merits in Space Exploration" Awarded the medal "For Military Valor" (Ministry of Defense) 1 degree Awarded the medal "For Distinction in military Service" (Ministry of Defense) 1 degree Awarded with the medal "For Distinction in military Service" (Ministry of Defense) 2 degrees Awarded with the medal "For Distinction in military Service" (Ministry of Defense) 3 degrees Awarded with the medal "For Impeccable Service" 3 degrees Holders of the Order of Otan Awarded with the medal "For Space Flight" Pilots cosmonauts of the Russian Federation Pilots cosmonauts of Kazakhstan Military pilots of the USSR Officers of the USSR Colonels (Russian Federation) Laureates of the Government of the Russian Federation named after Yuri Gagarin
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6638c60374e9e80587a5a1d8f7d4df49666d7663	The main life of the city The life of the district Sports Culture Literary Peresvet
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632de9562261849dffea9ef4de4d88b7dd7e6389	The main Life of the city Cosmonaut Malenchenko visited Peresvet
f6ef3036753d0a9709385f3de6cc4506ddc35670	Cosmonaut Malenchenko visited Peresvet
b649b1ec4d9835f8cfbf7ced573190ecd0ceed6e	Publication date: April 15, 2013.
95facec45b07bbf9f4d7a6c4ae8d9aff2be8bc96	Modest, quiet, intelligent, laconic...
bd557e4301d3ab73f3a2c25c2aea036bd79e4b39	However, after such a dotted line of epithets, the reverent thought involuntarily arises that before you is a man who has five (!) flights into space, the last of which he made at a fairly mature age, at 50, landing on Earth not so long ago - on November 19, 2012.
c76cdc72d3d9fa22bfbf5a39d96839bd8862175b	Despite the direct involvement of Peresvet in the space industry, our city has not been too spoiled recently by the visits of astronauts.
c2309562a5d2dff5642f7e9383a83b0574dc9362	Therefore, the arrival of Yuri Malenchenko caused a curious stir among the citizens.
b688b1c0fc83d1cea30620ba2a7231d74a3b68cc	The first part of the cosmonaut's visit program consisted of a tour of the RCP Research Center and remained inaccessible to ordinary people, but many citizens came to see the cosmonaut and communicate with him at the Peresvetovsky Cosmonautics Museum: students of the technical school, veterans of NIIhimmash, curious press.
013f6699194c26fbd90bacba6ca5267357ee0ff2	And one of the former employees of the institute (out of modesty, he preferred to keep his name secret) brought his work to the meeting – a portrait of Yuri Gagarin carved on a blackboard, on which the signatures of star cosmonauts were emblazoned on the back: Bykovsky, Leontiev and the most rare - Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin.
b78fb06639f86382f1dc3cc8ea10edeaa62541ff	Yuri Malenchenko did not come to the museum by chance for a rare exhibit.
89ad9c548e58b15d8be47bfca3e34db445ef26f8	In the exposition of rare exhibits of the museum there is one that is directly related to the cosmonaut.
12d54a0becf29d1a6947ab9c7d1e87b2e78eb06d	This is Block A No. 212 of the SOYUZ TM lander, on which Malenchenko flew as part of an international crew – NASA astronaut Sanita Williams and Japanese agency astronaut Jax Akihiko.
eb08637afe40543a373dcc55fa7dab077176b5c0	According to the curator of the museum Khvostov, the descent unit is also unique in that it has a high degree of thermal protection, which allows the ship, passing through the dense layers of the atmosphere, not to burn out, and the astronauts safely return to Earth.
c18bae1f045ea5c569578a99390b7fd8c6a151cd	In a solemn atmosphere, Yuri Ivanovich cut the ribbon in front of the unique exhibit and made a memorable inscription on the board of the block with chalk: "Thank you!
ac85bb1bfdd761559327ae199cbd2f65f72de739	Malenchenko".
6b6910512e965024065cfac025d83789ccce897b	Of course, it will not last long, but it will remain in the photo archives of the city.
e72a1add70258320be40f6b0572192411b888541	The cosmonaut has five flights and several spacewalks behind him.
d5860af3261f46afbae30116c7375681b79b08e2	- - I performed the second flight on the Shuttle spacecraft.
fedf27cfd614abb8ab441a5d86a2f78dc51156d4	This is an American system, we performed it as part of the International Space Station program.
8ca670b9bdac77088a2a3dfa1ed6c1a80bb420fb	Our task was to integrate the service module into the general system.
2ee0783892c771912b2e3ed407aaccce713b2d9e	It took five days for all the work that we performed, including in outer space, " Yuri Malenchenko told reporters.
ae08f8e27dcc80be3cadeab572c26fde606a1e06	There is another amazing fact in the cosmonaut's biography, which, however, he was modest to share.
e2c0c6e2ce273ad924a58ad43bab175bd404ed84	On the third flight in 2003, his space wedding with the American Ekaterina Dmitrieva took place.
0af484e0c4e24412238ed4d5b2e6d5a166eae42f	This marriage was then noisily described by the press: "the celebration takes place in the Houston restaurant "Villa Capr".
3812ba2eea0b49e9096ab72d9345a8c485cfed27	This restaurant is a traditional place where astronauts, astronauts and people in general working at the Lyndon Johnson Manned Space Flight Center located in Houston are used to celebrating important dates and events and just getting together.
7de9271f59349917a10851a31769d8642fa3dc59	The bride said her "yes" while on the Ground and watching her beloved via video link.
5058f56858e0cf1c21830cf2d6c3f3e93d46f22c	"It was very cool, very touching," said the happy bride, standing next to a cardboard figure depicting her groom.
fa9780cf58842a02e1a11cbd28d36f85edd49b75	The bride sent the groom to orbit a tailcoat, in which he entered into marriage.
1e849b8ebd405142dc90197540a9036300b3375a	The cargo ship also delivered an engagement ring to the ISS.
4bf0643edcbb3179ffefde65d60e73033ee3810b	American astronaut Edward Lu witnessed and even performed a wedding march on a portable synthesizer, the BBC reports.
06de34c10d48520ce14a3389b3800e163332407d	It is noteworthy that the young people did not plan such an extravagant marriage at all.
ac39653d08c2c0d6a8008889bd51198cb7c59755	The wedding was supposed to take place in August.
d7274d2f44047990893472f8b61b388a020fa35d	By this time, the cosmonaut was already planning to fly to the ISS and return.
1916e8cca133e43e7efb17deca391d95fe308294	However, due to changes in the flight program, his expedition was delayed, and in August Malenchenko was in orbit.
ec82ebd5c7f5e0177ca81586a04ab04376a72a49	At first, Rosaviakosmos opposed this idea, claiming a violation of military discipline.
64ea5d7e71448d5f3076e593a914f5b0e6f398f2	But the Texas authorities considered that Malenchenko had a completely valid reason not to attend his own wedding, and allowed the wedding.
d1d1f0528bbd76f45230e28f3d095b7abd73281a	The bright smell of apples To the question, would he change his profession now that he knows what risk it is associated with?
a6e54e29fc5b64f2249f2a861e1f4d99f3c7699d	Flying into space sounded like a fantasy, and I couldnot miss this opportunity.
94c52402848a4d5c0ad9a36a1d15e7ee0b5e4b90	But we have already settled into low Earth orbit.
287a5fb62b2d240321ef0ee78575e695c4193204	Already parting with the cosmonaut, we asked him if he ever has nostalgia for the sky?
402c09700e9baad41d3c930a2d2d2fe2d19c801f	- I think that every cosmonaut has it.
06a3c77c5dd345badafa67af1633bb3ba9956c86	When a certain time passes after the flight, there comes a moment when it begins to pull back.
b815f18374ddfb6643b9093efe91c620ff370aa6	I'm not thinking about flying yet, because I only returned from another space expedition in November.
1c2fb5b2c50f91f3537d76fd5fa165aeaf51f615	And about the sixth flight – it will be seen closer to the point.
48077aa53a48d28d1299fe23b2b9f73279d5cac6	Prepared by Oksana PEREVOZNIKOVA
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912d5c141934cf21d37158015e5b8a7988337796	- Born on December 22, 1961 in the city of Khrushchev, Kirovograd region of the Ukrainian SSR in the family of the chairman of the collective farm and a teacher of junior classes.
56d86dfc1afe79f50b4c53d9467840737522e95d	- In 1983, he graduated from the Kharkiv Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots and joined the 119th Fighter Aviation Division of the Air Force of the Odessa Military District in the city of Tiraspol.
f979c17a95a3e36c910f95dd3bb91e7870066817	- From July 1 to November 4, 1994, he made his first flight as the commander of the Soyuz TM 19 TC and the Mir OK under the EO 16 program, together with T.
8052b65c4aa55cce8eb53bcbfc2e28f6ea1fb82f	- From August to December 1996, he was the coordinator of the CPC at NASA.
732623fe52dcb7b1a4c4b4c244084ec4997ee109	- From September 8 to 20, 2000, he made his second flight as a flight specialist in the crew of the shuttle Atlantis STS 106.
e1f1651e5b25d8ad0c06bb1dfed6789d808774ba	- From April 24 to October 28, 2003, he made his third flight as the crew commander of the 7th main expedition of the ISS and the Soyuz TMA 2 spacecraft, together with Edward Lu.
e5c7fc8389d7de2a636dd34c82f6b3d67a98a010	- From October 10, 2007 to April 19, 2008, as the commander of the Soyuz TMA 11 spacecraft and a flight engineer, he participated in the 16th main expedition to the ISS.
86b4bf38523a9b255bdd4f4fe08811459b412cf4	- In July 2009, Colonel Yuri Malenchenko was dismissed to the reserve of the Armed Forces and expelled from the cosmonaut squad of the Gagarin Space Center.
8ddfee4732abbdbedf78757581d72b8ec16db25d	- On July 15, 2012, he went on his fifth flight as a flight engineer of the ISS 32 and ISS 33 expeditions.
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e77dd3df1881bc1cda1f2b630e55c344e28c88a7	Home Society Rubricator Doctors of the CPC investigate the health of cosmonaut Malenchenko after his return
28093527bcb841250b34ed8f5cac264754b62366	June 23, 2016 at 11: 55 Updated June 23, 2016 at 11:56published articles in RSS format
25334a866216e85842bd93303ea5e6b401d84724	CPC doctors examine the health of cosmonaut Malenchenko after his return
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55afc2a857e6bdfe3ea86c6889c0c68829d9ea2f	- June 23.
3e5b10e5cd3b6a5cfdf6c341e634f6c7feb250d0	Doctors of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center (CPC) are studying the threshold of pain sensitivity and features of blood movement in the body of cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko, who returned from a flight on June 18, after returning, he participates in more than 20 ground based scientific research and experiments, according to the CPC website.
8493bab1374b272c348f668fc3d234cbf152c4f6	As noted on the website, during his work on the International Space Station (ISS) as part of the 46/47 long term expedition, Yuri Malenchenko performed about 50 experiments from different fields of science.
fd638cef524f6ce162d1ab113f971d6cdc1bf42e	The duration of the crew's work in space was 186 days.
9fbe9ed1302f139311f6abd3cab0d6c0c21726bc	"The commander of the Soyuz TMA 19M spacecraft, Yuri Malenchenko, who returned on June 18, 2016 after a six month space flight, participates in scientific research and experiments conducted at the Yuri Gagarin Space Center.
e866aec202a1c3bab9eccfaac6fa719d93bea8f0	"The program of post flight rehabilitation of cosmonaut Malenchenko provides for a whole series of medical and physiological experiments that play an important role for future space expeditions.
72a45d50f1f1bdaa0a5959cdede2307d49cc509f	Tags:Cosmonaut Training Center, Cosmonauts
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00902ecaf4df943bf22a4f140fb18e7a553523b7	07.02.2016 - 10:44
1ac5ea4db0291b4044922cf7077cedefb4fc937d	Roscosmos cosmonauts Sergey Volkov and Yuri Malenchenko posted photos on social networks of the first work in outer space in 2016, during which they tested the adhesive tape for repairing the outer surface of the ISS.
afd0b076eaf4f8447466e6dfa87f3ad2a25a197f	Earlier it was reported that cosmonauts can for the first time use the modernized Russian space suits "Orlan ISS" with an automatic temperature control system that allows not to be distracted by switching on and off heating systems.
a6e5117f425d9e8d967542af9b1b3563e8dae9d5	However, the Orlan ISS suits have not yet been delivered to the station, so Malenchenko and Volkov worked in Orlan MK spacesuits.
4bca4b02973624b1d140d1897bf7c846a017cce1	Recall that this is not the first time that the ISS crew takes their own photos in outer space.
220c4c82bc066aaf0a215062a62321568c7fdebe	So, on August 17, Roscosmos published a selfie of Gennady Padalka during his tenth spacewalk, made on August 10, 2015.
b9ad5460ffeb665d89c456c2a943c94fb0ee09c5	Facebook Russian Spring is a great place to join the Russian Spring in Odnoklassniki, Telegram, Facebook, VKontakte, Twitter to keep up to date with the latest news.
545be6fc2e37f82478e2ec9627141d0026b5a518	Russian cosmonaut went into outer space (PHOTO) Roscosmos will create space engines running on water
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a0f39d3dd885bc1325eb0390e47bac488b7d9945	Russian Spring – Economy
68de9c2208d4703df2ba20750d96d3de14ce88db	03.02.2017 19:16
86534091699d4d58d7ebe9cb7f2bee91700170e5	URGENTLY: The US has imposed sanctions on Iran
fc4d35c5d64532dd9e3eb541c76592cec6f6182f	The Whole Economy
00c2980f657d48d0b253c50dfbcdc232c2073dd5	Who knows?
0c1385c3df162fa75f7b464b3094c3aa38b4dc26	03.02.2017 - 14:10
9c73d5997d355f7c00f9bc167901368f0d065096	The American economy is doomed: it cannot be "repaired"
7904b9940d39e66c5678cca6623d3680c65e9718	03.02.2017 - 11:29
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06b9f027c956625d7a72a55f6562e312747e3766	Russian Spring — the Future
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7b88a0c9a284f53543a1821a722c6018c6c89d52	In 2050, the Sun can cause a technocollapse on Earth, scientists say
8d22d75c57ef512718d313e24c0c939699e9bdad	Analytics/Opinions
8494488b5e2d6cb8a9577daa6b4ff866877c9c1a	03.02.2017 - 18: 11 TSAREV Oleg
f43d9ebed22527e58bf0d3aadffa8a3f221ce787	Donbass: a decision will be made soon — - Oleg Tsarev
eec5d2c2c469077851c53436b5389e218e0ffbcc	03.02.2017 - 12:34
f5a23fc48b0f3c814a4c4b7c6a91110c1360f25f	Those who talk only about Avdiivka are lying, - opinion
43dbe7f445fe4ed17ff64ae415f7cb7338b60bf7	03.02.2017 - 12: 21 Anna DOLGAREVA
dc706e89f198d442a9939b66835cf513849078fd	Donetsk is plunging into hell: how the APU covered the city with "Grads" and "Hurricanes" (PHOTOS, VIDEO)
21090813be184d5f9216e1088101ca9979a5e1f6	03.02.2017 - 8:51
30846ce85d65a1f2af8a9a813f400ae7d86fcb9d	Donetsk: night of horror - reportage by Alexander Kotz (PHOTOS, VIDEO)
1b757c4f28284e549a414af5ed809695c0634254	03.02.2017 - 6: 00 Denis SELEZNEV
d3ce39d687bd3f627d6495cedc7daa463d6e91af	Will the big war return to Donbass?
4925d7319ff629ef707744cea055f0ccb0ad7d59	03.02.2017 - 4:00
0074a940b57735434253192d2a29d5d4e11cb4b3	Brownovsky Poroshenko: there is no way out
97c697563c47dd8b28ec21657042d386dee2c0af	03.02.2017 - 0: 09 Dmitry STESHIN
62df1b87921ea8ca4cea7a8e670c8b4b548a8c19	When the "long awaited" will come to the Donbass, - opinion
4a4e5596c7acdd3b2e0c455c596c54e00a9350b4	02.02.2017 - 22:19
2af5e8ee559e97c66f1da37439d8614d5d352965	The attack of the Ukrainian " BUK " in Makeyevka: Work on the purpose and causes of the fall (VIDEO, PHOTO)
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cfc171f1e9311cd28223d5f256de0caceec5445f	"War and Peace" is a multifaceted work.
0701927b224ede1d3203fdeb662ad69b37624b9e	The most complex collisions, the most subtle associations, the coherence of all the elements of the narrative, descriptions and arguments-all this makes it necessary to determine a single point of view, a single aspect, starting from which the teacher will analyze "War and Peace"with students in all lessons.
f82823c8a0af85d17bc7022897337149b594c123	Having decided at first to show only landowner Russia, the nobility, Tolstoy in the final version of the novel drew the widest picture of the life of landowner and peasant Russia, gave an image of the people's struggle for freedom in the first quarter of the XIX century.
f00cfa6e456d864ed705f25aaddb2d173faaf8d9	This thought, this pathos brings together, cements two worlds that, according to Tolstoy, are in different spatial planes: the microcosm (the psyche of the heroes, their life, their ideological searches) and the macrocosm (the movements of peoples, collisions between them, the participation of so-called great personalities in the historical process).
59143a78aed33f15aef668d3d29ff1c20d96debc	But due to the introduction of historical events into the novel, its scope has significantly expanded.
9b711bed111afcb2ee8e3bad712bc0b918107c86	There were historical figures of the era-Alexander I, Napoleon, Kutuzov, Speransky and others; the life path of the main characters of the novel - Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov became more complex; the people entered the novel as one of the main characters.
4eb0beeebf0193b28ac7ecb6740443ce73a533b3	Tolstoy thinks of the people as something almost mystically just and pure, and the criterion for the moral assessment of a person is proximity to the popular world or remoteness from it. 15
ad6af666963f42dd3333a97c391e2516c56a9a6f	And it's not just about the episodes of the heroes ' meeting with people from the people, but also about the place that the people occupy in the life of these heroes.
75ca0f921e43d5b16edd9c252f4e9cf664fc2837	Thus, the main ("national") the idea of the novel evoked the antithesis as a compositional support of the work.
4db52435d8657b78d2ae4eb1ab939620310b3c50	Having shown the decisive role of the people in historical events of national significance, Tolstoy created a special genre of the novel, a realistic epic that is grandiose in terms of the scope of life and the scale of the narrative.
448e28a207576b64390388b36f212bd782654f3b	The attitude of the heroes of the novel to the Patriotic War determines their connection with Kutuzov, i.e. ultimately with the general, popular, or Napoleonic — egoistic, anti-national principle; during the war, the personality fully reveals those qualities that were in potency or manifested in a less acute form in peaceful days.
8214303ef25d01701e7b64340bde2f281fb604c7	Lies, hypocrisy, cruelty, selfishness, meanness, violence are associated with war, sincerity, purity, sincerity, the ability to renounce oneself, greatness are associated with peace.
185a7975a90b276d30d4e2535410f43e3f8735de	Some heroes (Napoleon, Kuragin, Rastopchin, Berg, Drubetskoy, the nobility as a whole) are insignificant both during the war and in peacetime.
054380916bc622c9dbc06f25bc1932a7dc4e13e1	War is a natural state for them, because they are in a constant war for the assertion of their base "I" in life.
9dac775c72ad339958a93e960fac5d91b109b349	These are people of war, war is their element (the fact that many of them try to stay away from the battlefield does not change the situation).
28b6417443faa66679814e5252f0532768783a92	But they cover their predatory thoughts with beautiful words, and therefore "tearing off all and every mask" becomes the decisive method by which Tolstoy creates these characters.
42ff6de757bb21c4121abd37f87bf9f38888e08d	People like Vasily Kuragin are particularly disliked in Tolstoy.
2c229839a011b55b3659d56891837f14b5984c09	A secular man, a careerist and egoist, Prince Kuragin aspires to become one of the heirs of a dying rich nobleman - Count Bezukhov, and when he fails, he catches a rich heir - Pierre - and marries him to his daughter - a soulless coquette Helene.
c0412e17b390bb31fd983b6ec5af6eb3ffe9c94d	In the satirical coverage, the regulars of the salon of the lady-in-waiting Scherer are also given, led by the hostess herself.
1cf00b36d663cd100a58b09b1731d85f0e8730ee	Intrigues, court gossip, career and wealth-these are their interests, this is what they all live by.
18e2b0609056834c353c86a1a58c968ed85e0d42	Everything in this salon is disgusting to Tolstoy, as if it is soaked through with lies, falsehood, hypocrisy, callousness, acting.
ac5c73b785cb1d6f5c59e6f7cecce444ae5eba53	There is nothing truthful, simple, natural, direct in this circle of secular people.
18544d26aaaae0f446b43d69324223fcb40e32b3	Their speeches, gestures, facial expressions and actions are determined by the conditional rules of secular behavior.
800a75c9730c6af5ab084a638c876c065ce9e83e	Tolstoy emphasizes this calculating posturing of people of the secular environment by comparing the Scherer salon with a spinning workshop, with a machine mechanically performing its work: "Anna Pavlovna... with a single word or movement, she started up a uniform decent conversational machine again."
d0a712b8a7768f6b39ea2d2eb8bd543a5494c880	Or else: "Anna Pavlovna's evening was launched. The spindles from different sides made a steady and incessant noise."
f26bdbcbf710275153c0d3499b1fcd1b073bc760	Such careerists as Boris Drubetskoy and Berg belong to the same category of secular people, whose goal in life is to be visible, to be able to get a "warm place", a rich wife, to create a prominent career for themselves, to get to the "top".
4fe2424e09392a515f200f9d4fc74cf32a30d6ea	Referring to the representatives of the authorities - both civil and military-Tolstoy shows the anti-populism of this power, the bureaucracy and careerism of the overwhelming majority of its bearers.
c738e53c34ecd2c3d8c552ac3c200a97d51051af	Such, for example, is Arakcheev - the right hand of Alexander I, this " faithful performer and guardian of order and bodyguard of the sovereign... serviceable, cruel and unable to express his loyalty except by cruelty."
665bbeea77c0b0374dc39a1a6180454d916606d1	But in the days of the national trial, people like Prince Vasily, or career-minded officials like Berg, are erased and are unexpectedly excluded from the circle of action: the writer does not need them, just as Russia does not need them.
fd37255a1aafae83dc9998fe9eeb07b587580b29	The only exception is the rake Dolokhov, whose cold cruelty and reckless courage are useful in the extreme conditions of partisan struggle.
2ea47347084f028732a4e06aca52e0d643a4e2fe	Tolstoy lovingly describes the local nobility.
cf2286edf0319765cdae5a08043c26e7603f366f	In the Rostov and Bolkonsky families, and even in Pierre Bezukhov and Akhrosimova, an intelligent, direct, warm-hearted woman, Tolstoy sees Russian folk principles, which he sharply contrasts with the bourgeois European principles embodied in the representatives of the urban nobility.
a35f427eeb75c8373cf1bedcbae014e6e4a91d6c	Tolstoy shows with undoubted sympathy the independent and proud Bolkonsky family: a stubborn and domineering old man who does not bow his head to anyone, not devoid of features of tyranny and heavy in family life, but educated, honest, oppositional to court circles and career bureaucrats (the scene of his reception in the Bald Mountains of Prince Kuragin is magnificent); a man of strong will, intelligent, looking for the meaning of life, Prince Andrew and the meek Princess Mary.
8a1d0d3eb5e11ee7b0831ba310c8cd51cd21db9c	Other heroes (Kutuzov, Rostovs, Pierre, Bolkonskys, the people as a whole) perceive war as evil, terrible evil and, most importantly, unavoidable, like an attack by a predatory beast in the forest (let's recall Kutuzov's thoughts after Borodin about whether a fatal wound was inflicted on the beast).
ad81796ac82351e207399110cc4bcb391728da6c	Pierre, Kutuzov, Bolkonskys, Rostovs during the war merge with the general, with the people.
9d404bcc49206a6f63b548d7539fc0614c3b9ef1	Their separate selves are pacified only by dissolving into this common.
0f035f55d2b37cf71c80c693626139f8fc1372dd	But they come to unity with the people in different ways and not immediately.
57617529b924cb918153b4ea625ed561d2815d00	And the nature of this unity is different for each of the characters.
bbf64109096175317a4b5eddc7f8a5ea0d995da6	Subtle psychological analysis (the disclosure of the spiritual world of the heroes in the development, in the struggle of often contradictory feelings, feelings and thoughts) is the main method of depicting this group of actors in the epic.
39a1ea186f735ded7462e33c79b0e31ed9573623	In Tolstoy's huge epic, there are several heroes whose fate he reveals especially carefully.
408fb0e44868f8afe512ea74561efd0a9292c817	First of all, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov belong to them.
b01ae21349a8ce34637633cd0c8609796f5a6d7a	The author draws Natasha in development, he traces her life for a long time.
b76ed69e1dbf42dd3f829c31a7383808c37badc3	Over the years, the feelings and perception of the heroine change.
5e8b5807b6eb3a8d8b5be07c5adf7bd174c5cad2	With age, Natasha has a desire to be the center of attention, to cause universal admiration.
78db4e46bb51fc7592b88c232309a74ae176bf82	Natasha loves herself and believes that everyone should also love her; although egoism is inherent in the heroine, this egoism is still sincerely childish, characteristic of an unformed personality.
bfb18a0c7fea4125aadd8ced68ccf4a212a5da6a	She likes to think of herself in the third person and remarks about herself: "What a charm this Natasha is!”
41ac59a5d1b6dcf004ee8d875085fbfeb337095a	And everyone really admires her, loves her.
b59d8bef0eecc5238dc7e5743e1a9180a96d0684	Natasha determines social behavior with one impression, makes her see things in a new way.
0797bf66798a9a04433388b62c3f91e30475d3a8	In the epilogue, Natasha is no longer shown as a cheerful, naive girl.
8c995460f6fd942109ebfa799ef40777227de539	She is a loving and beloved wife, the mother of four children.
5a12a37ee682e98cc6c8fbb1fb5bbbd68ca513f3	A former fashionista, the heroine is no longer interested in her appearance, because now it does not matter to her.
4c5e804fa34e5e7b3a9a90f0cebbf87f04642deb	She came as close as possible to answering the question about the meaning of human existence.
925d6bea93192ccce8ee93b223cac1d46c44cda5	Fake secular society is alien to Natasha; after marriage, she practically ceases to be in the light.
ce16f1daf34aa48f2bcf61e6fccb19d1183a1096	Like many thinking people in the first years of the XIX century, and not only in Russia, Pierre Bezukhov and Andrei Bolkonsky are fascinated by the complex of "Napoleonism".
ea519116f92be7d7bc6aef9b45165d41ba6da7ca	Bonaparte, who has just proclaimed himself Emperor of France, by inertia retains the aura of a great man who is shaking the foundations of the old feudal monarchical world.
3eb401e1bacf94c8550b80d3a7e0cd980dfe3bc1	For the Russian state, Napoleon is a potential aggressor.
ee77ccb588ce742d17d8d34dcb8f4aab5e9a33ba	For the ruling elite of tsarist Russia, he is an audacious plebeian, an upstart, even an "Antichrist", as Anna Pavlovna Scherer calls him.
53215424f28ad5628fbe680026f20dc97cf3875e	And the young prince Bolkonsky, like the illegitimate son of Count Bezukhov, has a semi-instinctive attraction to Napoleon — an expression of the spirit of opposition towards the society to which they belong by generation.
cd40f7efa05999b854c7d2e4080b7155cef5530e	It will take a long way of searching and testing before both former admirers of Napoleon will feel their unity with their own people, find a place among those fighting on the field of Borodin.
08c9d3f1118edf92142c626d61afc19861afe0bd	The best qualities of Prince Andrew's nature — kindness, sensitivity, tact, great intelligence, courage — are manifested during his communication with the soldiers, who call him "our prince", with Tushin.
89c6b163c70c0285d7213671a877989fc7b61523	It will take an even longer and more difficult path for Pierre before he becomes a member of a secret society, one of the future Decembrists.
4b6e848da58794868ef03d92341cdd0885db8482	The search for the truth of life leads Pierre to the people.
b7ec6158fbcc358589c00459b82b286697c714f1	"To be like them (soldiers. — G. F.)" — that's what Pierre thinks about.
5a3add48fa69d29042691c0969a7c61c8877f4b1	With the conviction that his friend, Prince Andrew, if he were alive, would be on the same side.
5989d7ce137d87274738431b8aa4c82e9c7f474d	Tolstoy was the first in world literature to show the importance of the moral factor in war through the use of an artistic word.
d53ab0335f6fa8c5f232c93a19d0de588b5f3d7a	The Battle of Borodino was a victory for the Russians because for the first time "the hand of the strongest enemy was laid on Napoleon's army".
d9c96bdbcf6e1b0fca0942fe838b61bf48ed96f7	Kutuzov is the bearer of the ideas of the people's war.
74efd11cbb1348d7432b754097e5be1fdf888e2b	Kutuzov's strength as a commander is based on the ability to feel the spirit of the army, to act in accordance with it.
84773d9bde43dfc7ece3c4721b14103287ab16d2	Tolstoy attributes to him a certain extra-rational, intuitive understanding of the national element.
753b9a6157c740fe54535df970110f308a6aefd8	It is the feeling of inner connection with the people, with the mass of soldiers, that determines the way of their actions.
52599a1e4e38edac99643234333c50f58ad64985	The attitude of Kutuzov, on the one hand, and Berg, on the other hand, to the destruction of forage stocks and food warehouses by the retreating Russian army is characteristic.
80416e151c4e511a80f3a4cf67ce26775f5a1988	The desire of the people not to leave anything to the enemy causes indignation of Berg, a supporter of waging war "according to the rules" (vol.3, part 2, ch. IV).
ea5125b7412dea8767d4b8623685d7b9225cc2b8	Kutuzov (chapter XV of the same part of the third volume) orders to throw into the fire an order forbidding soldiers to mow bread and cut wood in the landowners 'possessions:" Let them mow bread and burn firewood for health... Without this it is impossible..."
9678b180ee728a42e9318fed25503734eddef45f	The image of the Russian nation, victoriously resisting the Napoleonic invasion, is given by the author with realistic sobriety, penetration, and breadth unprecedented in world literature.
b0700e0017311e9473a29f6f895a8014938ead85	Moreover, this breadth is not in the expression of all classes and strata of Russian society (Tolstoy himself wrote that he did not strive for this), but in the fact that the picture of this society includes many types, variants of human behavior in peace and war conditions.
b015c5bd0980ca543dbd3c3110500a3a8f993896	This antithesis, this struggle of opinions about the methods of conducting war, runs through the entire third volume: people who do not understand the popular nature of war (Berg, Clausewitz, Beningsen, Barclay),- for waging war "according to the rules"; patriots whose heart bleeds at the sight of the suffering of the motherland (Kutuzov, Prince Andrey, Denisov),- for a nationwide merciless war against the invaders.
b922ceec9ed4735b6e5ee00c3d2cfaca504ef9fa	In the last parts of the epic novel, a grandiose picture of popular resistance to the invader is created.
5aa4f449805376d4a578cf27893ef13f6b7678c0	It is attended by soldiers and officers who heroically give their lives in the name of victory, and ordinary residents of Moscow who, despite Rostopchin's calls, leave the capital, and the peasants Karp and Vlas, who do not sell hay to the enemy.
2f9afaa85069432f2384bdbca99fc40751a1e4b8	And again, the compositional conclusion of this antithesis is a philosophical digression in the fourth volume of the novel (part 4, chapter VI), where Tolstoy concludes: when the war has acquired a character alien to the people, the "representative of the people's war" has nothing to do.
91f2698512a64af5457b3e167c8f874cfe4a9b43	Thus, the antitheses and the philosophical digressions that conclude them are the most important compositional links of the epic.
f2ef4140de1509c8ae34730aea425c571d8dca46	Especially striking in Tolstoy's novel is his ability to harmoniously combine the image of personal destinies and the fate of the people, everyday life and historical events.
98b5af12989ff7fc74c97de31b9b05b498ea2abd	Tolstoy's epics are multifaceted: from describing European events, he freely passes to describing the life of one regiment or family, to small everyday episodes, to a detailed description of the inner experiences of one hero.
f4ed89efed4cec62caa4d5c413ff0b74b0792cad	These scenes reflect the essential characterization of the social reality of the epoch.
7fc334a5392ec3ae1fe6b0687fc96abada9a5444	Tolstoy depicts high-society receptions, entertainment of secular youth, ceremonial dinners, balls, hunting, Yule amusements of gentlemen and domestic servants.
3fa8f7d5de4c906528b7a50954f3abd0deed7f7c	The events of the Patriotic War (Volumes III and IV) take place in Russia, and the place of action depends on the course of military operations (Drissky camp, Lensk, Borodino, Moscow, Krasnoe, etc.).
fbd8f27c1aa012dc7b08c882d86cceec3855e0bb	However, the change of these plans does not lead to an internal fragmentation of the plot: Tolstoy's skill lies precisely in the fact that he skillfully seals everything with a single philosophical thought — the thought of a pure people's world, the opposite of the false egoistic world of "fragmented" people fighting with each other for their selfish interests.
14b4a5dca3537f27a0f8702868afb979c94af91d	Tolstoy found it difficult to determine the genre of his main work.
f8d01e8319e49041ec166ce4c872905109f03244	"This is not a novel, even less a poem, even less a historical chronicle," he wrote in the article " A few words about the book "War and Peace" (1868), adding that in general "in the new period of Russian literature there is not a single prose work of fiction that comes out of mediocrity a little, which would fit perfectly into the form of a novel, poem or story."
67c63a6c7a073c62c1e0796b558fc11a231a6328	Meanwhile, Tolstoy compared his book with the Iliad, i.e. with an ancient epic.
59d93d0a822f5cafce24c80bc64b66242ec32a50	The essence of the ancient epic is “the primacy of the general over the individual”.
12f2041484794c8692bdc9fc1e5782242d8256c2	It tells about the glorious past, about events not just significant, but important for large human communities, peoples.
45b2ec41e196ee3cc9f4cc8477dcef10a5defdce	A separate hero exists in it as an exponent (or antagonist) of the general life.
631092aaed61e2c640e2f42e8afa2cd9417cc048	Of course, the principles of the ancient epic are not literally used in” War and Peace".
596d8ccfc7fd8e0ba54a658592f3660553d435d7	And yet, along with the novel beginning, there is also an original epic opposite to it, only they do not complement each other, but turn out to be interpenetrable, creating a certain new quality, an unprecedented artistic synthesis.
d16847c87ae8b42dcc1789476fcc5e8d1b24d2ba	According to Tolstoy, individual self-affirmation of a person is detrimental to his personality.
20adaa9e84e2d0a660822982a86308f564cf0919	Only in unity with others, with the “common life”, can he develop and improve himself, receive a truly worthy reward for his efforts and searches in this direction.
6fa4b88653dddce445836dd7098328056fc75c7d	. V. A. Nedzvetsky rightly noted: "The world of Dostoevsky and Tolstoy's novels is built for the first time in Russian prose on a mutually directed movement and interest in each other of the individual and the people.”
4e6583489e2260ef4f3c3e49a1f8a87c97eb3d23	Therefore, there are still reasons to call "War and Peace" a historical novel an epic, bearing in mind that both components in this synthesis are radically updated and transformed.
439342b46b9761d70e728e1cd685e221028d22a5	There are 23,521 materials in our library.
d820894828b275b121ddf5ebda34cde8b040a296	Essays Biographies Analysis Characteristics Brief contents Retellings
30cf4254c67cc52b50b278c0edec0593aaceec7a	Analysis of the novel "War and Peace" by Tolstoy L. N.
8c22583727f5d670239bab1f50940365e58a2f82	Analysis / Tolstoy L. N. / War and Peace
e4aaf3d22ea378ac70f1662207578079db5fa464	See also the work " War and Peace"
a2e0edb931c651dce569079dcc898d135ae33cbf	The image of the inner world of a person in one of the works of Russian literature of the XIX century (based on the novel "War and Peace"by Leo Tolstoy) Option 2 The image of the inner world of a person in one of the works of Russian literature of the XIX century (based on the novel "War and Peace"by Leo Tolstoy) Option 1 The image of the people in the novel "War and Peace" by L. N. Tolstoy The system of characters in the novel "War and Peace" by L. N. Tolstoy Analysis of the novel "War and Peace" by L. N. Tolstoy
99a37da659461151f9f42e65e3685ff1cc3fdcf0	Other materials on the work of Tolstoy L. N.
f28610d7eff58c6cb2bfe16f5c6dc02d010d9ba1	Analysis of the novel "Anna Karenina" by Tolstoy L. N.
a972d1484f4f2e12043585a81f0339f7486abd22	The morning that changed life (according to the story of L. N. Tolstoy "After the ball") " Love from that day began to wane...
5df95ca4b88295626972ca7ae44815986b4160e4	"(according to the story of L. N. Tolstoy "After the ball") The trilogy of L. N. Tolstoy " Childhood.
fb5b665e718127b881e75b91b8b8166cb6e5e87b	Adolescence.
eb8359452e7dce631bddfcfcdea1c24a2d372c19	Youth" My understanding of the novels of L. N. Tolstoy "Childhood", "Adolescence"
c6c1c2f4666e7e93f4e5ee6a8951b8cff2148da2	THE PROBLEM OF THE GENRE.
1c06de56fbca986d0c75576260adaf8dc04f3f98	The poem was meant, of course, prose, Gogol's, focused on ancient epics and at the same time on a picaresque novel about modernity.
b0627ce99810c304127535ebb8dc110dc9e3f922	The novel, as it developed in the West, was traditionally understood as a multi event narrative with a developed plot about what happened to one person or several people who are given significantly more attention than others — not about their usual, regular life, but about a more or less long incident with a beginning and an end, most often happy, consisting in the hero's marriage to his beloved, less often unhappy, when the hero died.
d8de3ca31ee07de312dc7c8140473ed07e5e03ab	Even in the problematic Russian novel that preceded "War and Peace“, there is a” one power" of the hero and the finales are relatively traditional.
f58ccee0777dc0f3561220df3ad722065bcae534	In Tolstoy, as in Dostoevsky “ "the sole power of the central person is practically absent”" and the novel plot seems to him artificial:"...I can not and do not know how to put certain boundaries to the persons I have fictitious such as marriage or death, after which the interest of the narrative would be destroyed.
6d8e46ec00c3e0580ee0e14026b20e8825ba9fca	It involuntarily seemed to me that the death of one person only aroused interest in other persons, and marriage seemed to be mostly a tie, and not a denouement of interest.”
ea96c78fa07990a495e7a7cc2ee9ef12159b5690	"War and Peace", of course, is not a historical chronicle, although Tolstoy pays great attention to history.
35fec208c76dc5291e27386c1749598978ef7079	It is estimated that " Episodes from history and arguments in which historical questions are developed occupy 186 chapters out of 333 chapters of the book,” while only 70 chapters are related to the line of Andrei Bolkonsky.
36b33918f4e8c5250816db7c02005a76e88929a3	There are especially many historical chapters in the third and fourth volumes.
8f0b6bc6ea30f301bb08637d1457c77177999525	So, in the second part of the fourth volume, four chapters out of nineteen are related to Pierre Bezukhov, the rest are entirely military historical.
fd4c49b4747541affa279396b1941d7b16cf01a6	Philosophical, journalistic and historical arguments occupy four chapters at the beginning of the first part of the epilogue and the entire second part of it.
cf657c71ed79e954845d5ef925211d1b65efad6d	However, reasoning is not a sign of a chronicle, a chronicle is primarily a statement of events.
ce881044121701c6fe10dc49fd1c5af517bf9d1a	There are signs of a chronicle in “War and Peace”, but not so much historical as family.
6f94ddad896d487fa74fbb95237a7e33f13c097e	Characters are rarely represented in literature by whole families.
2c4d2cfaf2bd8fb82c595eba2545ef7913afa199	Tolstoy also talks about the Bolkonsky, Bezukhov, Rostov, Kuragin, Drubetsky families, mentions the Dolokhov family (although outside the family this hero behaves like an individualist and egoist).
9690b98580987cde415fc79d7a20c56fc82f949b	The first three families, faithful to the family spirit, are finally related, which is very important, and the official relationship of Pierre, who married Helene out of weakness, with the soulless Kuragins is liquidated by life itself.
20b79d834ecf03cdb6409d27f65614fd69153eed	But the family chronicle “War and Peace " can not be reduced in any way.
f15926556f8e8749ffc971b8a695a3b6f39c2553	The obvious signs of an epic beginning in "War and Peace" are a large volume and a problem themed encyclopedia.
72d5cf42e7afe9fcb0a0d94473c472c3a5cc335f	But, of course, Tolstoy's worldview was very far from the people of the "age of heroes" and he considered the very concept of “hero” unacceptable for the artist.
2051e9deed0f354349621f604a40c067ad030416	His characters are self valuable personalities, by no means embodying any extrapersonal collective norms.
9628a95eb98b7e3f1d0df6ca0ea13bb799383772	In the XX century.
3d4d518cbfab5f3a84a01d4587580b3179e71bf8	"War and Peace" is often called an epic novel.
08c6375b764e231a9bf6d6eec83bc921260e8862	This sometimes raises objections, assertions that "the leading genre forming principle of Tolstoy's "book" should still be recognized as a "personal" thought, basically not epic, but novelistic, "especially" the first volumes of the work, devoted primarily to family life and the personal destinies of the characters, are not dominated by the epic, but by the novel, although unconventional."
890f26cc1b50f95f201248331d6f9156c72b0b50	According to Tolstoy, individual self affirmation of a person is detrimental to his personality.
579eaa97a3c24a2c4e3fad40fb4899bc55619a7b	Only in unity with others, with the “common life”, can he develop and improve himself, receive a truly worthy reward for his efforts and searches in this direction. .
ca6df4db4509a4dbc6ec2990f3ad72b0fc16abfd	V. A. Nedzvetsky rightly noted: "The world of Dostoevsky and Tolstoy's novels is built for the first time in Russian prose on a mutually directed movement and interest in each other of the individual and the people.”
66c7f5e098ca6bdfc8b8ba5ef3893e06fb110e00	Tolstoy has a synthesis of novel and epic beginnings.
9bc9b059454d89d6bba336cce2504381b693f7b7	The world of the archaic epic is closed in itself, absolute, self sufficient, detached from other epochs, “rounded”.
b876aecf4df7ea1512b40ccf6e6805e55b37da3e	Tolstoy's personification of " all Russian, good and round” (vol. 4, Part 1, Chapter XIII) is Platon Karataev, a good soldier in the ranks and a typical peasant, an absolutely peaceful man in captivity.
d0fae2fe10d3f749532c9de0cd5debfa62217ad2	His life is harmonious in all situations.
71f61f2a5ff55c8ed9f75eb706690d81b9fb2cff	After Pierre Bezukhov, who was expecting death himself, saw the shooting, “this is a terrible murder committed by people who did not want to do it,” his faith in the improvement of the world, in the human soul, in his soul, and in God was destroyed, although he did not realize it.”
d8346b2143fbe64f78592f544bc54cd38fbe1382	But after talking with Plato, falling asleep beside him calmed down, he " felt that the previously destroyed world was now being built up in his soul with a new beauty, on some new and unshakable foundations” (vol. 4, part 1, ch. XII).
eb776c9a67d66ba022f867814be287af15d85e6b	The orderliness of the world is characteristic of its epic state.
996d8004b8ee764a2cbc2841d3a3fa0c769695f3	But in this case, the ordering takes place in one soul, which absorbs the world.
0ae2f23169d2704e64757012bad3b39bf20600ae	This is completely out of the spirit of ancient epics.
18fbafdbf190d4a714b977864497a66ecc2cd706	Internally, in the epic picture of the world, the image is a symbol of a water ball that Pierre dreamed of.
ba16cd624426321b8f3e341ee314822b730b7c0f	It has a stable solid body shape and has no corners.
83ecaf04ae90fc460494217ce9e238f33185170f	“The idea of the circle is related to the peasant world of the community with its social isolation, mutual responsibility, specific limitations (which is reflected through the influence of Karataev in limiting Pierre's horizons to the nearest business).
52a78371df9f6ecb1c8fe8f861720fe994c9be5e	At the same time, the circle is an aesthetic figure, with which the idea of the achieved perfection is associated from time immemorial” (1, p.245), writes one of the best researchers of “War and Peace” S. G. Bocharov.
f09754975c6ff3c8c3a8ddcb3af0a1864a034f9c	In Christian culture, the circle symbolizes the sky and at the same time the highly aspiring human spirit.
224743a7c07bcca88404a7671d537ce31c1ce0ff	However, firstly, the ball that Pierre dreams of is not only constant, but also differs in the inescapable variability of the liquid (merging and separating drops again).
6c659dcac1391d91d49fde143e6fe262eb4463bc	The stable and the changeable appear in an indissoluble unity.
7b9df16b1f0626e83c0f4e6b3b34cc2b4955f54e	Secondly, the ball in "War and Peace" is a symbol not so much of the available, but of the ideal, desired reality.
f735d1b4f92301ed135fb3e67067f8dd2249e41f	Tolstoy's searching heroes never calm down on the path that introduces them to eternal, permanent spiritual values.
cd885d82c26233b4dd2c1b822cf51837fc296a4c	As S. G. Bocharov notes, in the epilogue, the conservative landowner and limited person Nikolai Rostov, not Pierre, is close to the peasant world of the community and to the land.
1e282541eafda5646328664ee6de8c91f7452f63	Natasha has withdrawn into the family circle, but admires her husband, whose interests are much broader, while Pierre and 15 year old Nikolenka Bolkonsky, the true son of their father, are experiencing acute dissatisfaction, ready to go far beyond the surrounding, stable life circle in their aspirations.
c4aa6b9ebd8e49e8129a905e1744d3fbe18bf60b	The new activity of Bezukhov "would not have been approved by Karataev, but he would have approved of Pierre's family life; this is how the small world, the home circle, where the acquired good looks are preserved, and the big world, where the circle again opens into a line, a path, the "world of thought" and endless striving are resumed."
683eb1ad1c221dc55baa1fd652ea882f6abef7b2	Pierre cannot be like Karataev, because the Karataev world is self sufficient and impersonal.
aa63d0a9a93d3cf2d1a7ef9fd532cd992dfe90ee	“My name is Plato;
ba0425b4e190792c42d0f6568c124850c074dbe7	Karataev's nickname” " he introduces himself to Pierre, immediately including himself in the community, in this case family.
97acc6c1d4b957a09c70f5fa8a0ad18487908d8f	Love for everyone for him excludes the high price of individuality.
b460c8181bd97e384985c515e2ac04313e8e4173	"Karataev had no attachments, friendship, love, as Pierre understood them, but he loved and lived lovingly with everything that life brought him to, and in particular... with those people who were before his eyes.
f522bc2b99121220bc7b9ae09a7d738fc448d74a	He loved his mutt, he loved his comrades, the French, he loved Pierre, who was his neighbor; but Pierre felt that Karataev, despite all his affectionate tenderness for him...
ad50f801c2c7d09c34a90bc19b7c4c8e7997fa3a	I wouldnot be saddened for a minute by parting with him.
b3a570ec6da5481f7adb12fc7f89f9888ef3f43f	And Pierre began to feel the same feeling for Karataev” (vol. 4, part 1, chapter XIII).
9686545e38051c29d6f039cf2ec06718250cbd46	Then Pierre, like all the other prisoners, does not even try to support and save Plato, who is ill on the way, leaves him, who will now be shot by the guards, acts as Plato himself would have done.
6015c5c81fce82582dd313603012e4de33a65a42	Karataev's " roundness” is the momentary completeness and self sufficiency of existence.
bd797a5d98518415ddf12305fbe5e1f123584d94	For Pierre, with his spiritual search, in his natural environment, such a fullness of being is not enough.
be79a00b2690cde79ba3d7772e62a3c8fdc2b5c5	In the epilogue, Pierre, arguing with the irrational, self contained Rostov, not only confronts Nikolai, but is also concerned about his fate, as well as the fate of Russia and humanity.
33c145b2d566fa6a01ccb83e7057236ee62d7c60	” It seemed to him at that moment that he was called upon to give a new direction to the whole Russian society and the whole world, "Tolstoy writes, not without condemning “his self satisfied reasoning" (epilogue, part 1, Chapter XVI).
39e468239373f5af499acd20dfd8a5d5f5a4f348	The "new direction" turns out to be inseparable from conservatism.
404a79817293ea089bc7df6b680aa9cd53979c7f	Criticizing the government, Pierre also wants to help him by creating a secret society.
b9785c643f5833c90c240b6ec0ca64cf63f8afda	“The society may not be secret, if the government allows it.
545ce4d69cb0460281b854e409379b5837f5498e	It is not only not hostile to the government, but it is a society of real conservatives.
77979d8b43e60a9ccecc59dbf4a334aef708a5bc	A society of gentlemen in the full meaning of the word.
3aca2dc18abf2f830a435409f53c00f4f0a8474d	We are just so that tomorrow Pugachev does not come to kill both my and your children, "Pierre says to Nikolai," and so that Arakcheev does not send me to a military settlement, we are only taking hand in hand, with the same goal of the common good and common security” (epilogue, part 1, chapter XIV).
5728868fc23ec2f558edeace6f5bab1e3d89bc06	Nikolai Rostov's wife has her own internal problems, which is much deeper than her husband.
9b833876bf1adce3ac2ea1d3515066e06f862d10	"The soul of Countess Mary has always aspired to the infinite, eternal and perfect, and therefore could never be at rest” (epilogue, part 1, chapter XV).
d8a40113033d8fbe9568528d01cb1eb69dbf5f65	This is very Tolstoyan: eternal anxiety in the name of the absolute.
896bb6a3caa8690f467a0172bff33a10b6c6e24d	The world of the epic novel as a whole is stable and defined in its outlines, but it is not closed, it is not complete.
930f30781bb9d24ed8b53f22434fbb5201900388	War exposes this world to cruel trials, brings suffering and heavy losses (the best die: prince Andrew, who has just begun to live and loves everyone, Petya Rostov, who also loves everyone, although otherwise, Karataev), but trials also strengthen what is really strong, and the evil and unnatural suffers defeat.
69e8e3f27b56e33bd3877238f41892abcf636aef	“Until the twelfth year broke out,”writes S. G. Bocharov, " it might have seemed that intrigue, the play of interests, the Kuraginsky principle prevailed over the deep necessity of life; but in the situation of the twelfth year, intrigue is doomed to failure, and this is shown in the most diverse facts, between which there is an internal connection — and in the fact that poor Sonya must lose and innocent tricks will not help her, and in the pitiful death of Helene entangled in intrigues, and in the imminent defeat of Napoleon, his grandiose intrigues, his adventures, which he wants to impose on the world and turn into a world law."
112983daeadc3a2de78dfdcf88196b37305f2d42	The end of the war is the restoration of the normal flow of life.
1275306d74e0f7d1628427e93ff1f78104eb60c5	Everything is being sorted out.
e2f38d69d940a433400ce06eb443df452adab7a2	Tolstoy's heroes pass the tests with honor, they come out of them more pure and deep than they were.
86a0dab64108ed64955352b4cb0dd67e4830bc14	Their sadness for the dead is peaceful, bright.
3bd4ff86aa9459ddd9d23d5c834715e0581a7eb2	Of course, such an understanding of life is akin to an epic one.
82bea2a79d673fbc0e786100dc12df0bf8f9ae7f	But this is not a heroic epic in the original sense, but an idyllic one.
55db03f0d095010b5a4b71b9cb51ba0b1605ba12	Tolstoy accepts life as it is, despite his sharply critical attitude to everything that separates people, makes them individualists, despite the fact that there are a lot of dramatic and tragic things in the trials of an idyllic world.
b5649357b0ac04ea7d81a49956d7aed303871651	The epilogue promises the heroes new challenges, but the tone of the finale is bright, because life in general is good and indestructible.
7a24df76d7113ca5f21a174a7d77a3444b011106	For Tolstoy, there is no hierarchy of life events.
8b93d071b1a64176dbc5ca88883e91b519d13ddc	Historical and personal life in his understanding are phenomena of the same order.
c3d9e16e304f6e736f9fb39938f98aa7ac868523	Therefore “ "every historical fact must be explained in a human way..."
162e9afa424b730330e3027e625f93ff109b6e9d	Everything is connected with everything.
8c2ef5123cc4eeead85f71fad0266a51947ee3c0	The impressions of the Battle of Borodino leave a feeling of this universal connection in Pierre's subconscious.
5dcf56c3630f2989c8ff2fca051b98f20d3a2843	"The most difficult thing (Pierre continued to think or hear in a dream) is to be able to combine the meaning of everything in your soul.
e642aa96fd0048ab184cd1028cc18a9649fa2d49	Connect everything?
4b7a70c16bf25f84a3197080b0733bb6a054e98f	Pierre said to himself.
9810d497caa841ceb1169cf071a1653f34f983b2	— No, I donot want to connect it.
6fcf60b7cced94d0590659256e5ce58111729a54	You canot connect thoughts, but to combine all these thoughts -that's what you need!
eddf2977b0735b1ae4126d21bf9613c0d8a9bc64	Yes, it is necessary to match, it is necessary to match!”
eb682785c81905c8d28c84b1fda564e1446624a0	It turns out that someone's voice at this time repeats several times that it is necessary, it's time to harness (vol.3, part 3, Chapter IX), i.e. the key word is suggested to Pierre's subconscious by a similar word that his tutor pronounces when waking his master.
163467b190ba76d2c4543eeee252015133647814	Thus, in the epic novel, the global laws of being and the most subtle movements of individual human psychology are “interfaced”.
3a1947135333d5746c5c86682c55873abd1691a5	THE MEANING OF THE WORD “WORLD".
47435004d55b6477e033663935696b357acae57d	Although in Tolstoy's time the word “peace” was printed in the title of his book as “peace”, and not “world”, thereby meaning only the absence of war, in fact, in the epic novel, the meanings of this word, going back to one original, are numerous and diverse.
55135fe0e7b23384b95a646b6da7917d40476b51	This is the whole world (the universe), and humanity, and the national world, and the peasant community, and other forms of uniting people, and what is beyond this or that community — so, for Nikolai Rostov, after losing 43 thousand to Dolokhov, “the whole world was divided into two uneven departments: one is our Pavlograd regiment, and the other is everything else.”
b3d3f168585e7ea9f5b26dfb58be304dfae4b77b	For him, certainty is always important.
6f6ee3e4a647dbdced673979fe01663694382060	It is in the shelf.
5114d6ea22d93d7fe34ff4b9f0259ae96ee7a77e	He decided to " serve well and be quite an excellent comrade and officer, that is, a wonderful person, which seemed so difficult in the world, and so possible in the regiment” (vol. 2, part 2, ch. XV).
9195d271fad7549c4c4936dc9043c2e2e9a2bdbe	At the beginning of the war of 1812, Natasha was deeply moved by the words “let us pray to the Lord in peace” in the church, she understands this as the absence of hostility, as the unity of people of all classes.
2200b08729e1e1d20ef3d5a644a377f601d11719	"World” can mean a way of life, a worldview, a type of perception, a state of consciousness.
c5742e5615fdf251034bd0f82b47c45bfbbcaa96	Princess Mary, who was forced to live and act independently on the eve of her father's death “ " was embraced by another world of everyday, difficult and free activity, completely opposite to the moral world in which she was imprisoned before and in which prayer was the best consolation” (vol. 3, part 2, ch. VIII).
83e7148dc5018ff2ee31d133d084f6b98e62d830	The wounded Prince Andrew " wanted to return to the former world of pure thought, but he could not, and delirium drew him into his own region” (vol. 3, part 3, ch. XXXII).
d581d49ce6792ade00404cab020a54366e55cc66	Princess Mary felt in the words, tone, and look of her dying brother “a terrible alienation from everything worldly for a living person” (vol. 4, part 1, chapter XV).
c1dc6a8d07b7a81b59e434245044e5c0a9ffdabf	In the epilogue, Countess Mary is jealous of her husband's economic pursuits, because she cannot " understand the joys and sorrows brought to him by this separate, alien world for her” (part 1, chapter VII).
972edaafc49f2fd85749088edf3ee458aad8a0d8	And it goes on to say “ " As in every real family, several completely different worlds lived together in the Lysogorsky house, which, each retaining its own peculiarity and making concessions to one another, merged into one harmonious whole.
b44c74fcb4d991efc97d3c07ea49dc656a586d24	Every event that happened in the house was equally important joyfully or sadly for all these worlds; but each world had its own reasons, independent of the others, to rejoice or be sad about any event” (ch. XII).
574d8df4550e3ea5a995d0384804f740cf4002e5	Thus, the range of meanings of the word “peace “in” War and Peace " is from the universe, the cosmos to the inner state of an individual hero.
fd6d58921929468fd5827a0aa5234e948fb40787	The macrocosm and the microcosm are indissoluble in Tolstoy.
1b830373aca69a7f8875fd3c1ef68a8af1731897	Not only in the Lysogorsky house of Marya and Nikolai Rostov — throughout the book, many and diverse worlds merge “into one harmonious whole", according to an unprecedented genre.
1bc92b9076eac2f9bfb88301e9cf0f8c99c56621	THE IDEA OF UNITY.
bd9db9274a336a05fe9197ce7d3c32d66e077b16	The connection of everything with everything in " War and Peace” is not only stated and demonstrated in various forms.
b75e485d692f6cecf276782300fe4b97e757992e	It is actively established as a moral, in general, life ideal.
b77cbfd971bf2618d28aab9ab07001bc1032c0dd	"Natasha and Nikolai, Pierre and Kutuzov, Platon Karataev and Princess Mary are sincerely disposed to all people without exception and expect everyone to respond with goodwill” [8, p. 23], writes V. E. Khalizev.
d11d9eb73df4e53f6d978f72546e380f2286ce44	For these characters, such a relationship is not even an ideal, but the norm.
751a60d3e2d1f0b7e747233fe909f9a5b9777dba	Prince Andrew, who is not devoid of prudery, constantly reflecting, is much more self contained and focused on his own.
42849980970b32f53997fd288c95f5d1c2d9496d	At first, he thinks about his personal career and fame.
a03de12d5a935fc0fc322a7beda8f6fba9c63e3d	But he understands fame as the love of many strangers for him.
eb451e865a69d0962fa7b826441200392e117df9	Later, Bolkonsky tries to participate in state reforms for the benefit of the same people unknown to him, for the whole country, now not for the sake of his career.
f8d22817b187ef47a2671c94c3aa3db89e11ffe4	One way or another, being together with others is extremely important for him, he thinks about this in a moment of spiritual enlightenment after visiting the Rostovs in Otradnoye, after accidentally overhearing Natasha's enthusiastic words about a beautiful night, addressed to Sonya, who is much colder and more indifferent than she is (here is almost a pun: Sonya sleeps and wants to sleep), and two “meetings” with an old oak tree, first not yielding to spring and the sun, and then transformed under fresh foliage.
c04463b8e232aa51bed63996efbf9633effbfabc	Not so long ago, Andrei told Pierre that he was only trying to avoid illness and remorse, i.e., directly concerning only him personally.
6f66f911483a87db65a0fc4a1b05f69dffc591c8	This was the result of disappointment in life after he had to experience a wound and captivity instead of the expected glory, and his return home coincided with the death of his wife (he did not love her much, but that's why he knows remorse).
f084540e1ebebedfa8034402c35acbbeab3c19c2	"No, life is not over at the age of thirty — one," Prince Andrew suddenly decided definitively, irrevocably.
d2b926f11c7c000b8567ff4b562cf46b39bed4ad	— Not only do I know all that is in me, it is necessary that all knew this; and Pierre, and the girl who wanted to fly away, it is necessary to know me not for me my life was taking, not so they lived like this girl, whatever my life to be reflected in theirs, and that they all lived with me!”
051c87b004961e6d08e77b9b5c719d0504156de7	(t 2, CH.
be952820b4e1d10db28893ebb7c7ac6c6e7eb76a	3, CH.
98f3d261e0701737761bfde17433c24959fa73a0	III).
8915e9b3f66bd7d97e9dfdf2010aa9b7cfb91a10	In the foreground in this internal monologue — I, my, but the main, summing up word - "together".
742cb395cb81a00eb00c20df8edda1d85d1cf3e3	Among the forms of unity of people, Tolstoy especially distinguishes two — family and national.
d5d7903424a941f838467f9ae6a97065309cf2b6	Most of the Rostovs are, to a certain extent, a single collective image.
372303068775d90cbb2404adb0d7b4bc818749e5	Sonya turns out to be ultimately alien to this family not because she is only the niece of Count Ilya Andreevich.
ea9258a8a2a4d19a45659ae2c982db7b813688d4	She is loved in the family as the most native person.
f4e0b06298ca7b0ca81f5bc53f13de45537bd6d5	But both her love for Nikolai and her sacrifice the rejection of her claims to marry him — are more or less forced, constructed in a limited and far from poetic simplicity mind.
c62b59ff40dd0d5a9f7f1037b68b895a59613c4a	And for Vera, it becomes quite natural to marry a calculating Berg, who is nothing like the Rostovs.
e1aff8c059eac04d94cc0907225279f88de5832f	In fact, the Kuragins are an imaginary family, although Prince Vasily cares about his children, arranges a career or marriage for them in accordance with secular ideas of success, and they are in solidarity with each other in their own way: the story of the attempted seduction and abduction of Natasha Rostova by the already married Anatole was not without the participation of Helen.
8c5eb3869d505e35cc51b2060cb70e9332617fa4	” Oh, a vile, heartless breed!
3bd8927cb43f5c445a84e72d5691fbc36995f6a6	" exclaims Pierre at the sight of a" timid and mean smile” Anatole, whom he asked to leave, offering money for the road (vol. 2, part 5, ch. XX).
cca167251aa8bbc03d28feaf829fd1a73ff9e623	The Kuraginsky " breed” is not at all the same as a family, Pierre knows this all too well.
0b7e09b16b9f0a26a39d9939ff5a691aabc01649	Platon Karataev, who is married to Helene Pierre, first of all asks about his parents — the fact that Pierre does not have a mother especially upsets him — and when he hears that he does not have “children”, he is upset again, resorts to purely folk consolation: “Well, young people, God willing, they will still be.
14169c3a177d59c4b7b1238f575c7eea5ccc19f0	If only we could live in the council...
36d0eef4d3caf37d2e4dd51745543b31a6067e63	" (vol . 4, part 1, chapter XII). There is just no” Council " in sight.
bdd9a699abfd70a208a31bf856f27eb361f241f8	In Tolstoy's artistic world, such complete egoists as Helen with her debauchery or Anatole cannot and should not have children.
ce379c0ca7327b58bb55867816615ff6e7bb8626	And after Andrei Bolkonsky, there is a son, although his young wife died in childbirth and the hope for a second marriage turned into a personal disaster.
e51d08c230796d79a6c0018056082ae927a604bd	The plot of “War and Peace”, opened directly into life, ends with the dreams of the young Nikolenka about the future, whose dignity is measured by the high criteria of the past — the authority of the father who died from a wound: "Yes, I will do something that even he would be satisfied with...”
3b880d2a5f198ffc6a005d681ee97982f4b48584	(epilogue, part 1, chapter XVI).
6203dc80a8ba81ccffa6238fa096003e50531b4b	The exposure of the main antihero of “War and Peace”, Napoleon, is also carried out with the help of “family” themes.
dce1e3a245dbc898eceec288ad79a28e02795324	Before the Battle of Borodino, he receives a gift from the Empress — an allegorical portrait of his son playing in bilbok (“The ball represented the globe, and the wand in the other hand represented the scepter”), “a boy born of Napoleon and the daughter of the Austrian emperor, who for some reason everyone called the king of Rome.”
36ce2c16a0b9b36b52b434aaa3c596ab8c70e66b	For the sake of “history” Napoleon, “with his greatness” ""showed, in contrast to this greatness, the simplest paternal tenderness”" and Tolstoy sees in this only a feigned " kind of thoughtful tenderness” (vol. 3, part 2, ch. XXVI).
c0e48acbc7fb4713e0605d6d5e48edaba894cae0	” Family " relations for Tolstoy are not necessarily related.
bc833f6eb92ac4c9a1caf3b9107f16c4d11ee7d5	Natasha, dancing to the guitar of a poor landowner, " uncle”, who plays “Along the street of the bridge...", is mentally close to him, as well as to everyone present, regardless of the degree of kinship.
a714cac2e32393ad306c60d9cf8b6c40f4befb5e	She, the Countess, "brought up by a French emigrant”" in silk and velvet”, “was able to understand everything that was in Anisya, and in Anisya's father, and in her aunt, and in her mother, and in every Russian person” (vol. 2, part 4, chapter VII).
8a4dd1b4c68611b324bf3df29ab52421a293e569	The previous hunting scene, during which Ilya Andreevich Rostov, who missed the wolf, endured the emotional abuse of the hunter Danila — is also proof that the” kindred " atmosphere for the Rostovs sometimes overcomes very high social barriers.
6d9a5e04c2ecec9e68d465c09b2852c632d14b99	According to the law of " conjugation” this branched scene turns out to be an artistic preview of the image of the Patriotic War.
50fd9a3965e8b0b563c644cae28a7bc48008cb4a	"Isnot close all Danilin appearance of the image of "the cudgel of the people's war"?
f7891f985ce52ea8c937ddadfc573cd1eac5fc5f	On the hunt, where he was a major figure, depended on its success, the farmer, the hunter, just for a moment became Lord of his master that hunting was useless" [2, p. 31] — said S. G. Bocharov, next on the example of the image of the chief of Moscow graph rastopchina revealing the weakness and futility of the actions of the "historical" character.
3b518dc74ea75ae1656193d543ff79d1949c01ab	At the Rayevsky battery, where Pierre falls during the Battle of Borodino, before the start of hostilities, “there was the same and common to all, as if a family revival” (vol.3, part 2, ch. XXXI).
60064c33ace6f802761248eb958597119bebfea4	The soldiers immediately dubbed the stranger “our master”, as the soldiers of the regiment of Andrei Bolkonsky their commander - "our prince".
8938b79e492029b9197ffd2f6f88c6dcd68d87aa	"There is a similar atmosphere at the Tushin battery during the battle of Shengrabensky, as well as in the partisan detachment when Petya Rostov comes there," V. E. Khalizev points out.
927ab4031c3aab3cef891bb7ebf923156f9a6134	- Let us recall in this connection Natasha Rostova, who helped the wounded during the days of departure from Moscow: she “liked these relations with new people, outside of the usual living conditions.”.. the similarity between the family and similar "swarm" communities is also important: both are non hierarchical and free ...
05574b5269b58dbcf2f3e1eee3899030dd9c875b	The readiness of Russian people, primarily peasants and soldiers, for non forced free unity is most similar to the "Rostov " nepotism" [8, p. 52].
0c30bf35bb58ae01c9c2e265e0bda8a2016ac0cc	Tolstoy's unity does not at all mean the dissolution of individuality in the mass.
abf917271f578e7f866b4ee765a737ca78c51ce0	The forms of unity of people approved by the writer are the opposite of a disordered and impersonal, inhuman crowd.
a7bf692663fec1c49f1e616b8da1ad2eed9ecb7d	The crowd is shown in scenes of soldiers ' panic, when the defeat of the allied army in the battle of Austerlitz became obvious, Alexander I's arrival in Moscow after the outbreak of the Patriotic War (the episode with biscuits that the tsar throws from the balcony to his subjects, literally seized with wild delight), the abandonment of Moscow by Russian troops, when Rastop chin gives it to the inhabitants to be torn to pieces by Vereshchagin, allegedly the culprit of what happened, etc.
8902474b4f2227b71d97efd05faee5c253d56574	The crowd is chaos, most often destructive, and the unity of people is deeply beneficial.
6e050ef7326741e12a45579395036b07283d2517	"During the battle of Shengrabensky (Tushin's battery) and the Battle of Borodino (Rayevsky's battery), as well as in the partisan detachments of Denisov and Dolokhov, everyone knew their "business, place and purpose".
e241217b886efce4d6fcea342eacab877b910e38	The true order of a just, defensive war, according to Tolstoy, inevitably arises every time anew from human actions unintentional and unplanned: the will of the people in 1812 was realized independently of any military state requirements and sanctions" [8, p. 76].
c4a7b478f8a674df8325038af5752d13e69b1bb2	Similarly, immediately after the death of the old prince Bolkonsky, Princess Mary did not need to make any orders: “God knows who and when took care of it, but everything happened as if by itself” (vol.3, part 2, ch. VIII).
a98b697698b646cec859d811ca37a232793349d3	The popular character of the War of 1812 clear to the soldiers.
39507ac2c92207279251ba706869cdf62936b28e	From one of them, on the way out of Mozhaisk towards Borodin, Pierre hears a tongue tied speech: "They want to pile on all the people, one word is Moscow.
3425b2b4e4c41595fe63b5e04aba56c29d41f699	They want to make one end."
28a710bf5818732b71dbed043d8da869009992ea	The author comments: "Despite the vagueness of the soldier's words, Pierre understood everything that he wanted to say...
5fcd092ad7521377b2556b92bdee6eee02cba20b	" (vol . 3, part 2, ch . XX). After the battle, shaken, this purely non military man, belonging to the secular elite, seriously thinks about the absolutely impossible.
099d190921716a332a44d8e1f18db9c885aa0b7a	"To be a soldier, just a soldier!
0292b45db645c08ee3c3caa90e4e0f438ab29ecd	Pierre thought, falling asleep.
eb881d8310fa65748437a2d8accb43faf19dd8c8	- To enter into this common life with the whole being, to be imbued with what makes them so " (vol. 3, part 3, chapter IX).
763cd8449a137f79e2753630a162b4dab37d6120	Count Bezukhov, of course, will not become a soldier, but he will be captured along with the soldiers and will experience all the horrors and hardships that have fallen to their lot.
2c8c250e1c7e82cdc57e02be55d3ffb55f8ee31a	However, the idea to perform an absolutely individual romantic feat led to this — to stab Napoleon with a dagger, whose supporter Pierre declared himself at the beginning of the novel, when the newly born French emperor was an idol and a model for Andrei Bolkonsky.
274a409d4c69418551847f8d0bb8d3b722968189	In the clothes of a coachman and wearing glasses, Count Bezukhov wanders around Moscow occupied by the French in search of a conqueror, but instead of carrying out his impossible plan, he saves a little girl from a burning house and attacks the looters who robbed the Armenian woman with his fists.
5d7e2824881d86adb82351756863730f1c7d3a02	Arrested, he gives the rescued girl for his daughter, “without knowing how this purposeless lie escaped from him” (vol. 3, part 3, ch. XXXIV).
dcfb57d4075938eb282c2ec9c22320d4b6b93392	The childless Pierre feels like a father, a member of some kind of superfamily.
820eabb66f1dea1690b5c388c6c04ac3ebd66366	The people are the army, the partisans, and the Smolensk merchant Ferapontov, who is ready to set fire to his own house so that the French do not get it, and the peasants who did not want to bring hay to the French for good money, but burned it, and the Muscovites who leave their homes, their hometown simply because they do not think themselves under the rule of the French, this is Pierre, and the Rostovs, who abandon their property and give up carts for the wounded at Natasha's request, and Kutuzov with his “popular feeling”.
6cc5e1ac136965dd3e9983735aff26bbc007fac4	Although, as it is estimated, only eight percent of the book is devoted to episodes with the participation of ordinary people, “only eight percent of the book is devoted to the topic of the people” (Tolstoy admitted that he described mainly the environment that he knew well), “these percentages will increase sharply if we take into account that, from Tolstoy's point of view, Vasily Denisov, Field Marshal Kutuzov, and finally — most importantly — himself, the author, express the people's soul and spirit no less than Platon Karataev or Tikhon Shcherbaty.”
a5d0226ce743e792fd845acddc040aadbb103fc2	At the same time, the author does not idealize the common people.
6d64d935d6c74a4ffaae31b0da5c485067b84b92	The revolt of the Bogucharovsky peasants against Princess Mary before the arrival of the French troops is also shown (however, these are such men who were especially restless before, and Rostov with the young Ilyin and the savvy Lavrushka managed to pacify them very easily).
79b84d0cbc8a02fcf33a7af1cc16fcff5d057b50	After the French left Moscow, Cossacks, peasants from neighboring villages and returning residents, " finding it looted, also began to plunder.
4e114baa790de48892afbf1d83f6fe820b63bfb3	They continued what the French were doing” (vol. 4, part 4, ch. XIV).
1c1e0376f54a86c725dd42cfbf502a89a70fa7d8	The militia regiments formed by Pierre and Mamonov (a characteristic association of a fictional character and a historical person) plundered Russian villages (vol. 4, part 1, chapter IV).
a7e8cda68356062c3c2ea9aa49ee0f2c44bdc9dd	Spy Tikhon Shcherbaty is not only “the most useful and brave man in the party”, i.e. in Denisov's partisan detachment, but also capable of killing a captured Frenchman because he was "completely wrong” and" rude”.
3c87c5d0a0303d3dcd5e46421eb3518ca4d5c164	When he said this, “his whole face stretched out into this
42061c7df32ac7ff3e5a3fa94631c515fbff75bb	Herman Naumovich Fein
b7599f8fc1f9bef5ebc126180fadaccafd24bfad	Leo Tolstoy's novel "WAR and PEACE"
4fc9ed63d7c95ebcbba2b28621dc541662ae0a98	HOLISTIC ANALYSIS
261702cb3053a88270239c02209289798582c8c5	From the teacher's work experience
78665e39486d03e9846b9aec52e589ae6ccf91d0	Publishing house "Prosveshchenie" Moscow 1966
1c261dd03616dab9129f837604bf3b05346875d0	The electronic publication of the book was prepared in the summer of 2009 by students of the 10th grade of the Moscow Gymnasium in the Southwest No. 1543
efebb0566525e74388780f0a0063df9af4d2b74a	By Alexandra Kostrikina, Maria Krasnoselskaya, Mikhail Solodov, Ivan Pavlov and Alexander Alergant.
acb38cfed7f346cd39ba373114d3194e2fadf3d9	The publication of the book on the Internet was authorized on August 6, 2009 by the author, G. N. Fein (Andreev).
fc4f5df788c50919f846e4cd9697aa82bd81b354	If you notice any typos, please inform Vitaly Arnold by e mail vitar(at)1543.ru
4870736152c9137eba388c3285d73861332dd8e4	TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 3 A HOLISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL Volume one 15
7bb49782b9978430a1da992c9ce8526d00031a2a	Part one 15
4ee851bfda8b4b601f83f58745ba0d3c826605fb	Part two 25
f860d75166e09107be2fd9c5d04cb93f0e0019e2	Part three 37 Volume Two 53
26eb30cfe56cf829d6d051090aee36c1fab87739	Part one 53
7d384011b63ba8e557649f900f7e88304dcdc6fb	Part two 63
df4c0ef236e03c36f21a2e195f4618a0654c4f21	Part three 75
999280a1de47f0384bfd013b45f6f0e8ef31c6d1	Part four 92
defa686493cfe6e3f2f44bb801fda65148921e79	Part five 98 Volume three 111
605f43904d349a90c79d1eac2260af9b4ec70bb4	Part one 132
d65a416f92149842f9b38bcb0809528c5af2391d	Part two 151
d6281a451bcc1d9f447ce255a9e79139a9aeac92	Part three 189 Volume four 213
d089f236283e7219c66dd32e4509ff92df85a7f0	Part one 213
d30db6993b0b4e4dd4f1b42f621ea9dfc59065f7	Part two 227
72aa0b545aa0d4a952b57c2138dc977c7f8916c5	Part three 236
28e2a0fc619ba9f3f9ceac12829b510e8725ca76	Part Four 249 Epilogue 263 Conclusion 373
707ddefda8b9d501a1d63dad3fcb74d0cb28b51a	Preface
fdd710917602d0337361381e46bda9b52a485334	The book offered to the literature teacher is a reflection of the experience of a holistic analysis of the novel "War and Peace" in high school.
f52bcc65dfbeedbfcb30f8a9f1b147cea86b8f29	Everything that is described here has been implemented in practice in a number of schools1
5754296134bc4d8432e67a62f270b06a15149124	The author, speaking at seminars at the Moscow City Institute for Teacher Improvement, revealed the main techniques of a holistic analysis of" War and Peace " (as he imagines it).
4e1ae9bc57a5d1524a1aaf40079204ee57c6c615	Many teachers took advantage of these recommendations and subsequently responded to the high efficiency of those methods of work, which are described in the proposed book.
7d1bebc8a05ab1a2bea08ef117d4ac428d6f505f	Therefore, we can already talk about a successful collective experiment.
08482d7e573ab8e92c0738214a28ef4a997c3a67	A few words about the content of the book.
26281db8f897b46ba99f49e7fe43a9d92756dcdc	The author does not set out to show all the stages of work on the topic "Leo Tolstoy".
d1349b3b95929970bf57e8f08fcd91e10e8561a9	The study of the great epic, students move after consideration of issues such as the identity of Tolstoy, his ideas, the creative way (which is an organic part of the theme "the history of the novel "War and peace" 2).
d16576b32a327828fa11751c9550b26a9b8a70d8	It is hardly possible in less than five lessons to meet these three challenges, because without an understanding of the distinctive personality of the artist and thinker impossible deep insight into the complex structure of "War and peace".
751881b016300fcfb33aa3ddf6f4b540c7981e20	When considering these problems, it is important to convey to the students Lenin's idea of Tolstoy's work as "a step forward in the artistic development of mankind".
b2d1960314f51994d8dd9c56f0cc23030d357336	Of course, young people who have already read Tolstoy's works intuitively felt that Tolstoy is, to use Lenin's words again, a "lump", "a seasoned human being".
4dc1be633a56f74ae6172908f9ba30a6d47a837c	It is the task of the teacher to make their intuitive feeling conscious, to help them penetrate into the depth of one of the greatest creations of the artistic thought of mankind.
e792e8f6d6609c5c7cbf13523d4b1d914bd98353	The author of the proposed book is a supporter of the so called holistic analysis of a work of art in school.
37179cf0e1fa7eaadc0a9a6979e4fe7d279c06cd	We find examples of a holistic analysis in Russian classical criticism, and above all in the works of Belinsky (for example, in the article "The Hero of our Time").
150070fce7a7a7afa2e80e89d7b38118610f06c9	In this kind of analysis, individual problems are not highlighted (the idea of the work, its artistic originality, the characters of the characters, etc.),— the work is considered following the author's thought, from page to page, from chapter to chapter.
7b0b3e1468d25e008323a197194266ab9b6eed1b	Adhering to this method, we do not precede the study of "War and Peace" with any messages about the ideas of the novel or about the originality of its artistic form: students themselves must come to conclusions that the teacher pushes them with their questions.
e5a03ca95b400eee432b6f116465aea4ad7c8b70	The direction and methodology of the conversation with students about "War and Peace" constitute the content of the proposed book.
c1cac20328db2cfb09d624fb38d95dd64d0abbaf	The book contains questions that were asked to schoolchildren, and the answers to these questions.
84c14a5b4426b97f5d321ea0b5281bf11e06288e	As the reader will notice, these questions are of varying degrees of difficulty.
d8cc82c14d31c607fcfb0dd09cb363d0abc91e85	Some of them must be answered by every student who has read the novel; others are only whiter students; others, perhaps, no student will answer, and then the decisive word belongs to the teacher.
ac95c28accab1f9c052dac33c40ac1976e981e89	Sometimes the teacher's answer to the question posed by him can and should grow into a small lecture.
df108403fa41d5167a5c8c235350338bb8e5c925	Answers to questions that require reproducing the text of the novel are often given in the book in the form of quotations, as an ideal, but, of course, not a mandatory form of answer: students can answer more or less close to the text; however, the accuracy of the answer affects the assessment.
957403404e54d0f2b86d6c707bedf004e5166cfe	The book contains questions of both analytical and synthetic nature.
b788afd3821e0f6a1f305ff626a8cd3f24099197	And if, when answering analytical questions, the first violin belongs to the student (although in some cases the teacher's speech is also necessary), then the teacher usually gives answers to synthetic questions.
d023b7b876b5594f50105037032070000ae5a230	When giving answers to these questions in the book, the author does not indicate which of them are answered by the teacher and which by the student: it depends on the composition of the class, on the degree of literary training of students.
c18bc156c683e28b909e52925d40df5204e06911	The book is intended for teachers, and therefore not everything that is said in it should be directly used in the classroom.
a99426b916eccd4190704e7f6f8f89dfc9b47b74	For example, before analyzing the third volume, a review of the critical literature on "War and Peace"is given3.
6f8e659461765c645018e6e427c9e89db00d2f70	The review is addressed, of course, to the teacher, although the teacher can also inform the class about certain considerations put forward in the critical literature on "War and Peace".
9e377f7f35e0782d142e54f37750cda8c8283bac	In general, the book should not be considered dogmatically.
5dae3452ac8a7ffb7da9bfc4a134f9048d0d3716	Not to mention the fact that the author does not consider his proposed method of work to be the only possible one and does not reject the method of problem thematic analysis that has been in use for many years at school, he believes that it is absolutely not necessary to put exactly the questions that are given in the book, and to achieve exactly the answers that the author received in his classes (the moment of improvisation is absolutely necessary in class conversations).
e86f491ac045756cafa0ffbea834082187e3859b	The book reveals the work experience.
3bb1ee0f272513ad838cd265bcc1cfe8956cc83c	I would like this experience to interest the teacher, to encourage him to search for new methods of work.
1826f44a965fead5ad52a32f1af2323ceb0b1fe1	The author not only offers certain questions and answers, but also recommends excerpts from the novel for reading in the classroom.
5200263c94a0dd9df2444eb0fca05ce99ac973cc	And again, the teacher, of course, can select other passages for reading or reciting in the classroom.
3d6e9bc6a45891b2d0c163b683f0a45ca81f521c	In order for the work on the text of the novel to take place rhythmically, students must read the chapters of the novel planned by the teacher by a certain date.
d7f4329b56c361e818bc202d265096a469e750e9	To do this, you need to give a schedule of the conversation in advance, even while working on the previous topic.
d3124131d4e9dd5e26f3ae0cc07de7ab9ecce0a6	It is desirable that during the conversation the books of the student were closed.
98aea826cc9cce94d541792147813b8d8b63e503	Only in some cases, the teacher can offer to find a particular place of the novel.
bbde8dcfa456bd2967e2f37bf2e06c9719fa482c	It's not bad if all students get a grade for working on each volume of the novel.
56a271941f7158532903c3c35b53706a890d1f4c	The assessment is determined not only by the knowledge of the text, but also by the ability to give a correct and deep answer to the question posed.
4e1b106dd3159e21e0695e4419b525f08e380e91	During the conversation, it is important not to forget about the development of speech and logical thinking of students.
7b7168e63e18aef6104a958d2a9023febed286a6	The author deliberately did not distribute the material of the book among the lessons, thereby giving each teacher the opportunity to plan the material in accordance with the specific conditions of his work.
b44016207deaaf28266026dfdabcd58bec290ebd	The difficulties of a holistic analysis of "War and Peace" are, in particular, that students cannot read the novel at once and work on each volume is conducted somewhat in isolation, in isolation from subsequent volumes.
57b71fe8937a6b1bb0e556b020076091902c8d85	But Tolstoy's thought developed in a complex dialectical unity of the whole and the particular.
e1954e8ce457ad6381f682a74c5de0a96ec7ab3a	Just as in nature chance is a form of the manifestation of necessity, so in a work of art the particular is a form of the manifestation of the general.
f7f4decca62e4a65833d9634ea83dba220c89a2c	The proposed system of work helps to avoid mistakes that are so common in our teaching of literature.
4d3dd868a2d4839ea70c431267f9a64f3e569026	One of these mistakes is a naively realistic approach to a work of art.
9e1f5e2a9051428c3dfba5345004e7ad09051781	The artist's creation is often presented in the classroom only as a more or less true mirror of life, moreover, understood by students quite primitively (which is inevitable at their age).
8dc5c2aae64d9d933ff20543f4ba06ce469e0650	The writer has only the right to "reflect" or" display " reality.
d1c4582871b1d2d4951d53b5f32d8a00dc8f5dde	They forget Mayakovsky's words that "literature is not a mirror (to be more precise: not only a mirror. — G. F.), reflecting the historical struggle, but a weapon of this struggle"4.
6309146932e2ac06d710571871ceacb442e53125	It is forgotten that Tolstoy did not "display" anything literally in "War and Peace" either
8910f00a803e6214e712f6b8d5197a1b49e46b28	("I describe the events and feelings of people who never existed," - letter to A.
3c08ae168edb6176d042fc55c1fab776419ad8a2	A. Tolstoy, January 18, 1865 5;
6514615d0262e83a8620c89d8937fb2b8a57dabf	"Andrei Bolkonsky is nobody, like any person of a novelist..."
cc1e82647e9e1e8fec8ce802eb189618fbd5e44f	- letter to L. I. Volkonskaya, May 3, 1865 6).
0a8326e909aed65227270f6e013b8fd327b148a3	Of course, the artist reflects reality (it is not by chance that Lenin called Tolstoy "the mirror of the Russian revolution"), but he reflects it in a peculiar way, in accordance with the peculiarities of his social and artistic vision of the world.
7a05428f5f1a772e03b0da289fa1fec37c46defc	And we call all the writers included in the program great, and sometimes we depict them in the form of theatrical costumers who dressed up ideas (content) in costumes in the style of the era (form).
273c37730ab4f11d3cdfeb468265e189671c0005	The textbooks of literature to this day first understand "images", and then- "artistic features".
c6057a9a95cc03747d7e84f17bcc9c3bc3e1e0cd	This division itself is a blatant violation of the doctrine of the unity of form and content.
5e14c1743c959e8e314d678cdf866a03927aff07	"The form is essential.
a90c04e9c92cac6ec7c3cc70c88899f04a7345f1	The essence is formed, " 7 wrote V. I. Lenin.
ba3af7c8beb61098f950ad1e681915754ff68acf	In a holistic analysis of a work of art, the problems posed in it, its ideas are considered in an indissoluble unity with the artistic ways of expressing these problems and ideas.
9fbd3ab07e48166a04849b85d4378365e2b5a022	Any idea (political, ethical, philosophical) becomes the idea of an artistic work only when it is understood poetically.
96e5f1aeabd67f665e0b31bf4ebef21ab35b1cae	"Art," wrote Belinsky, " does not allow abstract philosophical, and even more so rational ideas.
c05357dcd3a2782e924cf806085d35824ee0390f	It admits only poetic ideas; and a poetic idea is not a syllogism, not a dogma, not a rule— it is a living passion, it is pathos"8.
db28ce460cf2dfee7e787a5f9dea7eda2cbf442c	V. B. Shklovsky is right when he writes: "The connections, the interrelation of events are the basis of the artistic image"9.
8fdbf511f863cc8757bcf546ffd4991df4f0188e	To catch these connections, to understand this relationship, to penetrate into the originality of artistic thinking the writer's research, which is expressed precisely in the originality of these connections— is what is important for the reader, we must teach this in school.
fc9d5a99de7e51138779e09d314240b9e94e90c1	It is time to finally agree that the writer is not an indifferent "chronicler" who only conveys the facts of reality in an artistic form, but an original, unique person who knows how to see the world in his own way and convey this vision to the reader in a figurative form.
f93ce184e8bb73ed36fbf7ae699c79dc4bf3b151	Drawing the characters of the characters, the writer first of all strives to convince people with something, to make his understanding of life their property.
be905c8e1d66cbf78bc6c65fb15e82158bd7c8b0	Reading the work, we get acquainted not only with Tatiana, Pechorin.
e9cea7212d148210ce6e4bd43114e8ae1b801acc	Bazarov, Bezukhon, but also with Pushkin, Lermontov, Turgenev, Tolstoy, with their understanding of people and life.
ce0525c96ecef3921fdb5a3e52d008ae07b57313	Tolstoy said: "After all, a writer is dear and necessary to us only to the extent that he reveals to us the inner work of his soul, it goes without saying, if this work is new, and not done before.
c812bdac323cea6f8ec1a71f1395580e8d5f9376	Whatever he writes... we are dear to the writer's work... this is the inner work of his soul."
9ce4af405a386e3476561b383ea81c17ce2ae763	With a holistic study of "War and Peace", we get the opportunity to follow this inner work of the soul of the creator of the novel.
a633c16a7b0748556b8416a54ad72331fffe4c67	The most complex collisions, the most subtle associations, the coherence of all the elements of the narrative, descriptions and arguments all this makes it necessary to determine a single point of view, a single aspect, starting from which the teacher will analyze "War and Peace"with students in all lessons.
5d70201e6804ea57c3bb791f67fee8303c996fec	It is necessary to understand what conclusions the artist wanted to bring readers to, what he wanted to understand for himself and for people.
1b9387837dbd702729d9433da293856110ca7d3c	In the research, we can find many concepts of the main artistic idea of the novel.
58be4d52abeba263fbadbeb976752eb97e232344	Here is the opinion of V. B. Shklovsky: "The author is interested in the question of the degree of human freedom, the importance of national consciousness and the place of man in the general flow of history.
70a423922d6a7b5f6170397f5da8f85b76b878c8	Natasha, Pierre, Anatole, Dolokhov, Timokhin pass through the novel not only as the heroes of the novel, but also as examples on which the essence of the historical process is learned"9*.
846751edea3c538ebc2896bc689ac10a6d1a5d0b	S. P. Bychkov writes: "The pathos of" War and Peace "is in the affirmation of the great love of life and the great love of the Russian people for the motherland" 10.
391fddbfc24aef426f623b0225e5e2dc684ddc7f	V. V. Ermilov analyzes "War and Peace" in the light of his thesis: the pathos of Tolstoy's work is "the affirmation of communication and unity of people and the denial of separation and separation"11.
a95c6e4dc09df8455d2d5875cc43744e65191886	The same idea was previously expressed by A.V. Lunacharsky, speaking about the artistic pathos of the novel: "The truth lies in the brotherhood of people, people should not fight with each other...
e47da388ed0e9c0c521534e865983020aea10c0b	And all the actors [of the novel] show how a person approaches or departs from this truth..."
7b52009b64fd0a2a49e6d8a939753077792b0554	12
4b6723b125fa37daa288c9f31fec4a0207556f6d	In such a serious publication as the academic "History of Russian Literature", the line between the concept of pathos and the concept of mood, emotional coloring is blurred.
101b6eeb422a678148b13c223aacdd2fd116b43d	The author of the article about Tolstoy writes :" If critical pathos prevails in the first volume, then poetic pathos prevails in the second...
c3ee9aa8d02a6a5499a5a0b8d8c407bb89f3eaee	We can say that the heroic pathos prevails in the third and fourth volumes of the novel"13.
1fef7b382b292f6940f1a45101671b7580fb040b	And yet, despite all the nuances, and sometimes even fundamental differences, there is something in common in these concepts.
eddfcd1f31de7b186eb50e1542e11f443f228c79	This general thing is essentially reduced to the diary entry of S.
77104f763812629514cc853ae1f9baf2bffa257a	A. Tolstoy, to which Lev Nikolaevich said: "In order for a work to be good, you must love the main, basic idea in it.
e401c705aa2cd90092a82fa34422b8fe120fd759	So... in War and Peace, I loved the people's thought.
eb53a2fbc27a76b813e38ac20fcdaf75b6b4b07b	" 14
e75c018484fd061aae104e63136745159a312b8a	This thought, this pathos brings together, cements two worlds that, according to Tolstoy, are in different spatial planes: the microcosm (the psyche of the heroes, their life, their ideological searches) and the macrocosm (the movements of peoples, collisions between them, the participation of so called great personalities in the historical process).
bca349de76c388721d8688f0fc43f5d1b444671b	Tolstoy thinks of the people as something almost mystically just and pure, and the criterion for the moral assessment of a person is proximity to the popular world or remoteness from it.
f1abd670358e036c31296e66b3b66c382ac00812	15
731e1a2b67a4f4e137b8b2e8e3f150271dffbd69	The union in the title of the novel performs both opposing and connecting functions: war as a state of international, domestic political and even personal relations is opposite to the world (with I — as a community of people, from where the saying: "Death is red for peace", - and with I as the antithesis of war), and the warrior is connected with the world by causal dependence.
e27485784e1db9d76091bcad6e01c8a30b42fdaa	Here the main coupling of the novel is revealed.
4e28d7e7fb6a92eab12209b8a121f37c9b1ced77	It is necessary to proceed from it when analyzing "War and Peace".
b4d34192deef315a884e4e2bdc038322a6a6a42b	The central event of the novel is the war of 1812.
90865198551efaca08c22a49bdc3f99c819a2f18	The central figures are Kutuzov and Napoleon.
3f8219c3eee9f019ffd4d49e0285be1801d68b35	The attitude of the heroes of the novel to the Patriotic War determines their connection with Kutuzov, i.e. ultimately with the general, popular, or Napoleonic — egoistic, anti national principle; during the war, the personality fully reveals those qualities that were in potency or manifested in a less acute form in peaceful days.
e29d9c310dab0c1258feb88b56b989e0a44a1def	Tolstoy attributes to him a certain extra rational, intuitive understanding of the national element.
8283c13bea58ac2f18fe5c41e295ef32d81f571d	Tolstoy's strength lies in his ability to show how sensitive Kutuzov was to the "people's opinion".
7f5358d19f7eda342994a7f83458398d3c23e50d	Kutuzov (chapter XV of the same part of the third volume) orders to throw into the fire an order forbidding soldiers to mow bread and cut wood in the landowners 'possessions:" Let them mow bread and burn firewood for health...
b46d25fdc12c98ef05b8859577cf2dfce1b87bec	Without this it is impossible..."
34ce7161665e14d2ea6ed244745586553c507c06	In the fourth volume, Tolstoy sums up this antithesis: in a philosophical digression, he justifies the rightness of the people who raised the "cudgel of the people's war" (part 3, chapter I).
e03f7135d563b1348126ee68ab069c589db891a9	Similarly, when Tolstoy describes the flight of the French from Russia, he contrasts people who seek to "overturn", "surround", "capture" the French at any cost (Alexander I, Miloradovich, Chichagov) with representatives of the people's war, carriers of the humane feelings of the people (Kutuzov, soldiers).
5d70bcc891996515d264be2cc886542a22ce354b	This philosophical thought and the skill of translating it into artistic images should become clear to students as a result of analyzing the novel in the classroom.
163f82d60681b5f3258bba53d4990a067ca77e67	Before proceeding to the analysis of the novel in the form of a conversation between a teacher and students, we recall that the class is not a "one actor theater", where the teacher acts as an actor, but students act as more or less interested spectators.
77a47181e668e5a4e9299b7fed1d699625fde93e	The degree of activity of schoolchildren is one of the most important criteria for the quality of the lesson.
56f17d91a10ab616ce8f2f11961f650c111b105a	1 At school No.
e2be9e4724844d21acdceee670ff98be205807fd	15 in Yalta, at school No. 490, at the school of working youth No. 134 and at special school No.
d60ea0ca6d35f495630e027c94638ab15222df66	3 (with teaching a number of subjects in German) Moscow.
c575fe5e8499117e9d641be5448476969fff5f00	2 The teacher will find material on the history of the creation of the novel in the book by N. N. Ardens "The Creative path of L. N. Tolstoy"
2f9280799beb56252d249d56679e0f2aefc5300c	(Moscow, Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1962, pp.
6dfebe046e9f717dfa0a80ab779542315eb20b78	131-155) and in the article by E. E. Seidenshnur " The History of writing and printing "War and Peace" (L. N. Tolstoy. Complete collection of soch. in 90 tt., yub. ed., vol. 16).
349b85a1a4ead98e5d0de7e25ac995dc3cd68caa	3 This is explained by the fact that the most contradictory judgments are found in articles and studies that treat the problems of peace and war, the role of the individual in history, the historical authenticity of the novel — and all these problems are posed and solved by Tolstoy mainly in the last two volumes.
f95374c73891926e4cd96e016f47768777e4e83d	4 V. V. Mayakovsky.
743e6190ba9f74cfad09aaf6d3254936e717af32	Complete collection of works in 13 volumes, vol . 13.
8c7fb3af94e6338356fe2b9d6b2cd1e61f84818d	M., Goslitizdat, 1959, p.
6ccfb4e59c07bac5163bb52e7f9f517c7052c49b	65.
8b8f974275918b5fb3193f9ce14a580ba2a16f21	5 L. N. Tolstoy.
dd028db7702c9b07453212582dcbef7d55b2e7f2	Complete collection of works in 90 volumes, yub. ed., vol. 61, M., Goslitizdat, 1952, p.
f58ccda61e53760e6c0f93adb881e6f3bbc164f1	70.
a26065ac2b42e8b3e609f6186f4f52f49287653f	(Further all references are given on this edition)
e3da60b218669ea144791ed18f6e54398633fac9	6 Ibid., p.
49a976df4d413af7036d0e1f7971bf3f54f75e44	80.
2a3df54e7e3077b0026273ae980affc4f464d11a	7 V. I. Lenin.
e82f62ae40d893193b01c682846340247afcef39	Complete collection of works, vol. 29, p. 129.
b291aa50b0e42e8b6cf945b9df4ef15c034449e7	8 V. G. Belinsky.
92b35216499dcb6727bcb8fd358766b11fa09695	Complete collection of soch., vol. 7.
da6019ff394ffb3bcd6f60b98ee599130c795f20	M. L., Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1955, p. 311.
9dd4e1b28ce18f5c8e9fa9d07bc8cb4830ecd1de	9 V. Shklovsky.
b9041d287a119464a97fa886371fa4bc50964b41	Artistic prose.
b682cb70b5c5ad4b36c7098ca3dacc78be72d4aa	Reflections and analysis.
465a1f272962f8148bb0a61af088addfe815eb5a	M., "Soviet writer", 1961, p. 423.
15af13e4cd6e48b35fbdc4cb159eff8720014967	9* V. Shklovsky.
c00572abb7a440bd90e0f9def74498be066748bd	M., "Soviet writer", 1961, p. 460.
d114bdc829fd46c56a98f393a9e4d9df458924fb	10 p.
4ad620925e4afd05937c48ec63c92ac90ba8a525	Bychkov.
70256d5072540cead670474d4b943a377bd1e328	L. N. Tolstoy.
98de4a04bce607de01d23b50b719163344c77991	M., Goslitizdat, 1954, p. 137.
b36046a9b2314da6d691d164b04ae50ebb192388	11 In.
4cef8e7162bde96637b60570b247416fb0bf1aae	Ermilov.
e4540b879ea4befd1765cf7e2e04a2e1d447e736	Tolstoy the artist and the novel "War and Peace".
8d810d99458d0d41540687607d602127ca4f34b2	Moscow, Goslitizdat, 1961, p.
9902d381a017c5c8ce22b819deee8efbe1e24f01	3.
675dc195ab466990c7f979e0ee12cf104193bf83	12 "L. N. Tolstoy in Russian Criticism" , Moscow, Goslitizdat, 1954, p. 520.
1c8831e3e8160584f6ebaf01d69be09afdda5e20	13 "History of Russian literature", vol . IX, part 2.
4f565d2cc50dcb179c1d8aaf2e73d5b13984f069	Literature of the 70-80s.
734e920e205e52771d0149f338c6bedd54b1c37d	M.-L., Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1956, p. 496.
b56a9c45b7278e86abdb12553831c0f60929e833	14 S.
73ef3b2485f8de0c2e42c564d21fbbac70fb4c4a	A. Tolstaya.
85a9eaba986a7975b72d86917b984278d4a515a6	Diary.
f78ff300bd71eaf7cbdc1eebc156f88c5102cf1a	1860-1891.
ee9aae0715d3e7155895707a72419e5cbac7250a	Moscow, 1928, p.
25f6b1eaa141da25dc6fcdb8a195db6596c871a8	37.
5b57ba1911a7b7149a62b1c7a2d920a8fe7c61e4	15 See the very interesting remarks of Ya.
36c2d0d5421f4a971712f556c60b34fbefedbda5	Bilinkis about the ambiguity of the word world
f671153768775051a3d54ac1030fb339b7eb416b	(Ya.
cfbd27b78a257a46d3424a9b96874fe3ad0f7754	Bilinkis.
4ee7f2528f1d88bf79825b6c09c7375ba37f3017	About the work of Tolstoy.
f93d21d5790bad83c8576b705fe3923b9b9085c9	L., "Soviet writer", 1959, p.
16c7b0ed7b1f7a8da103856d1109936858c48cff	225-226) and V. Ermilov's arguments about the content of the word war in the title of the novel
430aa9f54561f0fe2bec6b847ddea2ccc635a992	(V. Ermilov.
ce23dc3b531fd0e9c5631f0646758f35a330ac3d	16–20).
65f4ffc61dd5b4bf634b9de799b4cfc933cb3a80	Preface Continuation Conclusion
c9a6c791ac77c6645f4e89bea3b3468e1a785b16	Rules of Rus yaz
e423d9f5447a0c888736aa01bdf864ee2ed32191	References to the topic
b4c974af91bbd3f41bc7e4734156fde28b72a52f	Children's literature works for children
18f768775aa28c318a868010e799668fbcfc43bb	Main menu:
80b1316ca2615318f127a399e30bac3a2c1da99a	*************************************** The main Literature of the XIX century Journalism of the XIX century Literary Struggle The World Significance of Literature Political satire Iskra Folk Art Songs of Literary Origin Russian Folk songs Pictures for analysis Site map ***************************************
9aad077f96b22354fdb79548db1301a3047bdccb	Bibliography:
e893fd9d198145efa8f8ed4091c211b126ee16db	Analysis of the creative work of writers
37f42a4dee291ec77f866110c4a0cf3815c9b82b	Classic writers:
2a4cd1341cb14838049bd009697434da8cac691a	GARSHIN V. M. HERZEN A. I. GOGOL N. V. GONCHAROV I.
63cb381228661bf822102f83c41c4c87a86513f5	A. GORKY A.M. DOBROLYUBOV N.
af0933e4b54f94e529a52a0bcaf5b511c8847def	A. DOSTOEVSKY F. M. KRYLOV I.
5dce4f69471119da51056a1ecbcbaf775062f6cd	A. LERMONTOV M. YU.
3858ef7a409772c96ba6ab7789d3b296705e1ffd	MAIKOV A. N. MACHTET G. AND NADSON S. YA.
93b95c6a59cf8193d3cc7af74081342e8d51e4e8	NEKRASOV N.
88bf561623ce3f3ab951cb0b506d4846d0d285d0	A. OSTROVSKY A. N. PISAREV D. AND POMYALOVSKY N. G. PUSHKIN A. S. RESHETNIKOV F. M. SALTYKOV SHCHEDRIN M. E. SURIKOV I. 3.
8e68c87f5400178bb705958a6a9a11259d56b9e3	TOLSTOY L. N. TURGENEV I. WITH TYUTCHEV F. I. FET A. AND CHERNYSHEVSKY N. G. CHEKHOV A. P. SHEVCHENKO T. G.
5782f293cda7c69d8e16599f0a9e33643f69bcd9	The Soviet period:
e78f20f1159434ec8f64bad7738080a48416a330	************************************ BEZYMENSKY A. GAIDAR A. P. YESENIN C.
027ab4bf0f17ab6b9c68902567686beec3d6bbe4	A. ZABOLOTSKY N.
02158bf44ed5043c692a3c1e9b49ea9b524b4e59	A. ISAKOVSKY M. V. KATAEV B. P LAVRENEV B.
b2811afbaa3d6bc7e9683384a9e9616c0a1bc2c4	A. MAKARENKO A. S. MAYAKOVSKY B. V. PAUSTOVSKY K. G. POLEVOY B. SIMONOV K.M TVARDOVSKY A. T. TENDRYAKOV V. F TIKHONOV N. S. TOLSTOY A. N. SHOLOKHOV M.
494d932d9f149ebe462d28fd3aa86cf8d83b494c	A. FADEEV A.
79988716e09ed0261560507a206d47a062c4245f	A. ************************************
6a490cea42963419a22f76fcfc076c88ba36b3a3	Literature: Analysis of the creative work of writers TOLSTOY L. N. RUSSIAN LITERATURE "WAR AND PEACE" ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL
a9fedb38e3caa2a7c8990a6452c39b624ddd5821	"WAR AND PEACE" ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL
afc6fb5644a850d5a329567cc36f8e0e02d47d71	The sixties - the time of Tolstoy's work on the novel "War and Peace" (1864-1869) were a period of intense class struggle that unfolded around the peasant question.
75ce6b5e1c4307f74b41e435f3274118b512beda	The reform of 1861 did not resolve the essence of the question of the peasant, about his relationship with the landowner.
3e48b7630fa3b821ca310548c5c80bec4a3b3a02	The numerous uprisings with which the peasantry responded to the reform clearly showed the discontent and indignation caused by the reform in the peasant mass.
6882f2beb1abbafc181217b8cafb8ae128997d01	The problem of the "man" was still in the center of public attention.
239ae45572d6b317802a74df98bb69f00e407d27	In journalism and fiction, the problems of the peasantry and the further development of the country were raised and highlighted with particular acuteness.
7c407fc5bb6959295dc3c7a3ec992b905e052ad1	There is a special interest in works that pose acute political, philosophical and historical questions.
27b429ef276c177425450efb17df499e93173276	In the light of the historical past, the most important issues of the era are considered.
36fd7cf3df8cdcd23cfae3d8a1b1c5bcee4f260f	It is in this social and literary atmosphere that L. Tolstoy has the idea of a historical novel, but one that, based on the material of history, would give an answer to the burning questions of our time.
c3e565d00a263110ae422acc6bd41b63bb3f7153	Tolstoy planned to push two epochs together: the era of the first revolutionary movement in Russia - the era of the Decembrists, and the 60s - the era of the revolutionary democrats.
56796811ef26aeaf77edfa535b7bc8195f7c2a7f	Tolstoy approached the epic " War and Peace "from the novel"The Decembrists".
0e97963c1c38a8b12387dc2455efb73fa6e399fa	In 1856, after the death of Nicholas I, the surviving Decembrists were granted amnesty.
8f2f56684b123bc6e7e6c39060075dc5be4aa346	Their return from Siberia aroused a natural interest in them in Russian society.
f1aa4a6421bf416cce4a2abf647056cb38cdb70a	In this regard, the theme of the novel "The Decembrists"is born in Tolstoy.
72a99869015be2db74a1bc3271f08dca2af7e0dc	In it, Tolstoy intended to describe the family of a Decembrist who returned from Siberia.
d030bc2ef6f64544d281bcf31a012a53e08681e2	But soon he gave up what he had begun and moved on to 1825, the era of "errors and misfortunes" of his hero, and then " another time he gave up what he had begun and began to write from the time
05bdeea02b4a769dedc18858cfb6a972ed2c1e44	1812", wanting to show the youth of the Decembrist, which coincided with the Patriotic War.
c31d9bd64491accb2b7f01535c3ccc475a9dcc98	But he, as he himself notes, was "ashamed" to write about the triumph of Russia in the fight against Bonaparte, and he goes to the era of 1805-1806, the time of" failures "and" shame " of Russia.
637a2e9e50609e5f75916f94d74c1aecc14f857a	Thus, having moved away from 1856 to 1805, Tolstoy intends to " spend not one, but many... heroes and heroines through the historical events of 1805, 1807, 1812, 1825 and 1856."
c11387074497b22a083ab2a229a6442b1f24a60a	Tolstoy did not realize this grandiose plan.
08eb7f8e8bd3c0be0caf22846248005fe24d9b24	There were historical figures of the era Alexander I, Napoleon, Kutuzov, Speransky and others; the life path of the main characters of the novel - Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov became more complex; the people entered the novel as one of the main characters.
2620593444d583559d5ba4de751a0490207babe5	This is how the writer's ideological plan deepened in the process of work.
4736cf9d2d903d2e743783ab116c3e4575904d94	Working on the epic "War and Peace", Tolstoy, according to him, "loved the people's thought because of the war of 12 years."
f48b0a9a7fb0b34e3991a52efa9b49d9482ae04f	"I tried," he said, " to write the history of the people."
33edde23d892d2ae29ced4ac83b63a93ba279cee	The novel shows very widely the life of the landowner Capital of Russia and the world of aristocratic nobility.
ee4f1d31e63a19902c4f089db2849bc6eb1995b6	Here the nobility is represented by representatives of various strata of the nobility: on the one hand - the highest bureaucratic and court nobility (Kuragins, Scherer, etc.), on the other - the Moscow ruinous barstvo (Rostovs), and finally - an independent, oppositional aristocracy (old Bolkonsky, Bezukhov).
96b926e1a1a049315aedf765488c5985ffc8a338	A special group is the "nest of staff influential people".
982bf4f9bb89540663412f4a1716f7a18301e6e3	Tolstoy paints all these layers of the nobility in different light, depending on how close they are to the people - to their spirit and worldview.
ac0175c4235ab33dd9971a1f2b45d2ffddf2cd5e	Having arranged this wedding, he dreams of another: to marry his" restless fool " Anatole to the rich Princess Bolkonskaya.
a391a8d5ae90c60774153a48106472632614c3ea	Kuragin does not have strong convictions, firm moral principles.
41231c7e6c9988dc8fe0137711cee15882e975a3	Tolstoy shows this surprisingly aptly and vividly in the behavior and statements of Prince Vasily in the Scherer salon, when it was about the possibility of appointing Kutuzov as commander in chief.
cf855fe7d99c085d87f22c66722dbe01c3a382e4	Predation, callousness, unscrupulousness, mental limitations, or rather, lack of intelligence are characteristic features of the Kuragins father and children.
25854b8532b710b71c7e2906554bfd08a169b589	Shchedrin emphasized the irresistible power of Tolstoy's denunciation of high society nobles: "But our so called high society Count (Tolstoy.- Ed.) famously picked up".
c80943038a6576d2508c1cbce11d21364efffb38	In the satirical coverage, the regulars of the salon of the lady in waiting Scherer are also given, led by the hostess herself.
017402282684520e78ffac5e66115bf0375ee81a	Intrigues, court gossip, career and wealth these are their interests, this is what they all live by.
db8ba9d620db0e87058044849065d554ae10fca7	Or else: "Anna Pavlovna's evening was launched.
1ee47a3e42dc770e9ab3596a17b16fc900331a8f	The spindles from different sides made a steady and incessant noise."
9a7350fe99701cf595e5baba16d02dbff8f5282b	Tolstoy is merciless to administrators like Rastopchin, who were alien to the people, despised the people and were despised by the people.
6a7d26bfb56752ca5cada8a2843c88c5191aff69	Referring to the representatives of the authorities - both civil and military Tolstoy shows the anti populism of this power, the bureaucracy and careerism of the overwhelming majority of its bearers.
15cfd8970243a18db903ad042c60dfbc02aedacb	Otherwise, the writer draws the local nobility, represented in the novel by Rostov and Akhrosimova.
095d8118e60fd36419b7e12dcaf3f423bc04a97b	Without hiding the mismanagement and carelessness of Ilya Andreevich Rostov, which led the family to ruin, Tolstoy with great force emphasizes the positive family qualities of the members of this family: simplicity, cheerfulness, cordiality, hospitality, kind attitude to the servants and peasants, love and affection for each other, honesty, lack of narrow egoistic interests.
a85b6fe94d9536f2f4417f9c89f1c2c1685436de	The old count's extravagance and mismanagement disappear from his children.
165914005fc997a4dcdc3ee4c3835bdcc5a0afc2	His son Nikolai, having married Marya Bolkonskaya, becomes an economic master, admiring the hardworking peasants.
19bfa08fa74de7ff044f8a8b4b4dc828babedd33	The secret of Nikolai Tolstoy's success wants to see in his attention to the peasant, in the ability to adopt the economic experience of a peasant.
d4e75e3817b4a7ad566caf525209d2157319d176	"He loved this Russian people and their way of life with all the strength of his soul, and therefore only understood and assimilated to himself the only way and method of economy that brought good results."
f117d25dd57fa974efcf1464c8fa66734bedb78b	He ran the farm in the old way, not recognizing any innovations, especially English ones, and the peasants, according to Tolstoy, loved him: "... for a long time after his death, the people kept a pious memory of his management.
2795d86928968bb43f424919b0ed6474736019e4	"The owner was ... in advance the peasant, and then his own.
0243f8ba69d62c973cab1abdae3a0851d6035fb5	Well, he didnot give me a fight either.
11c81c3714ed19e49bc8f2238070aba7643201e0	One word master."
d66f18488a9c5ce0c49b51688c595081ce6d28f9	Tolstoy obscures the cruel system of landlord serf management and puts forward the life of the patriarchal peasantry as an ideal.
5d156ae4f8721cc0a09d142f06472cfc4dd4b41c	In the Rostov and Bolkonsky families, and even in Pierre Bezukhov and Akhrosimova, an intelligent, direct, warm hearted woman, Tolstoy sees Russian folk principles, which he sharply contrasts with the bourgeois European principles embodied in the representatives of the urban nobility.
918a32190faf7b4ac9bc064f2115437cf609f094	These families of local nobles are closer to the people, to their truth.
ac932579154230e9d0ff3ae19e9b13261a89b761	List of characters in the novel "War and Peace":
05edba141f3ce29b0b55cb26ed0bd9bb7362356b	ВОЙНА WAR AND PEACE IMAGE OF ANDREY BOLKONSKY
eb89f578cb3def4c25b764959f188a8f5e4b3a1f	THE DEATH OF TOLSTOY →
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b300e41e78ca8dc76ebb5820c5e82fa868a14920	/ Works / Tolstoy L. N. / War and Peace / The image of Natasha Rostova in L. N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace".
81aacb18caf9f559f1b568ae0535def26d5b85ba	The image of Natasha Rostova in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace".
25a499427b40c94fd2e9227f7da60a6b6d3f52ec	Download the essay
71ffd3ba6e1dee55b31d02c87609f0f880b0e9ca	Tolstoy's epic novel "War and Peace" was created in the 1860s, when there were disputes in modern society not only about the further development of Russia, but also about the role of women in family and social life.
3f3c226faf706a6550b5ebf53e8527a7c6f212dc	An important role in the novel is played by female images, which, like the images of other characters, are divided into static and developing ones.
6f660b216d4e77db9380e590cf3c655eaa642a73	In Tolstoy's novel “War and Peace”, one of the main characters is Natasha Rostova.
39713b760d0e597f50d2d22c6216b0bee0a75d1b	In it, the author embodied, in his opinion, the ideal of a mother's woman.
3def24ca5ab8f673437b8b7885c8137af564bf58	For the first time in the novel, she appears as a thirteen year old girl, “black eyed, with a big mouth, ugly, but alive”.
b98b4001e2e506ebdb8842fb74221e8357077e49	Emphasizing the external unattractiveness of his heroine, Tolstoy argues that much more important is the beauty of the soul, the inner potential; giftedness, the ability to understand, sensitivity, subtle intuition.
51f6f77c29ddbdfde7800871aeeb92ee52ebf158	Natasha's simplicity, naturalness and spirituality win over her mind and good manners.
27ca9f6f81787babe7dd82a4c28319b83ecd731a	Tolstoy contrasts the lively, energetic, always unexpected Natasha with the cold Helen, a secular woman who lives by the established rules, never committing rash acts.
cdf4e95e8f8dc26eb097175f310a85ca3c639594	Helen, unlike Natasha, would never have allowed herself to be asked across the table in front of Maria Dmitrievna, whom everyone is afraid of, what kind of cake will be for dinner today.
db1539cba2559232b713ee9d982071899804825a	Helen is a product of a society in which Natasha appears only once.
ff51dfe32d3a47e79b5d97cb968957d2d761919b	She is not spoiled by his conventions and prejudices and lives only according to the laws that her heart dictates, preserving cheerfulness, naturalness and spontaneity.
6a4592636c29075a0e4e80ac737bcbf6247c0149	Natasha belongs to those characters who live by the "mind of the heart".
8a16d7c1f454c5ca1b05d0420198df4b62a2f97f	It is difficult to judge the mind of the heroine.
eea90a00ff14c5022eb3753e571602dcb0042603	Pierre says that Natasha “does not deign to be smart."
8f03907d4f78468614a3668af9b8cd7723fafb68	Its purpose is different: it influences the moral life of other heroes, renewing and reviving them to life.
d351928a9d7bea4da7caa2559d0839825737bdd2	By resolving difficult questions with each of her actions, Natasha herself personifies the answer to the question that Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov have been searching for for so long and painfully.
74513ebc24bf4e8f2bc1595dd14754b2c69df870	The heroine herself has no inclination to evaluate and analyze actions and phenomena.
be6dfff03a46b1fab25469eeadf3510eaa0a0f58	In this sense, it has its own direct knowledge of the values of life.
f228ab56ae9f8f4c0661c173a168e2787fc9b494	Many episodes of the novel tell about how Natasha inspires people, makes them better, kinder, returns them to the love of life.
0ccd262d813986df0e44c28d94a41edf7a44c0f5	For example, when Nikolai Rostov loses to Dolokhov at cards and returns home irritated, not feeling the joy of life, he hears Natasha singing and with this soothing voice forgets his failure.
fed3bf7fa8557b0ce45b0e25f209acd01f3c6b59	At the same moment, Nikolai feels that life itself is beautiful and that everything else is trifles that are not worth attention.
c7adc675fcb2bc469eabe505524e625a661b421f	At the moment, the hero thinks “ " All this: misfortunes, money, Dolokhov, anger, and honor - all nonsense, but here it is — the real thing.”
3f4c995444558eff6b29f48a28f0848f9608c7f0	Tolstoy's heroine is characterized by compassion.
28f7fb0017171c7513415804dfe18dd9cba26c3d	Natasha understands very well and feels sorry for Denisov, who made her an offer.
02f079855cb8da5cbb8833785b93571301ccdbf2	When Sonya was crying, Natasha, not knowing the reason for her tears, “opened her big mouth and became completely bad, began to cry like a child... and only because Sonya was crying”" Tolstoy gives his heroine rare spiritual qualities: sensitivity and intuition.
858d30c41b80a3428df4179206c5e534d845d9d8	Natasha originally had a Russian national character.
78db9d1ae2867ace330c75addc330df9aa265c69	In the scene after the hunt, she listens with pleasure to the playing and singing of her uncle “who " sang as the people sing”, and then dances the “Lady”.
8fcb7202f36fcf41bdbd13c851131b5356e9520c	Everyone around her is amazed at her ability to understand everything that was in every Russian person.
01607223937ee10c7d543b0a096589fe5f353d57	“Where, how, when she sucked into herself from this Russian air that she breathed - this countess, brought up by a French emigrant, this spirit, where did she get these techniques that should have been supplanted long ago!”
26a62f74b44cb5c4997c780a1fafdb22669c3ac7	The writer notes the poetry of his heroine.
ae10bbb46d74e59ec35d506a6a4fe1a009b40c28	While in Otradnoye, Natasha contemplates the starry sky, sincerely admiring the night landscape: "After all, such a charming night has never happened”" she says.
20f19e8400f70045c2ce7b082bb7d1e0c520b928	This shows the proximity of the heroine to nature.
f4907404dac3e3e7839b384b15c432ff489db250	Self sacrifice is also characteristic of the heroine.
9f4e5dc272abb8af4450794a504b0f57acb5df5b	Without hesitation, she gives all the carts for the wounded, leaving things, and does not imagine that it is possible to do otherwise in this situation.
0ba54871d580e3661668046a7b9c708f42e35f9e	The essence of Natasha's nature is love.
58a24de3c17fded64404591d6cf2107902a22720	This feeling is inseparable from the heroine.
6ce782c54537cc382363be10f9dbad0f1ae08ca7	A sincere feeling first visits her when she meets Prince Andrew.
51f309eebaed70c86363abc3151c10b6b30db719	Andrey Bolkonsky becomes at ease and natural next to Natasha, and he could remain himself only with very few people: "Prince Andrey liked to meet in the light that did not have a common secular imprint on himself.
e6cfd6affd482b548becc60b7d67f80d091646d9	And that was Natasha."
520f428525a229464fd136cbe087667d896bbcd6	However, Natasha Rostova and Andrey Bolkonsky are different people.
7cbde86beaf69c58820f744ef3fb7906bb2df7a5	He lives by reason, she lives by heart, by instinct, and therefore is alien to the intellectual world of Prince Andrew.
3dbc5e479b2430fb2851174c681551f2336fedd9	The fact that Natasha is attracted to Anatole Kura gin, who is opposed to Prince Andrew by the fullness of life, shows Natasha's naturalness, her proximity to natural principles.
4a7e0dca842b2627fe8f0e21b2e95168abc73972	After all, it was the thirst for life in Anatole that attracted her so much.
c760261b2e216260de29ef9722fffbbf36d314cc	She fulfills the natural purpose of a woman (the desire for love), the rest, according to the writer, is superficial and unimportant.
8c3a03747ba02715b80684acbf7399fc89c885c8	All her throwing, ultimately, is aimed at creating a family and having children.
78931e58395ce0376841b1f4c6b24ea1788c3763	After a mental crisis, Natasha is again visited by a joyful and new feeling.
c61eb6ec3a41665800a70261c325fba5285e5b87	It brings her back to life.
686a2df628afa25ad548e2cbda83104473dcfe4c	An important role was played here by Pierre, whose "child's soul" was so close to Natasha.
ce0d786f77292095ca5b16cb449c4fff760b086e	He was the only one who brought joy to the Rostovs ' house when she was tormented by remorse, suffered and hated herself for what had happened.
f343035e5cbf3819caea47ceec1837c1da4885b4	Pierre idolized Natasha, and she was grateful to him only for the fact that he is and that he is the only consolation for her.
e807895b2387f9bb0397de7fb62c6922c7dba0ec	Pierre, like Natasha, lives by feelings and emotions, which is why these characters are so close to each other in their inner content.
4ceef83ef7a2fb495173525c81827c9a7c677e53	Only through her love for Pierre and her family does Natasha find peace of mind.
ae89199e801fe07c217689329ef5df1712b04fcf	Having created the image of Natasha Rostova, Tolstoy made it clear that she would follow Pierre Bezukhov to Siberia and repeat the fate of the Decembrist wives.
49e0c92a03db2d8500f5fa3e0b6c826c413dcc12	So, in the image of Natasha Rostova, the idea was embodied that there is no beauty and happiness where there is no goodness, simplicity and truth.
60e73abb4ede166b93ad75ffb5983b46cb0f1312	It is from her that the energy of renewal comes, liberation from everything false, false, habitual.
72f115bd77e0d8576925c29ef467779c75b15eaf	This heroine was Tolstoy's ideal of a life without torments and the search for a cold mind.
edb8fa2aecfd7c239480669077b7c3d2a8379c22	I'll take it!
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56155dc5f67dad1afce465666397f7f0ade2a0b7	The spiritual evolution of Natasha Rostova (based on the novel "War and Peace"by Leo Tolstoy)
590489b1dc75941a87f86f237aaf717ffb0ce4c8	See also the work " War and Peace":
8fff1c17fbaa95e1389e1d8ef1eae0a0260d350c	Summary Full content Characteristics of the heroes Critical articles
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5daf2409fb888538d741d29bd10bfc6d3c72988d	Tarkovsky Tvardovsky Tendryakov A. Tolstoy L. Tolstoy Trifonov Turgenev Tyutchev
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e8e06225c14c0ca350f019192e22451454b9c66e	Home "Works" Russian literature "Analysis of the epic novel by L. N. Tolstoy" War and Peace"
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efd8d3b490e83e6d12adf133d29c973532db686a	Analysis of the epic novel by L. N. Tolstoy " War and Peace"
775464ca5c326ca7dc7aaec4b995099d918698c5	L. N. Tolstoy argued that " War and Peace "(1863-1869) is not a novel, not a poem, not a historical chronicle.
58b494da5b75edfec9a9f7702d056b250eeb8220	Referring to the entire experience of Russian prose, he wanted to create and created a literary work of a completely unusual type.
fb3ceb3cb7a7e81bee50fc9bbb3d61bc1e79a728	The definition of "War and Peace" as an epic novel has taken root in literary studies.
540615a4abfa5955328b3e88d4c09d53d7b6bb2d	This is a new genre of prose, which after Tolstoy received wide distribution in Russian and world literature.
8fc05dd3143a890640156768fb9e8558f1ef11d1	Fifteen years of the country's history (1805-1820) will be baked by the writer on the pages of the epic in the following chronological order:
64c185f08a4d6e13ffbedd0a7f59d3cc80d72954	Volume I - 1805
c37fa460b372123e4fb380836d30d18ad7725dd7	Volume II - 1806-1811.
5f8714a307f47a78fdd92459bc3ff3fd7d342ad7	Volume III - 1812
42063245743173f4c4f03d352a93f59f1c103762	Volume IV - 1812-1813.
dc91cd0a8ce9d1dc586684210bd358ba137bc58c	Epilogue - 1820
367d63a74c3977f822c598dda464d84e70df06c1	Tolstoy created hundreds of human characters.
4920a180403129019834d47fae917348a3b6e698	The novel depicts a monumental picture of Russian life, full of events of great historical significance.
fed13b51c0a2a370fd6ffadbfd07b0b917935ef0	Readers will learn about the war with Napoleon, which the Russian army waged in alliance with Austria in 1805, about the battles of Schoengraben and Austerlitz, about the war in alliance with Prussia in 1806 and the Peace of Tilsit.
7ff9985791d385cba61e47fced6bb34c25be1a32	Tolstoy draws the events of the Patriotic War of 1812: the passage of the French army through the Neman, the retreat of the Russians into the interior of the country, the surrender of Smolensk, the appointment of Kutuzov as commander in chief, the Battle of Borodino, the council in Fili, the abandonment of Moscow.
490c2ba6b3a56fba26e7adadcdf5adeb237734ef	The writer depicts the events that testified to the invincible power of the national spirit of the Russian people, which destroyed the French invasion: the flank march of Kutuzov, the Battle of Tarutino, the growth of the partisan movement, the collapse of the invading army and the victorious end of the war.
15bb58c56fd2fcc0001c45da9d5a2dab3aae0f86	The novel reflects the largest phenomena of the political and public life of the country, various ideological trends (Freemasonry, the legislative activity of Speransky, the birth of the Decembrist movement in the country).
b58eaf77f4741cc41206ea31644a9c8576a549f4	The pictures of great historical events are combined in the novel with everyday scenes drawn with exceptional skill.
72913dd2a73e26a47c1c28ce581f236c460be9f7	Tolstoy depicts high society receptions, entertainment of secular youth, ceremonial dinners, balls, hunting, Yule amusements of gentlemen and domestic servants.
2029d066d7d3dad209e75fc1d3b136d0da6d0119	The pictures of Pierre Bezukhov's anti serf transformations in the countryside, scenes of the revolt of Bogucharovsky peasants, episodes of indignation of Moscow artisans reveal to the reader the nature of the relations between landowners and peasants, the life of the serf village and the urban lower classes.
503a12791390bdd3922bed961c20bdd827c46d29	The action of the epic develops in St. Petersburg, then in Moscow, then in the estates of Bald Mountains and Otradnoye.
ec4fde1809dff59541c26c27a6e707d00ef329e7	The military events described in volume I take place abroad, in Austria.
a1abd3b12006d80be7a39c3dbdbbfeb4bb1bf7da	"War and Peace" reflects all the diversity of Russian life at the beginning of the XIX century, its historical, social, everyday and psychological features.
f568de831480f692a6bbfe46de5a4343e14701e0	The main characters of the novel Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov stand out noticeably among the heroes of Russian literature by their moral originality, intellectual wealth.
591e9a7dbb66520b7764399079af3a6622fabd33	According to the nature of their character, they are sharply different, almost polar opposites.
6d509e872609593a00d791bd2201f59a41eb4388	But there is something in common in the ways of their ideological searches.
a8fea72265f5a11b5483703fba0c6cf827ee0811	And the young prince Bolkonsky, like the illegitimate son of Count Bezukhov, has a semi instinctive attraction to Napoleon — an expression of the spirit of opposition towards the society to which they belong by generation.
8aa61e9214884e46266f6cde7405001ba99f0ba2	The image of Napoleon in War and Peace is one of Tolstoy's genial artistic discoveries.
fc290a38feb4d953f038a5373a205a21ed233311	In the novel, the French writer acts during the period when he turned from a bourgeois revolutionary into a despot and conqueror.
887d89f674147ba21f4cbbd57aa688a85e817f3e	Tolstoy's diary entries during his work on "War and Peace" show that he followed a conscious intention — to remove the halo of false greatness from Napoleon.
6a1abe16194b637f27d11728c2d118a837d68de1	The writer was an opponent of artistic exaggeration both in the depiction of good and in the depiction of evil.
b0dd9c3e5523961a0f53191310d66c814764efde	And his Napoleon is not the Antichrist, not a miracle of vice, there is nothing demonic about him.
1327f6efd9b4426d28e841b316dabd8bfa71bf0d	The debunking of the imaginary superman is carried out without violating everyday authenticity: the emperor is simply removed from the pedestal, shown to his normal human height.
3e1c982873e4abd8793fe0a99b8465d262aae868	But at the same time, in the" greedy crowd standing at the throne", the usual game of intrigue is going on.
219ebb58a93b5af99b978e6acb223e400c4d499f	Tolstoy's principle of removing the halo is directed against all carriers of unlimited power.
3ee06a484550a8c7189ea00cc5f9d413acf4e408	This principle is expressed by the author in the formula that brought upon him the angry attacks of loyal criticism: "The king is the slave of history."
37cf3029b138be21c12174d9bb652973cdede006	In the epic novel, the psychological characteristics of the practical characters differ from the strict certainty of moral assessments.
7a0052814e4a498541bb298147cc5843dcb8e6c4	Careerists, money grubbers, court drones who live a ghostly, unreal life, in the days of peace can still come to the forefront, involve naively noble people (like Prince Vasily — Pierre) into the orbit of their influence, they can, like Anatole Kuragin, charm and deceive women.
d284fb60cf52e4a13c7cf135a50e7953000e3f83	But in the days of the national trial, people like Prince Vasily, or career minded officials like Berg, are erased and are unexpectedly excluded from the circle of action: the writer does not need them, just as Russia does not need them.
61ae63e93c1c96676bab19e87e8bcacf321b7714	For the writer, the war itself was, and is, "an event contrary to human reason and to all human nature."
892e4772e0006d5e38767d7564ea95839caaef08	But in certain historical conditions, the war in defense of the native country becomes a severe necessity and can contribute to the manifestation of the best human qualities.
7c404b4852afa4317ea5c93e7db875fbf1e205a4	So, the nondescript captain Tushin decides the outcome of a major battle with his bravery; so, the feminine charming, generous soul Natasha Rostova performs a truly patriotic deed, persuading her parents to devour the family's property and save the wounded.
e7f877a404068aaefc57e44daf6fc1d8e5888a22	Tolstoy's philosophical and historical reflections are directly connected with Kutuzov.
3e6740bc8924b0e4621798971cc65f25419a8b54	In his Kutuzov, both the mind and the will of a proven commander, who does not succumb to the elements, wisely takes into account such factors as patience and time, are revealed with complete clarity.
d9ed3f855ba856ea031b29ed63f111da673e0d77	Kutuzov's willpower and sobriety of mind are especially evident in the scene of the council in Fili, where he — in spite of all the generals makes a responsible decision to leave Moscow.
5eb388ed7e72cf15840f843a853a7dc41e793954	With high innovative art, the image of war is given in the epic.
94795784f613701f2aed08b0fdf31c5adcb1b363	In various scenes of military life, in the actions and remarks of the characters, the vigilance of the soldier's mass, its steadfastness in battles, irreconcilable hatred of enemies and a good naturedly condescending attitude towards them when they are defeated and captured is revealed.
42051a9b45e310293dffbcd172885c0cec648739	In the military episodes, the author's thought is concretized: "A new force unknown to anyone is being created — the people, and our heritage is dying."
b11263f986a91734c55a203c71b801b15ad2713b	Platon Karataev occupies a special place in the circle of the actors of the epic.
8c9fe59b9381f07acd2989371451b918e4a7fffe	In the naively enthusiastic perception of Pierre Bezukhov, he is the embodiment of everything "Russian, kind and round"; sharing the misfortunes of captivity with him, Pierre is introduced to folk wisdom and folk share in a new way.
4535db9889b828399403d4866682bde26aef2e36	Karataev seems to concentrate the properties developed in the Russian peasant by centuries of serfdom — endurance, meekness, passive submission to fate, love for all people — and for no one in particular.
9cfc862a6947619ef9ee8b0973311743f0171aad	However, an army consisting of such Platons could not have defeated Napoleon.
c6784e687bdeb65324223482b20bb033062ff6e1	The image of Karatayev is somewhat conventional, partly woven from the motives of proverbs and epics.
defbe8e777b1d0813fac658a80757f504152ed4f	"War and Peace", the result of Tolstoy's long term research work on historical sources, represented at the same time the artist's response to the urgent problems that modernity posed to him.
9baa89e52211144c8beb4f2dea1543f738fb9961	The social contradictions of Russia at that time are touched upon by the author only in passing and indirectly.
0bcfd872e2c2084978446c72a4fa69ba9582aa9b	But the episode of the peasant revolt in Bogucharovo, the pictures of popular unrest in Moscow on the eve of the arrival of the French there, speak of class antagonisms.
68bd6bfc9c1731169d172905123d340b0cec5b34	And it is not at all natural that the action ends (does not "unravel") together with the denouement of the main plot conflict — the defeat of Napoleon.
bf1b6df231d61b83f16fe4a92f1460a81827e901	The sharp political dispute between Pierre Bezukhov and his brother — in law Nikolai Rostov, the dream prophecy of the young Nikolenka Bolkonsky, who wants to be worthy of his father's memory, unfolding in the epilogue, all this reminds of the new upheavals that Russian society is destined to experience.
fdc5ae38a63da60f924a046cd2aa98e5901c2ba3	The philosophical meaning of the epic is not confined to Russia.
537a52b1b5787d9062ea09499b9e0878254f5981	The opposite of war and peace is one of the central problems of the entire history of mankind.
1c1b1d974c4b562f98ec56c5a4a312a1c1577ce5	"Peace" for Tolstoy is a multi valued concept: not only the absence of war, but also the absence of enmity between people and peoples, harmony, commonwealth — that norm of life to which we must strive.
1fbb9e126184b9d8c93f3bdf6467fa03b65199cd	The system of images of "War and Peace" refracts the idea that Tolstoy formulated much later in his diary: "Life is all the more life, the closer its connection with the lives of others, with the common life.
01b5d2131a3af9bee5bd2f660ee04fa1f8171743	This is the connection that art creates in its broadest sense."
c94fdcd714999556c185252d3ece32e3428cb796	This is the special, deeply humanistic nature of Tolsov art, which resonated in the souls of the main characters of "War and Peace" and caused the attractive power of the novel for readers of many countries and generations.
801aaa34e611413d71201e9d130fd564bd688cdf	The main thing in today's reading of Tolstoy remains his magical power, about which he wrote in a letter in 1865: "The artist's goal is not to unquestionably solve the question, but to make him love life in its innumerable, never exhausting manifestations.
7f7dc4c96219b04d926ce0b91845334ad9988116	If they had told me that I could write a novel with which I would inexplicably establish a view that seems to me correct on all social issues, I would not have devoted even two hours of work to such a novel, but if they had told me that what I would write would be read by today's children in 20 years and would cry and laugh over it and love life, I would have devoted my whole life and all my strength to it."
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b1245a644c5d3fff1673188f75fea668dcbab332	06.21.2011 / 14: 53 Works of " Russian literature
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3dad592a5369b5a81fbf9fd893f3290370b9e111	Ekaterina Rozhkova
0637cb8aa67db02dd80bcecd6bbc98a8147000f1	All works contained in the codifier are mandatory for reading.
53449b4946b2ae6a8b6ace72a9c2834a3ed1cb8c	And even if such large scale epics as "War and Peace" or "The Quiet Don" do not come across in the test part, knowledge of their content and problems will be very useful when performing tasks C2 and C4, because you can find examples on almost any topic in them.
2848d6c84686e0191fffa3fef4f29e5f027b349f	But, to be honest, I did not reread anything specifically for the exam, but only refreshed my memory with the help of the analyses given on this site.
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20d57d82d67e55f0d34dfa61edc95f7ee657fb29	For the tasks of part C (C4 especially), I classified poems on various topics (patriotism, love, etc.), many of them are better to know by heart, if not completely, then at least a few lines in order to include quotes from them in my compositions.
383f315eb849ed2240186b08e658423c72e8ece1	And prose should be read carefully, paying attention to even the most insignificant characters, because they can be useful when comparing prose.
8d953fc77be3451bc553e47baf5bde201df71656	Well, I solved the tests.
d03f5e4fc77f3392d1fc5aa37da0cc3247876e78	I didnot buy any special task books, I had enough tasks on the site.
f30063c3929c3e3623fa5afc312ef20d6fec46ff	In general, a lot of things on the exam depend on luck, but you should not rely on it too much, but it is better to prepare and read more, then any option will seem easy.
0a90ab608431c250004549c5b226a563d50d839d	Maria Malysheva
b97be848256842900dd835e1b8e7c35d041d0e2a	I learned all the criteria for evaluating essays and tried to follow each of them on the exam in order to lose as few points as possible.
4e1c1265d1d6b807b805dec7cfa6e8ee186f12d3	I admit, I did not expect at all that my work would be appreciated so highly.
f836d3f38a2c8ca5ad7bf77bcca8d50583dee379	My composition was not unusual or super clever, I just wrote in fact, did not pour water, followed the composition, logic.
c49af374ce25211ad73ff862c15d78067d5e3461	But the main thing is that I was interested in writing, reading, teaching, I love literature.
6384e31efa777c20a00e5a352a5b021fd20410d7	I think this is the main reason for my success.
efc0ecb8e92bf30e31f7fb416534dd45378c3c38	Daria Ivanova
6e071c77da359933c41091e85842835178bdc404	You can find answers to all common questions about the content of classical Russian works on the Internet, in textbooks, in cheat sheets.
ceca0709ccf5b21d0a0d9ce495f6390d7f0204e3	But it's not a fact that you will get 100 points for these answers.
02e9cfa791272c74ab8d77e7a02194a3c3b6a560	I was preparing for the last year at school myself.
d7a8e9c23a1faf585d4642c24adabebf006c8af8	I didnot hire any tutors, I started solving tests a month before the exam.
28d0710dae0d6d330e0c5fa0464c5924007568f5	In fact, this year I didnot really prepare in any way.
bd575339aaabc3467332313834d46f6f6a25259d	But if you look deeper, I was preparing.
72d048aac93f508c4ad624a96b880006754acdb5	However, in slightly different ways.
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3d494d6ff8aef1c97c44a03694334cf3b3d3fec6	Home Essays of the Unified State Exam in literature
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a32af7484e58fc84df5bc7a016cde796e117e765	Among the many mythologies, religions and cultures of the world, there is a steady trend: it is with men that most of the gods, especially super-powerful supreme beings, are personified.
ed691ea821a7f88da8d3ca797f5a07b4d4d5ed98	What was the place of a woman in the ancient world, what powers did she possess and what did she bring to the world?
79ecda73a753ab4104bcb25b9ba409ed03bf172a	You can get the information we are interested in from ancient legends.
7e6de489f8c20c65c6bb7c7d2614a43cd8bf65e9	The culture of Egypt is one of the most multifaceted and ancient in the world.
d4a30cd60a09667434d59c38eb89e372f0fd9528	The Egyptian mythology reflects and intertwines the cultural traditions and history of this state, its rapid ups and downs.
2749503f581286fbf7ae7c11ebba518cb0c4420a	The main role in legends and myths is played, of course, by the religious worldview and its main postulates.
5a8de1dd010e666fc8e519aee56fdd923d2980f8	The pantheon of ancient Egyptian gods is very extensive.
345aaaf83f4332ca83546ab0ae5f6b9d190e484b	Its ranks number a total of about 700 different divine beings, while most of them were revered only in certain areas and were completely unknown in the rest of the territory.
42a030a99910f8ef9f6cd411a39636abd5734dbd	Of course, there were also gods revered in the vast expanses of the entire state.
1664db0d5b5ca96cedbbd4b0a7d06d019acfe29d	Almost all of them were represented by male beings.
1943c3084c8e7f5e0b46de5961a365cbf9ec4a6d	The goddess Isis is a rare exception to the traditional rule.
610b506c626962743da051be9b3afff49ed909d1	Iset, Isis, or Isis is the wife of Osiris, the god of the afterlife and rebirth.
2d54bc0d843baacb29f8a430d4a4075ef101e05f	She is the mother of Horus, the patron saint of the sun and the heavens.
0f60caacb94a3cfab00bbc938d5876e5caab97fb	If we follow the actual translation from the ancient language, then "iset" is a word meaning "royal throne" or "throne".
e38513a0b88945c3d86a1360aa5922df3f1eb5ad	Such a name is most likely due to the fact that its bearer was endowed with great power.
36be6902fb5c5e02485f01cc66ebb50dff4ec1d1	In ancient times, she was worshipped as the patroness of the fair sex, childhood and motherhood, women during childbirth and during pregnancy, as well as fertility, wind, water and, of course, magic.
d4f8703e20c789d677b07895e66d402ced6c32fa	Mysticism and magic in general are closely connected with the goddess Isis.
7df84c7acf4c8bb02eaae66db1cfd423856d6bc6	Ritual rituals were actively promoted by the priestesses of her cult.
25e48de90f7e8e789d8ad7e8c56da93cd30173a8	In other cultures, you can find similar cults in which Rhea or Ishtar acted as Isis.
73cbfa55fdb5e7a321c905dec5b18078b068667e	In ancient Rome and ancient Greece, there were also meetings of worshippers of her.
228a458985e7879ec212ed4cb195ec35f58528d7	Neftis is the sister of this goddess.
ed349e017ba67eab2f9c36f458151a36b0988dc8	This is the" mistress of the house", the right hand and assistant of Isis, who is responsible for the management of the household and the home.
8672a80e891760335e515ab1c334394298e911c5	As the consort of Osiris, this goddess sometimes takes over his functions.
0a6d27da2abe88559d445316509dda8a1269e665	For example, according to Diodorus Siculus, Isis taught mortals to grow grain and reap it.
c0fb731c8ca722930f936e7d0213aaae0b055d85	The Greeks identified this goddess with Demeter, their mother goddess.
cd53284d2aa08299e275c03dadb118b7504d1562	Most often, however, the functions of the farmer had to be performed by Osiris himself.
428a941c912414a46e70453dfac3bbfe93e4ea62	Also, along with the legends that the Nile flows out of the womb of this god, there was also the idea that it overflows from the tears of his wife, who longs for her husband.
0f232c0f057f1cee701634f1bda141931460bf28	Being very ancient, the cult of Isis probably originates from the Nile Delta.
f37bd4a214b66a58733ec8799d21fbefd2b07a9f	Here was one of the oldest cult centers of the goddess, Hebet, called by the Greeks Iseion (modern Behbeit el Hagar), currently lying in ruins.
c835d84f00b485338fbb0f8833ccb692845071dd	Probably, initially she was a local deity of the Sebennite, but already the "Pyramid Texts" of the V Dynasty indicate the key role of this goddess in the general Egyptian pantheon.
7561763b675325ab441afbe30f67d2b255c45c03	Initially associated with the god Horus, due to the rise of the popular cult of Osiris, Isis is already the sister and wife of Osiris and the mother of Horus.
5ccf4940a0cfe4baa7ecc838fa2846e89e3ecc02	Its original features in the period of the New Kingdom are transferred to Hathor.
e45d65901c5b9f0ad55696846d6f32856792350a	In the Heliopolitan theological system, Isis, the younger deity of the Ennead, was worshipped as the daughter of the god Heb and the goddess Nut, respectively, as the great-granddaughter of Ra.
e60558e958145acf8aa522b3055367dcb7289981	In the myths, some of which have come down to our time only in the well-known retelling of Plutarch ("About Isis and Osiris"), the goddess is well known as the faithful spouse of Osiris, whose body she found in long wanderings after the god was killed by his brother Seth.
9926470ad16a2eed8409b246e5816d5795848bf5	After collecting the remains of Osiris cut into pieces, Isis, with the help of the god Anubis, made the first mummy out of them.
b664ca6fe70f98f0f28cd69f41beaa64261cbb63	Isis fashioned a phallus out of clay (the only part of the body of Osiris that Isis could not find was the phallus: it was eaten by fish), consecrated it and attached it to the assembled body of Osiris.
d2a58abf547402a04091897155a06a19c427f8de	Turning into a female vulture — the bird of Khat, Isis spread her wings over the mummy of Osiris, uttered magic words and became pregnant.
75dac57f6d790fbc36e3591ed4e2569b02a0bc72	In the temple of Hathor in Dendera and the temple of Osiris in Abydos, relief compositions have been preserved, which show the secret act of conception of a son by the goddess in the image of a falcon stretched over the mummy of her husband.
a000d6716f61a5152f4bc4b19de7f0fea1626050	In memory of this, Isis was often depicted in the form of a beautiful woman with bird wings, with which she protects Osiris, the king or simply the deceased.
d3763aeefd7e097e7ce8bec18adb9c47b7631d5e	Isis often appears on her knees, wearing a white afnet bandage, mourning each deceased person as she once mourned Osiris himself.
5e5cfd076407b9e1bc0bebf116a5032d8b6e6adc	According to legend, Osiris became the ruler of the afterlife, while Isis gave birth to Horus in a reed nest in the swamps of Hemmis (Delta).
713f2b780af0c73cf7ef4c562cf3552de32760ea	Numerous statues and reliefs depict the goddess breastfeeding her son, who took the form of a pharaoh.
4275acd3a07cbd042db41b19ac4ba268e7945492	Together with the goddesses Nut, Tefnut and Nephthys, Isis, who bears the epithet "Beautiful", is present at the birth of each pharaoh, helping the queen mother to be delivered from the burden.
ddcc3c23ba8d3777c87e62367772fac742a01763	Isis is "the great enchantress, the first among the gods", the mistress of spells and secret prayers; she is called in trouble, her name is pronounced to protect children and family.
ee3beea8414921f066821da8faeaf50f3b09fdb7	According to legend, in order to acquire secret knowledge and gain magical power, the goddess fashioned a snake from the saliva of the aging god Ra and earth, which stung the solar deity.
ac6fe6f9095db9860c9b5ec8cc539987c5598ebb	In exchange for healing, Isis demanded that Ra tell her his secret name, the key to all the mysterious forces of the universe, and became "the lady of the gods, the one who knows Ra in his own name."
feacdf22dda06596adc1dfe341e9a6637a9d907d	With her knowledge, Isis, one of the patron deities of medicine, healed the baby Horus, who was stung by scorpions in the swamps.
955369dd23348b751fa5b08f54123fe4189d0ab2	Since then, like the goddess Selket, she was sometimes revered as the great lady of the scorpions.
f52c46fce25e6ef7ebbfea894735ce9196387b18	The goddess gave her secret powers to the Mountain, thereby arming it with great magical power.
263712f73b3bbb06f526982aee00ee9b686a8bc4	With the help of cunning, Isis helped Horus to gain the upper hand over Set during the dispute over the throne and inheritance of Osiris and become the ruler of Egypt.
62eacb936a0429c4246ffb3cbb50f56e1fa895e7	Isis, having a reputation among people as a sorceress, decided to test her powers on the gods.
de63a2f7d60f947b6b1c74fa1ad843c180262e4b	In order to become the mistress of heaven, she decided to find out the secret name of Ra.
a4663b59ff892054f0abd446b4570a997331bc32	She noticed that Ra had become old by that time, saliva dripped from the corners of his lips and fell to the ground.
824bc98634edf651610377231903090c304ecc1f	Like a real sorceress, she collected drops of Ra's saliva, mixed it with dust, made a snake out of it, pronounced her spells over it and put it on the road along which the sun god passed daily.
7018a368fe034d3cc4082c95e32b9cefd12def3b	After a while, the snake bit Ra, he screamed terribly, and all the gods rushed to his aid.
84c45e141c505d0c0d966371393a9d65fdb6d4b6	Ra said that despite all his spells and his secret name, he was bitten by a snake.
2cf3ea29e02ecaada620f9fbf2b0f956543ce01f	Isis promised him that she would heal him, but he must tell his secret name.
dc08c81de69bb6572cb3de1691d848290fd4c888	The sun god said that he was Khepri in the morning, Ra at noon and Atum in the evening, but this did not satisfy Isis.
c5c9866d05d8c47671b4ce38a4d880aeb89d14a6	And then Ra said: "Let Isis search in me, and my name will pass from my body to hers."
04e2e773d5e323c487db64a4be54c22093a00c75	After that, Ra disappeared from the sight of the gods on his boat, and the throne in the Boat of the Lord of Millions of Years became free.
207b1355794524f44a85a23639252ab48b8ecd88	When Ra agreed that his secret name should become the property of the sorceress, and his heart was taken out of his chest, Isis said: "Expiring, Poison, come out of Ra, Eye of Horus, come out of Ra and shine on his lips.
3bce90bc74baa5a64b3d3427bdd8602c2fa8e2a5	It is I who conjure, Isis, and it was I who caused the poison to fall to the ground.
d82deb45fcdf5fa2f298230f617f47d172b98d9c	Truly, the name of the great god is taken from him, Ra will live, and poison will die; if poison lives, Ra will die."
b6b04674bc106999b900d06c9ed5c93d1c39f132	The symbol of Isis was the royal throne, the sign of which is often placed on the head of the goddess.
c03f4c3ef1d4c99117443425d86a4a2bf4e5a832	Since the era of the New Kingdom, the cult of the goddess has become closely intertwined with the cult of Hathor, as a result of which Isis sometimes has a headdress in the form of a solar disk framed by cow horns.
6b620e39ce1e9435332dd69df854af3e53aed07b	The sacred animal of Isis as the mother goddess was considered the " great white cow of Heliopolis — - the mother of the Memphis bull Apis.
05b738caf7852b005c5dad10a273f35454eade13	One of the widespread symbols of the goddess is the amulet tet - "the knot of Isis", or "the blood of Isis", often made of red minerals-carnelian and jasper.
9637f85e658368f73242d4744b50f773b0858146	Like Hathor, Isis commands gold, which was considered a model of incorruptibility; on the sign of this metal, she is often depicted kneeling.
f766267295d117fbbef62444d5f82062c783edaa	The celestial manifestations of Isis are, first of all, the star Sepedet, or Sirius, the "lady of the stars", with the rising of which the Nile spreads from one tear of the goddess; as well as the formidable hippopotamus Isis Hesamut (Isis, the terrible mother) in the guise of the constellation Ursa Major, who keeps the leg of the dismembered Seth in the heavens with the help of her crocodile companions.
557258c90d3c2befa749e864432050207d2974dc	Also, Isis, together with Nephthys, can appear in the form of gazelles that keep the horizon of heaven; the emblem in the form of two gazelles of the goddesses was worn on diadems by the younger spouses of the pharaoh in the era of the New Kingdom.
2b49e9da3013e4f4823d7ee1174e5ff3213b28de	Another incarnation of Isis is the goddess Shentait, who appears in the form of a cow, the patroness of funeral veils and weaving, the mistress of the sacred sarcophagus, in which, according to the Osiric ritual of the mysteries, the body of Osiris killed by his brother is reborn.
a9d2274f7806fea163982ad5a73548fcad061d1a	The side of the world that the goddess commands is the west, her ritual objects are the sistrum and the sacred vessel for milk — the situla.
cbfdf7fbf6054c7be841e68f9e4f3adbf443dd91	Together with Nephthys, Neith and Selket, Isis was the great patroness of the deceased, protected the western part of the sarcophagi with her divine wings, commanded the anthropomorphic spirit Imseti, one of the four "sons of Horus", the patrons of canopes.
c4f5390cf88fb682334d1d4f36ab050a772009bf	The goddess was well known to the Greeks and Romans.
a3f15d2abd5eced8a5517f12e17c3364467b09f0	She invented sails when she was looking for her son Harpocrates (Horus).
3d0523b745610d6002ad9de3fb1e740478d6b546	Identified with Io, the daughter of Inah, the Egyptians so called Io.
7db0ad76e2e303df93b69f072fa6fdd4af9b19f6	Some believe that she became the constellation of Virgo.
869b7423818c5409e8da17871112e471ba22f9a5	The fish that helped her became the constellation of the Southern Fish, and her sons became Pisces.
cdbd183616e53d688f214dd5c0245e5f35dab921	The famous work of the ancient author Apuleius "Metamorphoses" describes the initiation ceremonies into the servants of the goddess, although their full symbolic content remains a mystery.
c23f2b7f51f457c41cdb1517189d412a58115af5	The cult of Isis and the mysteries associated with it acquired a significant spread in the Greco-Roman world, comparable to Christianity and Mithraism.
240cb993119a94326e4525c6cd9f05e2a3e27e56	As the universal mother goddess, Isis enjoyed wide popularity during the Hellenistic era not only in Egypt, where her cult and sacraments flourished in Alexandria,but also throughout the Mediterranean.
e4b5205f4ac15265d81b6e6e722c5ee178a38458	Its temples (Latin Iseum) in Byblos, Athens, Rome are well known; the temple discovered in Pompeii is well preserved.
090e4bc2afbbbcd9b859af8611482b26db0f1de9	The alabaster statue of Isis of the III century BC, discovered in Ohrid, is depicted on a Macedonian banknote of 10 denars.
9af97aa400d66463cfa746576464f58021309cc2	In the late Antique era, the sanctuaries and mysteries of Isis were widely distributed in other cities of the Roman Empire, among which the temple in Lutetia stood out (modern times). Paris).
0c7b171a4e8e09b991c30ba49e93d709d666df5e	In Roman times, Isis far surpassed the cult of Osiris in its popularity and became a serious rival to the formation of early Christianity.
9a8f762cdd69b0514e18d12a9aac5f91b0556c29	Caligula, Vespasian and Titus Flavius Vespasian made generous offerings to the sanctuary of Isis in Rome.
e262394cb7fe63ca567e5a7245fc44feae1c508f	In one of the images on the triumphal arch of Trajan in Rome, the emperor is shown donating wine to Isis and the Mountain.
108891bdb962ae375e46ffb5152caad15754d3eb	The Emperor Galerius considered Isis his patroness.
6db9c5a0a1226e9bccbcf48087354d300efb8fcd	Some authors of the XIX-XX centuries saw echoes of the cult of Isis in the veneration of "Black Madonnas" in Christian churches in medieval France and Germany.
2aa201c1ff91950fe370ba83fa3174de104a6a6f	There was also an opinion about the iconographic influence of the image of Isis with the infant Horus Harmachis on the image of the Virgin with the infant Jesus, as well as parallels between the motive of the flight of the Holy Family to Egypt from the persecution of Herod and the story of how Isis hid the young Horus in the reeds, fearing the wrath of Set.
83e9c7c0d8435108df46cfe8db8fa5e4e73785cd	The famous sanctuary of Isis, which existed until the disappearance of the ancient Egyptian civilization, is located on the island of Philae, near Aswan.
ecad42fe85b48314ede47eb9b926afc8c3e9fd2d	Here the goddess, revered in many other temples of Nubia, was worshipped until the VI century AD, at a time when the rest of Egypt was already Christianized.
0a147780b6b9aad6b76ce78a29c27cfead1c47c2	The sanctuary of Isis and Osiris on Philae remained outside the scope of the edict of Emperor Theodosius I on the prohibition of pagan cults in 391 by virtue of an agreement reached by Diocletian with the rulers of Nobatia, who visited the temple in Philae as an oracle.
8a69ccaa598434bdc02ff1589a14744a90461cd4	Other centers of worship of the goddess were located throughout Egypt; the most famous of them is Koptos, where Isis was considered the consort of the god Min, the lord of the eastern desert; Dendera, where the sky goddess Nut gave birth to Isis, and, of course, Abydos, in whose sacred triad the goddess was included together with Osiris and Horus.
c503332b9490e5e261612e0e5c43b1c5c36a125f	The cult of the goddess Isis eventually became almost ubiquitous.
af9e08da67425ba96b69b2def606471c1d512b1b	She was worshipped everywhere: from the entire territory of ancient Egypt to the remote provinces of the Roman Empire.
b0177548e583a806642b9eebafbb1a363cadff0c	The rituals performed in the name of the goddess, over the centuries, have become overgrown with secrets, and the walls of temples - legends about the "great sorceress".
326be83722433af6a330a0d0ebe9e3382a0fe992	In the Greco-Roman era, Isis was the object of universal attention.
0c108ca87f7349b02b18e3f8d79a6bca5539e004	The Ptolemies, who continued the policy of their predecessors, built many temples in her honor.
b3d550756efb13f44c71e8e3013559f4a95d36fd	During this period, the Debod sanctuary appeared to the south of Aswan, which was dismantled and rebuilt in the Western Park of Madrid in 1960.
3f0f254eda8cc730cec62921d1bc61a564d97206	From the end of the Pharaonic era to the beginning of the Roman era, several more temples were built in Nubia.
6fe471860f95b8dd1f9d2a8aa1be27d3afe1816c	The Kalabsha temple (ancient name - Talmis) was dedicated simultaneously to the Nubian god Mandulis and Osiris with Isis.
071a1ba5b048c227c23802b6fba83b73c9c40c90	But the most famous is the temple of Isis on the island of Philae (in Egyptian, P and lak).
9ea25158800949dd391c3950b21b2fa565953340	Due to the construction of the Aswan reservoir and the threat of flooding, the Philae complex was moved to another island, but it did not lose its grandeur and romance at all.
9a4e58bcc16a6baef1811eb56231900fd317232d	We owe the decision to build up the Nile island of Philae to Nectaneb I, a pharaoh from the XXX dynasty.
8aec9d18618c61e1e6a9f3ed90e8c2710d47355e	In the middle of the island in the IV century BC, a large temple dedicated to Isis began to be built.
1b54c55793f6b5f8d347b5421b642912bbfe4866	Soon it became one of the largest places of worship of Isis in the ancient world.
7fc17555918b80fac22978f32995b52bc06f4a3e	Subsequent pharaohs only contributed to the development of the cult of the "Divine Spouse".
8ce7c5e896cb9ab67584c96f47a147d0ecc0faf1	The construction was continued by the Roman emperors in the II century AD.
5c7e35bbd4d1ca42afd17397adff79779e98e71c	The temple was finally closed only in 537 AD by order of the Emperor Justinian.
dec1a08ee024f4b46a8f85436637e2586c3a1ec8	The sanctuary was plunged into oblivion, and the statues from it were transported to Constantinople.
230ee306cb57b7f71b5328b1d61835164ac86bad	The hypostyle hall of the temple turned into a Christian church - confirmation that the cults of the Virgin and the mother of the nurse Isis were closely connected.
9758da04174d419902dc0465d90f384dfcf28e95	And, undoubtedly, it is thanks to this connection that the sanctuary of Philae was able to survive for so long, even when polytheism was replaced by a monotheistic religion.
19d95bf8fdcb1ab5eb3a20e15e4a09ace0c9cc87	Sitting Isis, dressed in a tight-fitting dress, holds a little Horus on her lap and feeds him with her breast.
7e1ad5f8b39ec03d09928c1e4f64e69940977024	The wig in the form of a bird of prey was, according to ancient beliefs, a reference to her maternal role.
f639133fba6a12bb29c0f60bcc8f0be6fe946d71	These figurines of Isis with the baby were most often made according to a vow.
0919ec39ef29db13efb5f3b887e2057b19bd2748	On the stand of one of them we can read the dedication: "May the revered Isis, the mother of God, give life and health to Ken Hor, the son of Padi Neit, born to Herib Uajit."
4ae37499e72ec399f8a14e8f1bc524c96615a9fb	Legend has it that after Osiris was dismembered and the pieces of his body were scattered around the country, the left leg found by Isis was kept to the west of Philae, on the island of Bige.
9d628491bf4a2dfadf1f8e128e9b6815e1846d7a	This island, immersed in silence, was called by the priests "iu uab" (pure island).
43863f1b192018681b27b995da7f0ab508b55a5a	They organized a meeting of Isis with the relics of her late husband.
b4f2edfbc3d2f3a9673bca8bb92fc800c08ad51f	From now on, Isis - or rather, her revered statue with a Fillet-went every ten days on a sacred boat to Osiris for a Sacrificial libation of milk.
de58cd1010c788f0f7bc1eb390e01121a977f887	This visit had a very special significance, because it was here that the roar of the incoming water was heard first of all every year.
fb0b5ac75df796c8b55a491018a2258a55d406c7	The sign of the approaching flood was associated with the revival of Osiris and nature, which occurred thanks to Isis.
3ace3c6966a1d005b3569690da8714b4ae0b5a84	On the other side of the country, in the Nile Delta, the pharaohs of the XXX dynasty had no less reverence for Isis.
f1da4a61a70732d0cc1c3080aa48cb6e7c354c4b	Thus, the settlement of Behbeit el Hagar became famous for one of the largest temples dedicated to this goddess.
109561370e98ec653cb95b6a37eb4a3cef69936c	Today it is completely destroyed, although it was built of granite blocks.
fd3a29e3db310ce2a563505ceeae56bb198ef9bc	It is assumed that the style of the bas-reliefs that decorated its walls influenced the decor of the temples of the Greco-Roman world.
a025f5b595ce572c912f5ebf7f48fdceef5fe9e0	By the way, it was in Rome, in the main sanctuary of Isis, built much later than the Delta temples, under the Emperor Caligula, that a sculptural stone block from the Behbeit el Hagar temple was discovered.
5e0e4c27ca161a05ccfd82e7e40ff555b336bf1b	This is an irrefutable proof of the close contact of the religious worlds of ancient Egypt and powerful Rome.
3f820794dde13df9cb89e1b738a33a39ceb81f7a	In addition, a fresco with Isis was found on the walls of one of the villas of Herculaneum, a city near Pompeii.
5e37dfa4b7a372c04e343a96da496ca63c0df0d5	It is depicted so accurately that it is safe to assume that the artist has already seen similar drawings in the Campanian city.
e3196f4d823087f0a809eaab135bc410bda547b2	Let's return to Egypt: even in Giza, famous for its pyramids, a city that people never left, there was a temple of Isis in the Sais era (during the XXVI dynasty).
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f6fedc5b3ccc0cee3e47513445aeb9fc12bddf22	The Pharaohs
dd8872d2b236b1fade02578e2ba67fdeac54b7cf	00 Dynasty
b2d20ad7126d1b194aa95b04d113f677b9088d78	0 Dynasty
d90c79ad1b91d8938abcb12a607012781188e9a8	I Dynasty
d52126a70ec076d65710f63e3499c0aea89d9253	II Dynasty
b8c8d9b74e6d27650dced9809b54d10b8dda83f3	III Dynasty
ae801aee4fc50675cc7c401f830a9c7e03ccd764	IV Dynasty
adaafe59cd0f4909a0c3dc7451edfa9e1972b55e	V Dynasty
aedef47da21c96e56594fa6e2d33b99bd8d2c795	VI Dynasty
71d03ce8b854a2a4218350bf33437642ed5d1a08	VII Dynasty
3ff5233d59289c09b08f3436737933040e3416cb	VIII Dynasty
d9cf412bca6128569d8f6c06fe9a286b1f0f2e62	IX Dynasty
5b3d2880411151ed8ad8a5bfa44fba81b2ad4937	X Dynasty
2d994030a637c8e7011eee56dd849e3b7a91a43e	XI Dynasty
e91ecf714b5f45be21e730229ee0413343d41a95	XII Dynasty
5cb557c49e14050afc262b6e46051e309247541e	XIII Dynasty
9271db0cea5afa2e3b1f03a2e682de68cd711ffd	XIV Dynasty
5cce867a47fb9c60311847e21273adeb2d0c78b5	XV Dynasty
c14fc61850f9094051a76d4ec6d8a506b1e33f6d	XVI Dynasty
70d1c20e439aff8001e8ddc759988954f393f097	Abydos
cf07ddbbc9d5b05a1c133a21a3e9d034d2f5d949	XVII Dynasty
7416ef983f16e1ebbf95a557475fd2cb6f1f1b3d	XVIII Dynasty
1550837d39acf9002e64e14407f4c4aff004500e	XIX Dynasty
4ce70f200f401523ca86b1cdc27637fbdaa7dafd	XX Dynasty
b54fff41f3ffdbfb591fe1ac121cfe482969e044	XXI Dynasty
6a79a2edecb93679edaf8b9e8c6e22ad08a72c1d	XXII Dynasty
0264185e0dc5d427a4a00c24acc9b5ea7e2750df	XXIII Dynasty
63dac709bda9f884203dc6a99e14eacb1f45ac05	XXIV Dynasty
76d1931447b39b372aeb6a87723136eebf97c5d8	XXV Dynasty
a3ffd1931eb182393ae3d8a264b5e8969a2b875e	XXVI Dynasty
35d417e413e9a8fe62abafb2e559301fce535526	XXVII Dynasty
60df7f8be384bc0e340478b1e23ae0581ea047fe	XXVIII Dynasty
bb960bb23e687b21cbd82a726910c599b56456cf	XXIX Dynasty
e79b9c56d2fe8687e27bbdd223bdca70aaa827a9	XXX Dynasty
b3fe571f349f4b42daacd19bf3d1a708f4bec7cd	Macedonian
c17c780f2461ce66e8c8e24e3bf34a14de0e740a	The Ptolemies
6ccb60071be8f00760a3824d9f7d0fad57de789f	Categories
070374ff80947b819eb8815e8d492bf0a862577e	Chronology
d98a03948da4d061268c4fbd5cd0c1cd58163f3d	Queens
48503b58288ae8fdf2b339644967cbddcc065a71	Dynasties
42c72fe9ad07b45c947f04448f873e50972ab357	The Gods
dc9f86755d12d76a5f848778358cf09aa8a0ea1a	Priests
adab5090ac6a1b7b5420faac7be86c41721ba27c	Calendar
8bc9a1ca083fee354d6b29ebb2bf21c6df599ba8	Crafts
769c17fa93530d04d2a0942fec83c4bc8032936b	Crowns
b040b4179b8b00702858fdb4c1afec3d6d284509	Architecture
26fe9b381f4218992bcbc3e8466ff2287453e7a9	Valley of the Kings
9df91094a939a44d321731c43cb383c7742692df	Statues
c7afa446ba1af9518ba6da698a26166e6c231c7b	Map of Egypt
82bc494f092f131cc961c75fc8ca175dcf70e9c0	Egyptology
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e1a8448a94fd95ffe832314a2edd0df275aba2f6	About the project
d0814a1d14224c347190a19bfe1923c729e8a148	Isis
f824d5a4c821a64b665cd5a1330f49fcb230e32f	The article is located in the categories
a3b6dcca0aa0cfaff5de624869f6fec35fae7784	Egyptian Gods
12057d904520e1449d1036c85bbbae813e544141	The content of the article The origins of the cult The Myth of Osiris and Isis The myth of Ra and Isis Symbols Centers of worship of Isis in the ancient tradition
753bc2c64b713a50c7ddd7ded76cb9381f7e2c7c	The name of Isis in hieroglyphs
8849e7dd8131c7672e76fd52d019c71be6ed21da	sida (Isis) (Egypt. js. t, etc. - Greek .σσις, Lat.
4eab1b12ab0aadebad456b65f1aec6c2c324ba83	Isis) is one of the greatest goddesses of antiquity, who became a model for understanding the Egyptian ideal of femininity and motherhood.
bbe1051d9d37ad5fecbdc0e665524f172a965be0	She was revered as the sister and spouse of Osiris, the mother of Horus, and, accordingly, the Egyptian kings, who were originally considered the earthly incarnations of the sokol headed god.
dc388783bb0aece65b2c4b98f26507cf46922017	1. The origins of the cult
d7e871961de9b44f26637eb1308c479dcd463907	In the Heliopolitan theological system, Isis, the younger deity of the Ennead, was worshipped as the daughter of the god Heb and the goddess Nut, respectively, as the great granddaughter of Ra.
5d7b8325684ce2c87914db97f58640fa0f67f33d	In the myths, some of which have come down to our time only in the well known retelling of Plutarch ("About Isis and Osiris"), the goddess is well known as the faithful spouse of Osiris, whose body she found in long wanderings after the god was killed by his brother Seth.
7185b91c1c9e5b812718157631c404d638605286	3. The myth of Ra and Isis
834f94fe55df0c432b8322b8d9cc01c074487731	Isis.
747f6fc602ff9ac76f6e001243f74757b87713b8	A painted relief from the tomb of Seti I in the Valley of the Kings.
2a51057273201c142fba9c067a2ff06e8a7e8e66	The XIX dynasty.
8b10f3eaf2a4eced9e8725ac96ef5b9574dc3595	She collected drops of Ra's saliva, mixed it with dust, made a snake out of it, pronounced her spells over it and put it on the road along which the sun god passed daily.
2ca79673b7162a91b584fae2e8a214e960b920fa	Isis agreed with Horus that Ra should swear that he would part with his two Eyes (the Sun and the Moon).
a34576d9427708b0f66f157186b1bd96e03534ee	4. Symbols
3aaef843f39eab27d88df896d3c25873b23ed4b1	One of the widespread symbols of the goddess is the amulet tet - "the knot of Isis", or "the blood of Isis", often made of red minerals carnelian and jasper.
cf1e46b22782ae3d5d9a950ab575b90bcc291dbf	5. Centers of worship
c4d1f5f5a684ab3a88093ee1cb8f286b286dd393	Terracotta statue of Isis mourning Osiris.
2724f62c50f509cad53e3976f96595ebefdd5a21	The XVIII dynasty.
5ee8da8adfeb105fe5cb59da8fb53ef9c03beef6	Louvre, Paris
6b1a005a01f161f9371f59197895d8c5dc53f8bd	Finally, the Byzantine emperor Justinian I sent the military commander Narses to destroy the religious buildings on the island and deliver their relics to Constantinople.
d15538a59359ff793477547847cdccd1b81ffd91	Other centers of worship of the goddess were located throughout Egypt; the most famous of them is Koptos, where Isis was considered the consort of the god Min, the lord of the eastern desert;
69668d2049c12edb3decfa499495797e9a045553	Dendera, where the sky goddess Nut gave birth to Isis, and, of course, Abydos, in whose sacred triad the goddess was included together with Osiris and Horus.
3a32e40bd0a423a93a168c9fcd6b09f54b661c35	A Gnostic hymn associated by some researchers with Isis
f03229809d002b460508c215e8a24546e282722f	Let there be no one who does not know me anywhere and never!
a4f8bac693ec7bd3723566092a6c25416e550033	Beware, do not be ignorant of me!
9a9e048c9904797e53fb10e89837fe618661a698	For I am the first and the last.
6c39daf6d99ee4b0f4744b1750788cdb7517ff8a	I am revered and despised.
105619b4fff12aafa45c29a58ced0881251dd226	I am a harlot and a saint.
1d3fe6ea41769ba37e6f4c8157212e3ae185b8c7	I am a wife and a virgin.
d4255c636b331b673a52cdc11d91fad0c275bbc4	I am a mother and daughter.
ae5d482dc94f2b5c86457b8b4f4e4cf2961a97c7	I am the members of my mother's body.
c614fe291df8d3814bb6209e1a7ef5a48dccb8f7	I am infertility, and there are many of her sons.
cfe63e38717244e441ef0a841bbc76278c5ca818	I am someone whose marriages are many, and I have not been married.
b2fe8634f073d89a45ae91686a49ecd98c112a83	I am the one who facilitates childbirth and the one who did not give birth.
9f46d8ecbdc8943bd16a1119871faec76407cbc7	I am a consolation in my labor pains.
afcda977ed28d67dbc1eb0ee1776f3d03d92a4df	I am a newlywed and a newlywed.
2238f2867dbd2e9481c87c5ac6cdafd6fcd0695c	And my husband is the one who gave birth to me.
04b67e3313c6fd03c527ee26085af2d277be7e26	I am my father's mother and my husband's sister, and he is my offspring.
56bc3114060a5da0d077eaa8cf1851b6d8a999b3	(Thunder.
000552c1d534aa763cc9418f58a5ecd15bbfa55a	A Perfect Mind.
59b4410e7a91960ec540325520cd80f111b0e20c	Hymn from the library of Nag Hammadi, I III centuries AD)
1e2caf81a05ae11e37111c893d968800bcb41b85	6. Isis in the ancient tradition
b22f586957f65fbc39915a66211b9124cedc469b	The Temple of Isis in Pompeii
490e518256f350b6f29c0870b0aa129a385ee0a8	The wife of Osiris.
1d5de4458496682db3c8eacd6e84739a40edccf1	She was identified with Demeter.
743f8f84c7ceca24151a98e91332c3c597c4ec55	I put Sirius on the Dog's head.
cc9d4fe9adfb3abc0747d7a2b5d22cda63bfdb1a	The cult of Isis and the mysteries associated with it acquired a significant spread in the Greco Roman world, comparable to Christianity and Mithraism.
12a040d5ce8d4d2664a429c70331a585a6c4bc4b	In the late Antique era, the sanctuaries and mysteries of Isis were widely distributed in other cities of the Roman Empire, among which the temple in Lutetia stood out (modern times).
d5596e1f37494a2a8c71e2cf72361fb33d8d7645	Paris).
af41b9c7661e2c177485236165b4b6372c9b2ed6	Some authors of the XIX XX centuries saw echoes of the cult of Isis in the veneration of "Black Madonnas" in Christian churches in medieval France and Germany.
0b970cee89cc6d3b502ec2b0450de14881127120	According to the well known ethnographer and religious scholar James Fraser, the elements of the cult of Isis had a significant impact on the Christian rite:
c88a367c2aaeffcc63e495537b2c41c9545c0d59	The majestic ritual of Isis — these priests with tonsures, matins and evening services, bell ringing, baptism, sprinkling with holy water, solemn processions and jewelry images of the Mother of God <...> — in many respects resembles the magnificent ceremonial of Catholicism.
8bc70586b619eb5b59861f404aa90327ffded83a	However, a number of similarities mentioned by Fraser are controversial.
d4958fc3af2adf77e01514c4fdf2a864328f3e42	For example, Fraser mentions the tonsure of the priests of Isis, although, according to Plutarch, the priests of Isis completely removed the hair on the head and body.
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33aa73067c96dce585b222339759a09cbcefc53e	The Egyptian goddess Isis.
c8ba90239cfa17fd04f12dde748d43e203467445	The husband of the goddess Isis.
a706ae47f683a547c14164e19c4298cb72a9ae9f	The temple of the goddess Isis.
14667e05a3e428b53f72434e91fc6ff1a54dc33a	Isis is the goddess of what?
6d871a0b697f2c166bdc0cb298e52b81c82e3c52	How to summon Isis?
8f4aa8cfcd2b1b78043d4eb141d6f74c03dee985	By Ekaterina Fomkina September 24, 2015
035e6a911d88c505ac56fd6d83966826cf883ef7	Share Tell Recommend
b5a58008f69b9ceae9d9fe18cdbf86b843c94556	Among the many mythologies, religions and cultures of the world, there is a steady trend: it is with men that most of the gods, especially super powerful supreme beings, are personified.
787d92f5a04b0d5c5358c51850d20f1ca900c78f	Her name is usually translated as "having a thousand names".
c90c388e739bcfa829412b500512b4555269c00c	"The goddess Isis is the goddess of what?" you may ask.
45c82be5556c47eb8e533a48fa810b916b950a16	The goddess Isis, according to the traditions of antiquity, ruled over rivers and seas, was the patroness of sailors.
c56d6aa53a1d0ab1432e8e213fd2dba79a0356f5	Legends of Isis
6080f11213d593732d05ed062d7342254bcc3a8f	She is the main character of many legends and myths.
76930c06e688ff180da9a98c6fd1dfa43247d94e	The most famous of them are the legend of Isis and Osiris, her husband, as well as the struggle for power with Amon Ra, the supreme sun god.
dbed5dbea9569ee0896a81cc858564cd13582705	The legend of Osiris and his wife tells primarily about loyalty and great love.
1097d8197863a8d5b6f2b3454a03d503532c01c4	It is unlikely that in any other culture there will be such a romantic legend.
2084d2246e6275e2b6712e9c3de704aac277b7ff	We learned about him thanks to the story of Plutarch, an ancient Greek biographer and philosopher from Chersonesos.
ae86e757735bc203642b91496ab09c5dcb80ea55	The legend tells about how the husband of the Egyptian goddess Isis, Osiris, tragically died.
efea18a127ec052e2312aaf0fc05f0338584b2a7	He was killed by the god Set, the patron of violent feelings and a warrior who was the brother of his wife.
6b9244695db607d6ce6d9fa1f0eadf7a5e4f2dd2	The beautiful goddess Isis, after a long search and wandering, still managed to find the body of her husband, torn to shreds and wounded.
45fadc712ee9e6decf9d7b7ecf9bc597cb1ae398	With the help of the patron and guardian of the kingdom of the dead, Anubis, she was able to collect him and turn him into the first mummy on earth.
0630f14646942e8d044b7596201f547c2148ee1d	For a long time, bitter sobs were heard over the cold body of the murdered god...
5fb9cb9d0e0cb32645d37d28f9c4ba420ae34adb	The goddess Isis is very often depicted grieving and mourning in a kneeling position for everyone who has passed away.
43d2e34e60174c4952cefe79a716c90bb9352fcb	The most popular image of her, however, is a royal falcon or a woman with the wings of a bird.
34a9b370f58aa109d195ba79ab2a7e77db51ab7d	In the continuation of the legend, it is said that the divine couple conceived a son.
4510dae4e7532494ba4dafd386968d8de2f7b306	This miracle could be realized only when the ancient Egyptian goddess Isis was in the form of a bird Khat.
cc520190ddd6190b252a462381cc8ae68c6395c7	She gave birth to her son and nursed him in the delta of the Nile River.
04d925475a6640ad97a92f81e67aedd66a7aaa2f	The legend of Isis and the sun god In the second myth, in contrast to the legend of lovers filled with bitter suffering and romanticism, the goddess of fertility Isis appears as a much less pleasant character.
e778b09ca591a2db89a6a9ccfcb716c9f6d02a5b	Let's tell this story too.
b34573d24414fa50d51dba4a7bdfb004479db600	The goddess Isis, whose photo is presented in this article, appears in the legend of the sun god as a cunning and greedy witch.
9f9b7e3a48af61ebe1d31cd501d8dd7073cfe53b	This story was witnessed in the "Turin Papyrus" - a document that is more than 3 thousand years old.
b9d601c91c4ab7b4dbf93e0bf21767032c982bf3	Isis practiced secret witchcraft skills not only on mortals, but also on the inhabitants of Egypt.
d7ae72b969a70dce289407da357804537cf47111	Her plans were to become the great queen of heaven, to displace the god Ra himself from the top of the pantheon.
cbdb78c16fb16e76b43a4e83fc901b8ed6707b9e	Isis was given confidence in her own abilities by the fact that the sun god was already old at that time.
bd1111019a077f7461b0563d3515b971ad747bc0	She tracked him down for a long time and collected Ra's saliva, and later fashioned a snake out of it.
2201ef732c856adf4d35e00a41b2aea0f97db6b4	A few days later, a snake, enchanted by witchcraft, bit the sun god.
8b680de13505f3bb8fe62f721b715b36993f30ae	Isis agreed to heal him only in exchange for secret knowledge about his real name.
68368fabb313245b3d0de8f06dd3189cc6699326	This desire is explained by the belief in the power contained in the name.
4eb059782e871d7cc9a1e2a9a3286b55323301c1	A number of problems affect the meaning of this legend.
c1b449255d99131c001a00bbdd5944dd1b75e455	First of all, the questions of the power of spells were raised.
7b55669413d1959a72a3331b84a417d21a1dfd49	In addition, the main role of the goddess in the host of great magical beings was confirmed.
49b0f6251d52086d0e1c9ec5b1cbdbcfccaafc0f	Scientists of our days also see a special role in this legend - it supposedly emphasizes the place that women occupied in the ancient world.
cfc3243e00be97815aec1ac3b6a6bf7938ca3770	The similarity of the image of Isis with the image of a real worldly woman is very close to the mythological image of Isis to a real worldly woman.
7aac0750f349a583d195de25c542f3fc24199b4e	A little known story about her tells about the sadness and bitter suffering that the goddess Isis experienced (her photos are sometimes so sad).
bf82a472d6fdf223491186078a087d35bc6c4cff	She complains of loneliness, laments, and all because a simple mortal woman did not accept her on the threshold of the house.
fbee712423dd4de59de72d497be00c6824073a65	For this disrespect, she paid with the health of her son, who was stung by a scorpion.
9f1f5e12773829f23bd75cc04760615af6429398	In this drama, however, it is impossible to deny Isis mercy.
7cce7e6281cfbdab0acd94cfa71d2da8dcc6a9c2	She still saved the son of a negligent hostess.
d84becc4ab8962ffe2a6514a84bf45d0c3aebc03	Isis herself is a trembling mother.
a275481ef200f8de9cbf206d318cfa57f212310c	This is confirmed in many legends.
f64de5a4776c3b97830c8658a3340ae876e046b7	In one of them, for example, she goes into a frenzy, seeing her dying son.
657c651877ab7a879201b5c8405444a479e9c864	The sufferings of this goddess were able to stop even the world boat of the supreme god Ra, in which he sailed through the sky.
99656cc3eb65586b64949cca09487c456acf9a82	Symbols and personifications of the goddess A large role in ancient Egypt was assigned to the personification and symbolism.
07f962802efb972cd2c77f82c96ef9a0ca4fff97	Isis is often depicted as a white cow or a woman with a headdress that resembles the disk of the sun with the horns of this animal.
936b3eeeb2f336121e7013aaaef0064feb9cef14	Another option is an image in which she is represented with a headdress in the form of a royal throne.
5a7acfba2d453fa61a058356334a3011b71c70c7	Truly unlimited were the power and powers that this goddess was endowed with, according to the legends.
5250b8389f4074678910fd341d4b3bbfb56b4464	She guarded the heavenly horizon in the form of a gazelle, protected the dead, was the patroness of fabrics and weaving, as well as funeral shrouds.
cb47a00dc88c561351c157aec9bf70cd4e784a59	Talismans and amulets in the name of Isis Many talismans were made in the name of this goddess.
70901c4dd125f04656452515904607ef8e2b3a58	Her name was written in hieroglyphs on each of them.
8ec7d1ba36cafe58b2c0df0029c186f18f46dac2	Even the most important elements, such as the sacred scarab beetles, were subject to this rule.
3d004d674537d7d4712518bcf6ad79066de20104	There was also a specially selected amulet made by the priestesses of Isis.
501962257d2d07b4905042eef116338cb376c466	Usually it was put on the neck of the deceased for the subsequent burial procedure.
8f3584d5c6c9ffb269ceff922a60a944ff9c5524	This amulet was an alloy of jasper, carnelian, gilding or gold, with the main combination of colors - red and gold.
297e49d2366808adf32eef0fd0bd34b913f2db80	Many similar decorations were created.
c752b8670cc5428e45ee68449b4ec61fe126b981	There were only more than twenty models.
05f2cf9c2a9579a95f3c0cf93c4b40ee6f578daa	Where was the goddess worshipped?
53ed729a89ab5cfdb59a8f0cc762407e457b7751	Throughout Egypt, Isis was revered.
4a499ff2445ca46156cbed7c98e20965dc1fe01a	The most famous sanctuary to date was located on the island of Philae.
ce4722decf6d24c746cea946b6b6accff2b50fc7	This is a small piece of sushi that is hidden in the middle of the Nile.
d764ddec2404b5b902316a9b05bcca47c13015a9	It was here, according to ancient legends, that Osiris, her husband, was laid to rest.
9f4ffe85aa97f80faca0a583a6ecc5151a7b445c	The temple of the goddess Isis differed significantly from others in that even during the heyday of Christianity, the worship of her cult was preserved.
66df55c8fbe1077602c72d23e12eb47f947e164e	The goddess was also revered in Nubia.
da18f7ccd8f0348b6c0c9842a5359ff5ee81f96c	There is another sanctuary in Koptos, known all over the world.
6f3227feea89a3e67b93a33c05effb9059f3c802	Here the husband of the goddess Isis is not Osiris, but Min, an ancient deity, the ruler and patron of the desert.
7e0fd48b3245bd1a59d7a26abe58d47e8a479f4a	Note that none of the Egyptian gods (except Serpais) received such popularity in antiquity as Isis.
57ce3fb61f1b72c5dec9db00c8a30c37acfc9681	Her temple was built in the 4th century BC on the island of Delos (in Piraeus).
ec8db4d43da41d019b77f76e6b8e7ed055489296	Also known are the sanctuaries located in Cenchreia, Tiforea and other cities of Greece.
4cb58912283d76898a2e55d9ccaf5d2645bbaec9	Since the 2nd century BC, the cult of this goddess has been spreading in Italy.
b9cb51e03b923dbbb14ef8b3a5857b81503a0c95	Temples dedicated to her are being built in Benevento, Rome, Pompeii and other cities.
577bbf1da183ce6743758eacc559009b1ebd1b87	There are known monuments testifying to her cult in Britain, Spain and Gaul.
e775da8082bd7e23b88749e0bb2059e81d46b4a5	At first, he was associated with the veneration of Osiris, but in the Greco Roman era, Isis became independent and assumed many functions of a spouse.
2102c16ebb6ecfa287f5114a7e3e071045d4d94c	The role of the cult of Isis in history
8f798412c920b01b802b4b93dbd7abe505e91860	Of course, the cult of Isis played a significant role in the history of the development of Egypt.
82a7994c18488c2a70c62da5148b92d5b1dc26df	And it was not only religious, but also social.
9f6f18373cd911836a6e6b9a0b492b33e79be03e	The female essence of the goddess in the person of Isis performed for the first time on an equal footing with men, and performed quite successfully.
f71fbcf37e29d6c3e2529033c40fdb99c7acdb39	She was fair, cunning, wise, possessed cosmic powers.
809c2fa0cb8c0a041faf9aaad65ae51aba70df48	Isis is a goddess who is worthy of worship.
35cb902d8e348fe60dcf6877756ac1cbe3c4adff	Negative aspects and human qualities are not alien to her, but her patronage is based on the ideals of goodness, as well as true family values.
5935c725be032d0bbf73dd1fd258e96ec75d5fb7	Ancient authors wrote a lot about it.
fd1109ab314911440ec5b81c7e62a3a4807c4347	Her cult greatly influenced the development of Christianity.
fd8cedffc9f39967948179731d6ab22efd1a7135	It is to the image of Isis with Horus in her arms that the image of the Mother of God with a child goes back.
77b8146ecbcebe6da6ec2ef77e2239dc05c76c88	Her statuettes have been preserved as relics in several medieval churches.
0e8380961f7529100215f8ef8a4a1b1cf9451eba	How to summon the goddess Isis?
8c5200fcc6d51fd20f3eb6b618d280eb1152bfb3	Magicians advise: before summoning spirits, you need to learn as much as possible about them.
99a6319405c9ce48a7f22bcf6f300c0d4dd8c755	In addition, it should be understood that not every entity should be unconditionally believed.
97d6e4c17dacb81342cf5ecc0de08703244c6991	Nothing prevents some evil spirit from deceiving you for profit.
f0a09e6513fadb774a4bcb4db99fbfcc1dd6a9de	In order to summon Isis (or any other deity), you should know a few rules.
f8b9e24bdd4350a1211a899f111d6a45557a92a0	It is necessary to conduct a session in the dark (best of all - from 12 am to 4 am).
79db7528bc8fca61cc052bb5319c913fd903ee43	The ritual is performed by candlelight, there should be no electric lighting.
f2a86c4712f56a779c9489e4530908fff28f0c9f	You should write in advance the questions that you plan to ask the spirit on a piece of paper, and then read them from it.
a450ecb4763c8da4948f6a3e0ac5cdb331eadd39	In order to simplify the task of Isis to enter the house, you can open a window or a window.
229baab8be8ffc5e05b0d02072b20b6e40e3d60a	Before the session, incense is fumigated in the room.
f60e9c6e7b3b82c94dd8c95cf428da916fd6bd7f	It has properties that scare away lower entities.
5faaa835a5495ff3fff41a086c5ec6dcb4dc99ff	You should not drink alcoholic beverages before the ritual.
1f0be691c453223e60d90448f8cf9c2885a0d637	Compliance with these rules, of course, does not guarantee that you will be able to carry out your plans.
1484ff3b5d79c2ccf49529183cfffdac02e9a188	Mediums claim that lower entities usually come to the call of beginners.
cc5b219fa2a81e79dd3fc06530fbbbe8184d8e94	Therefore, we advise you to prepare well and know exactly why you need it, and whether it is necessary at all.
a4977d2ee2c1f3bca2f5848506e7fd665cbfc5ee	Related articles
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e2803fd707b4b42bffd0918c78d5385c716a6ee2	Egyptian Mythology
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10d3255947605eeaf692ec4e488773bd3cacafd0	- The Gods of Egypt
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0bd7571ef01abae8d4c8408cfe79fab6d47f911f	Isis (Isis) is one of the greatest goddesses of antiquity, who became a model for understanding the Egyptian ideal of femininity and motherhood.
17d1b280bf24c4f8d1326dee036a02d504354faf	Isis and Osiris
d8a0acc1132d65b137b4dcc89547f746e5e25d8a	Isis and Ra
568d388c30e55156e059df3f43620a3f75e3b453	Australian
06722036c6ff1807a4a15172cec0ae0b15af3186	African
f9e18156d18164aec476ae506bf5a7ea22eebe03	The Aztecs
59d5f5b13f13f6d5e8e88a5a92e137f7d64b2954	Greek
b7219bda6af151cdf724ca5eb50a2320dfb2702d	Egyptian
a151302157444aa3f3ef5ac23116ea226d29c972	Indian
8318a7f7457f1a010a3cbc12c805c3073d851311	Celtic
15dc18865567bcc98554a72a8036e1b64a8b85d5	Chinese
bcea9c4c7ce6929a64e89ea18583c93c88bee0b9	Crimean
396bd07890bc77d98cce08898143095a50e943a4	Roman
ef3767363e815cd933a401e071d7b3a7624491fc	Scandinavian
ac3e4c2648cc7cb55d88d31ac519cb531bd5f989	Slavyanskaya
515451058797b204e188dd70f8d20f32dacca327	Ukrainian
df3bbb8047bfb0f13f9c817924c8fe6bbce2e65b	Sumero Akkadian
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fc6681606ac89c186cea8a8a58c9cbdadad4b28c	Etruscan
0928af4578eef44972e5efda052737e243b56a01	© 2017, Legends and myths of the peoples of the world
b8aa400f0c479bf1165551f28ab22561b632c9f0	The Ancient Pharaohs of Egypt
56a08085b641bc3ed7235255b3d27933ddd560ff	Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
13dce0e53488b4271e9a16e8a157f6ccdb4b2853	Main Etymology Coast Climate Geography
20593143ce4e13a95ee7ea2db3c3e27f8986c5c6	History Prehistoric Egypt Pre Dynastic period Early Kingdom Ancient Kingdom First transitional period Middle Kingdom Second Transitional period New Kingdom Third transitional period Late period or Later Kingdom Ptolemaic period
0816389f2b4274704802113e6dde327d50f6e719	Pharaohs Narmer Menes Khor Aha Jer Den Hasekhemui Djoser Snofru Khufu, Khuops Khafra Mikerin, Menkaura Sahura Piopi II Nitokris Mentuhotep II Amenemhat I Senusert I Senusert III Amenemhat III Nefrusobek Yahmose I Thutmose I Hatshepsut Thutmose III Amenhotep II Amenhotep III Akhenaten Tutankhamun Horemheb Aye Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Setnakht Ramesses III Sheshonk I Piankhi Taharka Psammetikh I Necho II Amasis II Ptolemy I Soter Cleopatra
ed8df63243ca0e7545b57bf71f7ef2e1f753f4e1	Gods Aker Amat Amaunet Amentet Amon Amset Anedjti Nemti Anubis Anuket Apis Apop Aton Atum Ash Ah Ba Banebjedet Bast Bata Bennu Bes Buhis Geb Gor Duamutef Imhotep Input Isdes Isis Iunit Ayhi Kaihos Kvebehsenuf Kuk Maat Mafdet Merimutef Meskhenet Meritseger Mnevis Min Montu Mut Naunet Nebedj Neftida Nekhbet Nehebkau Nun Nut Onuris Osiris Ptah Ra Rat Tawi Renenutet Satis Sobek Sebektet Sekhmet Selket Set Seshat Sia Sokar Sopdu Tatenen Taurt Tefnut Tot Ouajet Ouajit Unut Upuaut Hapi Hapi (son of Horus) Hathor Hauhet Heh Heka Hekat Hentiamenti Herishef Khnum Khonsu Hu Shai Shezmetet Shezmu Shu Yah
bcbbf00ddda1ccbece63802b3b44b7a188bd574b	Religion Creation of the world The murder of Osiris The War of the gods The Eye of Horus The unification of the country The Destruction of humanity The cult of Aton The funeral cult of Duat Ka Temples of Ancient Egypt
74b507c3bc2904687b63f61df02b15560aa939a8	Cosmogony of Heliopolis Cosmogony of Memphis cosmogony of Hermopolis cosmogony of Thebes cosmogony
14ae6735072b485981cf66493c943b01d1e8a4e9	Mythology Divine entities The earthly reign of Ra The journey of the Solar boat Isis and Osiris The birth and childhood of Hora The litigation of Set and Hora The Era of the reign of the Pharaohs Gods and Egyptians Sacred animals Death, travel along the Duat and the judgment of Osiris Customs of the ancient Egyptians Ancient texts
bcbd163b25c2b095167077cd50d144c03021bd6d	Archaeology Richard Pocock, who discovered Egypt Johann Burkhardt in Abu Simbel Giovanni Belzone in the Valley of the Kings Jean Francois Champollion and the mystery of Egyptian hieroglyphs Richard Wiese and the pyramids of the Seventy pyramids by Carl Lepsius The discoveries of Auguste Marietta "The texts of the pyramids" and "The lost Pharaohs" William Petrie, "sifted Egypt" The city of the heretic Pharaoh Howard Carter finds the tomb of Tutankhomon Necropolis in Saqqara and the pyramid Djosera Mohammed Zakaria Ghoneim and the mystery of the Pyramid of Sekhemkhet
8af4bc531faa9abe4bff2291390b3739dcaabf93	Isis (Isis) (Egypt. js. t, etc. - Greek .σσις, Lat.
4c903acc8b83c45861e9def519179e13ed8a6507	Initially associated with the god Horus, due to the rise of the popular cult of Osiris, Isis is already the sister and wife of Osiris, and the mother of Horus.
0d214d25f10cfea0f81da82ba3c899ad7ea5241a	The celestial manifestations of Isis are, first of all, the star Sopdet, or Sirius, the "lady of the stars", with the rising of which the Nile spreads from one tear of the goddess; as well as the formidable hippopotamus Isis Hesamut (Isis, the terrible mother) in the guise of the constellation Ursa Major, who keeps the leg of the dismembered Seth in the heavens with the help of her crocodile companions.
e37a88c55894e718487a78649b3f65908ef28034	Also, Isis, together with Nephthys, can appear in the form of gazelles that keep the horizon of heaven; the emblem in the form of two gazelles of the goddesses was worn on the diadems of the younger spouses of the pharaoh in the era of the New Kingdom.
ad6623859e7b1f6c86765535a3ec8cb52f1a19bb	The Myth of Osiris and Isis
7f8aad6c96735d22101d6f377f971a60a870c377	Turning into a female vulture — the bird of Khat, Isis spread her wings over the mummy of Osiris, uttered magic words and became pregnant[1].
f812b3b94a64446d2613b65fb5d3b52b08881a01	The Myth of Ra and Isis
29a43703e81959fad7f7b736d2727f99c7539c47	The Gnostic Hymn
aed67a67c21598c02a58cc622dea8ceff6c879d1	Take care s, donot be ignorant of me!
6e3f5292bbbfaeaee4d33ed9979297709805d8d1	Basic History Pharaohs Religion Gods Cosmogony Mythology Archeology Site Map
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fc5e73b8736c0349bb8732dc191a0675c232b840	The basket is empty
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40048a17c4a4334cfe347de94c1a0a685344b564	The God of Egypt Isis
b9fd031bbe6e582d2b8c07c4b89b3db1fd6ceaa2	Isis - the goddess of fertility, water and wind
b42e4eadab64f1f2a538c737310a0c92af298399	Isis is the goddess of fertility, water and wind.
4498b455acf3bee9dae12d0956052fa538ae3c03	Twin sister and wife of Osiris, mother of Horus.
9febb396c144c304c9aad25f25e960fa3c342f87	In the myths of many peoples, the marriage between the gods brother and sister was one of the manifestations of their divine essence.
d8a8bc6d394ea56701bfdb9255437270f909e7f1	Osiris and Isis fell in love with each other even in the womb of their mother, the Egyptians revered Isis as the embodiment of a faithful, selfless wife and a caring mother.
cc5167cb88705747b29ed526b73c59ef44994d97	(For the plots, see Osiris and Grief.)
330ca34b3eb33fe81a67d1fb6c768a36357130ad	Isis, a loving wife who remained faithful to her husband Osiris even after his death, and the selfless mother of Horus, was more an example to follow than other goddesses.
6b68a6a125470ff703dbacaabaea70c9b63d96f7	Her images abound in Egyptian art, which is why she is so familiar to Egyptologists.
de7e09487cf1af870c1a7fcb3296c7e59efc392b	Isis occupies a special place in the Egyptian pantheon, she was addressed on any occasion.
fb63fe0d936ba75c408100930243d720a9519e5b	The loyalty of Isis did not waver, even when Osiris was killed by his brother Seth.
d72fd02ffe8969be5fae1f038d38eff932d7f5ee	She returned the breath of life to her husband, and he was able to be reborn and become the lord of the kingdom of the dead.
efa8e7d97e3bafbfbfd966e73f09ecd52edf4d8a	Isis, an intelligent and astute woman, was also very cunning.
bc75001ae02d2186501c33ea533317d4e797afa9	And thanks to these qualities, she received almost unlimited power over the world.
726feaeb59527ae4686614d5072c55faf6342030	Her images
b2701518d1bd055fc70a2ef88561b070bdf2f8be	There are thousands of images of Isis in the art of Ancient Egypt.
2b6b5e1985ec940a47eada4eae0ff5298d770e4e	Paintings, stone statues, bronze figurines and amulets give us a clear idea of this goddess.
0e75eefffe2d1127d9cdbb7d86b088e1f51a3ceb	She is usually depicted sitting, kneeling or standing, and the details may vary slightly.
d1135e1fec8f4fb14535c5bc87b4711709d4765e	The seated Isis often holds her son Horus on her lap, whom she sometimes breast feeds.
3e9564f76e6f19e4f12f730d88f3955286b6ec70	It is crowned with a solar disk, which is held by two curved horns.
c80e42ee929411b7589b1e58a4f41c593f20109d	The kneeling Isis holds a shena (cartouche) in front of her.
95d608d30f023b8b7f79d9d9d9f6abfe2b62ff4b	The standing goddess is crowned with the sign aset (seat), the main hieroglyph of her name.
3c659258a6da343b0878c3df6552c7c2847ce071	It can take the form of a bird of prey - a detail borrowed from the myths about Osiris.
505f00bcb15b167d24f23c31d058fc41ee95dfa1	Then, in addition to her hands, she has large vulture wings.
6132e12620e0644993717f383e816787f0223a34	The hatoric images of Isis - with cow horns holding the sun, and not with the hieroglyph asset in the form of a throne indicate the fusion of two goddesses, Isis and Hathor.
6286c4c069a027949abfdc68f08d959763e22f7d	This identification, characteristic of the Late Period, is explained by the fact that both goddesses symbolized fertility.
b4e1b9be82b73d5c6bb495026d1948a836be98b2	Myths about Isis
9f2559ab0d140332eb6adc3195198d396a783ec7	Isis is one of the host of goddesses of Ancient Egypt, but she called herself "the one to whom fate obeys".
7633f8471d100494873feaa68bd06a3f090e0920	Its origins are in the exemplary life of a spouse and mother, which was led by Isis, but also in the cunning that has always been characteristic of her.
7ab6cc0337784ebf0e14858bc496127b739e7fa1	Surprisingly, the one whom the ancient Egyptians called the "mistress of life" could never be born because of one event that happened at the dawn of time, when Atum Ra was still creating the world.
63406bc815b03911571a1526fff0d5c51e9454ee	His children Shu (air) and Tefnut (water) - united and gave birth to two gods: Heba (earth) and Nut (sky).
0941cbe51f7839523ab7899bd2092bbc498eb020	And they fell in love with each other so much that heaven and earth merged together!
445373ec30bbf9ffaf0063787bcbe79606e8ec17	Neither the sun, nor the air, nor the water could move anymore!
4cc9a163b81f9e8c76d26b0bbd11b4e174ed5cc3	Ra was furious.
fe8c00577a85c2da916bb9f0f806b73b8a82dcfc	He forced his son Shu to separate the lovers, which caused several earthquakes to happen!
f33d092c79e0b54c786aff2cf5414a8781b304c5	The one that might not have been born
1306b16d754250b4282439260d99b9f3a65b59ba	But Nut was already carrying five children under her heart.
33f4e8568ead48e109730f1ce19ffdc73e112553	Among them was Isis and her brother Osiris.
6099ae56af32f9fd575ec3bf2971e6096b7c9868	The vindictive Ra decreed that none of these children could be born in any of the twelve months of the calendar.
ce1c9d2d0b10b1a6c634fdfe568cc2cec1af8891	But the inventive god Thoth won five additional days from the Moon, which he placed after twelve months.
a24412b15d53e85a66a47eac6958996f700a1b9b	Thanks to him, Nut was able to give birth to Isis on the fourth of these days (the so called "epagomenal").
8ff0df677ed16d18d8f0158aa39750467a9a6664	And all living things joyfully praised Thoth.
92a0f8fa47883ee412ef9ee8b6419496f20ef97c	Isis is talking about herself
9cf0544b3673c72f07964749b53549437ecba40f	"I am the mother of all nature, the mistress of all the elements, the first born daughter of the ages, the highest of the deities, the queen of shadows, the mistress of the heavenly forces, the one manifestation of all the gods and goddesses, whose will is obeyed by the shining peaks of the sky, the welcoming sighs of the sea and the mournful silence of the underworld."
a64ddb1ae49774d42fe812dc070e125959092394	The words of Isis, the Roman era.
a006fa2aa87feaa098fc759b4b79e05a562ea69e	Isis and the myths of Osiris
1a3b57ed4641929cfeb7d07af1de5d54fc49a6bc	"I will restore the body of Osiris, I will embalm it and spread my wings over it...
f9cc74e806f0b148580615330c7e6530a19aeed1	I will conceive from it and bring it into the world," said Isis.
a547ad06f1eb3dc2c539291c62eec87eef403cfa	The life of the goddess was overshadowed by a terrible family history.
47b6bc96f3e7e591989acba3e57b7ea7f7f5b346	The reason for this tragedy was the envy that the god Set had for his brother Osiris.
9f55f02d141dad254ec7e38bb85d3ee04debb506	Isis, the sister and wife of the latter, could not prevent Seth from killing his brother: he had been hatching his criminal plan for a very long time.
81b4850a17cb740edfb0ed8776314f53cf902cae	When the murder occurred, Seth threw his brother's coffin into the waters of the Nile.
d3ec744ced830167ffa4a55d21152a1cfc15eccc	And the search for Isis began, who made every effort to return the remains of Osiris.
719710539039e84080d749649b2506e166de43c5	In this act of love and devotion, her sister, Nephthys, helped her.
c4adea53d59d4ff9513eaf2600520ee3f8cb6db9	The "Divine mourners", that is, two goddesses, managed to find the coffin and hid it in the Hemmis swamp.
24fd1d62b0ae88fb2f51f20a6fec8aa944b0388e	However, Seth did not abandon the intention to end his brother.
fbeaf10acf428e88520000f668e50ad461e72b86	He discovered the hiding place and dismembered the body of Osiris into fourteen pieces, which he scattered all over Egypt.
bcc864594360b09dd3355a037e4cda6d92364fa6	But Isis was stubborn; she collected these pieces and gave them to the good god Anubis.
a9d6b166b923c520f41ef84d86e122b44d1800be	The embalmer God restored the body.
08ad9e5a1cb7d4b3b24ae71d59b8f0d89e282f39	Burning with conjugal love, Isis conceived from her reborn husband the most famous of the Egyptian gods - Horus.
279384f6494223b9d07e3a984779e059be0bccd7	Osiris became the ruler of the afterlife, and the loving and persistent Isis became a perfect woman in the eyes of the Egyptians.
60777c35bf980c2669c7a34b19f79f56a60b8743	The cunning sorceress
4c38aace1d37c70dd7c056f5b1173c203fb12290	The texts about Isis found by researchers say that " her heart was more rebellious than that of a myriad of people, and more intelligent than that of a myriad of gods."
344e4f7fd43b185de7e0ccb6501e33c76d12970c	Thus, with unquenchable curiosity, Isis longed to learn the secret name of Ra, the god who created the sky and light.
59ba65ce6f5e008278f7f2656393d27d9443d533	After all, if she had achieved her goal, it would have increased her power over the other gods a hundredfold!
a84a7dfe9f8bc94e5342286a27e5f1bf4e51b969	In the end, to find out the secret of the head of the Egyptian pantheon, the goddess resorted to an amazing trick.
ff64dc795cc272a28f0a187d5a4489b33019a889	Here is how the myths tell about it: "Ra became senile and began to drool... his saliva dripped on the ground.
ca65cd7016c5782da1c8abed4030f19253bf5972	ISIS took it, mixed it in the palm of your hand with the earth and molded snake out of it, leaving then on the road, which was a great God...
4340ec71cd89379583a935b24bb7a82b16b1e06e	The serpent had stung him!"
082eee5c0f18b1b91ccbf9fe921e1b7a81c024a8	RA, frightened, called to the aid of their gods children: "something I donot know my heart that stung me...
4ccbe7667748d5734770611081e2c833b5e523c1	My heart flutters, and my members full cold".
ec1a4c0fe8e46c69895a41c3f8cfc9155d5c53f0	Isis, like all the gods, obeying his will, immediately appeared to him and said: "Tell me your name, divine father, because the one whose name is pronounced in the spell will remain alive!"
2f839dfc94ca068e3180c70c34a14086421a133c	Confused, Ra pretended to yield to her and read out a long list of different names.
296bf3b2b5d496d6052470e12c5ca7c759f97e9c	But Isis did not allow herself to be fooled: "Your name is not among those that you told me!
59db484972f6da589617ac13eb3484f22730435e	Tell me your name!"
17ae3e4629295ee5cc049cba57aaf537c29cd0cd	Finally, Ra, unable to bear the pain any longer, entrusted her with a terrible secret, and Isis easily healed God from the disease that she herself had sent on him.
bed757b4ca80223f85574a12b675c4d0adc3f852	By the way, it is interesting that none of the texts known to us calls this name!
8caa11be0ad0f52dd3e44300bd3ffba608c3002c	Isis did not want to share her new - found power with anyone, and the secret name remained a secret.
02328f91c716b04a3aac2d501aeb6194ce8e6728	The Cult of Isis
19120d260719b4f2854f148337d0facbf318360e	In the Greco Roman era, Isis was the object of universal attention.
b90d82fc0e1a7bf662c55d61cbbe71e8908c6d4b	Sitting Isis, dressed in a tight fitting dress, holds a little Horus on her lap and feeds him with her breast.
f35a90ddcffcda0a73e78abcfaab469b3e11383d	From now on, Isis - or rather, her revered statue with a Fillet went every ten days on a sacred boat to Osiris for a Sacrificial libation of milk.
1ac55067d89969e423be12247d627f32fe9480f6	The beautiful stone pavilion, built under the Roman emperor Trajan for the sacred boat of Isis, has become the most famous monument of the complex on the island of Philae.
be2101d7f0ab3788307cb0f55b48c9c5e38e6499	Delta: the spread of the cult of Isis
84c9d794ae127666e42ac9388dd8f59dbd1a7e57	It is assumed that the style of the bas reliefs that decorated its walls influenced the decor of the temples of the Greco Roman world.
32d0b61fe7e75adcd7cc7d650f76ecfa1042fb6b	No wonder the goddess was called "the lady of the pyramids".
cee8b91a011be66be516194c5bfbeeb88f97de95	The inhabitants of Alexandria also worshipped her.
2cef9f5487877e78c300949768ec709716cb835b	This port city, which produced and exported objects of the cult of Isis to the Greco Roman world, contributed to the spread of faith in the "great sorceress".
11964cc7bdfab5af12c82c77bc044ca6795a5d03	From the Greek territories to the most remote provinces of the Roman Empire, Isis, who had mysteriously conceived, was revered everywhere, a nurse and a loving mother.
5a25c05fdd11ebda5f074b87a50fcc80f4307ba8	And, apparently, in the story of the Nativity of Christ, the Christian religion has learned something from this myth.
d576fa46cf42f28497f5b70887cbdfab0f3880c4	Isis, the goddess of the world cult
d3ffa2c51b1688d7ddcf1d6a69a06788ed4875bc	"I am a single entity that the whole world honors in different images, under changing names and performing different rituals: some call me Juno, others call me Bellona, others call me Hecate, and others call me Ramnusia.
658eafc5a8377e1255e772116e9f8a812ab021df	But the peoples of the two Ethiopians and the Egyptians, who are strong with their ancient knowledge, honor me with a cult that suits me and call me by my true name Queen Isis."
f5577d62fd1b9b3f5aa9b22f9476395b83a75278	(The words of Isis, the Roman era).
fed1f974deb5ba18fb70e2be7c14e9bd4a2552d1	Epithets of Isis
5ea5ac5626d87cdf775ff5b8c84e1a81e845d2ef	The mournful events that marked the life path of the goddess were reflected in her epithets: first of all, she is a "great deity", "mistress of life" of both the newborn and the deceased.
6430c750c8a27483efb3da1bb987cd78ee5d1272	Did she not bring her husband back to life?
d3204d1804a73daa8374f42cbd4012f4693baa83	Isis is the "divine nurse" of the king, because Horus, whom she holds on her knees and breast feeds, according to ancient beliefs, is embodied in every pharaoh.
69e46358fe4bf7d1d54f64f5fc4c9af5284b3950	As an exemplary spouse, she is called "the inconsolable widow", "the one who is looking for".
f3a2e94bc9bd3099b3b19d644db13363094ea6e9	In the myth where the goddess brings the deceased back to life, she is likened to the flood of the Nile, which comes every year from Nubia to revive the parched lands of beloved Egypt: she is the "mistress of Nubia".
cd089f0480cd8ceab287985a32d8ed94da9e1b59	Finally, Isis is called the "great sorceress" because of her power.
8ddcdceb0a789207c4b903c69c48fbf0cd3988d4	Isis Sothis, the star goddess
5043e8933bbaafc8f94cceb2c73decf3b85512b0	Very long ago, at the dawn of the history of Ancient Egypt, the priests of astronomers who compiled the solar calendar noticed a strange phenomenon in the sky: after disappearing for seventy days, the star Sirius, which the Egyptians called Sothis, reappeared at the horizon level,and the sun immediately rose.
ad5836757e7f843bece85a52d1f593d77881cfe3	Today, this phenomenon is called the heliacal sunrise.
f66d7ca1c93fe36e50fe9ff97c72bd91873a87dc	People noticed that the heliacal sunrise of Sirius coincided with the beginning of the annual flood on the Nile.
92d55f7c3bc1537b0721bc037c1ebf44e91aad1e	And then the star began to be considered a prophetess, a harbinger of the event that all of Egypt was waiting for.
9016c2c0943d84989961305e7bdf1175b386c56c	Water, whole streams of water, finally saturated the earth scorched by the merciless sun for several months.
58eaeb396c26de9c3fb7fc49b9d63d2c767d4c13	Being the goddess of the giver of food, Isis very quickly became identified with Sothis.
03af077e2664ea4cd81aa9896f3bf77215c3e433	"I am the one who gives a fertile flood," she says.
507664f8df3d46a55cdffb69683eba52f766926c	Parched Egypt needed a lot of water, but too strong, as well as too weak a flood, could harm it.
0cca06db24d36c8d73eaac561ddafd56363fca13	All crops and, consequently, the existence of the whole country depended on this balance.
d69c8dd090cc86350d192d85e6fa8699b6078bd2	The heliacal sunrise heralded the beginning of the new year, and Isis Sothis became its revered symbol.
0e5d6616525c709e616ed0e61eae07d5d9711385	Isis, defender of the dead
129775b8e21f15a722d0e51d3f349e12a840c435	Isis, the goddess who managed to resurrect her husband Osiris, who was cunningly killed by the envious Set, was naturally revered as the protector of all the dead.
67777b3be7733225b214ae24c3cbf8a247e18f50	And although there were no special rituals associated with her on the occasion of funerals, she was always present at these ceremonies in the form of images that ancient Egyptian masters painted or carved on the walls of sarcophagi.
3f0e57deb25341ce99e3d43c2425b9c3ff07873f	She protected people from all the dangers of the afterlife, helping them, as she once helped Osiris.
eb21c18c2299af00900694fa04a8aa53be042bd6	For example, a powerful granite box, inside which the sarcophagus of Ramesses III was placed (Paris, Louvre), is decorated with the image of two goddesses: Nephthys (at the head) and Isis (at the feet).
c1eab1e04d999f4bb20ccadd522b3fefba96a466	The wife of Osiris kneels over the hieroglyph "gold".
661cc219e81a36c7ad16374941afe7411285d4b4	She stretches out her arms with large vulture wings in a protective gesture.
cb762fd9b30cb3664bb49f8abb88797258419592	This pose resembles one of the main symbols of the goddess: the knot of Isis.
1b9e3e6c192f25634ddc0ac8e5ea90088959bfb1	This amulet is similar to the cross of ankh's life, but differs from it by two hanging ends.
9be7868e1131c2646f7b4165467aaf3c642c02c8	Isis the Healer
03336009a7489325f9a65c0abcb698f0d46cb36d	The love, although not devoid of authority, that Isis had for her son Horus, as well as the ability to magic, made this goddess the patroness of mothers and their children.
d3291a68a559debf1a8b4fb249a1905a5894fe15	With her skills, which any woman could envy, she won many admirers.
1d1777fe58e5d7b71c7b724d8604e7038ee6ad21	After all, Isis was able to save from any poison, her words were enough to "return life to the choking throat"!
f9da722d8bf655f8f30b0063ec87dc4bf573e821	And poisonous creatures were found in abundance in Egypt!
ba59e3bd9cea0be6d2d5988c39ac2f1eb9e5b0d6	In this desolate land, full of snakes and scorpions, children were constantly in danger, and Isis must have often heard the pleas of mothers asking for the life of their children to be restored.
c33b5d91242cce2f3211f3c960ff8d6dc185761c	More material on this topic
14ac3473a39254ad24dbf633c59bcb82398b541b	Late funerary texts At the reception of the ancient Egyptian vizier Fishing: the waters of the Nile and the sea The Goddess of Egypt Hathor Mines the source of wealth School and education in ancient Egypt
8c46a6e66ec201cbb2e6cbc39b22dec277c241b6	Svetlana Orlova
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2388082186c5a0bbfa20427e6e136828f33cc4ce	Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro was born on February 5, 1985 in the city of Funchal on the Portuguese island of Madeira.
fc524bcb7cce763d34b8517e4c105bf1e0c4c172	His middle name — Ronaldo-was received in honor of his father's favorite movie actor, Ronald Reagan, who was president of the United States at the time of Cristiano's birth.
9e867d36cd4c319d0382527794c509e2e1697f20	He became interested in football in early childhood.
62c28e1717d3cc9ee0623fb53114be4fe6227278	In 1993, he began playing for the children's football team "Andorinha", two years later - for "National".
257afa28f500e34d51d28e2d074f4e4f82a31207	From 1997 to 2002, he played in the youth academy teams of Sporting Lisbon, and also made his debut in big football at this club on August 15, 2001 in a friendly match against Atletico Lisbon, coming on as a substitute in the second half and scoring a goal.
d1ed37ecb176f8761f20900179709218844d4914	He became the only player in the club's history who played in all five Sporting teams in one season: under-16, under-17, under-18, reserve and main squads.
d34d5ab218fe07052d7b1a2c0d883906ac022cce	Ronaldo played only one season in the main squad of Sporting, after which he was acquired by the English club Manchester United, for which he played since August 2003.
5d957f19c7ee4a3da45634a555243f55ea0b2eaa	Since 2001, the footballer has regularly played for the Portuguese national teams of different ages.
030adf57ad2f3538849f997c605cd85b87bc3d0e	According to the results of the 2004/05 and 2005/06 seasons, he was recognized as the best young football player by the International Federation of Professional Football Associations (FIFPro).
7e08a688743d1d544ade8d52f27b480955b61cff	In 2006, following the results of November and December, he was recognized as the player of the month in the English football Premier League.
0ff5c5d2792c401fe9aad8a5e9564e95f203a2dd	Previously, only Dennis Bergkamp (in 1997) and Robbie Fowler (in 1995-1996) managed to receive such an award twice in a row in the history of the tournament.
26a6200b1e777dbbb65e0e0da607279a9ab67e3a	In the 2006/07 season, he was recognized as the best football player and the best young football player by the Professional Football Players ' Association (PFA), and also became the football player of the year by the fans.
daafa035eff03847784f3f1160f0d98d61d1ca9a	At the end of the 2007/08 season, Cristiano Ronaldo became the top scorer of the Premier League (31 goals), the champion of England, the winner of the Champions League and the winner of the title "Best Player of the Year" according to FIFA.
b8ad820d96753edc004229c3e4238974118dc5ff	In 2009, Cristiano Ronaldo moved to the Spanish football club Real Madrid (Madrid).
5cb63c30c638985c470c7d929fbee3683aca15ca	The contract amount was about 80 million pounds (93.4 million euros), which made him at that time the most expensive football player in history.
8cac72503c306dff8b5864602f2eaea62c430e49	In 2009, the Portuguese won the Ferenc Puskas prize for the best goal of the year according to FIFA, in 2010-the best scorer of the Spanish championship, in 2011-the best scorer of Real Madrid in the season.
d39b993215de323d89c3b7e34de976d664bc11a7	In 2013 and 2014, he became the top scorer of the Champions League.
11ca02eb001c54f638a15ed1ceaee40668c759c5	Cristiano Ronaldo is a three-time winner of the Golden Boot (2008, 2011, 2014), the winner of the Golden Ball according to France Football (2008) and the FIFA Golden Ball (2013, 2014).
3da28c46aa07e7f163e6e751fd0f8b1cc29cd738	He was recognized as the best football player of 2014 by the British edition of The Guardian.
a7c959199979718ee67765febf784f5d0711df5d	In December 2014, at the Globe Soccer Football festival held in Dubai, Ronaldo was awarded as the best football player of 2014.
9c01d2ec1a64f5b4e21ec0c858939857941ffe5e	In January 2015, he was recognized as the best football player in the history of Portugal (the official name of the prize is "The Best Football Player of the Century").
ea183007e00a439f4cb62b3fb57090110351dbcf	Cristiano Ronaldo in his hometown of Funchal on the island of Madeira in December 2014, a monument was unveiled, which is a bronze statue of a football player.
c3f7a848586df5908e8cd8fec741edda766a00a7	Ronaldo himself was present at the opening ceremony.
e9e86f67a9fd07e8df05fe8eadd8928569b9c26c	Success in football has accompanied him since childhood.
eee6c468bff8206d05ae2d3500d955b93886f5bd	Already in the first matches for Manchester, Cristiano Ronaldo's goals delighted all the fans, who applauded the young talent standing up.
6dac61cda11fa3236463aed0c7ae564c135a58c9	And the further professional biography of Cristiano Ronaldo says that football for this man is his whole life's work.
0a7016bb6c2f8814ed9dd5f7616393c7cb2428ca	Cristiano has an older brother, Ugu, and two sisters, Elma and Liliana.
f6cce7153a3d510f6c20ca6489d1fdc4d22d9fd7	The athlete fondly recalls his childhood, saying that parents did everything possible so that children did not need anything and grew up in love.
164effee9de17508b28bf735a9b021b142eef411	As a child, the best gift for a boy was a ball - he did not part with it.
f3dbbea57f9d6e82cf4839a539bfc98559b480e8	The teacher of the school where the future star studied remembers that Cristiano could make an absolute ball out of everything that was at hand.
c052b5efd45c8ee612f350e502dff9279fc24e7d	From the age of 8, Ronaldo was engaged in the Andorinha team, where his father worked.
cdd61bf32ad9f398b53f6057408718db9c2e52ac	Then Cristiano played in the local club "National", and a few years later in the youth academy of "Sporting".
8722292c82ff8ac629fd63bd9333d0124a86cf4c	His debut was marked in the "Sporting" in August 2001 against the team "Atletico" from Lisbon.
4e5cc3a728070a9638bfb403344e46bdeceed19d	In this match, when coming on as a substitute, Ronaldo scored a goal.
1a7312c633475acac621b105acaa61e321de7788	At the same time, he played for the Portuguese national team, taking part in the European Youth Championship of young footballers under the age of 17.
41e15c6a557e99d564783faeb9e348abff39aefa	When the guy turned 18, the Manchester United football club came to Portugal for training camps.
ac62cad53df2e55bc1c9e675d5c8e493f7f7fc99	As a result of the match with Sporting, for which Ronaldo played, the game turned into a loss for the English national team.
902132a92412d66a48748ca7c50e8f040e7fae73	Cristiano played an important role in this victory over Manchester .
42b2f01039bb2650b7fa43062f05af69d5b41da9	It is not surprising that after the game, the most important transfer in his career took place for the football player, for which the British paid 12.24 million pounds.
0c497998d724d978050712d7b1ba5d047e47e977	Since 2003, Cristiano Ronaldo started playing for Manchester United.
fd64d639be8137b200a6bf70d438e5e9d5d328ba	It is noteworthy that the guy immediately received a T-shirt with the number 7, and this, as you know, is the number of such recognized masters as Bryan Robson, Eric Canton, George Best and David Beckham.
10aba8bf2890ba873669c8e18b81e1035a35e67f	Realizing that he was awarded such a high honor, the football player could not let the team down and not justify the hopes placed on him.
76b2f6835fbe04c1c035821a9c9b20f71b6c43e5	Representatives of "Manchester United" from the very first matches were convinced of the correctness of the choice made.
2843fa5c17e914b8e07039b4dfb2c9fd37d7c03e	The season following the transfer brought Ronaldo the prize of the best young footballer of the year.
4723d88da279fac39260240deede0d946543287c	The 2006/07 seasons made the club champions of the Premier League.
3c9c9feed0ee297b88ca295549962cbd9581561a	The highest-paid football player of Manchester United, since 2008, Ronaldo has become the captain of the team.
a4863506dd6f9f71b06e63d878511bce3cd1cc15	The first game with the captain's armband at a meeting with the Bolton players made him a club record holder – the second goal scored was the 33rd in the season.
156a9f924e930ced413b48e2e4231e14cdc46a72	Before that, only George Best managed to score 32 goals against the opponent in the 1967/68 season.
22bf34722b1f616c34be969d3b0259fc7aa59468	Receiving winning results and many awards, the football player remained the best player of the club.
fd564907bc4e73c1e19a42fecd51c017f344f673	This was followed by the transfer of the player to the Spanish "Real", which cost the club 80 million pounds.
5842420758c9fe7739753525a9bd2778e9fbe8ce	Thus, the transfer from an English club to a Spanish one made Ronaldo the highest-paid football player in the world.
1035bfb03418d7df2130259e4ad8f304d363b0ba	After moving to a new club, Cristiano spoke very warmly about Ferguson, noting that he was grateful to the Manchester coach for helping him develop himself as a professional football player.
82336fd39719263339572e58bb57b7482355ffad	In 2009, Cristiano began playing for Real Madrid, scoring the first goal for this team from the penalty spot in a match against Ecuadorian LDU.
cdf3d6fc3b8e9fdc61ff9a5a72d0e8f16456e1c5	This was followed by a series of successful matches, the player set new records for the club.
08f223840f1deb560c8f7bfc0d440767c6b1c946	Experts note that Ronaldo's game is very diverse.
d9e6b8006b3b42822c8108057eb21d1f9635abd4	He performs equally well as an extreme attacking midfielder and a central striker.
2332e4a245f567d3b7ffd7762dcf91c506a11573	In addition, a football player's kick on the ball does not depend on which foot he does it with.
38a1e930f91955a4fc743f3f4ba5e4a7d362748e	All these qualities helped Cristiano become the top scorer in the 2012-13 season.
4b5fa5cc20a589205157d570c2962bdb4df5eb42	In the same season, the player scored 200 goals in 197 games.
f27dd0eaf5b9a910e3dfdaa12ec33d921f4bcb13	Scored on September 30, 2015, the 500th and 501st goals in Ronaldo's career again allowed him to become the club's top scorer.
8cc85991355cc7c8b1dc70057f54fa55f4eabe03	The Portuguese, with his 324 goals in 308 games, surpassed Raul, who scored 323 goals in 741 games.
7c045a4a1115b0847dfaaa47efd9d9ef77c99280	Ronaldo is really a bright personality and a football star.
fe1a5c2af1c8848c2322e8b65a7f75a504ae3784	Fans are looking forward to new matches with Cristiano Ronaldo, hoping for interesting and spectacular games, numerous goals and victories.
b94788235e39cecf6bca570956f5b9b4bafba4ba	2016 brought Cristiano Ronaldo new victories.
5b0c75bd7c85b5214612eef03f981f48e29f5a20	As a member of the Portuguese national team, the footballer became the European champion.
f7a68cf380318dcdb0cb94b5fc883c46c57ef33a	It is noteworthy that this game was the first in the last 10 years when Cristiano was replaced on the field.
77be4a39343cec0b6343e88ac9d740d0e9e6cf85	The fact is that he was injured and left the game on a stretcher.
77ac1bfcfc84151ce8d9562df56b7cefa3fcd8d7	Among other things, this year brought the player the fourth "Golden Ball".
474b4401b0627ba3de73bdd010db7f3577164f63	In November 2016, Cristiano signed another, eighth contract with Real Madrid.
003b94bd297376605e6de49ff2c0c0dedf5d1c5b	This will ensure that the player enters the field as part of this national team for the next 5 years.
d4630cc7622a828b70b03efe8fc774577c255e27	The player in one of their interviews notes that he is happy to wear the jersey of the best football club and would like to play for Real Madrid until the end of his sporting career, namely until the age of 41.
1b9d5f8e0dead7aa98515cc9a51181af188a02bd	Perhaps it will happen, because in 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo confirmed his star status, once again becoming the best football player in Europe.
3346f1ab909198851bc0e75006baa617a83e6101	A cheerful family lived in a small old shack with a tin roof, on a hill overlooking the road.
179449c063defbc914b5ca77f6f43e0dd5e7a8f4	The house was so tiny that the washing machine was kept on the roof, and, oddly enough, for Santa Antonio This was a sign of wealth.
37f26b966a1fc0a1b4dbaeea5c9c24a5989ff129	"My childhood was difficult, but I never had a shortage of something," Cristiano recalls his biography of that time.
172c357cb2b1df36751904583cbe506d9a970234	- My parents worked a lot and generally did everything. so that we, the children, do not need anything."
8ec2bdd9606754fc08a087c393c15e7d75593eef	No one will be surprised now that the first gift of a father to his son was a football, which is still kept in the family as a relic.
0783b17e7d2f34cb978d3862ab8bcf9d21d787af	At the age of two, the toddler Cristiano was already kicking a ball on a sunny patio, and by the age of six it turned into a passion: "When I was 5, 6, 7 years old, I always asked my mother to give me a soccer ball.
c5c2e94e345e73d72502f0ab13090619d0ab72e5	No bike, no computer, no Game Boy - I didn't need any of this," says Ronaldo.
d0dfb5a5265d6b3298c50de4b1c6efaf542a0d85	His godfather, Fernau Souza, confirms: "As a child, he only wanted to play football.
c587f0be3899d62bdaf8d59a6e7f628c7fbaca91	Cristiano was so passionate about the game that he often forgot about lunches, dinners and remained hungry.
6d0c1ef717bb1c9b7ddd629d3f91c6251041213d	Instead of learning lessons, he was chasing a ball - he simply climbed out of the bedroom window and ran away."
af3511fbacdb8915fe38c852da4ca395d404feb9	Indeed, the boy studied extremely poorly, and the only moment during the school day when he really tried was the lunch break, because he and his friends arranged football matches instead of eating.
f806d4ba9731bb93eb5d909cec49426b65ddfef9	Maria dos Santos , the first school teacher, vividly remembers the distinctive characteristics in the biography of student number 587: "From that day. as Cristiano entered the classroom door, he loved only football.
c65fb4a3e0a329da9a47eb07f461a413ec7b36f0	No, he took part in other events, learned songs and somehow did his homework, but all he really needed was free time for himself and his football.
ac3cde6db00847999deea031d6f45cd11d878aaf	If there was no real ball at hand - and this happened often - he made it out of a sock. He always found a way to play. I do not know how he managed it."
d657769895ef7b0d92d7c18399ceca97dd7fb6fe	Now it is already difficult to break through the myths that the residents of Santo António have wrapped around the growing up of their national hero, and to get to the truth - did the boy get caught for such idleness?
900f5d19836a1d97e1333498a11db9fc32eeb56a	Now it seems natural to everyone that their countryman has always played ball.
e2e1eb18d47879056f395d407b0b513ae59fae43	The new students from Ronaldo's school all dream of becoming football players and "wear T-shirts with his name and number," Maria adds.
8473423833ecf8a685f83d8cbc77ea555f3c4108	And all the inhabitants of Madeira are waiting for him, like Santa Claus, when he will look at his homeland.
a9e9783a3112b37114d0b35c119a4783da38d559	Meanwhile, when his son was eight years old, Papa Jose took him by the hand to the children's football team "Andorinha", where he worked as an administrator.
46cf8ba419a0ed411f22f7c8d794ebc94254dca6	Team president Rune Santos recalls: "The first time I saw him, he was already unusual, more developed than other players.
5c1600c42101bd701d7a02992c27a209c4732dba	And still, no one could have thought that he would achieve so much and so quickly."
5d96643682f6cda1d64db2e03a834550b91ce003	In the team, Cristiano was nicknamed Abelinha, which means "Bee" in Portuguese.
631907230d2492059a0d5b4266f57a6a71e7e30f	"Because I was small, I ran around the field a lot, zigzagging and taking small steps.
629951fea9787cfc80cf9a452e6036c872dcc3d7	It's funny, but I still run like this, " the football player says.
4cfe014a3ac336c21fe9719809075fea626c9329	Another nickname was Kluivert in honor of Ronaldo's favorite Dutch football player Patrick Kluivert, who scored his first goal at the age of 18, and then several more memorable and unique ones for Milan and Juventus.
2987f1bcd41a522257ab113bcbe6f944c0a455a6	"Patrick charmed me with his game for Ajax in the Champions League final with AC Milan.
c2ca0e840bab6a65a7731337552327b61e80b54e	I watched him the whole match and admired him - he is so young, and he plays on equal terms with strong and adult players, " recalls Cristiano.
86fe9a647480581ce58db531a6ec1d038eca44cb	In 1995, he signed a contract with the local club "National".
2c72c3ba8eef71adb4889a909305d68eb67859de	After a winning campaign at the Nacional, he went to a three-day viewing at Sporting, following which he signed a contract with this Lisbon club.
68a23675db0a3f1ce3b2171095419e20b88b3205	In 1997, he joined the Sporting Youth Academy.
3d129f2864c382a9ed594f86490218c58869d41a	He became the only football player in the history of the club who played for all the squads of Sporting - under - 16, under-17, under-18, reserve and main teams-and all during one season.
ae2fe5e22fcac906a3a5b0d397c3b5433e309243	Gerard Houllier, the then head coach of Liverpool, was one of the first to notice him at the age of 16, but the Merseysiders did not dare to sign a contract with the Portuguese, considering that he was still too young and needed time to develop his skills.
6de15b5436c1d0b09c84a2abb58117e105085123	However, in the summer of 2003, he was noticed by the head coach of Manchester United, Sir Alex Ferguson, when Sporting defeated United 3-1 at the opening match of the Jose Alvalade Stadium in Lisbon.
8420ccc3f76c0c1644cbae517bbddead5c6521e1	Cristiano Ronaldo to Manchester United: Became the first Portuguese player in the history of Manchester United, signing a contract with the club after the end of the 2002/03 season.
38055271e15861fce5c79f2d4d32ca1ca6729054	I asked for the number "28" (my number at Sporting), as I did not want the additional pressure associated with the number "7", which previously belonged to such legendary United players as George Best, Bryan Robson, Eric Cantona and David Beckham.
e9a721494898dcd5eda7f09d7497fd705c26748f	"After I joined the club, the coach asked me what number I wanted to play under.
e10a377483b1a01da9b7738cb1aa0882b72c1595	I said it was number 28. But Ferguson said, " No, you'll get number 7."
1f85d5d68603f48edaf288d9ec3fc0de171b0fb3	This famous T-shirt has become an additional source of motivation for me.
62ca022919ed95d2bcd2abf3357da63076b9d574	I was forced to meet expectations after such an honor in my address, " he explained.
5c901f0305287b730cc64ddd0ac09265ff82946f	He made his debut for United in a home match against Bolton Wanderers at Old Trafford on 16 August 2003, coming on as a substitute.
0688ce25ed05770379b491bb44d657b2bf9df2ae	The match ended with a 4-0 victory for the hosts.
7fd1848a178d3c00b2fa06ce3fbeeb8918b12328	The Portuguese scored his first goal for the Red Devils on November 1, 2003 in a match against Portsmouth, which ended with a score of 3: 0.
9c06a5a1cd17ded8d7adeec2a5d6856e77063943	On May 5, 2007, he scored his fiftieth goal for United in a derby with Manchester City, after which the club won the title of Premier League champions of the 2006/07 season.
a8c4f7656bc226a6b8fddfee2a8b853f9faebd1c	Despite the rumors that appeared in March 2007 that Real Madrid was ready to pay 80 million euros (54 million pounds) for him, on April 13, the Portuguese signed a 5-year contract with the club, which also provided for an increase in salary to 120,000 pounds per week, which made him the highest-paid football player in the history of Manchester United.
78e0d925c0dc37b80e12fce09723027a99b14f31	On May 21, 2008, in the 2007/08 Champions League final in Moscow against Chelsea, he scored the first goal in the 26th minute, but Chelsea managed to win back in the 45th minute.
655fd576fda6e9d9017255e1b767b3946b271ac7	The main and additional time did not reveal the winner.
7b0c4398101fe9fa96cc38ad0fceeb76ccf5ce1d	In the penalty shootout, he failed to score against Petr Cech and Chelsea was already ready to celebrate the victory, but John Terry could not convert his penalty, and as a result, United won with a score of 6:5.
32616ace83002f5d7cadf2957b2a9a115bd65a1e	Ronaldo was selected as the player of the match by UEFA, finishing the season with 42 goals in all competitions - he was only four goals short of repeating the record of the legendary United striker Denis Law, who scored 46 goals in the 1963-64 season.
5d37ef89a2237fbd7538702a9ac4acf58d8611e5	On June 11, 2009, Real Madrid bought Cristiano Ronaldo for 80 million pounds from Manchester United.
0ba57b89e9c6f6d2121dfcc72b9e0fe0ebce5acc	The transfer amount broke Zinedine Zidane's record.
8977f7c3a8db568c4ef3bc6930aff4abe5212f53	Before leaving, Cristian expressed great gratitude to Ferguson, calling him the father of his sporting achievements.
e651b6b748434724ced352b723638dc9dde4769f	Season 2009/10, 2010/11-hat rick against Levante, Zaragoza and Rayo Vallecano, LDU penalty, goal against Deportivo, two against Real Sociedad and by 2011 fifty goals scored with Real Madrid.
d98f65fd45930a89839349efafb4e1286d321ecd	40 record goals of the Spanish Champion in one season.
effe3ec9d2d0b6d046482cfc7b6817c475b348eb	It was with Real Madrid that Ronaldo scored his 300th career goal in a match against Granada on May 5, 2012.
46f866cbd7f69ce2c56d120d221ef0a3bdf2fa50	In the current season, Ronaldo played 46 matches for Real Madrid, scored 53 goals, this is a new world championship in the largest European leagues - 40 goals against opponents in two consecutive championships.
df5892cfa5fe3d3743f141f2b3b86816009f4b68	Since 2001, Cristiano Ronaldo has been a member of the Portuguese youth national team and takes part in the European Championship of youth teams under 17.
d1fcecbc4b90c02295d4a763dd586e72d2b18b6c	He made his debut in the main national team at Euro 4, which was not the most successful for the Portuguese as a whole, but Ronaldo himself played masterfully.
2c46133d92e4d343d9097f5e8477cd9c8927b9d8	After that, in the qualifying round for Euro 2006, he scored 7 goals, the brightest two against Russia.
3638c9d2903df68fce74a27ea7cb5a76b7bf7309	The 2006 World Cup was also productive for Ronaldo – a penalty against the national team of Iran and England, but only fourth place in the team standings.
0cba3c92b11728fc9a279e1046f971e0d2a3eac1	Euro 2008 was promising for the Portuguese, because in the 2008 season for United, Cristiano showed a fantastic game.
dcb9c114cf5bd5a644d9e3bdc56c91755ebe503f	In the qualifying round, 8 goals belonged to Ronaldo.
0c5d146091f91c2ddbff9612f2cdca7ad04b8112	The game with the German national team in the quarterfinals and the defeat with the score 2: 3, stopped the further fate of the national team.
e5e28c0249080d88c1230ff1a18134cff80f5598	The 2010 World Cup, the match with the DPRK national team and the first goal attack of Cristiano Ronaldo in a year and a half.
5353ab4ccba3e609a5b8133ebed3b65222b40ddf	The tournament ended for the Portuguese with a game in the 1/8 finals with Spain with a score of 1: 0.
0b08e218565628b79be37a1b7378dd0424676d2d	Ronaldo became the first Real Madrid player to score in six consecutive matches against Barcelona at the Camp Nou.
88da5322f7fab69e12407ddb83424ab39e48cc18	In the 2011 Spanish Cup final, Cristiano Ronaldo scored the only and winning goal against Barcelona, which brought Real Madrid victory in the tournament.
68cd7d4177a553244c8b5e47162feb4a2e6515b9	In the return match for the Spanish Super Cup 2012, held at the Santiago Bernabeu, Cristiano scored the winning goal against Barcelona, which allowed Real Madrid to win with a score of 2: 1, and on the sum of two meetings to become the owner of the trophy.
9414a8720cb31e1cae6a0516869756f40e96e2a8	In addition, Ronaldo repeated the record of Ivan Samorano in this match, becoming the second player in the history of the confrontation between Real Madrid and Barcelona, who managed to score in five "El Classico" in a row.
b9f303326f69c991ef9cc2b337427e6e27542f0c	And already in the next El Clasico, Cristiano Ronaldo scored two goals against the Catalan team and went down in history as a football player who scored against Barcelona in six consecutive matches, previously no one had managed it.
f301e40c7a3d6d1d733aab06621140244238092a	Cristiano Ronaldo is considered by many experts to be the most versatile and perfect football player in the world.
51da4307410e07659898bf67f2782072c5cc80eb	The Portuguese can do almost everything on the field: he has an equally accurate and strong shot with both legs, Ronaldo scores a lot with his head.
fb2dc47a703582a13b6b0dd10643198f3eeebe31	Cristiano has a unique free kick: after the kick, the ball flies along an intricate trajectory with great speed, first up, and before the goal it falls sharply down and hits the opponents ' goal.
c5578d4f626629775ac43c57d47c891ed474dfd1	Ronaldo has an excellent dribbling technique, which allows him to often beat several opponents.
5d5b4cfffc3314eefa55df06f43c5785251ab64a	For all that, Cristiano is very fast and hardy.
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b4630aa4a09cb4ea5f11cab3086399f1844f0743	Cristiano Ronaldo biography, photos, personal life
84eba4002cdb6e61a6cbc7ff2d33f7b34f12fefd	Name: Cristiano Ronaldo
7868c4ce43e9b7832fba38ada30250c942e434ef	Date of birth: February 5, 1985
d8fd8262e8be2922319cf28605692abe3d33ae52	Age: 31 years
5b3515a0fd04c1bdc6bca7bc66db7f4221fdc827	Place of birth: Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
09bb6ea9c244809d0bcde98570ce433d6c260cbf	Height: 186 cm
4e5698ceb5b59152276df8a0ee3b69ee6662cfef	Weight: 73 kg
470742b206260bd2a6184940fc1888e4c5c24afe	Activity: Football player
cb6f0e583c7a9bb6dc20b58c8f4f0ca5b9175777	Marital status: not married
e9505985253df5b218186565bd1aa2fd11b7cb2d	Biography of Cristiano Ronaldo
5403299883bd9a15e86d564099ff2d96e5d17cce	The life story, biography of Cristiano Ronaldo is a classic story about a poor rootless boy from the outskirts of civilization, who by the will of heaven became the master of the world.
24e1256be1b6170857a1af8ca35bcfcea06ce052	Ronnie - as his parents called him as a child was born on February 5, 1985 in the working class neighborhoods of Santo António. what is on the Portuguese island of Madeira.
6ce83eecf9d4ed4508ad206950cc84d4fdfb1b5f	His father Jose Dinisha Aveiro was a simple gardener, his mother Maria Dolores dos Cainyni Aveiro was a cook.
92cc6cfe9421b94c7028f445e534b92735fbc53c	The baby was strongly loved from the cradle and was taken care of by the whole friendly family. after all, he was the youngest: his brother Ugu and his sisters Elma and Lilian Katia were weather girls, ten years older than him.
1bc91a9d35b2bb46129066de50723ffcd9437dc9	For his parents, he was a special, late gift, and he received his long name - Cristiano Ronaldo dos Cainyni Aveiro in honor of his father's favorite actor Ronald Reagan, who, before becoming president, managed to appear in 52 films.
ad76c20eec47c5ca59dc5c78482e0b1972438412	Cristiano Ronaldo - childhood years of life
7b2bb705707a553456fd32ad22a0b18cb2982312	No bike, no computer, no Game Boy - I didnot need any of this," says Ronaldo.
8a5b06e1d40123a7975794f056543d2b51bedc47	If there was no real ball at hand - and this happened often - he made it out of a sock.
ce5af52faa8fbd58026fbfc7746ad56af4a920e6	He always found a way to play.
a4459aea14a6bad70c670c84d25790579a6d54ba	I do not know how he managed it."
d53d3d71a4051d2cdffa579cb693130354b8d299	The new students from Ronaldo's school all dream of becoming football players and "wear T shirts with his name and number," Maria adds.
778af316b783cfeb5b7787a29a5d628bbbe932f4	In general, the young athlete's guidelines were correct, and in his first football team, Ronaldo already behaved as befits a future champion.
26cd0d3ff646fe6c2487ccee35ba72a1f7dd5990	Once "Andorinha" competed in the youth championship of Madeira with "Camacha" for the title of the best team of the island.
a0fa3c93f31946bfd78c7894c62f1643ae5925c9	After the first half, Andorinha lost 2-0. and during the break, Cristiano sobbed out loud.
74617ef97968e4314872b79a1dacb4d12a7012f9	And in the second half, he sucked in snot and inspired the whole team, scoring one goal and passing the second.
7c77e416ef1dd75616e93bd97702706e9b950df1	As a result, the team won 3-2.
aba1c819da0319815886efba5fa2570ce9821b30	"Even when he was crying, he didnot look like a loser," says the team president.
d54ce4e81e91192825546db0823aa4a4b79e0bb3	- He has the will to win.
6583177b7fd251ec9df15d95c8582f0eed8e0772	And a strong spirit.
c00419b80b9aa8ffb9ad700a47192c89231eb720	And he always cried when he lost, there is nothing unusual in this."
e25c99419ede1b6487cd9cc4c588179baaac96e8	Cristiano Ronaldo football career
0a7bee677d83c4c6455ebce524e5c80fcba6d0ef	Ronaldo was 10 years old when he became the object of the first transfer in his sports career: he was bought by one of the leading teams of the island - National.
e09b10626daf1cc3c5c1ecf9c5fcc0829aef82de	The future football star Ronaldo then cost them almost for free - for a two year set of football uniforms and boots for Andorinha.
1bbdaca50cc9e0206d06e1e4e43dbcfa2a85f23e	Cristiano spent one season in a black and white striped uniform and with the rank of captain.
72c50b76b9d79447ded75c6267cff7cf67c06978	His dad said: "I watched each of his matches, and these are the most cherished memories.
6a99885abcb411360aa4d6fbf92101a397de5418	Every time he played away from home, I was given a seat on the bus or plane.
4e0fecc97c9525f4620a3654467d54ac5682c19d	Now, when he leaves to play, we mostly talk on the phone, his career does not allow us to spend a lot of time together."
fe21d41f95213b6452bd33162d8ed3e2fc071451	Even then, it was obvious that the young athlete was developing at an unheard of speed: a year later, at the Nacional, he got a three day viewing at one of the best clubs in Portugal - Sporting.
8f826e7f3222dcc086d33f178a1474e6687aeab6	And they immediately bought a nimble baby.
f6f63a933e017f71647ebb7a636072c49b0b915e	This meant that Ronaldo, at the age of 11, was waiting for a move to the capital.
864c6bab329734749750ecef3a71ec72c6ada37a	And in complete solitude.
6c26328e38cdb26fb96639ffdd1f702fe77f8086	"I was very frail and with crooked teeth, I appeared before the coaches at the Sporting Academy," says Cristiano.
4a15070203e81df3eb05d0dddd18af05d4df47d0	- They said: "You're a good player, but so fat..."
0d5de388be9166d5b4085573b89f839e64332338	A nightmare.
7a04983cf72bb33a903ef8c94448835eecd9c9ba	This is not true.
2022818958e564222090a6303cfaf56fa38c89ff	In the children's league, I was one of the smallest in the team.
589cdc3a383983407757a25584bc8ea1ae661d82	Once, encouraged by my mother, I convinced myself that if I ate two plates of soup and all other dishes in double size, it would accelerate my growth.
e727d2eac2d0a071ac7dcfe039aef6ace695286e	And it worked.
ff55ff1deab181e40d88b84c86e0126c0f9b23d3	I donot know what was in my soup, but in two years I have stretched out very decently.
4399d9d45919ea4bc9e11ec519e5718db31ea741	When I started playing in the first team of Sporting, I was still skinny, but I was 178 cm tall."
3c4801d5b9465bed69af7472117392be7f549b43	In general, the new life of the young football player categorically did not get better.
1f5166b7c0ee0fdd9730fb468b34ae5e1ec5c6ec	Firstly, no one in the capital understood him, because on the island of Madeira there is a very peculiar pronunciation.
ced808d0e746f9c1f52efcd686164bf6f9024d65	Secondly, he was terribly teased for it.
05d93890dc0a6e71b67ef9381de45d9bdd7fb9a9	"The Portuguese language is very rich in accents and shades, you can immediately distinguish a person from Porto from an inhabitant of Lisbon, a visitor from the south from a northerner, a resident of the coast from people from the central regions.
7aaf07524cb4d3b5667f5c0d332e12e0ad8796fc	But Madeira is something special, " the athlete recalls.
43c5eef4fbcd5c116683809a995636293d1f5973	- My first day at school was truly terrible.
ebae0d99fe1888015ede082691c7c8a32db0368f	I mostly spent time with a guy from Monte Gordo. who also had an accent.
c85f4e7778282dd32b5b0c876ed5debf79cc87bf	I didnot understand much of what he was saying, and he probably didnot understand me either.
db22aac10ceb9285a268dabc45ba5c42909c6bb3	That's how we stuck together.
541e406a69277f83f8a32a4211092bcd721eef16	I remember once I happened to go to school alone.
8491e284310f154099ca1cf6369aa71d410f3448	I was a little late, and the teacher had already started the roll call.
2a4be40f55f57989987a9d72f505ab02c850019a	She called my name, and when I answered, the children behind me started laughing loudly, mimicking my accent.
8d02c3e1a7cd71693051facbc8f281b62606df11	Of course, this reaction confused me very much."
1e572888d88de4dc838dee7552b1e0d198067feb	Soon, "a cheerful, obedient and good friend," according to a teacher from a junior school, turned into a serious and angry boy.
f80016e84bad89932ba65886b453b60123214c87	He was very angry and even threw chairs at the offenders.
1ae64ff063f38753f7f55fd78d0db04782e53075	"It was very strange that absolutely no one understands me," says Ronaldo.
4162c61061a8ff223a69d093a119cf2a5c83fe3e	- Several times I had the feeling that I was speaking some other language.
a9d0f79c4552a51b26ab4bce854ac217147f9243	As soon as I opened my mouth, people immediately started laughing and mimicking me.
c1d3201251e1d175d01092e72a7fc4f813c1dd15	I felt like a perfect clown.
a592f756ebfce48cd1b94235fdb0cace44ae86d5	And he roared with shame.
cdcd890e061f49d007eaef812b8f8a4b78f0f87e	I called my mother and said that I wanted to go home."
7a44b5c260794f8a9c50f238ed099fd7eb9ed0cc	It wasnot so much the phone calls that Cristiano was allowed to make two or three times a week that helped out. and the fact that he was not the only one who was grieving and sobbing.
64202ebcb795db1e5123081d06d80b7a5d746784	However, fights with scoffers occurred almost daily.
bc305dabbd35b2e961c680a8d15b0e6968cb3ecd	In addition, Ronaldo did not want to accept the rules of the team.
71019c393481d84330a3a99d63a1d53cc4240eb5	One day, he reacted to the usual duty for students to wash dishes after themselves with a yell: "I came here to play football, not to turn into a maid."
96aebe608dccae138998f7c67e33945d65c08211	As a punishment, he was ordered to take out the garbage for a whole week, but Cristiano rebelled and as a result was not allowed to attend the international children's tournament.
d61b844f3589b5b97271543cf1eb97657b44afa9	This brought him to his senses a little.
8cfe8755254cf93966958d54a36ccd8308a1483b	In addition, soon the authorities of Sporting recognized that Cristiano really needed support and sent for his mother to live nearby.
e9b8e59726265aabd5f743ed3c6e5270d5a0ae00	As a result, Ronaldo humbled himself: "I cried every day, but I liked being there.
74dc9bde5e03ea4298efd5eaaedb9631630dadea	I have learned a lot, especially how to live under pressure."
f82bdc9424cb0f7cebc50940bfa6dd5508799697	And not only this.
409a9d8402a06b3bc9be9cbdf4404a58ddf3ceab	After all, in fact, Cristiano got into the football factory.
a8611c0c601d460a0230104900962153c05ee59d	The Sporting club has its own football academy in Alcochete, one of the largest in Europe.
6fe0c18be63195406dd9abc6489fcf9249d14acc	This is the best place for young talents, where coaches, educators, psychologists and doctors work with each pupil, who monitor all aspects of his life, controlling and directing growth.
b851aa78432ad3f4b8472caae093ad1272c5bc71	The head of the Sporting club, Marques de Freitas, explains: "In fact, Cristiano is a product of the laboratory, the result of scientific work.
533fedcb7e5c904816f91420d9c063976201d692	For example, doctors conducted a study of the bone density of Ronaldo to find out how much he will grow.
1b28ecd1eff636eed1d449947e39cbe90995f5b5	Because it is important for tall players to limit the time of playing football, when the backbone is formed.
53f5d046987cc159f46c8ff0a3a23a80aa32a2f5	The analysis showed that it will grow to 187 cm."
31b12a6af4ed459f64a028b11981b9189cbaa5e7	By the way, now the height of Cristiano is 186.5 cm.
34facf79d217a94640062fe826d7fc5c49459a03	In general, for six years, professionals from Alcoholics drove Ronaldo and built his body before releasing him on the field.
3eee19ba15e8ec9e1ae75927a5d87840039d389b	When 17 year old Ronaldo was finally allowed to play, he rushed into battle and managed to pass all four stages of the football academy in one season: he played for teams under 16, under 17, under 18, then for the reserve team and finally got into the main one.
b3ba529c123138a36d8f5542c7597ee27d551c96	There were no more such students in the history of the Sporting Club.
ef48d9e952ba25a4b840310f3d54d0d9cf431d55	He started working in the adult national team as a ball boy: "They paid me 5 euros per game, but I would do it for free.
b9143be1ba998beb0876245e8a8e3b493c449eb6	Money didnot mean anything - it was important to be closer to the field," says Ronaldo.
2d3e9d5acffd15ab1052b2a4f4152c5ab38b305a	That year, he became a player of the main squad.
a79c21588af6810c82e67db094b032e58b4f4f25	In the first game of the club, Ronaldo quickly scored two goals, and Sporting won 3-0.
e86578cf87575e29b0c84204a52af8241155d089	"At the age of 18, he was already an adult, a real personality, a unique person: football for him is life, passion and pleasure," concludes Marques de Freitas.
9cc5047d8204109bb7f6218ffce8b5e852a3ab0a	We must pay tribute to Cristiano: he really matured early and at the same time did not allow success to turn his head.
6a580aaeadf3ab61ba65bd2b01d55f2e46c3cea8	He spent his first serious money not for entertainment, but helped his brother Ugh, who had been trying to recover from drug addiction for many years.
518ee8da64cdee12a355e834d03189a0a17f4e08	Since then, Uh huh, an artist and decorator by profession, has finally overcome the bad habit.
f823d0c0e7cf67e7d9f5f52fd40ec2b0ceeaf77b	Eighteen years have become the happiest time in the biography of Ronaldo.
d3204ec8d0d8505a3b5ed0e378ca2dd6829b54f6	It was that year that the English club Manchester United came to Portugal for training camps and held a friendly match with Sporting.
9b4bcecb36a2a75ae3a8826ed39adf74016d36c7	To their amazement, the Red Devils lost 3-1, and they were especially annoyed by the young Ronaldo, of course.
81cfd606f7e0df43fb909f1b9da3f8af37c22bda	And if on the way to Lisbon, the captain of Manchester United, Roy Keane, mumbled gloomily about "damn foreign suckers", then on the way back he was the first to convince the coach to take Ronaldo "hot".
0050473bb85bb44579297523f71d26b11815af54	Which Alex Ferguson immediately did, paying 12.24 million pounds for the 18 year old Portuguese.
06c078d26dd5fde9108216d5008ab087f1ac5aa0	And thus he turned into Cristiano's "father" and mentor for the next six years.
e69d281c278dafa1d9401755cc89a6e36df3b556	A week later, Cristiano was already flying to England, where he was waiting for the same problems with the language: "When I moved to Manchester, I did not speak English at all.
d057afe5ac41daeb9df6473b3ec1430a17f8e88b	But it turned out to be not so scary, because I already had a rich Lisbon experience in finding a common language with my teammates."
b88146c3b118edb2aab8371f70163cd5e6f6405b	"When there were rumors that he was going to Manchester, we couldnot believe it," says Ronaldo's sister Liliana Katia.
a44ea844c388287b8687a0bbc61a44a23007db0d	- But everything happened very quickly.
bceff82c9010257f5cd791580a725863aa20d76a	He was on the front pages of newspapers, on television.
37bc1750b480a65297ef7cf3b3787d7dc7083ad0	It was crazy.
b911a00a0027c9b4cde60679161128205d8e5952	At the same time, Cristiano himself was calm, as if he was used to being in the center of attention."
bd298f6d586ab06d7af750e59b1075239d4d082d	At Manchester United, Ronaldo first asked for the number 28, under which he played at Sporting.
79245d758fb4fcb1e5892b0178596baf2a89e518	But instead he received a "seven" - a number that belonged to the legends of the English club - George West.
74110e74cd279479990251e17aaf029423d84eaa	Bryan Robson, Eric Cantona and David Beckham.
2cb74e6af931ea85ca2c27edd1dc1635f553573e	"This famous T shirt with the number 7 became an additional source of motivation for me," the athlete recalls.
bd88626a6c04c399b59dc189d85ae010e524f6e7	"I was forced to meet expectations after the honor given to me."
c776d0ffb33035ef16488a99f247b493e183cba0	And immediately acquitted.
832d5f2d5ddc1ff5a5840eaa1bd1a49d0387463b	His debut was very bright.
0d3beeda2d44f26d075e760378e40096a99c4745	He came on the field in the second hour of a tense game, when Manchester was losing to Bolton with a score of 1: 0.
db509db2447629eb98dab5de37352b17e26b0d6e	He sent two goals into the opponent's goal and scored a penalty.
cf9587848774f1910e748da1374d7905d80b181d	The audience gave him a standing ovation.
71bdde3305274c555bca6ab60b3ff6dc81cac7d8	The next day, all the newspapers were already calling him one of the best players in the history of Manchester.
9181ed4ab83dec5d0b5c7aa55272cbc17f848f35	The potential of the young player was obvious to the specialists.
ad9a63a7be2b9382a25461d1d862646e8b5de9e4	"He can achieve everything he wants as a football player," said his compatriot and a graduate of the same football academy, Luis Figo.
6da4b107fce14bf5469e21c2e48481e0999689f9	In the meantime, Ronaldo suddenly became the most expensive teenage footballer in Britain: Manchester United paid a truly huge fee to the young talent - 12 million pounds for two seasons of playing at the club.
fc25f3a5f34755923020b4d73e2031106e1abc27	Ronaldo spent money primarily on his family.
06ac5e906ec8c27fa1bddd98cd4c7e1d331b5c5b	Boldly hired one of the best architects in the world - Eduardo Souto de Moura, who was awarded the Pritzker Prize, and commissioned a project for a house in Madeira, in which later, his parents settled down.
20625d7598b38a69164024ad348cf34786b20b60	In Manchester, Cristiano bought another house, where he settled cousins Nuno and Jose, who help Ronaldo with administrative issues.
04f4cb57813489efa36f57222326c1d6fcfd5ff3	He arranged his sister Liliana Katia in a cabaret, where she sings under the stage name Ronalda, and Elma got her chain of boutiques with the trade name CR7 after her brother's initials and his number in the club.
2cbb92a0eea15b85c218cd25eeb1f5d80ce8f320	The following years, Ronaldo was successful.
ed3166cb5f7b1361da5c98205a061c16d75c3858	He played for the Portuguese national team at Euro 2004, and although the Portuguese lost to the Greeks, Cristiano himself received the title of the best young player of the European Championship.
58332eef27a135677a6980e2fd9d63701dae2425	Which, by the way, did not prevent him from sobbing with burning tears and refusing the silver medal that they tried to give him.
fc9cf874980a1851561c1471475a161a6532c0f3	His father explained: "He was angry. because I missed something that I shouldnot have missed.
15144e080e6204067b729bcf15ed6a2e2bad8085	It was a shock and the end of a dream.
9ca5096692718ffd2e36c8ab468d22d8dc857820	But at the same time, it is also a useful experience.
2f6556918bf259276047a40e27dd64fd89cb71b9	In the end, he will continue to play for the national team, because he is still one of the best players."
3e25f8b92f3d0f7a59240b7d91252d8718f35de6	A year later, Papa Jose died of cirrhosis of the liver.
5e376040be9c95f82bdfc77dc280c5ba81141e61	How Cristiano survived his death is unknown, he never talked about it.
c4d3fd62d31c7194fe9c9fac4b6fe28af7f77d3e	But his pedantically sober lifestyle became an eternal monument to his father.
c85a6b3a0855b2dcb1f5add06883752535c701e0	"Cristiano saw what alcohol did to his father," says a family friend, " and that's why he doesnot even drink beer.
42a44d07820b8876a3712d6a77d0f04afbaadea7	He may have the talent of Diego Maradona or George Best, but he is not going to repeat their mistakes."
3482167a49a121ce7991862a6c6546a7bf4a658e	Meanwhile, everything was not so smooth on the field for Ronaldo himself.
3d4539505836228787a0539a8dc7a8949b387119	He always performed with the best results, but the harsh British guys booed him more than once for the way he played.
09ab6c90477c0e68ef6db74a8143bc363945524c	The Portuguese was accused of simulation, of provoking penalties, of "diving" (that is, intentional falls), of inappropriate "dancing" during the game and excessive narcissism.
b1a73c7e3fa87b412fcd35c37c5c6acf23bbf077	They called him a" clown "and"a woman on the field".
e92c12150d5e9e3b499f8283e338249208465b92	This had its own truth: Ronaldo really mocks the opponent during the match, constantly uses dribbling (deceptive maneuvers) feints, grimaces and even indecent gestures, for which he has repeatedly earned disqualification.
da3b3b4456aa25e5b0e63d139c82a65fae2e26fe	And although his style of play annoys many, it works flawlessly.
5df5117967a51c14ed2efbc1cb869ea96c6d7b3e	"For me, whistling is already the norm.
681249703181884487dd92a14e9bd34530876dfb	If this does not happen, I start to wonder: "Why arenot they booing me?"
074a1a44d0c0c371b5408bac3685dd4b2ae7f550	Maybe they think that if they express their disapproval, I will lose concentration?
a7b9f9227ea523808616f6e0096d374bf47ca99c	But I even like it.
91f303d0367ea6bf201f17324d27ca4399f5733f	" - Ronaldo grins.
f118a1a0561f07649fbe1212350dfe09cdfd31d8	Nothing prevented him from remaining the best.
fc464fab3a775252a3085f3090e6078cb5600ec6	"He plays in a very diverse way, and that's great," says Ferguson.
1879fce0fb811123930d3de5aec1dd47c1bf5422	- Grasps everything on the fly.
a44f67351133877441065ff57453082eb473d8ad	He scored 16 goals in 40 matches for the Portuguese national team.
a173b43d16b68cf47e1ea43f8d98ff065e47e506	And this is at the age of 21!
5a1132a056c3ed36786f3398b693b842186735ee	This is an amazing statistic, Ronaldo has no equal in speed, in attack and in defense."
4e189c316de64efc91a7620aea8fa697f833b340	In proportion to the praise, his fees also grew, reaching 120 thousand pounds a week, and Cristiano Ronaldo became the highest paid football player in the team.
1dd56760cf4852c9913a07055d3a25f28f381e0c	A year later, he signed a new contract with Manchester United with a salary of 144 thousand pounds a week, which became a record for an English club.
3bb64dfd5ad862e4ff4f8e767e4a647b6e895476	Fabulous wealth did not prevent him from earning money on the side.
dcb0f362ef6acf31ee944f89b62daa94a67e39e8	Ronaldo has signed a record breaking $ 10 million contract in the history of sports with the Portuguese publishing house Ideias e Rumos for the publication of his autobiography.
76810f53f01394508c17365c858d02be580e9d64	And he was regularly photographed for magazines - it's not for nothing that he worked so carefully on his body, visited the gym, pressed his abs 3,000 times daily, shaved his chest and legs, wore tons of gel on his hair and did a pedicure.
c55f3eaa6d082d58888018a91557360aa256aa3f	However.
f96f77d2ef3afad7fea1241b60c34c5546fe5a6f	Ronaldo always clarified: "I'm a football player, not a model.
93371009c36664fc2823a779bc2d19431d54470a	You just need to use the favorable moment.
6432298692c13607f6d2feee85285bf57bc97e9d	And it's not true that I'm obsessed with exercise machines.
305f9857a7e04b5df4db22ddbba586cb819edf8e	When I was younger, yes.
7d2b03f99bdd132485b8d95a5fb0af43c8d2e9bb	But not now.
c150ec87a1d24abda931eaac86683844b694a2da	With our schedule of games, I donot have much time to go to the gym.
658d0cdde694499adc2d6f6038dbc528bb9587c1	In addition, regular physical activity is important both for playing football and for self esteem.
6e28edc5abb8b186c8e77e730d45ec6e9c7dcfee	I want to be happy with myself."
8768953ab3177ee998b27d642d6f5b3c6b3b697a	It goes without saying that Ronaldo spent his "relief wealth" to attract girls, who, however, were already hanging around him.
47a040742a4430ddba5a62b840127b0c7351ca0d	However, the boys did not lag behind: the Gay Times newspaper proclaimed the Portuguese "the most beautiful man on Earth and the ideal partner".
d3249a38fb37a97c1c1be928417fc6b07dcb92da	On the part of the athlete, a refutation of such a dubious characteristic and a demonstration of some promiscuity in relations with women immediately followed.
43061ef977284dc5c1db307178714f175894ed50	Ronaldo got involved in one high - profile affair after another and the partners were either starry, or completely unknown young ladies.
f74165f6a9f45a08bc44cd45d0b8cfc7a04efcaa	However, all the passions were one more beautiful than the other.
3cb53d084112e5734b2964b528f3c6086abfa94a	For example, the British actress Gemma Atkinson, with whom Cristiano met for six months, had not only luxurious forms, but also useful skills in the household.
6b436a1fd6d789225f6e469e082a7254964df2ec	"I studied to be a stripper for Hollyoaks (British television soap opera.), and I'm doing great," Atkinson once introduced herself.
b92fc58876b26052f8c9a76bf11e0aedd08f696a	"I've hidden a couple of vicious moves for Cristiano."
46afee711180011e4c8cb976cc29a0ad22fdea8d	However, their relationship ended after a scandalous party that Ronaldo threw with colleagues Nani and Anderson, celebrating another victory of his club.
3e17698571b150537673623cadc9d1b193ba18b9	To do this, they discharged five girls of easy virtue from a well known agency of intimate services and arranged a drunken orgy at Ronaldo's villa.
10b06f5a75f40a3c3ae2d29383d84a717d8ff390	The next day, the young ladies sold photos and videos from mobile phones to the newspapers.
002ea1ef699995b03f982f7f95b09b2b38900c6b	As a result, the agency fired the girls, and the beautiful Gemma Ronaldo.
9a80024f09179e735bf95406a6be4d2f9fd93e9b	He was not at a loss and, so that fans around the world would not consider what happened to be his usual way of life, cheerfully reported to the newspapers: "I donot drink alcohol, I donot smoke and I'm not a spender at all.
e658d06333b2958da7631a38d999ec3213167606	And in general, I live in a rural part of the Cheshire county, and my closest neighbors are squirrels, birds and cows.
0bc74fe0c20f3515a753a6a9965b3b1a0207998b	I spend a lot of time at home, with my friends and family, and I enjoy a peaceful life.
3366a9fc95b5da0d28b211d68c8d0f7e5253e843	To relax, I often sit by candlelight, because peace is very important to me."
1dd97159a92e5ef75902898b19295f06c70564f7	Despite the scandals and gossip, Ronaldo spent the next few years exclusively collecting awards and titles.
3263b5d809f02eec229553ab7879e9b1ede34573	It began with the title of " footballer of the year "and" best young footballer of 2006", and by 2008 it was supplemented with the" Golden Ball"," Golden Boot", the title of the best football player in the world, the best striker in Europe and the best scorer of the Champions League.
5df213846c3c5835516c78fda57e4ad743166bb9	All the trophies that a football player can get in the UK were on the shelves of Cristiano.
28f03746c8007934b0ed5babc7ee2283f3bab426	There are about 13 individual awards for the season in total.
fe50427b3fca1cb69d21ef59281db90ff1863775	Ronaldo did not offend his native club either: he helped Manchester City get the English Super Cup, the Premier League title and the title of champions of England, setting an incredible record for the midfielder of 42 goals per season.
67b26ff8fabdf350d81b4d3fc2623a93184aa353	The loving Portuguese celebrated his victories according to a good tradition by calling two girls to the house, which was noted by the ubiquitous paparazzi.
990db82d5fee330d48fcc1ef89602a49a33330f6	Cristiano Ronaldo personal life
f8857810d588b461476c863ccf2177048529b51b	However, his love for women did not prevent Ronaldo's relationship with another passion - he met Nereida Gallardo for eight months after he met her in one of the nightclubs.
eac7de1ffa2debb1f33c1f1c12f214a0602ebd08	All in piercings and tattoos. a Catholic and a biker in one person, the girl worked in one of the state shelters, receiving a living wage.
7003270ea3843534a063d67aef286596219db9f5	Cristiano even introduced his flighty girlfriend to his mother, and Nereida introduced him to her parents, after which she announced the wedding on Facebook.
01c156259110298e97c768d449a46d3ca6bb1ad3	This was the unexpected end of their relationship.
51653b8c9e7a2c50515a6e9d66a3171bb9c2d33c	Cristiano went to Amsterdam to operate on his leg injured at Euro 2008, and Nereida was never able to visit him, allegedly falling and also injuring her leg.
3a00c4ade0ed28f0ebdd2a5ee5871f89d571761e	Which, however, did not prevent her from going to Ibipa with a friend.
970f7fa119d60c3d97bf39c12e96ccb18fb28e9f	Since then, the girl willingly shoots naked with a football uniform at the ready and gives interviews about her star romance.
50b626cb8ccfa3386b93a5cb83ee42e60619ce86	"Besides football, Ronaldo has three other hobbies in his life: Sony PlayStation, nightclubs and girls, girls, girls!" she says.
1922619d0406ff53ba471dc5e3689e68afa5edaf	Indeed, Ronnie considers the penthouse in Los Angeles to be his favorite home, where he regularly arranges his famous "holidays" with girls.
007b152a11a2efe384ee0e3319fc43175d26b570	In addition to unnamed girlfriends, the press counted Cristiano's more than 150 mistresses, and 108 of them are English.
fe5eb3e25781ecae180c9917f6ae008455a51eb7	The list is diverse: models, actresses, singers, TV presenters, the younger sister of a former colleague from "Sporting", a primary school teacher who had sex only in complete darkness.
1a6b0bfb8edfb149fad7705a76c07e2fef541890	The football player's novels with blonde actress Anna Faris from the comedy "A Very Scary Movie", TV journalist Merche Romero and Italian model Legacia Filippi attracted special attention.
9b7fef0ab7cd32ca10f354fada735408375bef3c	There is also an unbalanced 21 year old beauty Raffaella Fico, who not only starred in the Italian version of the reality show "Big Brother", but also became famous for selling her virginity at auction for a million euros.
6d6f4a0919df70240576ef6ad66b3946238adaee	However, she ignored the found buyer.
09ba6d7dea9924aa0573a217259b742935832f4b	The list is really endless and quite far from reality.
638f5303b288409f6ac3e07fd577b4edd9c6eecc	The funny thing is that in all the photos taken by the paparazzi, Cristiano is doing the same thing with the girls: resting on the beach or on a yacht, so it's not so easy to distinguish between beauties in bikinis.
e85b94ea0eba4b3db334bfd0815584d7aca7ea22	Meanwhile, Ronaldo did not forget to prepare for a great transfer to Real Madrid.
bb11f2f670d00b74e51dee4274e2b22cf86c0934	Rumors about the poaching of the best football player on the planet have been exaggerated for several years, Manchester even filed a complaint with the International Football Federation (FIFA) because their player is being pressured.
11d57c63809ba1bb286ecb7c639d12fdb6803c9a	But all to no avail.
df0a742da572d2e8e3a0175e5ccc5beaea089de9	After the defeat of the English club in Euro 2008, Ronaldo became bolder to say that he was going to Real Madrid.
26df90f065ba74c201e12333a72f068f5df7cf47	And after the defeat of Manchester and in the Champions League final in 2009, the British accepted the offer of Real Madrid to sell Ronaldo for 93.4 million euros.
30d6e34d5034d5f396cd25ddc8a12b4572655d34	Thus, the midfielder became the most expensive player in the history of world football, breaking the record of Zinedine Zidane, who moved from Juventus Turin to Real Madrid for 76 million euros.
4814005a7aa2f8a043bbed760b20113b16b3cd45	In addition, the Portuguese himself became the most expensive futb the biggest player in the world in the history of football: he receives 13 million euros a year almost twice as much as the team captain Raul Gonzalez.
85121a3adb5a7e49eb5880dbccbc2bc67effea40	And Real Madrid also insured its "treasure" for a record amount of 100 million euros for football.
96973f42082a9ac6b75827e410491d6a1ba12f5c	So Ronaldo outgrew Manchester ,and ran, feeling the dissonance of personal success and collective failures: "After we won the Champions League, I understood: there is nothing else I havenot won with Manchester United.
82aac119f7485d49ee9b0c0930d81c5adad7c033	However, I stayed with the team for the next season, I enjoyed this time, but at the same time I understood that my dream is to play for Real Madrid.
7a39306414e6e007639f48b995baaf961e19e473	Of course, I didnot switch because of the money.
6763757afc96549969cf5f0906dfae1c5a0f4ee1	It's just that my desire is to be the best player in the world.
58df9e31e3c1b538fd98e7679f0121652fab1a4c	I think you understand yourself: if you are the best player of Real Madrid, then you are one of the best players in the history of football."
787f35ceb74cbff4aa4d918ea02b8b4d8954b4fb	Now Cristiano Ronaldo is really in the Premier League of life.
94b1001811a50cf3e6f5606718f3ec2844e11508	And first of all, this was reflected in his passions.
37dd03dcacac2f35e3798e7d7583a372612b5a64	To celebrate, the football player threw a party at the Hollywood club My House, where he met Paris Hilton.
5a1b1f8a5425604b800f14caaba1fc4f8b1490ff	As a result, they sat side by side in the same chair all night.
fe1d037a4ca49d05878806b66187c97c815c6fbc	Witnesses told me: "It looked like pornography.
bbcb741f1dbaf41ba12c089e9d66168010fbb2ba	Paris's black miniskirt rose higher and higher.
6d75ee4b2eb424ac72ca1a004009c3e18e4bb22b	At a certain point, people at the next table started throwing silver confetti at them.
777cfa2c42aea115ea08caab2d31ab21c7881df7	One of them stuck to Paris ' thigh, which she coquettishly wiped on Ronaldo's knee."
871f0528b6453ed01c150afab8b48087b997a54a	However, the novel turned out to be fleeting, even by Cristiano's standards: just one weekend.
eb998cabd6c993c0076f2505bd64c16b614f16a6	After that, Ronaldo, with the words "it seems to me that Paris needs a mature, intelligent man who can take care of her with love," left for Europe.
48e1e6ec689c32f61f89a3239f32af82debb94cd	Where he took comfort on the shoulder of the sexiest woman in Asia and the Bollywood star Bipasha Basu.
d573ee6a5772dfafa16e899a93a4772d8bac3484	And some time later, he was seen kissing in a Miami restaurant with the star of the American show "Dancing with the Stars" and socialite Kim Kardashian.
fed3172256e49f795957681a104127a217f2f6c6	It becomes boring to list Ronaldo's successes at some point, but the amazing thing is that there are no exaggerations, the Portuguese has really never made a mistake either in sports, money, or love.
dae9a7afaeeffc8f59989f32edd0d2f641a39792	And moving from cold England to hot Spain only added to his fire.
93b53df6db12743f8655bc06dc5c239804168c94	He sold his house in Cheshire with a profit for 6 million pounds - to a colleague, football player Kolo Toure from Manchester City.
5066692210f90044d8a9ab592b79234c153e88f6	And I rented and then bought a new house with seven bedrooms and two swimming pools near Madrid.
2ed3f8a97b50805e6dd245adec110d3a20ecf0c4	The football player's irrepressible passion for buying and selling real estate even got its name in the press - "Ronopolia" by analogy with the game"Monopoly".
535f20cd4e630e7de0a0dd32abe1f5dc4781e96a	Now Ronaldo has four luxury houses, an apartment and a hotel worth 9 million euros in Portugal, houses in England, and now in Spain, not counting his sister's shops.
42c3b953de1b701329165a69700e355cbd51f76f	In addition to the CR7 brand, Ronaldo has now opened CR9. according to his new number at Real Madrid.
05560563349bb22b11a2ca3f11a7bbe9e287a395	Well, for small things: 238,820 euros went out of the pocket of a football player to the Real Madrid club for renting a VIP box at the Santiago Bernabeu stadium in Madrid, from where his relatives and friends can watch the matches.
b54855e3def54f7399b4b460bc26f3db3519a93f	Ronaldo continues to appear in ads for Jeans and Calvin Klein, Nike and Armani.
9b470d5b334049937bce4d9cb381e30e6079f345	He does not disdain TV ads for engine oil, shampoo and a Portuguese bank and enjoys his photo shoots for Vanity Fair magazine.
0c367204452a461c9468f38563faa2e11750c768	And this does not affect his direct duties in any way: at Real Madrid, he has already set a record, scoring 50 goals in 51 league matches.
6238e5c6722671e8f4615b94506617dc430e4666	Now he has about fifty personal achievements and titles, most of which begin with "the best football player/scorer/player".
d0c4114ff0f029ec4c286fa4e4d20597170aa5f0	And for the fullness of happiness, the German magazine Spiegel conducted a study and found out that Ronaldo is the fastest football player in the world: he is able to reach a speed of 33.7 km/h, despite, for example, that the world record holder in the hundred meter race Usain Bol sp
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0af4a395c205505e00bf2a5e2d13881219977eef	The main thing is the fight on Strastny Boulevard The lawsuit against Sberbank and Gref in the United States The war in Syria The US withdrawal from the TPP The situation in the Donbass Oil prices The dynamics of currency exchange rates The decision of the Constitutional Court in the Yukos case The blocking of the RT account on Facebook
bad7b2848fd84fc24881f75c87b06aa1c446a4e4	Biography of Cristiano Ronaldo 10:5505.02.2015 (updated: 13: 40 05.02.2015) 0166950
399c4d8defcc0373e58d10ff210fe4d7450c95dc	© AP Photo/ Paul White
dad24ca52d8cc7f799a1510b6c4cb395476f6ead	February 5, 2015 marks the 30th anniversary of the Portuguese football player Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro.
7c855e842f79f66a98dacd3ef75d52042cda6617	His middle name — Ronaldo was received in honor of his father's favorite movie actor, Ronald Reagan, who was president of the United States at the time of Cristiano's birth.
2656cc6b5eaf0e7e732064efd375588911cb388f	© AP Photo/ Manu Fernandez
ea30c82633c80644297b0e6611fb60cd60be68dd	The best footballer of the century Cristiano Ronaldo
6fb553a2ea4b8888120166e2ff2b72b08479b5b5	He became the only player in the club's history who played in all five Sporting teams in one season: under 16, under 17, under 18, reserve and main squads.
3414d9064e4be743d3090037c6a02b0557e619db	In 2009, the Portuguese won the Ferenc Puskas prize for the best goal of the year according to FIFA, in 2010 the best scorer of the Spanish championship, in 2011 the best scorer of Real Madrid in the season.
2d8f733bc67f23817ff662aaa60e64a559ea0841	Cristiano Ronaldo is a three time winner of the Golden Boot (2008, 2011, 2014), the winner of the Golden Ball according to France Football (2008) and the FIFA Golden Ball (2013, 2014).
985cd3c2ccb51ff64ae7ed798650e366662e0fd1	The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources
e1822db470e60d090affd0956d743cb0e7cdf113	50
a3b8a664ef111b7ea2a3dfb4b52cde4fdcccfd6b	Biography of Cristiano Ronaldo 10:55 05/02/2015 February 5, 2015 marks the 30th anniversary of the Portuguese football player Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro.
0cfa9ab51593495c3a05b777bc75e484429c5b27	References #Cristiano Ronaldo #Portugal
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fefb0286624adae8ada987e57f344ddc4001c173	Cristiano Ronaldo
d89c91324d86e8589f350035b06d5caeedcfa8f7	Height: 185
4627b4c791a680165b7982bd55513c6be4bc2c83	Activity: Portuguese football player, player of the Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portuguese national team
664add438097fbd4307f814de8e62a10f8905588	Wikipedia
5721bbef40b22bbdb2e6a062b096d9b48735c2ff	Instagram
b3650254f7c5cb649f0e566f80c3b22d9ed3359f	Cristiano Ronaldo: biography
464b580f6fa89734fd55654136b4652a974915a0	The list of personal achievements of a football player and established records is huge.
52d4cc3658a4f629c678bd27ba154ab9b4b12095	Probably, there is not a single person in the world who would not recognize the indisputable talent of this player.
cb5f94a19bbea628c62523b114163b1952dd380b	The best football player of our time | VESTI.EN Cristiano Ronaldo was born on February 5, 1985.
70fa21d9fa4e8410fabf5cbfb4c14be6e3fabfe1	The famous Portuguese football player, named after Ronald Reagan, is the fourth child in the family.
b708ae9ef25d384cc28b888cc06542f28bc024e4	Photo of a football player as a child | 300 experts The sports data of a football player and his success in the game interested many coaches.
0379f9edd450405c53e1702db65cdbdd79979f3a	Sports career When the guy turned 18, the Manchester United football club came to Portugal for training camps.
5410d102e27e1e9574139bc39f7c25d86e1b41d2	At the age of 18, he signed a contract with Manchester United | Personalities Since 2003, Cristiano Ronaldo started playing for Manchester United.
d90150a523d054104915dc1e6babb33d67c63fea	It is noteworthy that the guy immediately received a T shirt with the number 7, and this, as you know, is the number of such recognized masters as Bryan Robson, Eric Canton, George Best and David Beckham.
b6cc65fbc1d0122838fbd5b35cacb7b1c6940516	The highest paid football player of Manchester United, since 2008, Ronaldo has become the captain of the team.
6d67926fca4800f942904760365aec0a536687eb	Winner of the "Golden Boot" | Sports.ru As a member of the Manchester United team, Ronaldo received his first "Golden Boot" and "Golden Ball".
95e26819398c707e5d364e2febd330d77c518e01	Real Madrid Club This was followed by the transfer of the player to the Spanish "Real", which cost the club 80 million pounds.
3a5c9c479b9bae8f10d108bb84fde38a9ddd2f43	Thus, the transfer from an English club to a Spanish one made Ronaldo the highest paid football player in the world.
57004f7e0954833e1169d1cf66d3896e6d2b0b16	With Manchester United coach Ferguson | Fansided In 2009, Cristiano began playing for Real Madrid, scoring the first goal for this team from the penalty spot in a match against Ecuadorian LDU.
ff8fd96a63ebf43e2f58f01d04d2a9896f199eb3	Fans are looking forward to new matches with Cristiano Ronaldo, hoping for interesting and spectacular games, numerous goals and victories. 2016 brought Cristiano Ronaldo new victories.
d0ee1784db4c7a8b7ab429e9156a8e447c592d65	The leader of world football | Tribuna Madridista In November 2016, Cristiano signed another, eighth contract with Real Madrid.
1814091fda403384c7af94323d27fed0112e2ade	At the game | The Ball sports In 2016, the football player signed an indefinite contract with NIKE.
f8d7b282fd6f5f45a91c9708602b101b88daf9df	Some media outlets suggest that the annual payments under this contract will be no less than the salary of a player at Real Madrid.
849d952af3aff76a9d46b51a71c1c502bb0877c6	Cristiano Ronaldo's personal life has always been full of rumors and gossip.
8b1287f74e95786612e10e313db99b91129a5dc4	The media call the famous football player a real ladies ' man, who regularly changes women.
28cba857e3de99409a3dbcd77b5e001cf8a54ab0	Among all the representatives of the weaker sex, we can single out Jordana Zhardel - the younger sister of the football player Mario Zhardel.
64d9301c4994d2aa8a0e35f697a6c71df6c6695f	With Jordan Jardel | Fishki.net Nereida Gallardo is also among the close fans of Ronaldo.
5d47c79c81aa3e724ad8c97627f43c13b9ba527c	She was honored to meet the mother of a football player and in turn introduced him to his parents.
e7f02d93f03eb178759f5a3d6614d0b2025a4854	However, the Italian model Letizia Filippi was the reason that led to the separation between Cristiano and Gallardo.
5d3550a06cc5b5af53f2e5c23ade99192cf4128d	Paris Hilton, a well – known model and actress, producer, heiress of Conrad Hilton, owner of the Hilton hotel chain, is listed with Paris Hilton | Spletnik In the list of Ronaldo's ex girls.
d37f947665698c61ed4218baeab71558de40db86	In recent years, the press has been actively discussing Ronaldo's relationship with the Russian model Irina Shayk.
0c70f9a5c952bf99b1115eecc9e8bcf9c9aabcdd	The lovers were repeatedly recognized as the most beautiful couple, their photos decorated the covers of hundreds of publications.
661ddf3b0f38626bef2ec10d37c0fe9a508b56e8	Fans of the couple were waiting for the logical conclusion of the story - the wedding, and Irina was soon credited with the status of Cristiano Ronaldo's wife.
c77bc663632ca9b87c8760bc1703d8603739711f	However, in 2015, Shake and Ronaldo officially announced their separation.
eeb693cba375f04c89dba04db1027ad064c7f411	In an interview, Irina admitted that the reason for the breakup of relations was a deception on the part of a football player.
148adb026f47d369c35f407b93a11dd6e4abfd71	With Ronaldo Jr.
8b302b1a27a005d6fa0098b149dfeb027c6ca4b7	| Spletnik In early July 2010, Ronaldo announced the birth of his son.
0087f9ce17cb0e033689a2833870d7b4b5c23790	The name of the mother of his child remains under the strictest secrecy.
574339d89cd04b542e194cb8dfc2dabd2a316238	On his Twitter page, the athlete shared his joy with fans and fans.
f0ca0e2b2f80297384dae30eeb1df0adbb7035b7	It is known that the son of Cristiano Ronaldo is being raised by the footballer's mother, Maria Dolores.
b7955ddda3523bfa874b8ba2be3e57bd86e6dbe9	Father and son spend a lot of time together, and the athlete always shares with others the joy of fatherhood.
ec4e8a8a4f4b593bee6fbf23328205f7a9292432	Cristiano Ronaldo and Badr Hari | Elle In 2015, the tabloids blew up the news that Cristiano Ronaldo is gay.
e2ebb989cc9c72d1bcfd6183d2b31d3266f2b760	The reason was the published photos of a football player with a kickboxer Badr Hari.
129c4ae25a831f00a8055722f1d0e1a7ce777cac	The fact that the Real Madrid player visited Hari in Morocco several times, some media considered sufficient for such conclusions.
42e90c337c9ad8493baca70b686ee7cebedfb469	The phrase "I'm gay, but I have a lot of money" thrown by the player in a fit of anger only added fuel to the fire.
19d1635c849d3ad7433fdcf079dc2e11032ebd3e	With Georgina Rodriguez | Spletnik, however, many are sure that this is just another hype on the eve of el classico, before the match of Real Madrid and Barcelona, related to Lionel Messi.
a5087f835f5728984d1e0d76fe319475804bbdcd	Whatever it was, but at the end of November 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo appeared in the company of Georgina Rodriguez, who is 10 years younger than him.
3b2662d9e92409d8bd69f80bc8f898e1534f9dda	According to rumors, he even managed to introduce a new passion to his family.
1327f4b9eaa142abd47bc396bf864b39b0ef8901	16 photos: Cristiano Ronaldo →
5410863ec008722f3d5d1402b5fc9ac116925b39	Cristiano Ronaldo: the latest news
769238b76bc7e8eed2f1d38d68dc024bc3aca830	Cristiano Ronaldo first came out with a girl after a gay scandal
c3f9182a0a03441908a20668bd37107853cfc63a	January 11, 2017
ab4fbf02b07fdc2114465856a65e2989f72b144d	The star of the Real Madrid football club Cristiano Ronaldo showed his girlfriend for the first time after a loud gay scandal. sp...
4038367b3254e7a6b216490c56a407ba5984121c	Media: Cristiano Ronaldo will receive the "Golden Ball" of 2016
87810fa4746d87021a62f697ecb10e8db9751fa8	December 6, 2016
b78b834df987f631de1687547ccf369fd03bba55	Real Madrid striker Cristiano Ronaldo won his fourth "Golden Ball" in his career.
6659849de588dcd1052de7601d52afff791e4a74	Ronaldo donated €3 million to the families of the deceased Chapecoense players
15a4eaf0ab35212b9ddba8564fc4195fecf678a1	November 30, 2016
4034bf478427ee4b4a9347829e2053cd300eb3a5	The famous football player sent a significant sum of money to the families of the deceased colleagues.
4ece25a76cce21db57989e67541c2bd148cb6f64	Portuguese Cristiano Ronaldo ...
05e1ea1f82adfba0a2f9432f7b5f12c5011be6b9	The media "caught" Cristiano Ronaldo at Disneyland with a new girlfriend
e2d4e302db2e419d4b3da3cc9edf2aa618c7cb7e	November 23, 2016
28aa8069570fac38361937100b5b69fc04070f63	Real Madrid star Cristiano Ronaldo came to Paris on a date with a girl, disguised with a wig and a prosthesis...
fa16a444113265e0965c611c0b6f39cf2404f1e4	Cristiano Ronaldo admitted that he is " gay with a lot of money"
97e2e23c7bb72d808874fc4043db1ab9dada702b	November 21, 2016
46f475970fee0238733f491e2441367da873348c	A famous football player admitted that he is gay.
4287b28335e87a71fa8aea3086c5031c189a6797	Cristiano Ronaldo's fans are shocked by his statement.
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6e9bb37a0a8fdf0cf7264a726d3df32a60f3c8b9	Not to be confused with Ronaldo.
461f4ef66ca66f35c7b2ac56642e74a9388bcf2f	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the name Ronaldo (name).
c02d817b34038fa72d50dbff1eab9e55a895d517	General Information Full name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Nicknames Ronnie[1], CriRo, CR, CR7
036ebe8194740f37c163f34243c8189a78806f4c	The car, Krish[2] Born on February 5, 1985(1985-02-05) [3]
8773790b9a374e7c0d0ab3bf77cc62c854be4ca2	(31 years old)
cd7bbbe90a7cf2b545cffdd694826b55c5391f1b	Funchal, Madeira, Portugal Citizenship of Portugal[4][5][6] Height 185 [7] cm Weight 80 [7] kg Position extreme midfielder
0d190441941058e82bce95dd3bf1bcc79f664111	striker Club Information Club Real Madrid Number 7 Career Youth Clubs 1993-1995 Andorinha 1995-1997 National 1997-2002 Sporting (Lisbon) Club career * 2002-2003 Sporting (Lisbon) 25 (3) 2002 → Sporting B 2 (0) 2003-2009 Manchester United 196 (84) 2009 Real Madrid 250 (272) National team** 2001 Portugal (under 15) 9 (7) [8]
7ba72e779c3a522a8c3aad100f1ce9d21ea94441	2001-2002 Portugal (under 17) 7 (5) [8]
d163e57134c0c164f5cd90e6a452490e1d9415f2	2002-2003 Portugal (U 21) 10 (3) 2003 Portugal (U 20) 5 (1) 2003 Portugal 136 (68) 2004 Portugal (Olimp.) 3 (2) International Medals European Championships Silver Portugal 2004 Bronze Poland/Ukraine 2012 Gold France 2016 State Awards
b266af415cc6cd54b77bfafc98118089bb91ca0a	* The number of games and goals for a professional club is considered only for various leagues of national championships, corrected as of January 21, 2017.
2f6cd410c078901ab305df4b4fa0cd57de69424e	** The number of games and goals for the national team in official matches, adjusted as of
d7f900719aa8f41475d68bdf923e7c148714ebc1	as of November 13, 2016.
9a9e54d57287d4b8a8e66b8fa2077de301f4977b	Cristiano Ronaldo on Wikimedia Commons
c7fc22d8979a151d4c6d0db8eb83d6d99a15ca10	Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro[9]
822bda391578025ae557a25c4e4a2d564596e830	(port.
37d7a013ccf27543bc57b34c898ae4b1ee594b24	Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro (born February 5, 1985 in Funchal) is a Portuguese football player who plays for the Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portuguese national team, with which he became the 2016 European champion.
78feb148c1a644a412795b8af7ee7cd765ac5eed	He was the most expensive football player in the history of football until 2013 — 80 million pounds were paid for his transfer from English Manchester United to Real Madrid.
8b6cf97d3107e7c0f0deecae79be9081a7e79673	The best scorer in the history of the Portuguese national team, as well as the record holder for the number of matches played for it.
0c17e7d6bff49ec69bef00f4e450c4e1e51c0ffb	He is considered one of the best football players of our time[10][11][12][13].
9e588ae90b634e95b2ce0bf154939e2bb53c4619	Officially recognized by the PFF as the best player in the history of Portuguese football[14].
b591d5b81aa6b006a0ccf9aa54ae1c7a6c86a6a6	Ronaldo was named the best young player of the 2004 European Championship.
dcff0b656c02672670de1255b606906ca291b71c	Champion of the English Premier League in the seasons 2006/07 (best player and best young player of the season), 2007/08 (best player of the season) and 2008/09.
ac6c116583d3ca158f97249774c68ecf6a17ad05	In the 2006/07 season, he reached the semi finals of the Champions League with Manchester United, and the following season he won in the final against Chelsea in London.
bf9b00f81d903cf70277c14a10818cc716bc9275	Winner of the "Golden Boot" in 2008, 2011, 2014 and 2015.
60312e20382f30da1d436c79c7983edb02bca600	In 2008, he was recognized as the best football player of the year in European club football by UEFA and the best player of the Champions League, received the Golden Ball as the best football player in Europe and the FIFA Player of the Year award as the best football player in the world.
0bc609c45cdfad2b58f4e9671854903fc50c082b	In January 2015, he became the owner of his third "Golden Ball", as the best football player in the world in 2014.
a17e5cc27f4bc398084eb7c26eb840cf92624b04	1 Biography 2 Club career 2.1 Start of career 2.2 Sporting 2.3 Manchester United 2.4 Real Madrid 2.5 Matches against Barcelona 2.6 Style of Play
a16b9fe4fe43c67485e61129a365ffdda1dbb414	3 Career in the national team 3.1 Cristiano Ronaldo's matches for the Portuguese national team 3.2 Cristiano Ronaldo's matches for the Portuguese Olympic team
b9b0fcb695e97f8c903ae65662357e6938a703d4	4 Opinions of football players and football specialists 5 Achievements 5.1 Team achievements 5.2 Personal achievements 5.3 Records
01d861427bccd22f71da4af882e21c188bfc98a3	6 Performance statistics 6.1 Career Overview 6.2 Club career 6.3 Appearances for national teams
78110caeac51fdf1f2f9a979c864969408a25507	7 Awards 8 Charity 9 Personal Life 10 Notes 11 References
5f84772e688d90bbde2b38b90497cf82ff56578a	Cristiano was born in the family of Maria Dolores dos Santos Aveiro and Jose Dinisha Aveiro (1954-2005).
eaf9fb1ebbfdb126c180b91fb84de3a4ba5d1d6a	Cristiano was the fourth child in the family after his older brother Ugu (born in 1975) and two sisters, Elma (born in 1974) and Liliana Katya (Spanish)Russian.
6634700868fe304f6f58240e9db07ad70b74fd86	(born in 1976).
1acf91a329a22c8e43eeead8595bb2105f4ba87d	Liliana Katya is a singer who performs in Portugal under the stage name "Ronalda".
a59fd45b56627d99644fbe046e40e240babec191	The second name given to Cristiano at birth, Ronaldo, is quite rare for Portugal.
424aaa1962a58779a1890649354420972ee5637e	The parents named the boy after Ronald Reagan, since Cristiano's father was a fan of the then American president[15].
82fcfb33fdc88191f288df78e1ca15d3676ca294	Club career
469e04b7e707157da9eb122456761c20c8aed870	Early career
21c6397b1f2664ba0bbfc8156338207d2aa1c148	As a child, Ronaldo's favorite team was Benfica.
fe8371ba6415c11dc052985c217dc1bcbd361539	At the age of eight, he played for the amateur team "Andorinha", in which his father worked.
a1b296f08f32a9ac3f901566ff0ec3b6d8b2503e	In 1995, Cristiano signed a contract with the local club "Nacional".
c7b346f53db9583f757dd036dea2ac4372959a2b	After a winning campaign at the Nacional, Ronaldo went to a three day viewing at Sporting, following which he signed a contract with this Lisbon club[16].
c6aa6b79beff98b2364c25d7fffe3e5aa5f71960	Sporting
df4c30157a190ab1e59f34a7de363f92cd878783	In 1997, Ronaldo moved to the youth academy of Sporting.
d8bf1795199e255f4b41d1f9cf2b45bb38d5c33b	He became the only football player in the history of the club who played for all the squads of Sporting — under — 16, under 17, under 18, reserve and main teams during one season[17].
6d35737743738a2d43341b16107f368b42875a67	He made his debut for the adult team of Sporting on August 15, 2001 in a friendly match against Atletico Lisbon, coming on as a substitute in the second half and scoring a goal[18].
f41bd8c822c067b7d86631ab46abac1b2e435d64	At the same time, he played for the Portuguese national team at the European Youth Championship for under 17 football players[19].
2b5d0036c4e32fb7ad3a0d6e2c6f5fbeeade1be4	One of the first 16 year old Ronaldo was noticed by the then head coach of Liverpool, Gerard Houllier, but the Merseysiders did not dare to sign a contract with the Portuguese, considering that he was still too young and needed time to develop his skills[20].
586d4ce39660a90a676fc76d35f5a0cc9ca30e39	Ronaldo's performance impressed the United players, and they convinced Ferguson to sign a contract with the talented Portuguese[21].
14c38c1439cdcd72121bc3455be84f8f61ebe64c	Manchester United
17d1688db3704339ad08b652a9daac5a3c0211bd	Ronaldo at Manchester United
7a275c3d35a6bbd4841314fab41494097526b46f	Ronaldo became the first Portuguese player in the history of Manchester United, signing a contract with the club after the end of the 2002-03 season.
98168979e5cb1d9e33569a591e2da6ff5ed2bfdc	The transfer amount was 12.24 million pounds[22].
218f683775dfc0af5e623ddebaa31504b6bb3653	Ronaldo asked for the number "28" (his number at Sporting), as he did not want the additional pressure associated with the number "7", which previously belonged to such legendary United players as George Best, Bryan Robson, Eric Cantona and David Beckham.
b26e0f03dd2c81a9e5fc5fe8b6ecfa330fb73339	I said it was number 28.
cc07055bf9ded8dfe8fa375f227433ae38c11665	But Ferguson said, " No, you'll get number 7."
38a9993f86e3519c148f281a4ce381b77aaacb99	This famous T shirt has become an additional source of motivation for me.
a887d23aedf872f3c9500c3fe954fee4bd0caa6e	I was forced to meet expectations after such an honor in my address"[23].
7a785af8b9c92dc10b007df3f559aa3cb85eb336	Ronaldo made his debut for United in a home match against Bolton Wanderers at Old Trafford on 16 August 2003, coming on as a substitute.
add74eefcb58c584fbadbfc9b1e068a3859b7186	The first goal for the "red devils", the Portuguese scored November 1, 2003 in a match with Portsmouth, which ended with the score of 3:0.
f210bff7a6726964a6fe381a95b7a0147aa6871e	October 29, 2005, exactly, Ronaldo scored the 1,000 th goal of "Manchester United" in the Premier League in the match against Middlesbrough, which ended with the defeat of the "United" with the score 1:4[24].
75a3c1d0b9ef1146751ea6e3bfad12b817e22b0a	Following the results of the 2004/05 and 2005/06 seasons, Ronaldo won a special prize for the best young footballer of the year according to FIFPro.
984d504384a5eafbf8a2325ca7b61eb51048c664	In November and December 2006, Ronaldo received the title of the Premier League player of the month, becoming the third player in the history of this tournament to take two awards in a row (after Dennis Bergkamp in 1997 and Robbie Fowler in 1996)[25][26].
657ea9dd9376b1d63e90c975bd4d536347c94836	On 5 May 2007, Ronaldo scored his fiftieth goal for United in a derby with Manchester City, after which the club won the title of Premier League champions of the 2006/07 season.
cbdc96792a8fb205e4923a2dac63bc8150cca12b	Despite the rumors that appeared in March 2007 that Real Madrid was ready to pay 80 million euros (54 million pounds)for Ronaldo[27], on April 13, the Portuguese signed a 5 year contract with the club, which also provided for an increase in salary to 120,000 pounds per week, which made him the highest paid football player in the history of Manchester United[28][29].
1447ceacc673619e497b22de4ef0cad7b461d39e	During the 2006-07 season, Ronaldo was at the center of a number of simulation related incidents.
a13b35912c19e92250c362f18d3a556da8a1c466	The Portuguese was criticized by Gareth Southgate for an episode with a "dive" in December 2006 in a match with Middlesbrough[30].
b3cbd946aede7e91188971ced2b9b8273f80d219	On February 4, 2007, Ronaldo was again accused of simulation — in a match with Tottenham Hotspur, when he earned a controversial penalty in a collision with Steed Malbranc[31].
4399cb8af611737bc7493bc54cbacbc0ab1a0e64	Despite some ambiguity of his performances, Ronaldo collected many awards at the end of the season.
82ffbc7893ef9efd8584679faccdfd11cf640bca	He received the titles of "footballer of the year" and "young footballer of the year" according to the Professional Football Association, thereby repeating the achievement of Andy Gray in the 1976/77 season and becoming the second player in history to receive both awards at the end of one season[32].
d380c9c91e36850c90820e0e4b6acd87e8e240f1	In April, he collected a full set of trophies, receiving the prize "footballer of the year" according to the PFA fans.
a23f640fddcce758c7f55decae24b020523a2f6e	The Portuguese also entered the" team of the season " according to the PFA, along with six other Manchester United players.
8e2d6cb78b6b43e2a9e0949df41e7c2b4b735c47	The 2007/08 season began unsuccessfully for Ronaldo: in a match with Portsmouth, he received a red card and a three match suspension for hitting Richard Hughes with his head[33].
f0e3a5eebddda91f69a60852363a74444d69e3ba	After this incident, the Portuguese admitted that he had "learned a lot" and would no longer allow his rivals to" provoke " him[34].
9a1e1472d129f760753abf1adb46ceac3215355b	Cristiano scored the only goal in the Champions League group stage match with Sporting, as well as the winning goal in added time in the second meeting with the Lisbon club, which Manchester United won 2-1 and came out on top in their group[35].
fc7fdac000636175537aa9aefd18fbb2d70d5f2b	In the fight for the "Golden Ball" in 2007, Ronaldo took second place, losing only to the Brazilian Kaka from Milan[36], and in the fight for the title of the best football player of the year according to the FI FA took third place, behind Kaka and Lionel Messi[37].
f5c6181a9044ea1a60e201beea3f6c5fa4606cfb	Ronaldo scored his only hat trick for United on January 12, 2008 in a match against Newcastle at Old Trafford, which ended in a 6-0 victory for the hosts.
5a35ef8e2d8959a93f19dc6203e573d77eb590bd	After this match, Manchester United topped the Premier League standings[38].
4013566bc6afc70f785dc21d52d9b6a7af5a7db2	In a meeting with Reading on January 19, he scored his twenty third league goal — the same number of goals he scored in all competitions in the 2006/07 season[39].
27daf5cf055ad829e42e8003752b4858340bad67	In the first match of the Champions League playoffs against Lyon on February 20, an unknown Lyon fan aimed a green laser at Ronaldo and his teammate, Nani, after which United filed an official complaint with UEFA[40].
96f076a31689032fd097e27b5c0121ac09b678ca	A month later, Lyon was fined 5,000 Swiss francs (2,427 pounds) for this incident[41].
eb2b6024a9bd89e82574400a82221a253ddadb0c	On March 19, 2008, Ronaldo entered the field with the captain's armband for the first time in his career at United and scored both goals for his club in a meeting with Bolton that ended with a score of 2:0[42].
52827e630990a3af6903fbe782d1c38a696c5e7d	The second of his goals in this match was Ronaldo's 33rd goal of the season, which became a new club record for the number of goals scored by the midfielder.
4ba037f40cb46f4230ea0309710433a5cd5667c9	Thus, Ronaldo broke the record of George Best, who scored 32 goals in the 1967/68 season[43].
07ee692ed2fa3acf078d94c144542f3666918a1d	Ronaldo's scoring performance made him not only the top scorer of the Premier League in the season (31 goals), but also the first winger in history to win the Golden Boot[44].
701bae62edca4fc998028b7b938fda156ef7127a	On May 21, 2008, in the 2007/08 Champions League final in Moscow against Chelsea, Ronaldo scored the first goal in the 26th minute, but Chelsea managed to win back in the 45th minute.
6d2f431bc9049e739c083160d7976298691ab399	In the penalty shootout Ronaldo failed to score in the goal of Petr Cech and Chelsea was ready to celebrate, but John Terry could not convert his penalty, and as a result, "United" won with the score 6:5.
db0b79dc6e67641220c9e3c1b66b8d3bdacc3236	Ronaldo was selected player of the match by UEFA[45], finishing the season with 42 goals in all competitions — he was just four goals to repetition of the record of the legendary striker Manchester United Denis law, who scored 46 goals in the season 1963/64.
f157fb991317451685d04ca0517f69daf73271cf	Ronaldo in the match against Liverpool
734a6b933fab3baf864d4a6b4c6fcd20cc5939b1	On June 5, 2008, Sky Sports reported that Ronaldo was interested in moving to Real Madrid if the Spanish club offered him a contract with the amount promised earlier this year[46].
edf4c02878788bd7e2e0d2009c3a4b19586bac15	Manchester United made an official complaint about Real Madrid's illegal attempts to lure the Portuguese and sent it to FIFA on June 9, but FIFA refused to apply any sanctions to the Madrid club[47][48]. For most of the summer, speculation about Ronaldo's future continued, until on August 6, the Portuguese announced that he would remain at United for at least one more season[49].
d930aef771063cc16d172cec955a0421650e03a1	On July 7, in Amsterdam, the Portuguese underwent an operation on his ankle[50].
246da12d072e4f67fafe783cefde270764a9f84a	He returned to the game on September 17 in the 2008/09 Champions League group stage match against Villarreal, coming on as a substitute for Park Chi sung[51].
adb83f9442c7299efde75628224b72264ae34d18	His first goal of the season Cristiano scored 23 September in a League Cup match against Middlesbrough ended with the score of 3:1.
4d10af2459ff86bd6e119012641869807c98ae35	Your 100 and 101 th goal for "Manchester United", the Portuguese scored in the match against Stoke city on 15 November 2008, both attacks with a penalty kick (match ended with the victory of the "United" with the score 5:0)[52]. After the goals against the Potters, Ronaldo has goals against all the other 19 Premier League teams on his personal account[53].
33aeb2e1f8e4e2a96e2958bcb9c95a13a8686d77	At the end of 2008, Ronaldo received the Golden Ball, becoming the fourth United player in history and the first in the last 40 years to be awarded this prestigious award.
8a9d3e61b08f1340f0064891a29d42d34eb1fa35	During the voting, the Portuguese scored 446 points, far ahead of the closest pursuers Lionel Messi (281 points) and Fernando Torres (179 points).
5ebbe06eff555609c35617692aed74881611aadb	On January 12, 2009, Cristiano Ronaldo received the FIFA Player of the Year award as the best football player in the world in 2008 according to FIFA.
2593378b3738f40c6444700fee6caf84775d2a84	On June 11, 2009, Manchester United accepted an offer from Real Madrid to sell Ronaldo to a Spanish club for 80 million pounds [54].
27c2007e94de39e40e68f3f54979307a91a05732	Representatives of the Glazer family said that the transfer was fully agreed with Ferguson[55].
5e8c98b1bd2e0a4b4eb60e4953fa9172999e54db	After completing his transfer to Real Madrid, Ronaldo expressed gratitude to Ferguson for helping him develop as a football player, saying: "He was my father in sports terms, one of the most important and most determining factors that influenced my career"[56].
e81d2b137b77dd9073d6f2245018d31658a80634	Real Madrid
0efc4c9bcc7bd01fc8d26469523251674686031a	Ronaldo in a Real Madrid T shirt
7b094ef923251ead1658c01d4276141a4499639f	In the summer of 2009, Ronaldo moved to Real Madrid.
276fc3713b13561d67f672785658614a27542268	During the negotiations, Florentino Perez and David Alan Gill agreed on the amount of 93.4 million euros (~ 80 million pounds).
f16fe0f13f9e508cada74199ddbff386fa3cd50f	The Portuguese midfielder became the most expensive player in the history of world football, breaking the record of Zidane, who moved from Juventus Turin to Real Madrid in 2001 (~ 76 million euros).
765a3f94d74efd6f04778ca309d7e78aee276b4c	Ronaldo scored his first goal for Real Madrid in a match against Ecuador's LDU, scoring from the penalty spot.
b8adc8b85344c05c23aff9cbc25dc33953f484ad	Ronaldo scored his first goal in an official match for Real Madrid on August 29, 2009 in a meeting with Deportivo (3: 2), scoring in the 35th minute from the penalty spot.
c18e93b6c800791e0665172c1a9055ced75dde20	He scored the second goal on September 12 in a match with Espanyol (3: 0) in the time added by the referee.
c474f32d7f2cadce84074927069964c653716e5b	After the departure of Raul, Ronaldo took the 7th number[57].
ac80c48a699ab58128c3a87c9dd6eb32d048916c	On October 23, 2010, Ronaldo scored four goals for Racing[58].
d2ed7b3a51f737e333cb39db4502998a33687ce5	In the last match of 2010, Cristiano scored a hat trick against Levante [59].
b11772da1b568fd113242625b8aaf6119b5d5c2d	On January 9, 2011, Ronaldo scored three goals in a match against Villarreal[60].
2ad2ffb8015464a8fad658f1bf1328f1ef2b37e2	On February 6, having scored two goals against the Real Sociedad club, he set a Real Madrid record — Cristiano Ronaldo needed only 51 matches to score 50 goals in the championship.
a47c869db2892f1321e6a4934a73e8bee0ef8f86	The previous record was held by Ferenc Puskas 54 matches[61].
bb94ca0e7c62fe2183b8fa0b590d21a312eb619a	On May 21, Ronaldo set a new record of performance in one season for the Spanish championship.
52c448fb32e2fb18f6ddffd22d3656f1cb6679a1	The midfielder of the royal club scored 40 times, surpassing the previous record by 2 goals.
9b146c42bd85583321b77764c84601efdcfedc7a	According to the goal+pass system, he also became the leader of the championship (40+11), surpassing Lionel Messi (31+18) by 2 points.
c0d193dc5379813af5287ddcb1c0a81d282b369e	As part of the 3rd round of the Spanish championship of the 2010/11 season, in a match against the club "Real Sociedad", in the 74th minute, Ronaldo shot a free kick, but the ball hit the back of his compatriot Pepe, after which it bounced into the goal.
705e1ad423182e222cac000f32d989890ef8d5e5	This goal is recorded by sources on the defender, but the Spanish newspaper Marca, which awards the "Pichichi Trophy", recorded the goal on Cristiano.
c5d1e7ce500503c6a0fd48f3edf2448dfa9d5812	On May 5, 2012, Ronaldo played a match with Granada, which became the Portuguese's 100 m in the Spanish championship; in this meeting, he scored a goal that turned out to be the 300 m scored by Cristiano in his professional career[62].
7152f0353a4b25a9cf2f602625dc931801a3daa8	On May 8, 2013, Ronaldo scored his 200th goal for Real Madrid in a match with Malaga, it is noteworthy that he needed to play only 197 matches for this[63].
2c6152b5af468ce2895353a94625f560defc5490	In the 2012-13 Champions League, Cristiano Ronaldo became the top scorer, scoring 12 goals in the tournament.
f3d97d309b2524420c0d7fbb984fb44d5f92ed2b	On December 10, 2013, in the 6th round of the group stage of the UEFA Champions League, Cristiano Ronaldo hit the goal of Copenhagen on the road and set a new record for the group stage of the tournament.
bf3aa73323cce496e0ce5d0f79a562773838bd55	The Portuguese scored in the 48th minute of the match, scoring his ninth goal in Group B.
ce4c401b0d4d42fd6a6c18a00914064b5799d748	In 2013, Cristiano Ronaldo set a personal record for the number of goals scored in a calendar year (69 goals), while this result became the best in Europe, the Portuguese surpassed Ibrahimovic (47 goals) and Messi (45 goals), who took second and third place in goals scored in 2013, respectively.[64]
f51079812da065f65aa289caa0925292658ee2fe	On September 30, 2015, in the second round of the Champions League match against Malmo, Cristiano Ronaldo scored 500 and 501 career goals.
98d45ed286ca472bee1dd7c516fbad27c050a80b	Real Madrid announced that the Portuguese with 324 goals in 308 games became the club's top scorer, surpassing Raul, who scored 323 goals in 741 games.[65][66]
1f96c7832028e053fa67d3eb2f6ec36be1e266fa	Matches against Barcelona
dc7e1327cee91d665c3b2959b58d4b9a7205488e	On February 27, 2013, Ronaldo scored two goals against Barcelona in an away cup match, which ended in a 3-1 victory for Real Madrid, thanks to this, Ronaldo became the first player to score in six El Clasico in a row at Camp Nou.
2862e4cfca0d4795731223cc1c9fac868ee0f84c	On April 2, 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo scored the winning goal for Barcelona in an away match of the Spanish championship (1: 2).
e3dd90d4e8074e1ee8e50a46e17802c747f3687d	Playing style
e5be18bb124d087c3d0e58ff8777003d8d0bd853	Cristiano Ronaldo can act both as an extreme attacking midfielder and as a central striker.
107baf935d1e193eda9c17ba54d4254f7925d9f1	In the 2014/15 season, experts noted that the Portuguese scored almost 2/3 of his goals from the position of a central striker, whereas earlier this figure was about 50 %, and in the 2011/12 season — only 33 %[74].
f525953b6c111dc60294d5aff3ef18d0788b2166	National team career
63e0ee9614a2e7b9f079462eeb15704a6b9f896b	Ronaldo in a Portuguese national team T shirt
5ad3ef092f424caea33954d2a8123b6d0f9b0568	Cristiano Ronaldo for the first time in the international arena declared himself at the home for the Portuguese Euro 2004.
85da6e628f17dced37f52de3692ff4ebda0d3704	In the first match of the group stage, the hosts lost to the Greeks 1: 2.
1667250126539cba7831e173885edfc64b6c62d5	With the score 0:2, Cristiano Ronaldo scored his first goal for the national team.
703a0e4d247b806336be0bbfbcf6516420da0f42	He scored the second goal in the semi final game against the Netherlands.
5d79e6473918f819b0a6309d5029d0d767e6c119	In the final of Euro 2004, however, Ronaldo did not cope with the Greeks: after the match, he did not hide his tears, and these shots went around the whole world.
edaec0349c44cce9f4ad47c422b77122dd8a3cee	Following the results of the championship, Ronaldo entered the symbolic national team.
3b5d8801a3cd1fb881c5148e71d5cde49b7be05d	In the qualifying round for the 2006 World Cup, Cristiano Ronaldo played most vividly in a home match with the Russian national team, scoring two goals.
a4517086dc84812116a420308e779d8070708830	On the eve of the second leg in Moscow, the news came about the death of the football player's father[75].
02a8df07aad35530b1b281dccdfa58eb9e5facc7	Despite this, Cristiano Ronaldo entered the field in the starting line up and played the full 90 minutes.
d69f64c6d3e4354cb923c8a2a1c262431c0f2a41	In the qualifying round for the World Cup, he scored 7 goals.
9d9f75aba3198699e3bd33f54dc4114510e4f4ab	At the 2006 World Cup, Portugal won all the matches in its group, Cristiano Ronaldo scored a goal from the penalty spot against the Iranian national team.
52380b0d6ea4c57f721bfa21e30d986e9bb4af2c	In the 1/4 final in the match with England, he scored the decisive shot in the penalty shootout, but in the same game he was marked by an unpleasant incident, forcing the referee to remove Wayne Rooney, who stepped on the groin of Ricardo Carvalho.
6ed049de7130d6b16dff322afb0a017df9213d44	For this, Ronaldo was booed in the next two games and dropped out of the fight for the title of the best young player of the World Cup.
35fdbf7c0535eb6df75011b3a66bbd36b2f5815a	At Euro 2008, Cristiano Ronaldo had a productive match for himself against the Czech team, scoring a goal and giving an assist to Ricard Quaresme.
d6b181305a464438515266c4e181544f6dd60e8a	In the quarterfinals, the Portuguese lost to the Germans with a score of 2: 3.
a4134dee023afc25810ad9770853d33600f70d4c	At the 2010 World Cup, in a match against North Korea (7:0), Cristiano Ronaldo scored a goal and gave an assist, interrupting his goalless streak for the national team, which lasted almost a year and a half.
9cb1e05d6a7cbcf39864d921283689d5c050992a	At Euro 2012, in the final group match against the Netherlands, Cristiano Ronaldo first equalized the score in the first half, scored the second and winning goal and was recognized as the best player of the match.
e3951890eb40f1d685103e45f58ec4f82624a4f4	In the quarterfinal match with the Czechs, Cristiano Ronaldo scored the winning goal.
c0b94f795add1eb8537105a05bbcd806e9d870ad	In the semifinals, the Portuguese national team lost to Spain 2: 4 in a penalty shootout.
362e4d367a0102c4b61cd64b6aba168ac07e8634	Following the results of the championship, Cristiano Ronaldo entered the symbolic national team.
527115aeff1fb9bc9881a0d0d8ecd4ef40c2551c	Also at the championship, he became the first Portuguese footballer who managed to score at five major tournaments as part of the national team, Ronaldo scored against opponents at three European Championships (2004, 2008, 2012) and two world championships (2006, 2010).
dcf1a2ba06010e29add809c2267f9be9395044f8	In the qualifying tournament for the 2014 World Cup, Cristiano Ronaldo scored 4 goals in the group stage, following which the Portuguese national team took second place and got into the play off matches, in which Sweden was the opponent.
0b48f3783acf94a85e3786b11386e33fe4811005	In the first play off match in Portugal, Cristiano Ronaldo scored the only goal and brought victory to his team.
4ac6cb9ba43d8ff268775dbe4a0deb6cfd2d0470	In the second leg in Sweden, he again became the main hero of the meeting, scored a hat trick and helped his team win a ticket to the World Cup in Brazil.
83d51defe37128130f6d7191d33aeaf8f0fbe443	Before the World Cup, Cristiano Ronaldo was injured, but eventually got into the application and, risking his health, went to Brazil.
5b40d40c609dd8e977e57dce311ed553c3af00e8	In the second match, the Portuguese national team played with the US national team, with the score 1: 2 on the 5th minute added, Cristiano Ronaldo made a cross into the penalty area, and Varela successfully closed it.
b42ad5fde63f39f2a72f0aedf791d984238c8d4b	In the group, the Portuguese took third place and did not reach the 1/8 finals, losing on goal difference to the Americans.
339f4df3a6a05d5f8c513ef5699167348b180171	In the qualifying matches for Euro 2016, Cristiano was still a key player of his national team, bringing several important victories with his effective actions.
5eccd1b903a954344d22ba560a7cd5189c287b16	In the final part of the European championship, Ronaldo was able to distinguish himself for the first time in the final match of the group stage against the Hungarian national team, making a double.
f99a20d53973ae28d48276d12db186048c520e74	In the 1/8 final against Croatia, after Ronaldo hit the ball into the net, Quaresma managed to finish off, thereby bringing his team a victory.
fad0bbf884fce8424bae53e0ba2b7135a068d861	In the quarterfinal match with the Polish national team, the winner of the match had to be determined in a penalty shootout, Portugal managed to win, and Ronaldo realized his shot.
15bc25ed552043d9e7ef97a9ea216b795fdc3e49	Especially successful for Cristiano Ronaldo was the semi final match with the sensation of the championship of the national team of Wales, in which the captain of the Portuguese national team managed to score the winning goal, as well as give an assist to Nani.
ceb75397d2c350ad5c67f4e6f2eb34b9ec7b6841	Thus, for the first time since 2004, the Portuguese national team reached the final of the European Championship, where its opponent was the host of the tournament, the French national team.
4b26893e5bcf2d7d0b4a3ed0a5b8f1af128cd734	During the tournament, Ronaldo managed to set three individual achievements: in the match against Austria, he set a new record for the number of matches for the Portuguese national team (Cristiano had 128, while the previous record holder Luis Figo had 127), in addition, having scored a double against the Hungarian national team, Ronaldo became the first player who managed to distinguish himself at four European Championships in a row, and after hitting the gates of Wales, Ronaldo equaled Michel Platini in the number of goals at the European championships (both players had nine).
725f32083f6f0182d5f3f88d18ae2ce806e756c9	In the final match with the French national team, Ronaldo suffered a knee injury in a collision with Dimitri Payet, tried to continue the match, but soon asked to replace him: at the 25th minute of the match, he left the field on a stretcher.
515ba485dc7b6794256898a6a1e8f7fb09d078cb	Portugal, without its captain, snatched a 1-0 victory in added time, and Ronaldo won his first title with the Portuguese national team.
1a9ff57242880c41315a0abccf64c341b6ace59c	Cristiano Ronaldo's matches for the Portuguese national team
087a1425fa0fcf7d0cd3cf8a30c3712af70822d4	Matches Ronaldo in Portugal # date Opponent Score goals Ronaldo Competition 1 20 August 2003 Kazakhstan 1:0 - 2 Friendly match on 11 October 2003 Albania 5:3 - a Friendly match 3 18 Feb 2004 England 1:1 in a Friendly match on 31 March 2004 4 Italy 1:2 - 5 a Friendly match on 28 April 2004 Sweden 2:2 - 6 Friendly match on may 29, 2004 in Luxembourg 3:0 - a Friendly match on 7 June 5, 2004 Lithuania 4:1 - Friendly match 8 12 June 2004 Greece 1:2 1 Final EURO 2004 9 16 Jun 2004 Russia 2:0 - Final matches TH 10 2004 June 20, 2004 Spain 1:0 - Finals of EURO 2004 11 24 Jun 2004 England 2:2 - the Final EURO 2004 12 30 June 2004, the Netherlands 2:1 1 Final EURO 2004 13 on 4 July 2004 Greece 0:1 Final EURO 2004 14 4 Sep 2004 Latvia 2:0 1 Qualifying matches of the world Cup 2006 15 8 Sep 2004 Estonia 4:0 1 Qualifying matches of the world Cup 2006 16 9 October 2004 Liechtenstein 2:2 - Qualifiers world Cup 2006 17 13 Oct 2004 Russia is 7:1 2 Qualifying matches for the 2006 FIFA world Cup 18 17 Nov 2004 Monaco 5:0 1 Qualifying matches of the world Cup 2006 19 9 Feb 2005 Ireland 0:1 - 20 Friendly match on 26 March 2005 Canada 4:1 - Friendly match 21 March 30, 2005 Slovakia 1:1 - Qualifying matches for the 2006 FIFA world Cup on 22 June 4, 2005 Slovakia 2:0 1 Qualifying matches for the 2006 FIFA world Cup on 23 June 8, 2005 Estonia 1:0 1 Qualifying matches of the world Cup 2006 24 September 3, 2005 in Luxembourg 6:0 - Qualifying matches for the 2006 FIFA world Cup 25 September 7 2005 Russia 0:0 - Qualifying matches for the 2006 FIFA world Cup 26, 8 October 2005 Liechtenstein 2:1 - Qualifying matches for the 2006 FIFA world Cup 27 13 October 2005 Latvia 3:0 - Qualifying matches for the 2006 FIFA world Cup 28 12 Nov 2005 Croatia 2:0 - a Friendly match 29 15 November 2005 Northern Ireland 1:1 in a Friendly match 30 on 1 March 2006 of Saudi Arabia 3:0 2 Friendly match on 31 may 27 2006 Cabo Verde 4:1 - Friendly match 32 3 June 2006 Monaco 3:0 - 33 a Friendly match on 11 June 2006 Angola 1:0 - Final matches of the world Cup 2006 34 17 June 2006, Iran 2:0 1 Final matches of the world Cup 2006 35 on 25 June 2006, the Netherlands 1:0 - Final matches of the world Cup 2006 36 July 1, 2006 England 0:0 - Final matches of the world Cup 2006 37 5 July 2006, France 0:1 - Final matches of the world Cup 2006 38 8 July 2006 Germany 1:3 - Final matches of the world Cup 2006 39 1 September 2006 Denmark 2:4 - 40 a Friendly match on 6 September 2006 Finland 1:1 - Qualifying matches TH 2008 41 7 October 2006 Azerbaijan 3:0 2 Qualifying matches TH 2008 42 11 Oct 2006 Poland 1:2 - Qualifiers TH 2008 43 15 November 2006, the Kazakhstan 3:0 1 Qualifying matches TH 2008 44 6 February 2007 Brazil 2:0 - 45 Friendly match on 24 March 2007 Belgium 4:0 2 Qualifying matches TH 2008 46, 28 March 2007 Serbia 1:1 - Qualifiers TH 2008 47 22 Aug 2007 Armenia 1:1 1 Qualifiers TH 2008 48, 8 September 2007 Poland 2:1 2 Qualifying matches TH 2008 49 12 September 2007 Serbia 1:1 - Qualifying matches TH 2008 50 13 Oct 2007 Azerbaijan 2:0 - Qualifying matches TH 2008 51 17 Oct 2007 Kazakhstan 2:1 1 Qualifiers TH 2008 52 17 Nov 2007 Armenia 1:0 - Qualifying matches TH 2008 53 21 November 2007 Finland 0:0 - Qualifying matches TH 2008 54 6 Feb 2008 Italy 1:3 - a Friendly match 55, 31 may 2008 Georgia 2:0 - 56 a Friendly match on 7 June 2008, Turkey 2:0 - Finals of EURO 2008 57 11 June 2008 Czech Republic 3:1 1 Final EURO 2008 58 19 Jun 2008 Germany 2:3 - the Final EURO 2008 59 October 11, 2008 0 Sweden:0 - Qualifying matches for the 2010 world Cup 60 15 Oct 2008 Albania 0:0 - Qualifying matches for the 2010 world Cup 61 19 Nov 2008 Brazil 2:6 - 62 a Friendly match on 11 February 2009 Finland 1:0 1 63 a Friendly match on 28 March 2009, Sweden 0:0 - Qualifying matches for the 2010 world Cup 64 is March 31, 2009, South Africa 2:0 - 65 Friendly match on 6 June 2009, Albania 2:1 - Qualifying matches for the 2010 world Cup 66 5 September 2009 Denmark 1:1 - Qualifying matches for the 2010 world Cup 67 9 September 2009 Hungary 1:0 - Qualifying matches for the 2010 world Cup 68 10 October 2009 Hungary 3:0 - Qualifying matches for the 2010 world Cup 69 3 Mar 2010 China 2:0 - 70 a Friendly match on 24 may 2010, Cape Verde, a 0-0 Friendly match 71 June 1, 2010 Cameroon 3:1 - 72 Friendly match on 8 June 2010, Mozambique, 3:0 - 73 a Friendly match on 15 June 2010 Cote d'ivoire 0:0 - Final matches of the 2010 world Cup 74 21 June 2010, the DPRK 7:0 1 Final matches of the 2010 world Cup 75 25 Jun 2010 Brazil 0:0 - Final matches of the world Cup 2010 76 29 Jun 2010 Spain 0:1 - Final matches of the 2010 world Cup 77 8 October 2010 Denmark 3:1 1 Qualifying matches for EURO 2012 78 12 October 2010 Iceland 3:1 1 Qualifying matches for EURO 2012 79 17 November 2010 Spain 4:0 - 80 a Friendly match on 9 February 2011 Argentina 1:2 1 Friendly match 81 4 Jun 2011 Norway 1:0 - Qualifying matches for EURO 2012 82 August 10, 2011 in Monaco 5:0 1 a Friendly game 83 2 September 2011 Cyprus 4:0 2 Qualifying matches for EURO 2012 84 7 October 2011, Iceland 5:3 - Qualifying matches for EURO 2012 85 11 October 2011, Denmark 1:2 1 Qualifying matches for EURO 2012 86 11 November 2011, Bosnia and Herzegovina 0:0 - Qualifying matches for EURO 2012 87 November 15, 2011, Bosnia and Herzegovina 6:2 2 Qualifying matches for EURO 2012 88 29 Feb 2012 Poland, a 0-0 Friendly match 89 may 26, 2012 Macedonia, a 0-0 Friendly match 90 2 Jun 2012 Turkey 1:3 - a Friendly match 91 on June 9, 2012 Germany 0:1 - Finals of EURO 2012 92 Jun 13, 2012 Denmark 3:2 - the Final matches of EURO 2012 93 17 June 2012 Netherlands 2:1 2 Final match of EURO 2012 94 21 Jun 2012 Czech Republic 1:0 1 Finals EURO 2012 95 27 June 2012 Spain 0:0 - Finals of EURO 2012 96 Aug 15, 2012 Panama 2:0 1 97 a Friendly match on 7 September 2012 in Luxembourg 2:1 1 Qualifying matches for the 2014 FIFA world Cup 98 on 11 September 2012, Azerbaijan 3:0 - Qualifying matches for the 2014 FIFA world Cup 99 12 Oct 2012 Russia 0:1 - Qualifying matches for the 2014 FIFA world Cup 100 16 October 2012, Northern Ireland 1:1 - Qualifying matches for the 2014 FIFA world Cup 101 February 6, 2013 Ecuador 2:3 1 Friendly match 102 22 March 2013 Israel 3:3 - Qualifying matches for the 2014 FIFA world Cup 103 7 June 2013 Russia 1:0 - Qualifying matches for the 2014 FIFA world Cup 104 10 Jun 2013 Croatia 1:0 1 105 a Friendly match on 14 August 2013, the Netherlands 1:1 1 106 Friendly match on 6 September 2013 Northern Ireland 4:2 3 Qualifying matches for the 2014 FIFA world Cup 107 11 Oct 2013 Israel 1:1 - Qualifying matches for the 2014 FIFA world Cup 108 15 November 2013 Sweden 1:0 1 Qualifying matches for the 2014 FIFA world Cup 109 19 November 2013 Sweden 3:2 3 Qualifying matches for the 2014 FIFA world Cup 110 5 March 2014 Cameroon 5:1 2 Friendly match 111 11 June 2014 Ireland 5:1 - Friendly match 112 16 Jun 2014 Germany 0:4 - Final matches of the world Cup 2014 113 22 June 2014 USA 2:2 - the Final matches of the 2014 FIFA world Cup 114 26 June 2014 Ghana 2:1 1 the Final matches of the 2014 FIFA world Cup 115 11 Oct 2014 France 1:2 - 116 Friendly match on October 14, 2014 Denmark 1:0 1 Qualifying EURO 2016 117 14 November 2014 Armenia 1:0 1 Qualifying EURO 2016 118 18 November 2014 Argentina 1:0 - a Friendly match 119 29 March 2015, Serbia 2:1 - Qualifying EURO 2016 120 13 June 2015 Armenia 3:2 3 Qualifying EURO 2016 121 4 September 2015, France 0:1 - Friendly match 122 7 September 2015 Albania 1:0 - Qualifying EURO 2016 123 8 Oct 2015 Denmark 1:0 - Qualifying EURO 2016 124 26 March 2016 Bulgaria 0:1 - Friendly match 125 29 March 2016 Belgium 2:1 1 Friendly match 126 8 June 2016 Estonia 7:0 2 127 a Friendly match on 14 June 2016 Iceland 1:1 - Finals of EURO 2016 128 June 18, 2016 Austria 0:0 Final EURO 2016 129 22 Jun 2016 Hungary 3:3 2 Final EURO 2016 130 25 Jun 2016 Croatia 1:0 - Final matches CHE 131 2016 June 30, 2016, Poland 1:1 - Finals of EURO 2016 132 6 July 2016 Wales 2:0 1 Final EURO 2016 133 10 July 2016 France 1:0 - Finals of EURO 2016 134 7 Oct 2016 Andorra 6:0 4 Qualifying matches for the 2018 world Cup 135 10 Oct 2016 Faroe Islands 6:0 1 Qualifying world Cup 2018
8061fea28e239bac54f52a2b60185431a6f6c0f3	Total: 135 matches / 66 goals;
f5dd4c8e30ad81ccb5bd887d22a39d6487a41113	79 wins, 34 draws, 22 losses.
bdd87f9f867edfb78c07a51f6440fbc6c3745d1f	(corrected as of October 10, 2016)
a054004cfe033ea80d7dc4f045960ed454bbd88d	Cristiano Ronaldo's matches for the Portuguese Olympic team
8c0e8cac55e6a12447635edef8fb5c000778a6ed	Ronaldo's matches for the Portuguese national team (under 23) NO.
b1ff4cecc40bbaee9fc73c41315bdda285525c40	Date Opponent Score Goals Ronaldo Competition 1 August 5, 2004 Paraguay 5: 0 1 Friendly Match 2 August 13, 2004 Iraq 2:4 Olympic Games 2004 3 August 16, 2004 Morocco 2: 1 1 Olympic Games 2004
7ffc4709a133edbc3aab6f9bc589f059e6bcc8b2	Total: 3 matches / 2 goals;
7a6daf2af11ee4d06b10a1d9acc2620923a32082	2 wins, 1 loss.
851fc26bc4d34dfe64e58e88434a878aa3d746ed	Opinions of football players and football specialists
115572a163e253eddd5d2944b77e9939f9419c96	"Ronaldo is the best football player in the world. ...
9a0a1445a66c128e964953000ea6e834503f08be	He is ahead of everyone, " - Alex Ferguson [76].
d16b5d7db6b6f35e5d47139e377c415f37bd5ce5	"Ronaldo is a footballer from another world.
ab7fc4d8cf52cd335f3605036b9f16c2ce2265ec	It is difficult to find words to describe his talent, " Carlo Ancelotti[77].
62933bdc87ce2f0278da9da70860c5d8e3e349fe	"Coaching Ronaldo was the best thing in my coaching career.
50ae20e1e27db2f56e90654f4236efe629ea1f9c	He is the most professional football player I have ever known.
dde23ed257edc48fbdffeaedf6d79547175b978a	And I join Carlo Ancelotti's words that Ronaldo is a footballer of another planet, " Jose Mourinho[78].
c3257f4686175812b3b2d0f9d33b4a6c993d7563	"There is no more perfect player than Ronaldo.
38da55a661ad34062cbe8a736a268a218a6241f7	He can play in any position.
2c8e00fe210c7ac9beffdc5a0d93c0feea1b59d0	He will always score, because he runs faster and jumps higher.
6148e10f1966cff500c465db750f5945fb09d6b1	An amazing player.
92a54089684815c6349e61c3de7109d8a01a21b0	Ronaldo will score his 30 goals in a season in any team, because he can do it himself, " Louis Saa[79].
24533c2ebdb9bc7a0a625c0783d2fee929cae2d6	"I love watching Ronaldo act on the pitch.
6239d2236b49604e5a6dcc67c44ab5fa2497418b	Cristiano has such playing qualities that sometimes it seems that you are not watching a real match, but a game on the PlayStation.
c69acf76bdc4a0b2018817de3c030ba54746bf3d	He is an amazing football player, " Emmanuel Adebayor[80].
47f2f98982a583099daee655cb8496b5801b970a	"To be honest, I would like to see Cristiano at MU today as well.
20e63117f6a926e25e9040f55533a4c4dfec3fc4	He is a great player, irreplaceable, the best in the world, so there is no player in our team who would not regret his transfer to Real Madrid," Wayne Rooney[81].
ece297450c2085b3212be55eb0e6d824095d4b5b	"This player is the best in the world.
f2ae71f09a27a8c4f2ad711cf4d5bd1b1a6980cf	I liked our battles.
b60d0dc794d272b9f413afa044adf11b5b5aa5a6	If I'm focused, I can beat anyone, but Cristiano was special.
aa33ff2331305e84385969bdabd05a9837642d12	I remember that once I almost got a groin injury, because he did a trick and forced me to sit on the splits, " Ashley Cole[82].
280ea593340cb297afc9e0b82a7b2a4fad926e66	"I admire him, he's great.
e5578e31e594b954e5f7ea997afdc600b90d68c5	He copes with the defense brilliantly, constantly improvises, " Mikel Arteta[83].
49fbcc14322c597b91864847ff3a8dc52b1a9c64	"Ronaldo has a good dribbling, a great sense of passing, he is constantly aimed at the goal.
bb6c6f7267fc64c0a0e274cb0fe5c16c3567bf48	Everyone likes him because he tries to do something that is considered far from mandatory in football, " Xavi [84].
eecb35e035d978120437f5d25ac7892576ad107b	"Yes, it is great.
72dc15909982a58bde70e519619e566dbeaf9ec9	But I didnot cross paths with him often, only a couple of times, and then in the middle of the field.
320f2290306f24320297e08e50aaaaad9a172358	It was harder for the outfield defenders: I saw how difficult it was for them to predict what Ronaldo would do, especially when he was gaining speed, " Martin Skrtel [85].
93af2534a9f4a740d563c4d2c2916662441387ab	"He is strong physically and well gifted technically.
5850da9cd9391737c9a45ab8c36d99143b6b64a8	In a word, he has everything, " - Rud van Nistelrooy [86].
22076e11cd2101c5542ffd326e32afd020345a1a	"Ronaldo is the best of those with whom I had a chance to play together.
42a65819b808e710bef4e21d587b16bc4abbf03d	He's not human.
1ba8a75912b10435afc58b2648dd5ccd2324bc2d	He is a machine, " Zoran Tosic[87].
791d8c8a3f28ba071944816b2743631cc529ff02	"He is a fully balanced football player, and I canot name any weaknesses.
192a460c5c368b326dc47cf95b2f165f8c400dbc	The game with his feet, his head, great speed — everything is with him.
1bbe50b5eb0bfaa89c1e4702eabf4392c802cb76	Ronaldo is a great player who is ready to give all his talent for the good of the team.
5b265be3667f29e724a013f298b12b1a3a77deb0	And we are very happy that he is playing for us, " Joao Motinho[88].
f64355b1e9d86a46477d8d66b2e354972ab8e251	"Cristiano is a great football player.
37c9ff72e937c078129d5e562e53c357c3a7231c	He has all the qualities of a great player, and besides, he plays very fast and relaxed.
8058e9e2e0a1f6c90a91c5a4b89eac6963ddc0d8	He has a very strong stroke.
4f6b857be0bee5e77cb5af168dae2ba35de79ddb	In addition, when Ronaldo takes a free kick, the ball flies along an unpredictable trajectory.
be21cd5c4495490c5d081ba8800f151972df2c36	We understand that by giving him space on the field, we will almost doom ourselves to failure, " Lionel Messi[89].
c4c8be0b5e1a29ec0fa949d8158b0cd338fa02f4	"In my opinion, Cristiano is the best football player in the world.
1bb367331da116ec74a293b6f6af359f83b49d73	I'm not saying this because we are friends and play together.
ec3bed7c92123ee41feb73c2b2eac79c50144209	It's just that Ronaldo knows everything on the field...
38a464cc2a40f2e48b2567f8cede9354afc62836	Cristiano is a perfect, perfect football player, " Pepe[90].
39f8347a59b0b035c6b807c26f0b9f74d7785ef1	"I think that this is the most comprehensively developed football player in the world.
c743fc405a20eaa86b2880f16c6b9d15015292f4	Of course, it is a reference point for all players.
2f3f3a82bb06c771fe338a161942751979b6126d	I wish I was at least half as good as Ronaldo" — Gareth Bale[91].
a1195dc3eb4165fd0c6acbfce49e6ebff244b215	"Ronaldo is one of the most ambitious players I have met in my life.
d2c6738909d37a22bd327002d637379247e06cf9	He is eager to score in every match.
36e9325d118544bdf2327e8b494a65561ff79e93	His technique and physical training are amazing.
1ecb9eb32925f2ac557ee42645e1f103eb117502	He is a very versatile player who has a very strong shot and knows how to beat an opponent in a one on one fight.
cb4c8920f69ce4ab9c6fedf48e98614482645f71	In addition, he knows how to find free zones, knowing when and how to use them, " Xabi Alonso[92].
0635ecf4ea70bea114260015cc9f29fd3d682015	"Cristiano is the most versatile footballer in the world," Mesut Ozil[93] —
610707b185d694b3596eed337bbbeb8f8725336a	"There are always some discussions going on around Ronaldo.
c307afdcb31a49f31c8179d734bf0bb57eaf55fe	This is its essence, this is the attitude towards it.
85b8a4e627dc8b54ef44f12521a4b58befd07b61	But at one point there comes a time when you need to be silent and just look at his statistics.
730a088282daec43a2eb522621c728597f569e1f	You just need to shut up and watch him play.
bee5731e19bc9f6f357b2e93da53590c3b62b31e	What he does on the field is just crazy.
e43980c5b030dcf281e2441937fb924c3b93a17b	A few years ago, Louis Saa told me that Ronaldo would be the best player for several years.
dd5df8262f37e0dce5a63e1ff1f00605c4e927e2	I answered him: "We'll wait and see," to which Saa again told me: "You should see how he works in training.
d06f77c5e05c88473636c23179bd88ead608c979	This is something incredible, " - Thierry Henry [94].
c64c771b128d7c03f20d976032f5890a6c84b2b5	Ronaldo statue in Madrid
7f6e40063ca3e710760af47e83490f90c58bc348	Team achievements
174032ff94ab391acffa5179a1398bf7acb66ba4	English Premier League Champion (3): 2006/07, 2007/08, 2008/09 FA Cup Winner: 2003/04 Football League Cup Winner (2): 2005/06, 2008/09 UEFA Champions League Winner: 2007/08 FA Super Cup winner: 2007 Club World Cup Winner: 2008
582bb28a2fe53ecb69eaf9ad5d986b883e0a6ef6	Total: 9 trophies
950b1acc9fb98c5c554dcde0770a429acf4c07d1	Champion of Spain: 2011/12 Winner of the Spanish Cup (2): 2010/11, 2013/14 Winner of the UEFA Champions League (2): 2013/14, 2015/16 Winner of the UEFA Super Cup (2): 2014, 2016 Winner of the Spanish Super Cup: 2012 Winner of the Club World Cup (2): 2014, 2016
78dbb39450f7fddd8d5ceb87e6e61b69d4f4a226	Total: 10 trophies
5fef31b44c8d0e096e7be1cf7d77f978c839897b	Portugal national team
3fd692ea324ba58d4417c1013caf4add1f1cf7b7	European Champion: 2016 European Championship silver medalist: 2004 European Championship Bronze medalist: 2012
0805cf5ebe3d5bdfdb3464bc294eb33e96470018	Total: 1 trophy
de1ef4e80a701598fa416aa70ba747c2f80ddb4d	Total career: 20 trophies
6158e4102527f8893ec9a0161d775a1213fbcc89	Personal achievements
7f94bb8a19f23fbbd1272c011aaa4405025eb2c1	Winner of the" Golden Ball "according to France Football (2): 2008, 2016[95] FIFA Golden Ball Winner (2): 2013, 2014 Golden Boot Winner" (4): 2008, 2011, 2014[96], 2015 The best football player the world according to the FIFA (2): 2008, 2016[97] the Best footballer in the world by FIFPro: 2008 Best club player in UEFA: 2008 Best striker to the club by UEFA: 2008 Best player of the finals of the UEFA Champions League (according to fans): 2008 Best player in the world by World Soccer (3): 2008, 2013, 2014, Best player in Europe by UEFA (2): 2014, 2016 Best player in Europe (Onze d'or) (3): 2008, 2013, 2014 The second player in Europe in the France Football (2): 2007, 2009, the Second player in the world by FIFA (3): 2009, 2011, 2012 the Second player in Europe (Onze d'argent) (2): 2007, 2009, the Third player in the world by FIFA: 2007 Third player in Europe (Onze de Bronze): 2010 Best young player of the European championship in 2004, the Best football player of Portugal abroad: 2007 winner of the prize of sir Matt Busby best player of the year (3): 2004, 2007, 2008 player of the season of the English Premier League (2): 2006/07, 2007/08 Best player in the England version of football PFA (2): 2007, 2008 Best player of the England fans, PFA (2): 2007, 2008 Player of the year by the football Association of journalists (2): 2007, 2008 Best young player of the England version of the APP: 2007 Best player of UEFA Champions League: 2008 Best player of the championship of Spain (Prize Di Stefano) (4): 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016 the top scorer of UEFA Champions League (5): 2008, 2013, 2014, 2015[98], 2016 top scorer at the European championship: 2012[99] player of the month English Premier League (4): November 2006, December 2006, January 2008, March 2008 top scorer of the English Premier League (the"Golden boot" English Premier League): 2008 Best assistant of the English Premier League: 2007[100] the top scorer of the championship of Spain (Trophy Pichichi) (3): 2011, 2014, 2015 the Best scorer of the Spanish Cup: 2011[101] the Best athlete Portugal he abroad (7): 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013 Best player of the season according to the version Goal.com (eng.)Russian. (3): 2008, 2012, 2014
00871cbd0dcca45fc80b29196b3cd40903d4fdc0	The best player of the year according to Globe Soccer (English) Russian. (3): 2011, 2013, 2016 The best young player in the world according to FIFPro (fans ' version) (2): 2005, 2006 Winner of the Bravo Trophy: 2004 Winner of the AS Award (2): 2009, 2011 Winner of the FIFA Ferenc Puskas Award for the best goal of the year according to FIFA: 2009 (goal against Porto) Winner of the IFFHS prize for the best scorer of the national championships: 2014[96][102]
cc102c764c1240ed21fd27f518ec009c7afe7356	Winner of the IFFHS prize for the world's best scorer in international matches (3): 2013, 2014[103], 2016 The author of the best goal according to the readers of Marca: 2011 (against Barcelona in the final of the Spanish Cup) Author of the 1000th goal of Manchester United in the English Premier League (against Middlesbrough on October 29, 2005) Winner of the prize for the most beautiful goal of the season in Manchester United (2): 2008, 2009 Second player of the Spanish Championship (Di Stefano Prize) (2): 2009/10, 2010/11 Is part of the symbolic FIFA world team (8): 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 He is a member of the symbolic European team according to the UEFA version (9): 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 He is a member of the symbolic national team of the XXI century according to the UEFA version[104] He is part of the symbolic national team following the results of the UEFA European Championship (3): 2004, 2012, 2016 He is part of the symbolic national team of the XXI century according to UEFA He is part of the symbolic national team of the first 20 seasons of the English Premier League (experts ' version) He is part of the symbolic team of the first 20 seasons of the English Premier League (fans ' version) He is part of the symbolic team of the English Premier League (4): 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 It is part of the symbolic
64a2e8ba11cdb95e146c3277f854eb93b8d28f36	In Russia In the World Incidents Show Business Facts Tests Questions Biographies Videos
5f2a0e78b8a40d5da32cae4c04c59b1b25d2be49	Cristiano Ronaldo, biography, news, photos find out everything!
b785e7a3a8c6e579b6aa79a02bca0d7ed9af5e38	Birthday: February 5, 1985 (31 years old)
bf65f527c880948a91cb272d286a08d2b3c4ebc9	Place of birth: Funchal, Portugal
1c368dbe97f86d9faf27411960d36a94d8ce2a67	Zodiac Sign: Aquarius
2cd0da0d18f62cf6987a38349f2e39249afafb6b	Eastern horoscope: Bull
d826584f556fe4b4ad3894af2ffc0398b5f3cc2e	Do you like Cristiano Ronaldo?
aab1cd802fd459b5c7118cf77870b15ca35f90f9	I like
ce546609f562e1d8ff13c49b68e8b2ee31f49694	Photo: Cristiano Ronaldo
58113aead6f8b544153cfd6b1384785de7fc8df9	View all photos
3f56ab08d0ccc98e0bad31731d950ae1332fdcd0	Cristiano Ronaldo is the fourth child in the family, born in Portugal.
3b05ba61bfff0809ecc135c9f0af29bd4a65e31b	Parents mother Maria Dolores dos Santos Aveiro and father Jose Dinisha Aveiro, a passionate fan of Ronald Reagan, gave his son a double name (Ronaldo) in honor of the American president.
23b8477fe29767074e121353b59762e6d76df499	In total, the family has four children, the older brother Ugu, the second Cristian and two sisters Elma and Liliana Katya, the latter is known on the Portuguese stage as the singer "Ronalda".
913190863adf7bbcede0c43ede1e85ac3071baed	His father worked in the administration of the local football club "Andorinha", which contributed to the passion for football of his older sons.
58202141ac751d3d8469d546f2344239f524af20	A soccer ball given for Christmas is still one of the most expensive gifts.
6b29e317f44eadfe18a4007df70c67d2dc0859f2	The boys held daily football battles in the vicinity of Funchal, and Cristiano, nicknamed "Kluivert", was one of the best.
6a7e9b3f2c885943732f68069c53c8ccdb6e946d	At the age of eight, he started playing in the children's team of the local club "Andorinha", after he moved to the leading local club "Nacional" in 1995, he was exchanged for a team set of uniforms and football boots for two years of playing and training.
52b0cd2b5b55d78c32a08158d3519b3b60cd5e8c	Football career
58e988be886038c84d77e5a570b2e5e5169dfdba	After spending a winning season with the club "Nacional", after a trip to a three day review, he signed a contract with the Sporting Lisbon Youth Academy.
87416fba534a283e9a12dc601a9fe3828f114430	Since 1997, he has passed all the age groups of the club.
a25b4e52acfa198c9d6be3d936efae5cf6d40e98	And in 2001, he made his debut on the field for the adult team of Sporting.
78e3b04b2db759d96226a28fce39a83b19e28396	A genuine victory
b3869cbc7ec207f705451235df3a291a62a7e049	Ronaldo's game, his technique and speed often attracted the attention of coaches and managers of different teams.
970639a921a1837b870ab8afce4ed1a5f5f4fc10	Gerard Houllier, the head coach of Liverpool, did not dare to take the 16 year old Cristiano, citing his youth.
6f0ec64fe32703e4b581175f97968e2891eb30d1	What Alex Ferguson, the head coach of Manchester United, was not afraid of.
9b069dc62ee95f3034ce6a63ef50d271c6647247	In 2003, after the game "Sporting" - "United", the score was 3: 0, the Manchester players themselves were delighted with the game of the Portuguese opponent and suggested that the coach invite Ronaldo to the team.
994dcc497882c04fe8ec400f2c3063174701ddc8	The first Portuguese in the history of Manchester United, received a shirt with the number 7.
fb355c4caba62d723b6e94f1de95cdc8e7d97f34	At first, he was categorically against it, and asked for the number 28, under which he played in the previous team.
6d9a8b5c4e1923d5fb23c0f24367b74bf4b5eff9	After all, the seventh Manchester number is Bryan Robson and George Best, Eric Cantona and David Beckham.
eb4f966eb8180937f722aec1337d9e3a927159d5	The 1000th Manchester goal was scored by the player number seven Cristiano Ronaldo.
37b59968e46a600237b1d48199fa415c48a5fd5e	According to the results of the 2004/05 and 2005/06 seasons, the winner of the special prize "The best young football player" according to FIFPro.
1e5341db8afd0a7cdd8c567dd6512667f7824106	The titles of "Footballer of the Year" and "Young footballer of the Year" of the 2006/2007 season in all possible versions.
5fe4224d799801d4459d11da9bc760608f0ba5c2	In 2007, in order to keep a talented football player, the administration raises the salary and signs a new five year contract with Ronaldo.
451dea61266b339f1a876eaf771406a92322a171	The highest paid football player in the club's history received up to 120,000 pounds per week.
042083d5b9537c007f3309bd8e9ae818c717baaf	The transfer of Real Madrid was denied.
3d451a1197f28e935b78a369c0b9af9e0dba2b80	In May 2007, in the match "United" - "Manchester City" Ronaldo scores the 50th goal in this team.
d9a048d638a289bbea1666f43fadff4ba2e973c1	The 2007-08 season brought the title of "Player of the Month", twice in November and December according to the Professional Football Association, despite a three match suspension for a red card in a match against Portsmouth.
06fcd18a18e62eb1fcca695e5689d20650a1e9e1	In January 2008 ,the" hat trick "for United was the first in a row, since March the captain of the team in the match against Bolton and two author's goal attacks.
3c1af0146e8f41fce4bf28a710efe52ea4bf19c3	A real pro
e51a10643316631dfe39f1c8214a1b54b2e87c26	The best scorer of the season with 31 goals, the first midfielder to win the "Golden Boot".
93ca1da8fc65026c83588e63f3b3cc427b4c6a5d	The 2008/09 season - 42 goals, after successfully conducted scoring attacks against the "potters", there is not a single team from the Premier League who would not have scored Ronaldo.
f79f10998ceecc4a48d92184857f1d7a37c8f15d	The titles of " Best Player of the match "according to "UEFA", "Golden Ball "and"FIFA Player of the Year".
5679461185bd643f1fc9becd91d9afcd209e3f45	In June, a scandal broke out over Real Madrid's attempts to poach Ronaldo, but even FIFA refused to interfere and in August the footballer announced his intention to play another season with the Manchester United club.
db290ac1d1a540a232187d1f8828811f2206e2f4	Season 2009/10, 2010/11 hat rick against Levante, Zaragoza and Rayo Vallecano, LDU penalty, goal against Deportivo, two against Real Sociedad and by 2011 fifty goals scored with Real Madrid.
8bbb5d8c4df9aefcca6fdaec13aa964fcd9a4ac8	At the moment, Cristiano Ronaldo is the favorite of the Real Madrid club and performs brilliantly at championships and tournaments in different countries.
c56a4e393f97babcfbd2e14e97cd2e310ff645d4	As a member of the club "Real Madrid" won the titles the Champion of Spain of the 2011/12 season, the Spanish Cup 2010/11, became the silver medalist of the Spanish championship twice, in the seasons 2009/10, 2010/11.
7e449f2221464f0a99191bba6bc150f6846128e5	In 2012, the contract of the "Royal Club" and midfielder Cristiano Ronaldo ends.
8cb902bb51bcb689bdf3a73bd9b810b289d176a1	Jorge Mendes, the footballer's agent, is negotiating with Jose Angel Sanchez to extend the current one for three years until 2015.
8984510a1968b28ee6e5c7d39c644c69bb36c521	The main point of the agreement is the salary increase from 10 million to 13 million euros.
83d41c5057c4c2f7d7867a288ee2c63753785ad3	As part of the Portuguese national team
f338a11cf6890db63d8abf409d541edc86409965	Cristiano Ronaldo dances a popular dance
3dcecf6709738d6d5dd460660d8102d5e29b7175	Euro 2012 is now in full swing.
b78f53f0cb05ce14847ac9ce8592e0a7e2faf689	And the team captain predicts good results.
9bcb6258d0a59d8f2cf0a898aff6663cd1faa0fd	Ronaldo has nominated three national teams – Spain, Germany and the Netherlands as favorites for the upcoming tournament.
267a235520df67ba2ca2b8a52b37a234e719e1cc	On June 17, the Portugal – Holland match will take place in Kharkiv, two teams playing attacking football promise a colorful game.
6daac040240e089c581c4ad987c5a11f75afc96a	As of February 2012, Cristiano Ronaldo's national team has played 88 matches, for which 32 goals have been realized.
bee80f678fa405e9a95a8e49b1f33bfde00d98ed	51 team wins.
9063fd6ef5c447a73e415be6c182a8aafffc91b0	23 "draw" results and 14 defeats.
6cd9176551bc3f8e687611f48c917cbdd7eaf66e	Personal life
990c181208045bc339d4bbee013c6ae5e43da839	The twenty seven year old outstanding football player of our time is in no hurry to start a family.
c63dd8e3968d14184622e53b63be94f948c04902	The favorite of women and the most enviable groom has been noticed more than once by journalists and photographers with different girls.
2225d90c7f56fa013418311c697facafbb2ff427	In 2009, the football player was seen in the company of the famous socialite Paris Hilton.
8610e9ce34be1589ddbbbb299fe4be3685a81a67	The press took a few pictures, but apparently the relationship was not long.
f51543407007ce695de924fb0a3b1b90f9ba91dc	I also attribute to him novels with models Raffaella Ficho, Letizia Filippi, actress Gemma Atkinson
a63650497ac64f72117e18fcb4f3c8a551777062	Cristiano is raising an illegitimate son, whom he introduced to the public in 2010.
2fb3274a1026cf921664883d126e0e4c56773294	The child is completely in his care.
405e0a8ec9ce960c3961be8374d4693142071e21	And the name of his mother remains unknown to this day.
0b3add00e0d03b81322aa595cd4826cb69387497	With Irina Shayk
356db34babf7a8ebd1bebe627475af9f3a545184	Since 2010, Cristiano Ronaldo has had an affair with the Russian model - beauty Irina Shayk.
376bf3070d02a502d590a4fca58cfedcb5d5a07c	They met on a joint shoot for Armani.
d6c25d3af112bb0a5acddc7af2afce0b306e1124	They were together for almost five years, the press was waiting for a message about the engagement and the upcoming wedding.
64e4dcfb61174cf81612c0f8411c353fb3b8e5e5	But in early 2015, the couple broke up.
195a58564f951ec02d5e6098344f047ab199c22f	It was rumored that Cristiano was not faithful to his girlfriend.
7191810a2ef340963277a0377212c07ba98881a9	After the breakup, the athlete was not alone for long, according to rumors, he began dating the leading club channel of the Ronaldo football team named Lucia Villalon.
2dc21000a1837fad7c1ad65cb9b2137e447af78a	The girl posted a joint photo with the world star on her page on the social network.
427144eb8745f39d7af3f00833b9f2991d3c33c6	Other sources attribute to the star an affair with another model, now of Ukrainian origin Yara Khmidan.
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76f8143686a75d5154fe767d84e21460a0b907fe	Was this article useful?
32e777397d96cf0e4f828804954d31bda7b1f57d	Well no
4ea08003d889dcd86c1b55b84c09bd119ef3802b	Please rate the article
f666552f9498584ca20d2fd2d2cf118037bce076	Thank you for helping us to become better!
5150d2104c8cd974b27fad3f25ec4e8098bb7bbe	kkk
9630b08d042a785dcae4e7edd1adcb372bb55324	sps helped 5 I got it chose the main thing threw it into the presentation and it turned out for 5 the main thing is the patience of the sps for you !!
f4f512546d3147e83df9029fe021cc0487671392	LEK4
86159c0d872009d044289089406baa4c7817ead4	I thought I was married several times.
27796ed21e372cbc304e11e124a1b5c845b7d4c6	And he never did. http://www.lek4.ru/
4498ce38ecb03dfe3eecc62cd84ab38c5dd49197	Alina
9b5cbaaaa7de451a3b416dcc72b99dcc9596814c	Ronaldo, you're just super !
9c50f3ba178e3f568fdfac40e4faf334fbf40e13	I adore you
00b82d7407acf465f21996eb656f43e25f18e41a	Sergey Yakimtsov
6c61862136da273492044ebbdedae6cfd3571d9c	ronalo loch
447c2b47c0f5e0328e4f4a4c91551d66c72efd2d	islam duvanov
0109eeeb7fa12b20d443c283daaf0e1186ffd36f	ronaldo is the coolest
21c8b74a06441405ba99c0055998b5b89c44b572	Erwin Goppe
3497dddd86a8fe11a947f698d04ba56af318e2e0	Ronaldo is the best of all I adore you)))
d86a1f895ee166eece45e020b11aea2b34b1834a	Daria Tsukanova
2ddd0ae955b24ee3309d1c10509b4abbe5581219	Messi is cooler!
7e9cec795ad3d2dfbd3adc34a8c56cbd93bb29f1	Although Messi and Ronaldo are the same
ab337a16ed468247e04b4cf8674b698fb44f6689	Illya Prikaznov
999d17ff19c501f092015fd50a27f7fbbd00748d	ronaldo is the best
d63beb94e9264fd406d6af63843740799f549051	Ilya Gulyaev
68fa617be543f93c7a996845108a04b4126c7cc0	Cristiano Ronaldo loshari and eban
a31682ac652a54567312eecafe6a3ffb1b81ebb1	Sasha Bundux
bf5bed12e30e3e495e0bdae79592fae3a0235885	ronaldo god messi sucker
bfc005ed3033bd00fe75b75cb4284f48466ea1aa	Cristiano Ronaldo latest news and articles 2017
57c08adb42c0f8ff1a1dda5e861f123bda8fae6f	Irina Shayk went shopping with her boyfriend's mother
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f0d31917a96c14e5e0d9acf6b733059fad5ea97f	Twerk at the Eternal Flame in Moscow became the reason for a police investigation
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2325d3e4ca86c623062604cca665ed49e18096b5	Cristiano Ronaldo biography, information, personal life
25351b256044752d9f8cff2734010d3d238429af	Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro (port. Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro).
34a03cc6cec35dc45125e709da8eb462c9ba6ddb	Born on February 5, 1985 in Funchal (Portugal).
368940b3c290f10b63dbc73cbef3e28029f4951a	Portuguese football player.
55ab3742dade8608ba445abcdde43bf91b1d625b	A player of the Spanish club "Real" (Madrid) and the Portuguese national team.
a2f3d4f7272a1d25f3ef61babcc2a27312af24f9	The most expensive footballer in the history of football - 80 million pounds were paid for his transfer from English Manchester United to Real Madrid.
7b322caf295a7a8ad63e449a84d9191ae2cc46d8	The best scorer in the history of the Portuguese national team (61 goals).
5a66f9717160f3a179741065281d8aadf1be310c	European Champion of 2016.
3c18c9983269344e2b77592938ec1da5d316c192	Officially recognized by the Portuguese Football Federation as the best player in the history of the country.
a78e9b236e7217ab9c4e16f7376bd3b115d5def5	He is considered one of the best football players of our time.
90ced74cb690e14147931d253e6f0c639155f770	He was recognized as the best young player of the 2004 European Championship.
ffd6a8e44a608fea24c99cda9aaa4c3838da6348	He is considered the most versatile football player in the world.
f9e147aba3041799e9697ce590ee3fbfa8297f8c	He can do almost everything on the field: he has an equally accurate and strong shot with both legs, he scores a lot with his head.
fe7257410db2cdd95b6c3390954ad0b5f1257d52	It has a unique free kick: the ball after the kick flies along an intricate trajectory with great speed first up, and before the goal it falls sharply down and hits the opponents ' goal.
27e5946deb00739f34cd681b9c5c563c412dfba0	He has an excellent dribbling technique, which allows him to often beat several opponents.
ab91c2109fad08138ce8dd346b3ad092a675f90a	Cristiano Ronaldo can play both as an extreme attacking midfielder and as a central striker.
fd408d158183bfa1605f1d9d705d9a40e2f576b3	In the 2014/15 season, experts noted that the Portuguese scored almost 2/3 of his goals from the position of a central striker, whereas earlier this figure was about 50 %, and in the 2011/12 season - only 33 %.
2955e4f4218f62bb765ed64c08ab09965d1854e9	Cristiano Ronaldo.
1a9d503d7c799fd5ccc9659cf8be50c8aa1c4d31	The best moments
bec936513dd1ea7b0b3ae914975f9d6b7da7dafa	He was the fourth child in the family after his older brother Ugu (born in 1975) and two sisters, Elma (born in 1974) and Liliana Katya (born in 1976).
0ea3b7c9f577b3b229dcf30f375b2ba00cdfb245	The parents named the boy after Ronald Reagan, since Cristiano's father was a fan of the then American president.
679f7aca750995994ceca19de14a2f05f5dbbccb	Cristiano Ronaldo as a child
631653dc9553d4b4c0f1759b806e71877c1e9eae	As a child, his favorite team was Benfica.
23fc05032b3d969f7829d91a7e1878fc43255333	After a winning campaign at the Nacional, he went to a three day viewing at Sporting, following which he signed a contract with this Lisbon club.
9d995133e03e24b0d29b665f2697874efb760700	He became the only football player in the history of the club who played for all the squads of Sporting - under - 16, under 17, under 18, reserve and main teams and all during one season.
bb18d6aefd659ce856962408024325a5ed00c9a8	He made his debut for the adult team of Sporting on August 15, 2001 in a friendly match against Atletico Lisbon, coming on as a substitute in the second half and scoring a goal.
981f5791f0aa3b32ba3f4124ac90354637cf69f0	At the same time, he played for the Portuguese national team at the European Youth Championship for under 17 football players.
f98f6e91e3dfff2cabda76013616b077119f5452	Ronaldo's performance impressed the United players, and they convinced Ferguson to sign a contract with the talented Portuguese.
a57d89ad9ca9320ce1feda0450425a783ff74108	The transfer amount was 12.24 million pounds.
8eb002ba4f2d4f7d8e96b695bcc4c867d905d8fe	On October 29, 2005, it was Ronaldo who scored Manchester United's 1000th goal in the Premier League - in a match against Middlesbrough, which ended in a 1 defeat to United:4.
5bf467033521886e0638636a1e950b8c28d2c20e	Following the results of the 2004/05 and 2005/06 seasons, he won a special prize for the best young football player of the year according to FIFPro.
3a332eb874aae0bb59a6edd2ddd98843ec3a3841	In November and December 2006, he received the title of the Premier League player of the month, becoming the third player in the history of this tournament to take two awards in a row (after Dennis Bergkamp in 1997 and Robbie Fowler in 1996).
117ead7007f0a4f21549b4c91da579a4615b22f0	Despite the rumors that appeared in March 2007 that Real Madrid was ready to pay 80 million euros (54 million pounds) for him, on April 13, the Portuguese signed a 5 year contract with the club, which also provided for an increase in salary to 120,000 pounds per week, which made him the highest paid football player in the history of Manchester United.
fc0322f61840fa03599ef84797d36c7894bbc8a7	In the 2006/07 season, he was at the center of a number of incidents related to simulation.
dd0449a02de6e7616a0afdf3ce7287d129bc3ff8	The Portuguese was criticized by Gareth Southgate for an episode with a "dive" in December 2006 in a match with Middlesbrough.
bd9c0bc7d3cdb78a3ee39eb8f2e4218fd796a4dc	On February 4, 2007, he was again accused of simulation - in a match against Tottenham Hotspur, when he earned a controversial penalty in a collision with Steed Malbranc.
dfae4b44ab7969462c59c2f8b3449cc8f33431ef	Despite some ambiguity of his performances, at the end of the season he collected many awards: he received the titles of "footballer of the year" and "young footballer of the year" according to the Professional Football Association, thereby repeating the achievement of Andy Gray in the 1976/77 season and becoming the second player in history to receive both awards at the end of one season.
d67f5732bdfae7fb5dca3ec4f155f1ab2847d381	The 2007/08 season started poorly for him: in a match with Portsmouth, he received a red card and a three match suspension for hitting Richard Hughes with his head.
476297c3d1906f14396886ead616a29074ed7e85	After this incident, the Portuguese admitted that he had "learned a lot" and would no longer allow his rivals to" provoke " him.
75f1492d0fa805115477e5b9a72a788b16dfee5b	In the fight for the "Golden Ball" in 2007, he took second place, losing only to the Brazilian Kaka from Milan, and in the fight for the title of the best football player of the year according to FIFA, he took third place, losing to Kaka and Lionel Messi.
15b3e6d64fa4c39fc4defd11f0fcc1737b4c7cd8	He scored his only hat trick for United on January 12, 2008 in a match against Newcastle at Old Trafford, which ended in a 6-0 victory for the hosts.
980b3441065459d15b6ddc09cd7775e9e7945481	After this match, Manchester United topped the Premier League standings.
5f1983abfb2c85bdc7eadff36b66893ca44daf12	In a meeting with Reading on January 19, he scored his twenty third league goal - the same number of goals he scored in all competitions in the 2006/07 season.
bafa0c75b6ecfcd1aa1383bb0f0217e0b217b32c	On 19 March 2008 for the first time in his career in Manchester United took to the field with the captain's armband and scored both goals for his club in a meeting with Bolton ended with the score of 2:0.
6095d455d588428d20b009c6c8be2dc4749f50ed	The second of his two goals in this match was 33 m for Ronaldo's goal in the season, which was a new club record for number of goals scored by a midfielder.
1aaa76010fa4c537f3c43f8d99d05793f66019f8	Thus, he broke the record of George Best, who scored 32 goals in the 1967/68 season.
80a313c5b0e86818488939a35c7c2417d477fefc	Scoring indicators made him not only the top scorer of the Premier League in the season (31 goals), but also the first winger in history to win the Golden Boot.
d688675c98a80e79c0351de0f264ae58b147d590	On June 5, 2008, Sky Sports reported that the footballer was interested in moving to Real Madrid if the Spanish club offered him a contract with the amount promised earlier.
63ab971c5f0473b6fd0cff4e06885d1ddeac81e7	Manchester United made an official complaint about Real Madrid's illegal attempts to lure the Portuguese and sent it to FIFA on June 9, but FIFA refused to apply any sanctions to the Madrid club.
8ae90ea48470911070975905d32b916401e22923	Speculation about his future continued for most of the summer, until on August 6, the Portuguese announced that he was staying at United for at least another season.
8d1bc598810fef7b856a42cb7d3110ea819f38a4	On July 7, in Amsterdam, the Portuguese underwent an operation on his ankle.
c5efec59d0fe281235125a04daec7fda2976b834	He returned to the game on September 17 in the 2008/09 Champions League group stage match against Villarreal, coming on as a substitute for Park Chi sung.
000d7f5627bf5f3731426cf237a2ee3afdd93b04	Cristiano scored his first goal of the season on September 23 in a League Cup match against Middlesbrough, which ended with a score of 3:1.
bf02a1cab484ee74203463c206dcd75bb690cc47	The Portuguese scored his 100th and 101st goals for Manchester United in a match against Stoke City on November 15, 2008, both with free kicks (the match ended with a victory for United with a score of 5:0).
5a2d805ff444ec964eb8c38948e4472c5e272427	After these goals, he had goals against all the other 19 Premier League teams on his personal account.
27733fbd8bc8938e2949a5f98126d67133fa47cb	At the end of 2008, he received the Golden Ball, becoming the fourth United player in history and the first in the last 40 years to be awarded this prestigious award.
7c70b407687b9961f5e7550ed053f50299c0bf70	On June 11, 2009, Manchester United accepted an offer from Real Madrid to sell Ronaldo to a Spanish club for 80 million pounds.
8b543e607ae97a950cd898b839f29dc64812b734	Representatives of the Glazer family said that the transfer was fully agreed with Ferguson.
c313a32c977f5ecc0fd2913f53efdd9ea50bf4b1	After completing his transfer to Real Madrid, he expressed gratitude to Ferguson for helping him develop as a football player, saying: "He was my father in sports terms, one of the most important and most defining factors that influenced my career."
7b2a8258bde84b2cf1b2c6a5746757fd15f915d7	Cristiano Ronaldo's Best Moments for Manchester United"
38a0a12b3fb876dafc7adcb6d09f2e5f46b6983e	Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid:
de944a11cd7096b1e62949bb847e9ca952978f0f	In the summer of 2009, he moved to Real Madrid.
2d575e5865d2b29fe1d50fdaf0d69288e4bf2546	During the negotiations, Florentino Perez and David Alan Gill agreed on the amount of 93.4 million euros.
969cca23c7032eb8c04ba8a788d8b5122e687d58	The Portuguese midfielder became the most expensive player in the history of world football, breaking the record of Zidane, who moved from Juventus Turin to Real Madrid in 2001 (about 76 million euros).
d35f3c938becff90f3d0307ce008e18c54bafbf1	He scored his first goal for Real Madrid in a match against Ecuadorian LDU, scoring from the penalty spot.
aa165d3ed2a101633ad0d9516bff4d0dcbfab6d5	He scored his first goal in an official match for Real Madrid on August 29, 2009 in a meeting with Deportivo (3: 2), scoring in the 35th minute from the penalty spot.
eaaea3837589a31c9155ac753d2d8c7a9aefba71	After Raul left, he took the 7th number.
787378a5e203b6ec8260efcd2196a4371462763e	On October 23, 2010, he scored four goals for Racing.
8eb35972031a28177426f801edc14a25579127ee	On January 9, 2011, he scored three goals in a match against Villarreal.
fb6b11b5a8077a29de1e78a2217443930d2877a4	On February 6, after scoring two goals against Real Sociedad, he set a Real Madrid record - he needed only 51 matches to score 50 goals in the championship.
7c96a41a7d34a540d80a46c53789f6737b43c48b	The previous record was held by Ferenc Puskas 54 matches.
13767a254a648cbb2e0e14ff10af33e5497d4ef4	On May 21, he set a new record of performance in one season for the Spanish championship.
b7d72d57d2e073220124818f0f93332eef2df6a4	On May 5, 2012, he played a match with Granada, which became the 100 m for the Portuguese in the Spanish championship - in this meeting, he scored a goal that turned out to be the 300 m scored by Cristiano in his professional career.
98692955740e637e2e3a192d5c8cdeff95e8599d	On May 8, 2013, in a match with Malaga, he scored his 200th goal for Real Madrid, it is noteworthy that he needed to play only 197 matches for this.
be7cc7a3955127d0e397c77839d0a11f5b8c53f1	In the 2012-13 Champions League, he became the top scorer, scoring 12 goals in the tournament.
6345ac344f66a97bd3ef3061ec0204e670ae8e12	On December 10, 2013, in the 6th round of the group stage of the UEFA Champions League, he hit the goal of Copenhagen on the road and set a new record of performance for the group stage of the tournament.
d5ac10cd15391a93f34c5bd8bd94166bec5e03ed	In 2013, he set a personal record for the number of goals scored in a calendar year (69 goals), while this result became the best in Europe, the Portuguese surpassed Ibrahimovic (47 goals) and Messi (45 goals), who took second and third place in goals scored in 2013, respectively.
818da34c5f4e3505f56ab82dfe041f94f4a25c7d	Real Madrid announced that the Portuguese with 324 goals in 308 games became the club's top scorer, surpassing Raul, who scored 323 goals in 741 games.
c51989b61fb19645e40c8ebf4638c7280931f28e	He became the first Real Madrid player to score in six consecutive matches against Barcelona at the Camp Nou.
dd307f451ac49d4d2c0fcffb74dc9bb0cae1494b	In the final of the 2011 Spanish Cup, he scored the only and winning goal against Barcelona, which brought Real Madrid victory in the tournament.
343f488366cfcf993c32ac88fb88addee120da7c	On April 2, 2016, he scored the winning goal for Barcelona in an away match of the Spanish championship (1: 2).
a4b15907448b8d0e2f1d385c2a38b974381be095	Cristiano Ronaldo's best goals for Real Madrid"
a22aee1ac88ad833a9b4d67f1767539a48b79f5f	Cristiano Ronaldo in the Portuguese national team:
72ab66cd038622079a9d94e86a9f979eea0a8697	For the first time in the international arena, he declared himself at the home for the Portuguese Euro 2004.
a29bcd1ee7d69ee64c978deb9aecd265abc52b7b	With the score 0: 2, he scored his first goal for the national team.
952cf7d72e01bbcc04827a1c974bcec2ff510e92	On the eve of the second leg in Moscow, the news came about the death of the football player's father.
8f9382819b81072172862d27aa2cc84fb564f9e9	Despite this, he entered the field in the starting line up and played the entire 90 minutes.
caffa025e95a6dce5a7d89f674475475965eacbb	At the 2006 World Cup, Portugal won all the matches in its group, he scored a goal from the penalty spot against the Iranian national team.
ea0b8e42a67d20c0e7b7f0b1a1c121d7b0c46532	In the 1/4 final in the match with England, he scored the decisive shot in the post match penalty shootout.
9c95d50a481b205d6962cf7cdb03b72641a42cb0	At Euro 2008, he played a great match against the Czech team, scoring a goal and giving an assist to Ricard Quaresme.
e29dc031a490690cb3394e9a6046719b2d1357d0	At the 2010 World Cup, in a match against the DPRK (7:0), he scored a goal and gave an assist, interrupting his goalless streak for the national team, which lasted almost a year and a half.
a887b6692f025d3bd0ed0959c256f5e115de952a	At Euro 2012, in the final group match against the Netherlands, he first equalized the score in the first half, scored the second and winning goal and was recognized as the best player of the match.
f597f93e0959f04caf2ca1033ee0007946c19231	In the quarterfinal match with the Czechs, he scored the winning goal.
e34c96761c130ba3a1e9c64a0cbd88d8c4193cbf	Also at the championship, he became the first Portuguese football player who managed to score in five major tournaments as a member of the national team.
55446c9b9c5a957c1d4338d244a4df3dba463c64	He scored against opponents at three European Championships (2004, 2008, 2012) and two World Championships (2006, 2010).
6fa518fb58133809c0526cdcec77b2618bed3158	In the qualifying tournament for the 2014 World Cup, he scored 4 goals in the group stage, following which the Portuguese national team took second place and got into the play off matches, in which Sweden was the opponent.
7fcd135c98a74a45f5f6ff5a1abe1b012ac8a1ab	In the first play off match in Portugal, he scored the only goal and brought victory to his team.
330dbf6dc028a6f1e140cdfadc91384605f93630	Before the World Cup, he was injured, but eventually got into the application and, risking his health, went to Brazil.
74066a771861aab222c7f88b3bd75d4efa450e2c	In the second match, the Portuguese national team played with the US national team, and with the score 1:2 on the 5th minute added, Cristiano Ronaldo made a cross into the penalty area, and Varela successfully closed it.
fa1639417135aa26950b95b6ee6f83c45783352a	Euro 2016
77d94dd09326dfe7e30b5596f0b4c9d3a50d57d7	At Euro 2016, Ronaldo was able to distinguish himself for the first time in the final match of the group stage against the Hungarian national team, having scored a double.
8784a49707662ca238764ae24b94f8ae656dbcd8	Successful for Cristiano Ronaldo was the semi final match with the sensation of the championship of the national team of Wales, in which the captain of the Portuguese national team managed to score the winning goal, as well as give an assist to Nani.
170c7f8afa9ea705fcdd631e79ae9626eafac330	During the tournament, Ronaldo managed to set three individual achievements: in the match against Austria, he set a new record for koli the number of matches for the national team of Portugal: Cristiano them was 128, while the previous record holder Luis Figo — 127.
af5af4622d1d4f559cd0089c112a8c328c90a198	In addition, having a double against Hungary, Ronaldo became the first player, who has scored four Championships in a row, and hit the gate, Wales Ronaldo equalled Michel Platini for number of goals in the European Championships (both players began their nine).
0a8d1c7f77dc12ff3077848844012d9aa471a841	In the final match with the French national team, Ronaldo suffered a knee injury, tried to continue the match, but soon asked to replace him: at the 25th minute of the match, he left the field on a stretcher.
8a174231e4bbfd8f510a8bec8df1a648e7150ef2	Cristiano Ronaldo is the 2016 European Champion
3900b82a3de631603e17d7d744c87a79955141c5	Cristiano Ronaldo's height: 185 centimeters.
951795daa4ffe357d0cf334c58fda0e3d7562736	Statements of football players and specialists about Cristiano Ronaldo: Alex Ferguson: "Ronaldo is the best football player in the world.
111a800b1dc9f5a8b59a7e76ea909e8b143c2dd1	He is ahead of everyone."
0a6d99ac1d35780a04190e79fdda84e8874c5199	Lionel Messi: "Cristiano is a great football player.
b4c2ac910b0f7e93ff00a6a0f147dd4428c647f9	We understand that by giving him space on the field, we will almost doom ourselves to failure."
780fb37506f35429fa490624954d234ba30cf991	Carlo Ancelotti: "Ronaldo is a footballer from another world.
23411d2815833c6426f193c280ca0f513f2469cf	It's hard to find words to describe his talent."
628aecf5ffca2e8b0ee4559c755d9b81a93bacc6	Jose Mourinho: "Coaching Ronaldo was the best in my coaching career.
7879f4b3d52083009e7853c3834a74915302c0ab	And I join Carlo Ancelotti's words that Ronaldo is a footballer from another planet."
a2d81251168cd590e2736fa4c97f388f03fe8aef	Louis Saa: "There is no more perfect player than Ronaldo.
71e481324848d8ee4e28a95a77e48dff98c7cea7	Ronaldo will score his 30 goals in a season in any team, because he can do it himself."
8a665f87866866640a61c29e6e65bb25db1dfebd	Emmanuel Adebayor: "I love watching Ronaldo act on the pitch.
7eaf001231b4d7b3774f42ab5ded4c10e979a044	He is an amazing football player."
42d9c813c1c96829d4e54933a6ed1a68f8e9f490	Thierry Henry: "There are always some discussions around Ronaldo.
5081e8d4a1d221cd477fd71d074fc0ab29895d76	This is something incredible.""
662e104264b4e262d23990e0abf2af6c8d81e4f8	Wayne Rooney: "To be honest, I would like to see Cristiano at Manchester United today.
1ecf9794f2b6f47c2a46296d8c9d56b89a3d214b	He is a great player, irreplaceable, the best in the world, so there is no player in our team who would not regret his transfer to Real Madrid."
020648747c1399caf4d20655b09e3c77efec684e	Ashley Cole: "This player is the best in the world.
725336fd8e80a286b033d4397ddcee12dbea0df4	I remember that once I almost got a groin injury, because he did a trick and forced me to sit on the splits."
a66ca704fa94f148c890aa7dde70421625d17c38	Mikel Arteta: "I admire him, he is great.
67bbc9ce6ef894e92d09df7e653798f5f4343fad	He copes with the defense brilliantly, constantly improvises."
ac5fe928c85c0ced6fc477b71ea9952093fa3d2a	Xavi: "Ronaldo has a good dribbling, a great sense of passing, he is constantly aiming at the goal.
9457a0406a18841704ca099f1d33f3e6c1141310	Everyone likes him, because he tries to do something that is considered far from mandatory in football."
9d99364f3a5a04b9686e218a77174fab89abc4e8	Martin Skrtel: "Yes, it is great.
1bafc9f16bf583e21866b432655d4aaeb2e029b0	It was harder for the outfield defenders: I saw how difficult it was for them to predict what Ronaldo would do, especially when he was gaining speed."
b044ae0f341c230f30a37fe4ed677c3b361abffe	Rood van Nistelrooy: "He is physically strong and technically very gifted.
9136f9490344f0f6f403195b2c0a03ac25e7ed3e	In a word, he has everything."
db67817466e659d223b372abf26a4c0752238154	Mesut Ozil: "Cristiano is the most versatile player in the world."
027503f414ce419c78cfecb1dea3e423eb7c306b	Gareth Bale: "I think he is the most comprehensively developed footballer in the world.
7dcdb26fbacb865f8e888447a0d49751ca5f7373	I wish I was at least half as good as Ronaldo."
70a38148bb5276bf7d5fdf8ee9038a773b5e5ac2	Xabi Alonso:"Ronaldo is one of the most ambitious players I have met in my life.
5cd057669be4cfc30a9825f9e642a8156f80334c	In addition, he knows how to find free zones, knowing when and how to use them."
fd336403b2ac1352ef58624c9998faf60cea0f1b	Zoran Tosic: "Ronaldo is the best of those with whom I have had a chance to play together.
b809197cbb31d641cc5d558c436fb28bfe37e288	He is a machine."
49d7f0a774c0e2b72388c1064ff0068ca0625284	Joao Motinho: "He is a completely balanced player, and I canot name any weaknesses.
46a4cef3ae6dfe3b34133534e173422acae45ad8	The game with his feet, his head, great speed - everything is with him.
460932b83fbda1ba49f390bb383aac4e5e11aa20	And we are very happy that he is playing for us."
823bf0cad658432a1189b7ff90990121c662b578	Pepe: "In my opinion, Cristiano is the best football player in the world.
4eebc40068151d07bbd7f0fdedb7a328055e68c9	Cristiano is a perfect, perfect football player."
776cb6d6547126567c96e91afce9516717e8a0a5	Personal life of Cristiano Ronaldo:
8fb4876aaa01c1c947fc4408f85b2ed36687acdc	Not married.
86125378e8502898c89bb4d2c674044e55807fa0	He has a son, Cristiano Ronaldo Jr., who was born to him by a surrogate mother on June 17, 2010.
c0b1b733ab85c1f37fce26c11f838f0c19aa3851	There were many rumors associated with the birth of Cristiano Jr.
6c8a3ee9a029b36316c46b4e96c7ac078222b6eb	They claimed that the child's mother was an unknown college student.
7415dfc1967546a01c772e21481f541577505a73	In the winter of 2011, Ronaldo's sister told reporters that the baby's mother allegedly died during childbirth.
bc5c1744192ebfed04dccabd0660485695e8e788	But the friends of the football player told the journalists of the British edition of The Daily Mail a different story: the mother of Cristiano Jr. is allegedly an American waitress, with whom the football player slept only once.
32cdef73c21dc0ac7b9fb6281d8746a5a1676511	In their presentation, the situation was as follows.
388c882b0e639fe20a7ea87f1dce7a5a75abf3b2	In 2009, he met a girl when he was in Los Angeles.
ef4b65c74283b5af37b7b0cf12f7428e2eb36c15	While having dinner at a restaurant, the football player set his eyes on a pretty waitress and at first tried to explain his intentions directly to her: "You, me, fuck, fuck!".
dd113cb9b376441b5cffab89ce1996418d813de8	The girl was confused by this, and she ignored the harassment.
37353b5b24da98a25923a1d3a8026765ee965b10	Then the football player drew a heart on the fogged window and said: "You, me, a kiss!".
47bac25628eef2d6a2f2d3b75c262ae921092e25	That night, they slept together in a hotel nearby, and when the girl discovered that she was pregnant, Ronaldo had already left the United States.
a38326575b08391d3116188c892d01c879878b1d	She managed to contact him through his agent.
0bf1ad89c6be96b0cb1cb4700db0abe98f8b6697	Cristiano did not disown the child, but asked first to conduct a DNA test, which showed that he was really the baby's father.
f87f7a5d4f25dce2552b07f426c57561afcf1508	"He grew up in a religious Catholic family and therefore did not deny and deny his paternity.
450bf94d16bfea061e61b3160bca68e4b6109d4f	He did not doubt for a second that he was doing the right thing," the Daily Mail quoted Ronaldo's friend as saying.
3ddb2173f2cdd1a1e1298340d54cd7e4c22a7264	Also, a friend of the football player said that Cristiano told his entourage: "I feel like Boris Becker."
3e0e8edb01b3cc15a352f51bba77c29a02b3d70b	As you know, the tennis player had to fork out and recognize himself as the father of the child of the model Angela Ermakova, with whom he had quick sex in the corridor near the toilet of one of the London restaurants.
7e79e85fb97cdb13d2b91437a779a14d94f4a9d4	Ronaldo received full custody of the newborn, paying his mother $15 million for silence.
773f294ef4a34399e4e9c63cad154752c1c6c541	At the same time, he intends to tell his son the name of his mother when he turns 18...
d8d977869daafc416864a633ee3924515477b9aa	Here is such a story.
bf73871418d8abe7d9c62b7226ab29a2bc023a78	The footballer himself did not confirm it.
02b14eb33638ca19733966e2e152be6d6174fd12	Whatever it was, however, today the main thing in this complicated story remains the version of Ronaldo himself - that he used the services of a surrogate mother.
27165fb567642268b50892d539cf51e9c22339b1	The boy is mainly being raised by Cristiano's mother - Dolores.
4a0a59b40ced1670554e501627ffa8c40f80c638	His sisters Katya and Alma are also engaged in it.
3f2a71d2b2a6965197495d849473ea42ecbeb2ec	Cristiano Ronaldo with his son
2dcae3e3efa5f261c58a990a516d6c4e9ab7682b	He has repeatedly stated that he wants to be a father of many children.
88369efa4252a8c532d0661e42d4a51787dfafda	"Five or six children.
00da14ac223efb175ff9238f3864b6dc8a5551cc	Why not?
a08eb646c98b37477dfe9ea0cd85c33dc971d327	I have the desire and financial resources.
0cc3ccf3e27c500b1811cf7ba496de2f559a0cbb	I just need to find the right woman, " he said.
30fbb46974fe913d4b582e1aa9585495455c2d02	The personal life of the star is constantly in the spotlight of the media because of Cristiano's countless affairs with girls.
76b2aeb0c5e5ff161a2e4b9ff638bc6af20ed204	Among the Portuguese's passions are the sister of the famous Brazilian football player Mario Jardel Jordana, model Carina Ferro, Brazilian Daniel Aguiar, Spanish adult film star Nuria Bermudez, TV presenters Merche Romero and Carolina Patrocinio, American artist Mia Judaken, millionaire party girl Paris Hilton, Danish model Maya Darving, the eldest daughter of his agent Jorge Mendes Marisa, Bulgarian Playboy star Nicoleta Lozanova and others.
d1190c5ecc3e736e7cf40d9d3eaa8d94d22df9ac	He had the longest relationship with the Russian supermodel Irina Shayk.
d7d80a58a1563249c9a365a7a6d278e0e3c77cd8	They have been dating since 2010.
24d85e303d2a4a81e07c976e711ee7a83979dc89	In January 2015, it was announced that the couple had separated.
0129bac64912222efebe2c02e836e48b331be9ed	Cristiano Ronaldo and Irina Shayk
90c4a1794dac2f803c49f5f69b219ec1495a1dd7	for more information about all the novels and all the women of Ronaldo, see:
061d1b04ec8fa96ebf94bb7b535d29e06453fb45	Novels, girls, mistresses of Cristiano Ronaldo
41b6a1bd0983c43f4402d4f92cfd86cde11eea16	There are reasonable suspicions about Cristiano's bisexuality.
fbfa527ebb394b826a3e8f029e1e033b2de03f07	In particular, his love affair with the Dutch kickboxer of Moroccan origin Badr Hari is not excluded.
8f9b10269909543faa20c892fecd8d2e6cbf756f	They relax together, take very intimate pictures.
5d9e0e141a60a831f8a29ec9de6c75f27c0b2113	French TV presenter Daniel Riolo in December 2015, on the air of the program "Touche pas a mon sport", directly stated that Cristiano Ronaldo is in a homosexual relationship with a Dutch kickboxer.
348cc40f1ced33eeb81f5fba6609cfc032707486	Cristiano Ronaldo and Badr Hari
950b820e8b2bd23b4e4e3e0aaf9c00a6e307c5fe	Cristiano Ronaldo's team achievements:
6769febbfdfc6dc620a0a137c31eb713b716b8a0	Manchester United:
8f86a719cd42e4bc3d7d9503c46f70a5478c6f9e	English Premier League Champion (3): 2006/07, 2007/08, 2008/09
b1eae322b99bd5498bf4f1322d463815298c08d2	FA Cup Winner: 2003/04
e07eb2b0f5d85d7acf7f228dadf494ae8eadb84d	Football League Cup Winner (2): 2005/06, 2008/09
0275534a16cb6d6fc73a74a3ccfac7ca8aa4985a	UEFA Champions League Winner: 2007/08
494595da4fb195484ad0f84bc80ee75fd8c40892	FA Super Cup Winner: 2007
fe5fd3df6526ba503a49d3e149c2ec2f4a78dbfc	Winner of the Club World Championship: 2008
1ae813502fc668c01d41004189ec5d2eb97219c1	Real Madrid:
436ce9a9ddad36bab75e21f8c5ed5fad388446b0	Champion of Spain: 2011/12
d5d638936168d562d9feceb2618284f1f18f284c	Spanish Cup winner: 2010/11, 2013/14
890dc02e1762dee3351876a0f48814bbd065d927	UEFA Champions League Winner: 2013/14
1372c6fac97af0d71178b781fed940727eae843a	UEFA Super Cup Winner: 2014
ea5d4430718f57de5aa1c1e68d4d384f5b5c15a5	Owner b of the Spanish Super Cup: 2012
cee71d8358afee423d8b80fddc108078ffddc2f7	Winner of the Club World Cup: 2014
76ffa0ea61588b7f9e9a0a198f7ccd8ad95227bb	Portugal national team:
73bcbce28163a1f6cf75657120ef2e52084efb4b	European Champion: 2016
008d11c250527fa9d08413ed9a1f149bd7b25647	Silver medalist of the European Championship: 2004
7043fb68b001c88f6a2f0b40404c8ccf4cf2ac27	Bronze medalist of the European Championship: 2012
0abf4a79ab566ed9db92e13b9a094cd96f50b7d1	Personal achievements of Cristiano Ronaldo:
294de6c37bfea264258d417c4b8b78d8ca7aba9a	Winner of the" Golden Ball " according to France Football: 2008
8898fc94f9bb69ec89f107d076aac2e284926012	FIFA Golden Ball Winner: 2013, 2014
dc34ae8420518f83787f7d3f43fedd2a55a2a716	Golden Boot winner: 2008, 2011, 2014, 2015
37e528f9cb10df3fb78b83ea3bb88175233e02bd	The best football player in the world according to FIFA: 2008
5915488b74604939755a036288959435cf38f2b4	The best football player in the world according to FIFPro: 2008
9daf363b37b742c54fb4b7329c0c1f8c2cf23826	The best club football player according to the UEFA version: 2008
e5be51e5d23193af539749940d793ced7605789a	Best club striker according to UEFA: 2008
79407c79c3ea0854a6a86f0af45b76feac157d76	Best Player of the UEFA Champions League Final (according to fans): 2008
6a7529ef2c3d8ad20454d93677827697481d20c7	The best football player in the world according to World Soccer (3): 2008, 2013, 2014
4b4530a488274214abd26b11ba9f814b46c3b6e1	The best football player in Europe according to UEFA: 2014
23b34a1c4f6ec44128d2202585ff7c900061894a	Best European Football Player (Onze d'Or): 2008, 2013, 2014
55b1931a503229f62e193436a155304359db6efe	Second European football player according to France Football (2): 2007, 2009
ff9de104188117128a107279bfbbdfed4426b48b	FIFA World Cup Runner up: 2009, 2011, 2012
b6fbd50aff5743e7fd85b0bbcdba671f73edab1e	Second European Football Player (Onze d'Argent): 2007, 2009
5233f90d522301a74f58d0cab2814643ef91f2d0	The third FIFA World Football Player: 2007
3f33bf64f12d66678ee3305924c3da6c6a2456fb	Third European Football Player (Onze de Bronze): 2010
073f502162fd2c2e8587dd8c1ba061744f634cd1	The best young player of the European Championship in 2004
78f8734d11257fc1818801ebe17ffb10c0e91716	Best Portuguese Footballer abroad: 2007
9fe336cc6bbc75cbc15477a851c0e4d55c874eea	Winner of the Sir Matt Busby Award for the best player of the Year: 2004, 2007, 2008
5732cfe788fdf55fefa2f7474240947e6cf44f30	The best football player in England according to the PFA players: 2007, 2008
d6c14eda0569411f824915799ee01b7b6560553f	The best football player in England according to the PFA fans: 2007, 2008
12d92f8e0684f9064a4fc5f15bbcf8c43ed90da0	Football Player of the Year according to the Association of Football Journalists: 2007, 2008
d2d95022c351f4241853df00718b43df6c1ef547	The best young football player in England according to the PFA: 2007
3571ac77a5c00dc94c7f062cc1ecf67875c78579	Best player of the UEFA Champions League: 2008
399478f0e82288acd772fd5f262151a629c84416	Best Player of the Spanish Championship (Di Stefano Prize): 2012, 2013, 2014
bbd1bad5843fccd78016b82e9024ed438d64675e	UEFA Champions League Top Scorer: 2008, 2013, 2014, 2015
74f38bdb2ffb65077f3ca1af30c142597a5a6107	Top scorer of the European Championship: 2012
f53486395f052349d404cbe0545f7189300ddcb0	English Premier League Player of the Month: November 2006, December 2006, January 2008, March 2008
86d22177e691d62e943aa3e75ae0882ee14f7bf3	Top scorer of the English Premier League ("Golden Boot" of the English Premier League): 2008
79b69303fc884542b1e63ef046fbc32ae1b7ccff	Best assistant in the English Premier League: 2007
fe2c02ddb7bfaaf81130bfa187b44a6766f51b95	Top scorer of the Spanish Championship (Pichichi Trophy): 2011, 2014, 2015
3464012223c6f6cbb30791451bc9465ddd564492	Spanish Cup Top Scorer: 2011
d6347e9c982bbd26a56c1472efac7d3d1cf46f45	The best Portuguese athlete competing abroad: 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013
a6f3fb10a1d6fe67809ab9fd8816d051a4b3ac96	The best player of the season according to Goal.com: 2008, 2012, 2014
61145676e5dd1905c090ef2b5eb3db3215387f2f	The best player of the year according to Globe Soccer: 2011, 2013 The best young player of the world according to FIFPro (fans ' version): 2005, 2006
8e508402764923a77f5a31ec005f68ed248eebfe	Bravo Trophy Winner: 2004
9c1c1f38995c78635f054fc092f734cb5acdeec5	AS Award Winner: 2009, 2011
7f558442f4f2f8fa3d19054326cb6259f9a76fa2	Winner of the FIFA Ferenc Puskas Award for the best goal of the year according to FIFA: 2009 (goal against Porto)
2e4e3c7988240e484ba08d701e7aeda5eab97f9e	Winner of the IFFHS prize for the best scorer of the national championships: 2014
6d06660571ddb4cbcf650ee624535e1f7db09468	Winner of the IFFHS prize for the world's best scorer in international matches: 2013, 2014
a24ce67dd34338e740651bab0a27e0260863ab78	The author of the best goal according to the readers of Marca: 2011 (against Barcelona in the final of the Spanish Cup)
0800c74d126f0520a67953c22979e23750dff9d7	The author of the 1000th goal of Manchester United in the English Premier League (against Middlesbrough on October 29, 2005)
aa684c277a0b81ca568d5d9d63b2af5271d7e6a8	Winner of the prize for the most beautiful goal of the season at Manchester United (2): 2008, 2009
4dc1688c5f8afecec9bdd919b3fe716f5415ecb6	Second Player of the Spanish Championship (Di Stefano Prize): 2009/10, 2010/11
b178bd7ae17b767040299f2869c42bc88df009c5	He is a member of the symbolic FIFA world team: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
6f83d909c1b446f65d21e4cd48b62374f25331bc	He is a member of the symbolic European team according to the UEFA version: 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
6409b50643bab6219118d17e60b17fcd0fc33583	He is a member of the symbolic national team of the XXI century according to UEFA
c40613a11037119dae6c400c657792b265409d99	He is a member of the symbolic national team following the results of the UEFA European Championship: 2004, 2012
9fe4400b7c8b3dd224655c3fb3a2e9ad93b3cd7c	He is part of the symbolic national team of the first 20 seasons of the English Premier League (experts ' version)
5bbe32e90f0258fecc2a227f8ceba2e1acc9bb6c	It is part of the symbolic
af9d9ef0c095acda44c3418227fb605891d4488e	Ancient Greek mythology is familiar to each of us from childhood thanks to the school curriculum.
0ca17de348fb9c659fbb7f3a77cf9727bab6d656	Modern children read fascinating stories about the adventures of the gods living on Olympus no less than their parents and grandparents did.
24715286d2abb796e4a5380cfbfc7b9e7ddd291f	It is difficult to meet a person today who would not know who Zeus, Poseidon, Athena or Ares are.
9131eeafbcb7b731f2c6dab055410b91caa6210e	The most famous heroine of ancient myths is Aphrodite-the goddess of love and beauty, an eternally young inhabitant of Olympus.
a6acb6894d8a1efef9956fb45cb892892d9b4117	The ancient Romans associated it with Venus.
65e75cad2a52ef90d38cd7b1be10ae7554b35bb8	Aphrodite is one of the most revered and beloved Greek goddesses.
1371480ad221f5223d2b3e94cbeffa0de5061e50	Her importance can be confirmed by the fact that she was one of the twelve great Olympians.
21f9895df780f1af1b8631084ad50610c5e72cb0	Aphrodite is, first of all, the goddess of love and beauty.
d544da3edf9b5480056b4e1c160caef7db7756ea	She is also the patroness of marriage and childbirth, the personification of eternal spring.
c9574c0415d117e7d7c223e7bd7035ddd44cc530	Aphrodite's powers were obeyed not only by humans, but also by the immortal gods, with the exception of Athena, Artemis and Hestia.
968c0a2c2aba63a9a113dc045e4bf5737663819c	She blesses women with beauty and gives them a happy marriage, and in the hearts of men she kindles the fire of true and eternal love.
00eb88d245146069ef54213be60107d775b7acd7	The ancient Greek goddess Aphrodite has Asian roots.
b6937c4da2dd20dd773463cd8f5889d3b3e3de29	Two versions of its appearance are common.
73a4e720705fecaeb28d19696ccd625d8af965aa	According to the version proposed by Homer, Aphrodite was the child of the supreme god Zeus and a nymph named Dione, and was born in the usual way.
5cafb69f70747d7ffae0b1c8ce6aeaa965b7a24c	The version proposed by Hesiod is more mystical.
0ce9ec5b3d5e946224bb4ef92886d363dfad831a	According to her, Aphrodite appeared after the castration of Uranus by Kronos.
e68c6197130a77288c314ca470a132f5162e32af	His blood got into the sea waters and, mixed with the foam, gave birth to the most beautiful goddess who ever existed.
9eeedf6637b967ec167f9d52ff639e7f9ed31867	The wind brought her to the shores of Cyprus, where the goddess was met by the Ors.
54a5eff020e5266d7cf4ab7041547015c5add683	They crowned Aphrodite with a precious diadem and dressed her in sparkling gold-woven clothes.
81350b68774c47c0671e55d00523f35bac17f6f3	Aphrodite patronized those who loved, but at the same time cruelly took revenge on those who rejected her help.
81cb868342198144437ef1b27bb9c126df1b268c	For example, the priest's daughter Myrrh, who did not want to perform rites in honor of the goddess, she sent an unnatural passion for her father.
4805b95018b89e27d27a241b1e37573dd9d52361	Narcissus, who rejected the love of the nymph Echo, she punished with death.
9d6b367450ea15ba326f175fcff5803a4e3f7f53	Due to her eastern origin, Aphrodite was often identified with the Phoenician goddess of fertility Astarte, the Egyptian Isis and the Assyrian Ishtar.
3c652c36e01d994f8e4080ac6e17f6b0f193b3d7	Despite the fact that the service to the goddess contained a certain shade of sensuality (the hetaerae called her "their goddess"), over the centuries, the archaic goddess turned from sexy and dissolute into a beautiful Aphrodite, who was able to take an honorable place on Olympus.
5d9af41c221da0298141e231d047f5b62e615e44	The fact of its possible origin from the blood of Uranus was forgotten.
32e226cdb610cbf96895df022bbadff71faa19df	After seeing the beautiful goddess on Olympus, all the gods fell in love with her, but Aphrodite became the wife of Hephaestus - the most skilled and the most ugly of all the gods, although later she gave birth to children from other gods, including Dionysus and Ares.
3bac91faa01df86d8afeeb5ebebfff85d20aca4b	In ancient literature, you can also find references to the fact that Aphrodite was married to Ares, sometimes even the children who were born from this marriage are called: Anteros (hatred), Eros (or Eros), Harmony, Deimos (horror), Phobos (fear).
662f91e4465bb5757898d15c35e4df2f95c33653	Perhaps the greatest love of Aphrodite was the beautiful Adonis, the son of the beautiful Myrrh, turned by the gods into a myrrh tree that gives a beneficial resin-myrrh.
a89b69561bc932a3cf978f0553f29d609ed7bc5e	Soon Adonis died while hunting from a wound inflicted by a wild boar.
004f43155e3c0940b79f8d6a2f3422a64c04fec2	Roses bloomed from the drops of the young man's blood, and anemones bloomed from Aphrodite's tears.
98b53eaac80ed561a04886b94bf22b6110344c5d	According to another version, the cause of Adonis ' death was the anger of Ares, who was jealous of Aphrodite.
87869c926de25efb6ef6d08360022f294d5a8686	During a dispute caused by Eris about which goddess — Hera, Athena or Aphrodite — is the most beautiful, Paris decided in favor of Aphrodite and gave her the golden apple.
4fcadafb6ecc98e29df50602149386978cde10f2	Having promised Paris, the son of the Trojan king, the most beautiful woman on earth, Helen, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus, she won the dispute, and the abduction of Helen by Paris was the reason for the beginning of the Trojan War.
eabb4168c911f823eff631871dc70a74dd51b253	In the Trojan War that broke out for this reason, Aphrodite defended the Trojans.
243c08159bd2e4805e9d77bbf386ad703f7fe895	According to the Iliad, she saved Paris from death during his duel with Menelaus, as well as her son, the Trojan hero Aeneas, who was attacked by Diomedes; the latter attacked the goddess, wounded her and forced her to leave the battlefield.
2cca1386bca3836019a6a36606d7ea0603c8f146	The ancient Greeks believed that Aphrodite provides patronage to heroes, but her help extended only to the sphere of feelings, as was the case with Paris.
934aa7cb378d734cdec0cbbfdfae20ecf7d89382	Numerous shrines of the goddess were located in many regions of Greece - in Corinth, Messenia, Cyprus and Sicily.
ba386ac07ea5348972c357251768a5c14c4d4d83	In ancient Rome, Aphrodite was identified with Venus and was considered the ancestor of the Romans thanks to her son Aeneas, the ancestor of the Julian family, to which, according to legend, Julius Caesar also belonged.
e73eebbc1aa2b3698c08487fde266404e4913cf5	The wife of the thunderer Hera arranged for Aphrodite to marry Hephaestus — the most skilled master among the gods and the ugliest of them.
9d339f46ef654224baaec896ca6966abe58fa031	The lame Hephaestus worked in his forge, and Aphrodite, basking in her bedchamber, combed her curls with a golden comb and received guests-Hera and Athena.
e53756786a56eeacc357a7de55ea14a58d9c95d2	Aphrodite enjoyed inspiring love feelings to gods and people and fell in love herself, cheating on her lame spouse.
1096280d81d4a96a65d666cf78b1ea27369661c4	An indispensable attribute of the goddess's attire was her famous belt, in which love, desire, and words of seduction were enclosed; it made anyone fall in love with his mistress.
277597fb11937e7b9e18ed442815bc250e01395e	Hera sometimes borrowed this belt from Aphrodite when she wanted to ignite the passion in Zeus and thereby weaken the will of her powerful spouse (Canto XIV of the Iliad).
f70422b2f916657d216b85c7949f77fc2758f8fb	The story of the eighth song of the Odyssey describes the reaction of Aphrodite's legitimate husband, who learned from Hermes about her relationship with Ares.
7d8acb29bb252ff0f06e495bf0a1ff710adb5ac0	An angry Hephaestus forged a thin, like a spider's web, but surprisingly strong golden net, which he imperceptibly attached to the foot of the bed, lowering it from the ceiling, and then announced to his wife that he was going to rest a little on his beloved island of Lemnos.
c4bc3efc103c56f41e254b9c19a1cbedf8fc529c	As soon as her husband was out of sight, Aphrodite sent for Ares, who did not take long to wait.
3abf26160f22fb3952d5e7a36374ffeb2a7fc5bc	The next morning, the lovers found themselves entangled in a net — naked and helpless.
bd4fe00617a436432029dab57ac423c2ab70b1a0	Hephaestus appeared and the other gods invited by him to look and laugh (the goddesses stayed at home out of delicacy).
5498a64b89eb279a4a65d034689033b1ab0eea9c	Ares got his freedom only thanks to Poseidon, who promised Hephaestus to arrange for Ares to pay a ransom — in the end, Ares refused to pay and Hephaestus was left without a ransom.
88648d9a1d8e0fd0822d1497b3aa024ed5033030	Aphrodite returned to Cyprus, where she regained her virginity by swimming in the sea.
d2d497311f8ec2f6e3d507653f98a0a0f0487ea7	According to Seneca, in his tragedy "Phaedra" (lines 124-128), not Hermes, but Helios (the son of the titans Hyperion and Theia) tells Hephaestus about his wife's infidelity with Ares.
f7b06e6ebb1d3f832abdced65d0963210ee02eef	For this, Aphrodite curses the entire family of Helios, giving all his descendants a passion for lustful desires.
ed83469c2f2a8547485f2a3bc2a6d6564809ae15	Although Zeus never shared a bed with Aphrodite, even he was tempted by her magic belt.
d3bc80eed97767c4a20e7ff15420ef7a5271badf	Therefore, one day he decided to humiliate her by arousing in her a reckless love for a mortal.
1b23c3633a52615d154159698f5cacfeaa72b641	They became a beautiful Anchises from the royal family of the Dardans.
ac6961c1a71f4d44d5808dc502cc927c858de93a	For the fact that he boasted about it, she (or Zeus) sends a member disorder on him.
5de18b74c8245ab1e8e3d4f6b666c8037e077704	Their son is Aeneas, the ancestor of Julius Caesar.
a6f50e7e7d542be7bd3b3fee9d916843d3169993	Aphrodite's lover was also the Argonaut Booth, who was saved by her from the sirens; some claim that the goddess spent several nights with Booth solely to arouse jealousy in Adonis.
012f232c93fad52699b28d9d8511b44728ae6013	Aphrodite turned the women of Kos into cows when the detachment of Hercules sailed[17].
711e7a13cfae144d3ffa37f2933eea3e9b1f9724	The goddesses of fate gave Aphrodite only one divine duty — to create love, but one day Athena caught her secretly sitting at a spinning wheel.
21014e550cafbf816d256ba07b5d17492af3fb1b	Considering this interference in her own affairs, Athena threatened to abandon her duties altogether.
9fa3f728322b6a7c2a17f436613a10e0e531948b	Aphrodite apologized and has never touched any work since.
1bbd88889a298d3f435e14f4dd2a90624b157187	There is also a story about how she competed in weaving with Athena[18].
7fa91f7e9eacdd3da1c07250fb4e5a539cea10b3	According to one of the legends, a talented artist Pygmalion once lived in Cyprus.
1a38d4b1025093f142116dcb56d37d007319e3cb	He hated the fairer sex and lived as a hermit, not allowing himself to fall in love and start a family.
0c2aaa98c85159c8c003a2868634bcea4cb6756f	Once he created an ivory statue of a woman of indescribable beauty.
68fac8adc1099bbe82d45240d32351e9aba2534b	The sculpture was made by the master very skillfully, and it seemed that it was about to speak and move.
305cfb8bb3cfcba2c210a828053375a424e907b2	Pygmalion could admire the woman he created for hours and did not notice how he fell in love with her.
8c8af47fd4a95a28594b73e5a338abf818f2e0e4	He whispered sweet words to her, kissed her, gave her jewelry and dresses, but the statue remained motionless and mute.
44793581427b1081a9294e29e5f0c311b06a7960	Pygmalion wanted more than anything in the world for the beauty he created to come to life and reciprocate his feelings.
daef36f40bcb4d27b2c1678880beaa1bd9ea7823	In the days when it was customary for the Greeks to honor Aphrodite, Pygmalion brought her a rich sacrifice and asked her to send him a girl like the one he created from ivory as a wife.
e7cd116df9c62137b76ed6dc1fec68d568081373	The all-powerful Aphrodite decided to take pity on the talented master: she revived a beautiful girl and instilled in her mutual feelings for her creator.
e4f48238c5e803af3e2a32409cdace2be03bf522	Thus, the goddess rewarded Pygmalion for the sincere and devoted love that he felt for the statue.
a22bc1abd4932f5027788d04f2cae0ea93d0b58e	The goddess of beauty Aphrodite was favorable only to those people who highly revered her.
855aac8586a2337f0f1740303412ad0ef9255a43	Those who resisted her power and refused her gifts, she mercilessly punished.
748624f6b3096b96f9d18b9901a150ec2a83aa8e	This happened to the beautiful young man Narcissus, the son of a river god and a nymph.
897b19ab145d8b7e844882f2b1e7866075067149	He was very beautiful, and everyone who saw him immediately fell in love with him.
4c1672807920699e44cc8b2a169dd4b891880676	But the proud Narcissus did not reciprocate anyone.
9850646288d8449a09acb67ae83e3ae9f9126e7a	Once the nymph Echo fell in love with a beautiful young man.
b6b5d526e45fa0dc27ac47399fe392f152eff00a	However, Narcissus angrily rejected her, saying that he would rather die than always be with her.
42c1b66e0806aaff84a71e36e3598da6771d2513	Failure befell another nymph, who also had the imprudence to fall in love with him.
66af220e3da4ee6a010449fec9609cdf1b62e460	Offended, she wished the proud Narcissus to experience unrequited love in order to understand how the rejected person feels.
1825bd41bdc7cfbc7a3471b55aa3a9486107948c	Aphrodite was very angry with the young man, because he neglected his beauty – a gift sent to him by the goddess.
cbc9aac1f17d69514f99438e77c0a347278a9316	For his pride and coldness towards others, she decided to punish him cruelly.
56773d690115f28fb7cbb9f7ad2ccf482b2f7e86	Walking through the forest one day, Narcissus wanted to drink water.
c3f19b48f85c1ba1f8086a4788db891174ed4b0e	Bending over a stream with clear, transparent water, he saw his reflection in it and fell passionately in love with it.
ba6c98853f30bed00ae4d586b45d0099defa4cf0	His feelings were so strong that he stopped eating and sleeping.
2fa81484e1e0403226d9ce011299dda460b392de	He thought about the beautiful young man constantly, however, seeing him in the water, he could not even touch him.
94c0e821700d6c8ec9c3614db638c3dcb9cbdc07	And one day Narcissus realized that he had fallen in love with himself.
135eb0ca338dc4008141674f8b0ed4cbeeb89f9b	This discovery made him feel even worse.
e7a02c7a89675fb2132b8c43e1861c66fe2413b7	Gradually, the strength left the handsome man, he realized that he was dying, but he could not tear himself away from his reflection in the water.
bdbedf5a4af8f920b6f5b04170930f728177efac	In suffering for himself, he died, and at the place of his death a white flower with a fragrant aroma grew, which in his honor began to be called a narcissus.
d8a99d27bada207504cbb306bcc2114e00baee96	So the young man paid before Aphrodite for his pride and neglect of the beauty given to him.
fdf4ee108b2698b92d1e284d6d5757a6420f79b7	Golden Aphrodite reigns over the world.
1cca22c2b2c92faab9184dc047d08bfa0bfeb007	She, like Zeus the Thunderer, has a messenger; through him she fulfills her will.
13a131ad096ca19a161b6976bd9db54a2c5a83c8	This messenger of Aphrodite is her son Eros, a cheerful, fast, playful, cunning, and sometimes cruel boy.
8f84ffbe688506d17c8f30bf9d2985b93b94fcd1	Eros quickly flies on his shiny golden wings over the lands and seas, fast and light as a breeze.
95356ebe045a128c64ed20819dfc566a04ae8170	He has a small golden bow in his hands, and a quiver of arrows on his shoulders.
013d9bd8831acc269f3c7d602d6401a2e1767a31	No one is protected from these golden arrows.
3e758f682ed887e4002b81266b68c1e20e34b18c	These arrows strike everyone, even the thunderer Zeus.
99f4be3ed6706f36074ed8c3fa1bc0f4660c9cfd	Eros does not spare his mother Aphrodite either; many times he pierced her heart with his golden arrows.
69cce7eb24ccfd13e8cd6d92702f5cf4ad297f5e	An arrow will sparkle in the air like a golden spark, it will plunge into the heart of the victim intended by Eros without pain, and the heart will burst into flames of love.
8781b37b9eb93a01ee74a96ac86ce6f01c13b567	Eros hits the target without a miss; he, as a shooter, is not inferior to the golden-haired Apollo himself.
d1a81a16c1b3a914ff0db7178c1bbbb97299cf87	When Erot hits the target, his eyes shine with joy, he throws his curly head high with triumph and laughs loudly.
fb9c8dff118d7ddae1dc3cc6bc74bb610d143aae	Just approaching it makes you already feel its power.
2330fba1edbf81bd555a336f3a52c56e19aafbd9	Fish in the sea, forest animals, and birds in the air obey it, but most of all people.
8ae3716bca369d5af9807ff8c58590468a8a38f5	The gods of Olympus themselves are mad if the arrows of Eros pierce their hearts.
8ef8c28ae85df3b370b8b27a67581d37225aebcc	But the arrows of Eros do not always bring joy and happiness with them.
e62263ec729c41c4e5b36052580bfb5f295bd390	They often bear suffering, torments of love and further death.
aa914421ccbd15ef8fe5106d63132015200ecb6c	These arrows caused a lot of suffering to the golden-haired Apollo himself, the cloud-maker Zeus himself.
265dbfce87448ccb8e5a49d0652130b6a57767ba	Zeus knew how much grief and evil the son of the golden Aphrodite would bring with him to the world.
fcbdee207f7eab7ef04ac6c74c9ff0d3200d560b	He wanted to be killed at birth.
56f5e4a2a84f3af89f4206a815f692f8db8436ce	How could my mother allow this!
abb1ba1b5a76883667364ca149820ce9bdaec582	She hid Eros in an impenetrable forest, and there, in the forest wilds, two fierce lionesses nursed the baby Eros with their milk.
94dad29e640dc3c2886820d45d8ac55d6f9fa9ab	Erot grew up, rushes around the world, young, beautiful, and sows his arrows in the world that happiness, then grief, then good, then evil.
7674ec94132651b4697dfcfd318128ba272db28e	There is another assistant and companion of Aphrodite, this is the young god of marriage-Hymen.
437788a6cc59731258ddfa88dc64f5b21d2efbc3	He flies on his snow-white wings ahead of the wedding processions.
8792fa92facb0eae4271e10d8f326dea805b2c05	The flame of his marriage torch burns brightly.
70ae9bc71d712a3e8bad29069ad838db703f42ab	Choirs of girls call Hymen during the wedding and pray to him to bless the marriage of the young and send them joy in their marriage life.
1fa59afb23bc3977d93e87162e9938eee4922443	Knowing who Aphrodite is, you can list the goddesses from other mythologies that correspond to her.
8d9351a8bf2f32b22477913932218f059e58d343	For example, the ancient Romans had Venus as the patroness of love.
0685db9062a107d15285540de10300e46101b204	Among the ancient Egyptians, its analogue was Isis, and among the Phoenicians-Ishtar.
79548c4cde608f0da7902cfc3098b1511c451eb5	In Slavic mythology, there were no goddesses completely corresponding to Aphrodite.
c5f298a7de9d036ae89a3c531b710f3d3ccff92e	But you can identify it with Mokosh, which represents fertility.
283f6e77c7309afd48273b1376fd046723a92318	According to some mythologists, the Slavic pantheon also had its own goddess of love, the patroness of the family – Lada.
a5f23a6a0cb7eea93d0c5d11f22ef2d825646ff7	However, most reputable scientists consider it a fiction.
16bfd58b96f37d20442fe7539d6299b1dbdb5a56	The ancient goddess Aphrodite was extremely popular on the island of Kifera, where, according to legend, she was born, and on Crete.
6d1c0e8cb6e1feeb18c1d550fd1b0bd6ba982d06	There, in Paphos, her temple was located.
f8332b43cb5c31a0ce8d853223152c6c6d6e1ba1	There were also sanctuaries of Aphrodite in Corinth, Messenia and Sicily.
d58be4eed0727752fc3f0be4e5ad1d460e9e1e91	Pigeons and dolphins were integral attributes of the goddess.
3db691fef059aa8959232c4dd71f23b4f8bb2591	Its symbols are also roses, lilies and violets.
63c132d6461f10a2c3b47834eb0f95138d70f1d0	Also, its attributes are considered ripe fragrant fruits, first of all, ripe apples and pomegranates.
20f69b5c129a042c7a8c1c2840da49d6cc5e20a9	A deep identification with Aphrodite is often manifested in a woman's personality by extroversion, passion for life and an element of fervor.
4a3268f59817bf258820ef2738c4436b00c8bef2	She loves men and attracts them to her with her attractiveness and interest in them.
01b3204439b1a69ddde51f1d7957389006d4a6f2	Her attentiveness is seductive; she makes a man feel his peculiarity and sexuality.
76bf801f9a53861a473c25029c504ea670f877ab	This attention causes a response in him, generating an erotic attraction between them and a desire for sexual intimacy.
d78e8378df6a2d079814178dff5064539daf435d	She needs to know how to restrain Aphrodite in some circumstances and how to respond in others-wisely choose "when and with whom" - and how not to succumb to the archetype in destructive situations.
7319b4ab96d4ae512e7bf5d5e152fdc752293565	Men may also misinterpret her warmth and trusting communication style, mistaking them for a special interest or a sexual call.
a9a94e752ecfd04f2f8932c88e99f5b21248552e	Her sharp rebuff can give rise to the image of a teasing or heart-breaking woman and accusations of luring men.
60851cd37e098130014bb0ef842f9546fd0f0836	Feeling deceived and offended, such men can become hostile and embittered.
417f05eaf7dc56bd7bbf07fb6d452c5409555d2c	Having become the object of an unwanted reckless infatuation and anger due to rejection, the Aphrodite woman, confused in her actions that caused such a reaction, may be hurt or angry with herself.
56326bb67048318b659677816b7319f71dbb9d80	When a woman Aphrodite realizes this scheme, she can learn to moderate the incipient ardor of a man, if she does not want to encourage him.
ce2d6c36cbb9f9bd110f65381387dbc490cebb89	She can demonstrate her inaccessibility or stop communicating.
8841c339ee4256b03fade902b2123c087d0ab040	The Aphrodite woman, who grows up in an atmosphere of condemnation of female sexuality, may try to suppress her interest in men, obscure her attractiveness and consider herself bad because of her sexual drives.
2dbb0344e9f754e91965b23cf1c6b5f739111e2f	But the feeling of guilt and internal conflict that accompany the manifestations of her Aphrodite nature lead to depression, anxiety and depression.
fe8d2bc5555e7fbd98299ffda76c219e6c2383a5	Aphrodite women tend to live in the present, perceiving life as if it is only a sensory experience.
305d4bebe62ed3dd093b79a78ba39d62331840d1	Under the pressure of the moment, such a woman can react, forgetting about the consequences of her actions, and/or not be faithful, thereby generating conflicts.
e53abcfa50de35bde6292c33b03143a8c4899cf7	This orientation entails impulsive actions that are destructive to everything that it touches.
e6ad6247059b9153838b5902b037da644321c656	For example, she can buy beautiful things that she can't afford.
0542d0d1d5db12d05b21ed4161e260f588cec80c	She makes plans with great enthusiasm and with full determination to implement them.
75fd0b6bb5ba80c2ab19880e8383ac6ba0b27076	But when the appointed time comes, she finds herself immersed in something or someone else.
e8d4a7bf9f206d5bc67ac1d674f6d9b6a55ec44c	Suffering is the best teacher for a woman Aphrodite, although such lessons are painful.
ef3d9fee5f79be4f817aa502aa2e1d0d70ce3156	She is aware that people are offended and angry because of her treatment of them on the principle of "out of sight – out of mind".
e64a63c9d77f1f81da568db8ea213d795c6882e4	When, without thinking about her financial situation, she obeys the impulse to buy the thing that her eyes fell on, she suddenly finds that the bills that persistently demand payment are growing, and the money is seeping through her fingers.
473bdd9ca57097c41f467afa53e9932de06f0726	She reproduces schemes that cause pain to herself and others, until she learns to resist the tyranny of the "here and now" principle, which forces her to live as if "tomorrow" does not exist.
393c39df15a1aa9cdd9156463da6acb8c3796604	When the Aphrodite woman learns to reflect on the consequences before acting, she will react less impulsively and behave more responsibly.
7d91302b378486902efaf8efb65eb21182772741	However, emotional preferences will always carry more weight than practical considerations.
fd0b1feaa2e97a40e4b8053b6951b4e033c04eab	And she will still be able to offend others with her behavior, even thinking about her actions in advance, because she unconditionally follows her heart.
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4a6a68fc6d8da1e7395ca92ca3553a9cb446bac1	Home News and society Culture Who is Aphrodite?
06079f78aed27f1b5160fe13eb4484d9ed63aced	The ancient Greek goddess of love and beauty
3929514128110d78bcbbe7cf11981d08c66f2e14	Who is Aphrodite?
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d75ef4b0b1898b1ab9d9e1aa11827c31154058ff	Alexander Goryachenkov
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7e2124a53bef531bfe2f867686f40390d62263f6	The most beautiful of all the Olympian goddesses, before whose charms people and immortal gods were powerless.
9355330ea3dceed9455787fad2d782ff6013f410	The personification of love, spring and endless youth.
d6d34188f8764302de8057003f24a0338284a3e8	Poets sang of its beauty, and artists tried to capture it on their immortal creations.
584cc0f7daa34cc2a44ec4aa709ebd63350bca4e	There are many legends and legends associated with the name of Aphrodite, which we will learn about in the article.
4206b18d14d393119d84a55528bce5cebc272a38	Aphrodite – what kind of deity is this?
38616339ec147ce63da03d97850d3a8b4182c321	They crowned Aphrodite with a precious diadem and dressed her in sparkling gold woven clothes.
6cef62a64ff4a37cbd49c7b2aa73a28f08b877bb	Wherever the goddess walked, fragrant flowers bloomed.
a4a365cb10395c9f15bb22a551447c0033be1656	When Aphrodite appeared on Olympus, all the gods were delighted with her beauty.
811316bf40133898e42af55371c53808848a40a0	Many wanted to take her as a wife, but she made Hephaestus, the patron of fire and blacksmithing, her chosen one.
5534bd77d7d6f2fff92147dd72cdffac5dd7ca92	According to one version, the union of beauty and skill is the personification of art. Anyway, this marriage was not very happy.
7af2111463c950e46b224662eb3f343f3147fed2	Hephaestus spent all his time with his cousin, while Aphrodite communicated with her lovers.
9d7b76b1cd1e145349edcfec5776123e9bc43a6a	From one of them, Ares, the goddess gave birth to three children.
a5f91a6d1e2142ef72bb8bf7b7f107c83c769875	The fruit of her connection with Hermes was a Hermaphrodite, combining the beauty of both parents.
8a7755a5d3c3780f7d0547fcebcb1716c8d2c3f6	Eros is also considered the son of Aphrodite.
dae0145f0094637c41d99f5236bd6ef3b214ec75	The cult of the goddess Aphrodite.
b1e8eed515ac1e391a50b9c7dee882cf3ae4e8f4	Attributes The ancient goddess Aphrodite was extremely popular on the island of Kifera, where, according to legend, she was born, and on Crete.
1efa3d348bb12498f4ebf8224e01676209b4006f	Aphrodite's power lay in a magic belt that could inspire passion.
d7a10a8f63da28123a956da6e7bfb69f4d82c094	He made everyone, regardless of whether it was a mortal or a god, in love with his mistress.
431a97e25054acb5338e222f9bd70b81b5f9b470	The goddess is traditionally associated with gold.
0881d58f06dabe715aa1954ba9a2202a488ca0e3	Knowing who Aphrodite is, you can recall some myths and legends associated with her name.
6ed8b5d3cb0acfed4b5aeb7857d798b91aebf9bd	Perhaps the most famous of them tells about how three goddesses argued which of them was the most beautiful.
0d142ccf08271fe30a4928b70b5833d806d182f4	They were Hera, Athena and Aphrodite.
3d91220313db126836c5528b174a34c9e202225c	The mortal, the son of the Trojan king Paris, had to resolve their dispute.
dc44b43c9d9a26a26b44b5c7abd4a68fb9695fc2	He chose Aphrodite, she promised him for this love the most beautiful of earthly women Elena.
8906f518f85696127879d229d9a8f115b07d1edf	Her abduction by Paris, according to legend, led to the beginning of the Trojan War.
5d581ee56617ad06ee6663b001887fed30b87b04	The Greek goddess Aphrodite also appears in the myth of Pygmalion.
ec0610744a7023cfb120ea80c1db7d8e75dca6c2	According to legend, he was a talented sculptor who sculpted a statue of a beautiful girl.
e23810d20af1e6f41ae091c08f89d5b0e7339192	The more he admired her, the more he fell in love.
a08b9cfd68bd5959c8051aa56b026b12e2024d32	When his feeling became so strong that he could no longer cope with it, he began to ask Aphrodite to give him a wife similar to his sculpture.
2a1c4263effda5c792b0b76ccbb988de893838b0	In response to the pleas, the goddess revived a beautiful statue.
c13fbf099227455e0d3461829312781b5e4ad1bb	This girl became his wife.
11bf6e011911cbb238ac5874ed3dd8ea54151719	An interesting myth is how the husband of the goddess Hephaestus found out about her connection with Ares.
0e7fb1199a5dd2d88d96ccd665bb5621eaa163a3	Angry, he forged a golden net, extremely strong, but thin and weightless, like a spider's web, and secretly attached it to the bed.
feed359067828e403e8c8e97efd84135c7386eb9	Then he told his wife that he was going to be away for a few days.
bdbc2b8381277d2682ce75c38465fe0438800793	Without thinking twice, Aphrodite called Ares to her.
a7fa0713d297e816b2583743fab9a90ae72a87fe	In the morning, the lovers found themselves surrounded by a net and could not get free.
1fd34bfb46427d5ebabf93a69cb31586f711df77	Soon Hephaestus appeared.
c575daa3c1281f379e84336d4443d1bab5f68ed8	Ares was released only by promising to pay a rich ransom, which, however, he never did.
e4599299f743508878c585d25e3e41225a9f4385	Aphrodite's relationship with mortals Aphrodite had many lovers among the gods.
20d754f0803085b7323433dea8f1d4382b92f36c	But she also had a very close relationship with mortals.
094623682de38f35ef2a037b2822a6c7f7f033da	One of the most famous myths is the story of the feeling of the goddess and the young boy Adonis.
b31b32288e42caf9ac08659ea37957659aff1b41	He was, perhaps, the most powerful love of Aphrodite.
90e74369d4a0b5605c5e32d3c1e917e4750eb1fa	Adonis was a talented hunter, the only man with whom the goddess forgot about her beauty.
d33d79f9f73b0797e3133f7cb7ecec3cc5559de6	She was afraid for his life and asked him to avoid predatory animals.
82c01046370872331875308fee4a6011b89c9085	But one day Adonis was attacked by a boar, set on him by a jealous Ares.
0614f4ca084921c6d36ac64b4a93656b77fa0c78	The goddess of love and beauty could not help her chosen one, and Adonis died.
8867dc5cff02282f002077b0ac717ca226b754b8	From his blood grew beautiful flowers anemones.
d1690b3c5392d6fb29033f581ec9f894e29c9d73	Among the ancient Egyptians, its analogue was Isis, and among the Phoenicians Ishtar.
c6b147ed1ea4d8173994040acd9bbce1f41603d5	The most beautiful Goddess of beauty in the circle of the Olympian gods, Aphrodite, was deservedly the object of admiration and worship of many poets, sculptors, and painters.
e5287c7181ba6c99f1810205ee0eb2a73215b02a	The most famous of her sculptures are the Venus of Milo and Aphrodite of Cnidus.
80a7897e3eb6cb8230a396ab48c47b7ee9c7a2ce	The image of this goddess is surprisingly attractive, not least because of its duality.
b662058db0139ddd556d37fae99c09acedb5df35	She both favorably patronizes lovers and cruelly takes revenge on those who deny this high and bright feeling.
c99a413e9e17620c7dedb9eeec637a740da73888	This is both the embodiment of sin, and a sample of the purest beauty.
0cbc12bfaf6a91ba0c94d12756022e0a4f3a32ab	So who is Aphrodite: beauty or vulgarity, spirituality or sensuality?
446d9ef9b94e26df6f880e8d0102de87f29e6324	We can say that Aphrodite is love itself in all its manifestations, earthly and sublime at the same time.
66d312ccefcc632265d212744657f3f2645562a5	To this day, she remains the most beautiful goddess in the history of mankind.
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5932e0783312d41995cb0845c5105e0facd518a7	The goddess Aphrodite, who gives beauty, love and fertility Elena Leonova The beloved of Aphrodite, the goddess of love Elena The God Eros is a beautiful resident of Greece Dmitry Radchuk Ares is the god of war.
984abcbfd72b10e868fad9369f107f226c942a93	The symbol of the god Ares Conqueror Praxiteles the sculptor of Ancient Greece and his works Yana Umyantseva The Goddess of beauty among the ancient peoples of the world Svetlana Borisenko The Goddess of love: who is she, and how to get her patronage Yuri Kosyanchuk "Aphrodite of Cnidus" - a hymn to human and divine beauty Daria Buravleva Venus the goddess of love Oksana Poroshenko Venus of Milo the ideal of female beauty Alyona Zhurba Greek god Hephaestus the god of fire Natalia Guy Greek goddesses Damashkan Tamara Ancient Greek goddesses the beautiful half of Olympus Pavel Belov Son of Zeus and Hera.
de83da0c687b7ddc67af0212ca3097b5aa0f4e82	The unloved son of Zeus.
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c7e3698a5f34237532e0b78cfac642eff0281da4	Author: Irina Moroz Date:
63bb38f75e2aa8beab1c32b3cdf7c597576f8d56	14.03.2015
8d2ca1563bc4902893626fca3c6acfef34f984f2	Views: 335 Rating:
d1bf063e156a187861d5873f8b23db8947f8d58b	The most famous heroine of ancient myths is Aphrodite the goddess of love and beauty, an eternally young inhabitant of Olympus.
cc4ee5c4d50a73b60b5f2a8e5d26fd9246ab7294	The Greeks considered Aphrodite the patroness of spring, flowering and fertility.
b94faaf3c55a45641479dc45bdae0c7390a83af9	They were sure that all the beauty that exists on the planet is the work of her hands.
69a6f32392e0555eb7e4cebbb1a1ccd4a1a89a3f	Lovers asked the goddess for favors, hoping to preserve their feelings for the rest of their lives.
5d0d6eb53f48cf51240b300a03f70e9803701a11	She was praised by artists, poets and sculptors who glorify beauty and love in their works.
6f30172c708562484bf63b46f5eefd6d5d3a58f9	Aphrodite was treated as a goddess who preferred peace to war and life to death, so all those who dreamed of quiet prosperity and getting rid of death turned to her.
d7512f6051180db92d483b7d40f36acfd5fc7bef	She was so powerful that not only ordinary people and animals, but also the inhabitants of Olympus obeyed her will.
9fa0f25fc66025057e29cb21aff072b9fa57a097	The only characters who were not affected by the charms of the beautiful goddess were Athena, Artemis and Hestia.
c8d38e6d53f9b14b520cbd2abeb4affa6e299b0b	Appearance According to ancient myths, Aphrodite was distinguished by incredible beauty.
d39e2e8d3bc95d3fb51b385b75e31d046cd99ed6	The Greeks imagined her tall, statuesque,with very delicate features.
2b2e13f9d8ee6b35e2c5f04220d47b0f1dd079fb	The goddess had long golden hair that framed her head like a wreath.
dd61720f2e03733eedaaac73706bf8ac6e7cb88d	She was served by Ors and Harits, who patronized beauty and grace.
bab9023881076d6b7b7208da6803399da319c74d	They combed her golden curls and put on her the most beautiful outfits.
abd2ca81254cf94716222a93004316e3ce4e956b	When Aphrodite descended from Olympus, flowers bloomed, and the sun began to shine brighter in the sky.
87ca97e0f4e8e24c4efb285b36c3a056d041cf15	Wild animals and birds, unable to resist the incredible beauty of the goddess, ran to her from all sides, and she calmly walked on the ground in their environment.
72ce5413051dd28b9d95562d48cb97e69ee4ed69	Aphrodite is an ancient Greek goddess, famous for her novels both with her own kind and with ordinary people.
de3e9eadb2f7f8f53659b79b993b1f8a5f4a8618	She had the power to make a lot of men fall in love with her.
e8e733ebcb36be48548ff1408edeae89c4415aa5	As the wife of the ugly and lame god Hephaestus, the patron saint of fire and blacksmithing, she consoled herself with the fact that she entered into love affairs on the side.
495885601e9388035306e32d8b59eb3929a820c4	Having not given birth to a single child to her husband, she gave heirs to her other admirers.
1847c05ae6d899b0f30c8132dfbafbc36d9bff4d	From the relationship with the god of war Ares, Aphrodite had 5 children (Deimos, Phobos, Eros, Anteros and Harmony).
80a2de3a49b1ac01858c34e11a15e3901ca79f9d	From the connection with the patron of winemaking Dionysus, her son Priapus was born.
78ccbe0466d7ff7b44eb10e51e1c9239834f897f	The beauty of Aphrodite was also smitten by the god of commerce Hermes.
5b26e9f5206dd4c3ec2fe526f5ec6174da07f886	She gave him a Hermaphrodite son.
a65918e199fccc45299909a01b349a582e711eef	Among her lovers were not only the powerful inhabitants of Olympus, but also ordinary mortals.
826b395620b899b56ccf1cf16526bb16c38a9897	So, having started an affair with the king of the Dardanians Anchises, Aphrodite gave birth to another son the hero of the Trojan War Aeneas.
a89b77f8256a3f95fa6b4a127a57b388fa3421d7	Aphrodite is a goddess who personified incredible eroticism and voluptuousness.
a2a2f1b8d64fffe88a50a12035649aee01c92291	Unlike ordinary women, she never allowed herself to become a victim of love.
9e165fa598da1af731dfab72c3b94d2430a46fbf	All her relationships took place exclusively by her will.
88c5bf650d7b93967d6496a2cd0236ae57b6bad3	In relations with men, she had no constancy, she was always open to new feelings.
290e5a6971fb5d45677a74ac5282498b41911cfd	The story of the birth of the goddess of love and beauty is very interesting is the myth of the goddess Aphrodite, which tells about her birth.
bf7e54a3b1ba0a79408cd3a1039a993adf5efffe	According to an ancient legend, the titan Kronos was very angry with his father Uranus (the patron saint of the sky), cut off his genitals with a sickle and threw them into the sea.
a3ed0d53bb65daa882a99981f1dafa5986dd10ff	The blood from the reproductive organs mixed with sea water, as a result, a snow white foam was formed, from which the beautiful Aphrodite was born.
6cda211fbbdc393501b2f87a5ea76271495ee604	The goddess of love was born near the Greek island of Kythera, then a light breeze carried her over the waves to Cyprus, where she came ashore (for this reason, she is sometimes called Cyprid).
5db7168094d5ad352e95736c10d5de07a11ea54d	It is noteworthy that Aphrodite was never a child, she was born from the sea foam completely adult.
da2d0c80d95594c14434de7d2706451890c59698	Having ascended to Olympus, the daughter of Uranus conquered all its inhabitants with her beauty.
b3793c8f4280c9ce0ae291e2a253a400ad36def5	There is another version of the birth of the ancient Greek goddess.
a195f6d162b53ce91e7ed3536a331ed67e50dd65	According to her, Aphrodite's parents were the main Olympian god Zeus and the sea nymph Dione, and she was born in the most traditional way.
af4f83188941c931637a090ba8e634bb48531d03	The author of this version is the ancient Greek legendary poet Homer.
e154678a3e44f344188613013e9596974a408b46	Character Aphrodite is a goddess of ancient Greece, who became the heroine of many ancient myths.
44b576aefadc52559ccb85074b855009cc398f15	Like any woman, she tends to be different.
800b7424f222f53b3f409e30cdcfa88f448e43b0	In some legends, Aphrodite is a generous mistress of human lives, in others a capricious beauty, and in others a cruel arbiter of fate, whose anger can not be avoided.
c45b8daad536e2158f6fc8ffa5f9c6c64b713686	The Myth of Pygmalion According to one of the legends, a talented artist Pygmalion once lived in Cyprus.
b24812b2bae34db4fc97765e31bce677d7be01fe	The all powerful Aphrodite decided to take pity on the talented master: she revived a beautiful girl and instilled in her mutual feelings for her creator.
5d87121d5ab054a382eb0268e3f316889445f6ce	A sad story about Adonis Aphrodite, who cruelly punished Narcissus, had to suffer from love and the unfavorable fate herself.
ba9a00597ef1d671cdecb2688fcac324accc9f94	The king of Cyprus had a son, Adonis.
88dda383378f4f8d5393099dfa0fa9409f5b9dfd	Although he was a mere mortal, he had a divine beauty.
813d478648fd5837ed62445713ac4b82184be8cd	Once Aphrodite saw him and fell in love with him without memory.
7bca8950f8f1f93537a19be1d0884f33848e53dd	For the sake of Adonis, the goddess forgot about Olympus and all her affairs.
0d031f323fa5c726001dbb4a3679c1d74314e75c	Together with her lover, she hunted wild animals, and in their free time they rested on the green grass.
9bfe5f90a1558234428791a03f98bd41be82c284	The goddess of beauty rarely left Adonis alone and each time asked him to take care of himself.
11010b5265473821d9955c79e174aaa006b075b4	Once Adonis went hunting without Aphrodite, and his dogs came upon the trail of a large boar.
dde3e0fecec2eea5b653803eec0ea4b4313ca329	The young man was delighted with such a prey and rushed at the beast with a spear.
78b10a0c8f84c76ae8b445697c23bd3186a01500	But he did not realize that this would be his last hunt.
c7e76685ffed8b58b5c03c1d1ed15b8c9997d981	The boar was stronger than Adonis, he attacked him and pierced him with his fangs.
6cca1a80c3ed7bf142a8560ece5240d6046c0679	From the wound received, the beloved of the goddess of beauty died.
d0e21b2ebc58074e9d6a03026457a484507b8e80	After learning about the death of Adonis, Aphrodite began to mourn him greatly.
f97cc953d6f2b34802e5b567bb4583d62d71ffa5	Zeus the Thunderer, seeing how she was suffering, took pity on her and asked his brother, the god of the dead kingdom of Hades, to sometimes let the young man go to the living.
92d998ded69e923e3aa9a0ad3ef0e89fd6f014ea	Since then, it has been like this: for six months Adonis comes to Aphrodite, and at this time everything in nature blooms, blooms and smells, and then he returns to the world of the dead, and the earth begins to be flooded with rain and snow – this golden haired goddess yearns for her lover.
a26f36a27b1ac79f405483e634351da49844a56f	Aphrodite's favorite was the son of the king of Troy, Paris.
a1d94161f4de2b3805d9c9086a29643c46c413fe	The patroness of discord, Eris, decided to quarrel with the Greek goddesses and threw them a golden apple with the inscription "The Most Beautiful".
0ac178d072a814c288944c4365398de7dcdb3d4b	Aphrodite, Hera and Artemis noticed it and began to argue about who should get it.
043fd755b560b1ce6ddcf7615953e69a28fa3b52	Paris was assigned to judge the goddesses.
d0d4189f63de47da24056f966acd37370dd082cf	Each of them tried to bribe the young man with all sorts of benefits.
4c35813753975d61161432eed1b5b5c17868e920	Aphrodite became the winner in this duel, promising to give him the most beautiful of earthly women as a wife.
b5fc60ba3294b3451a1428edd0c9826e748c6f87	Having received the favor and support of the goddess of love, Paris suddenly incurred the wrath of Hera and Artemis.
258643dc82740767618c9abaa147ffae66337fe0	The apple of discord was the beginning of the Trojan War, because the most beautiful woman was Elena, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus.
7ea7c5e66e134387fc6f82754bdd98d25fa17523	It was to her that Aphrodite ordered Paris to swim.
2b76e546e49f5e2f22da32cdfdaf7a6851009ec2	Eros and Hymen are the helpers of the patroness of love and beauty, Although Aphrodite is a Greek goddess with great power, she could not do without helpers.
adfcd60c339b61f3d01e8113824b26de8548f84a	One of them was her son Eros – a curly haired boy who flies over all lands and seas on his small wings.
36bca5bd3325eaba20a675c11c4dea60fc94891a	He had a small bow and a quiver with golden arrows.
010c704c03c6d3ac473321930ed70d915eaa016f	Whoever Eros shoots, love will overtake him.
80ab95a98f69b7ffbd4c859d4e89d1e6a2d71fdc	The patron of marriage, Hymen, is another irreplaceable assistant of Aphrodite.
03e7898fcb864d4f1d1ac279f9faeb82a9bd71c6	He leads all the wedding processions, flying ahead of the newlyweds on his white wings and lighting their way with a bright torch.
2c3d48ad7c9d1f37d91380e060818f729c8e5325	Attributes The main symbol of the goddess Aphrodite is her belt.
0c9f253da73f7a39ab9da09639e5458af713aced	Anyone who wore it was endowed with an extraordinary sexual attraction.
20116f07e77e1930ce2448284a2c89d517e95863	Both ordinary women and the goddesses who inhabited Olympus dreamed of getting it.
c7c5421aa3fd2e3eec1c410a355f7e7c36eae80e	In addition to the belt, Aphrodite had a cup of pure gold filled with wine.
1a23d6b6b06a1fe4caa09bba8e7e5d9d47eea9ff	Everyone who took a sip from it remained young forever.
aaf8033caf8389690bf0336860ab95075336d71a	The rose, myrtle, and apple were also considered symbols of the goddess of love Aphrodite.
435c4add73be78e2c468c6b55ad80875fb1335eb	Pigeons, sparrows, hares and poppies were identified with her as the patroness of fertility.
b00c6adb6ad26cbfd7acb2ccbde3e7cd9e5c155e	Aphrodite also had sea symbols – a dolphin and a swan.
94e6268c5767cd247f991468052dc92e5a315d74	The famous antique statues of many sculptors were inspired to create masterpieces by the goddess Aphrodite.
ad843cfb77009ed0305f95bb47fda4f98d4c627f	The photos of the works of art presented in the article convey all the beauty and majesty of the patroness of love and beauty.
7962867726f24868e79079e96d900bf9c784c7c2	In the works of some masters, the heroine of ancient myths is represented in the image of the Roman goddess Venus.
fcc400cf8e9e025cecf3b72318b367d109babc0b	The famous ancient Greek statue dedicated to the goddess is Aphrodite of Cnidus (about 350 BC, the author is Praxiteles).
362e05e5af4fb0cb1859117bf5ca73253121e04b	In the II century BC, the sculptor Agesander created the figure of Venus of Milo, which is the embodiment of female beauty of the ancient period.
7ef322cc58ebf4ad1fa9a28f659b4a6c8e1c140a	The goddess in the works of painting The image of Aphrodite can be found in paintings painted by famous Renaissance artists.
ce339734538d75ed723817d5bed8d1400c539294	Titian's brush belongs to the work "Venus and Adonis" (1553), the plot of which conveys the trembling feelings of the goddess to a simple mortal young man.
74df074cbd82b25fe6c666f564ed99cc15e4a593	In the painting "Sleeping Venus", painted by the Italian artist Giorgione approximately in 1505-1510, the patroness of love is depicted as a naked beauty resting against the background of nature.
247bd39059ee763d47dbcc6df83e584ed0bb6143	The image of the ancient goddess, created by the master, became the personification of the ideal woman of the Renaissance.
bf55f8eac47da3687edb7f9d80ad6a7e87b65efb	Another work of painting depicting Aphrodite is the painting by Sandro Botticelli "The Birth of Venus" (1486).
28c9f22851a39c6e31767ffa21be507f7b2e7cd2	On it, the artist depicted the plot of an ancient legend, telling about the appearance of the majestic patroness of love and beauty from the sea foam.
aa6586f58808dfbdffba7794d472a070c507973c	Thanks to works of art and Greek myths, it is possible to determine how the goddess Aphrodite was represented to ancient people.
5fd99f20e8fd08211827ac789d6cc6a20a364e8e	Photos of sculptures and paintings depicting the golden haired inhabitant of Olympus clearly convey her beauty, which inspires many artists to create new masterpieces today.
26ef8f93cb58f1f1b9dd7bf04baa27df5b6484ba	102 The goddess of love and beauty.
18c4099c78e93a986217515ae190323c24e9f360	21 Athena the goddess of what?
b731d45099d366c16a7a15ffae77b1a1f799a5b1	169 The ancient Greek goddess Hera: mythology
585389c8c606cc73637f5d1489ee46c641146af1	1321 List of the gods of Ancient Greece.
6218000e9b962ba18b1ac018d02e45745c531118	36 The goddess Venus in mythology and real life
2583dfbb6a3606155b21e933ea18386fe1c60708	94 The Greek goddess Athena: myths.
13dff37a9d35432b19cf5884383040c8c31b3563	221 What does the expression "apple of discord"mean
d8f08307ebb84df67954681fbe8f2099774b6f44	About the project Privacy Policy User Agreement Reverse svaz
a6e5c387fb9d0ef01f2c6ffc277185aa564de81e	© 2017 «SYL.ru»
442c2a07f82aaab0dcb1a4c96b84a2021cf70a1c	the ional and physical distance between them.
4fd93813834885d0a46e89d38a9b6ebc031c209d	Apparently, the daughters often play along with this noise, which protects both participants from realizing their incestuous feelings.
a2c9f0306546feafa342c06abb3dbae5ef846536	Some fathers become too strict, forbidding their daughters to go on dates, or intrusive, controlling them and "interrogating" them about dating.
bb0b14c7368cf31a08cb9ba63270b11e26e8701e	And for some fathers, such a daughter becomes a temptation.
1e75d120e1cb989857c72cce37e85635f47ee5b4	Mothers have their own set of reactions to their daughter Aphrodite.
d10c0f6a40068f07dace0a86d519e69e555d0ce1	Some become strict and controlling, overreacting to youth music and clothing style, even when the daughter behaves accordingly to her age.
2f81192d41a42167a30e327c7a51e8e79e9b6a36	Such mothers can impose their own "code of clothing", which emphatically covers everything and reduces attractiveness, and prohibit many types of active activities.
f1e30e1175698f8fbb744a40a71d836413d77560	They can carefully check the" trustworthiness "of the daughter's friends of both sexes or, as one woman sadly noted, treat either the daughter or the boys, or both her and them as"potential sex maniacs".
fca1c91dc72f80936764c2fe01be03e994f0e98f	Like fathers, they can develop a "jailer's mindset" towards their daughter Aphrodite.
17b4fa9c82a5789ff3d52840a96c965badfee29c	Obsession may be more inherent in the mothers of Aphrodite's daughter than in the fathers.
800de27db7f9d6de6e6393053320bc479ed2ed25	In addition to obsession, motivated by the need to look after an attractive daughter, mothers sometimes live on the principle of substitution at the expense of their daughter and strive to hear the slightest details of her dates.
ab974ee8103b1b8cd6b3f5451a4e6c9b565559d8	To please such a mother, a daughter needs to be popular among boys.
697631bb0e842015807a2398e19d3913984a0e1f	Other mothers react to the awakening Aphrodite in their daughter as a rival.
e80c92aae223ca443025cd53db0753d213fb33cb	Perceiving the attractiveness of her daughter as a threat, envying her youth, the mother humiliates the girl, makes unfavorable comparisons, flirts with her boy friends and in many ways, big and small, undermines the blossoming femininity of her daughter.
f05c5c3339b1f17c4143c4a81aa9a2a7dc270ba4	In the fairy tale about Snow White, her stepmother constantly asked: "Mirror, mirror on the wall, who is the most beautiful person in our country?"
13fe9de42229daab1fec35053cb2dbcbc7dbd889	This fairy tale character represents a threatened (and therefore hostile) rival mother.
2bb6611430015679fdd9cb987c82fe716bfef01a	The best parents do not overestimate and do not attach too much importance to the properties of Aphrodite and do not treat their daughter as a pretty object.
c01ec96f48a1e1a6ee2f7f0c03c97ea400339124	Parents evaluate the attractiveness of their daughter in the same way as other qualities, such as intelligence, kindness, and abilities in art.
c8b91534e9240f4ebd831a2572ea9780f1a5fc04	In the case of a dating situation, parents impose restrictions that correspond to the age and degree of maturity of the daughter.
183aaa8f01f1ed6d2015f0be0e02b04d721b5b55	Attractiveness for men is considered as a fact that a girl should be aware of (and not censured).
17d457124031d7ce126b15eb7797dacc6d7077ef	Youth and youth
3d0c4d1a039955636339fffb925fbe0953c970d3	Youth and youth are a crucial time for a woman Aphrodite, who may find herself caught between the excitement of Aphrodite inside herself and the reaction of others.
7630eb4a8c3da7d52db7524c2edee40475fdb996	A student who aspires to sexual experiences as much and often as a young man should think about the consequences.
43e3ad6102b51da5b280c7058d95f988695d26e1	The result of her actions according to her needs can be a bad reputation, low self esteem, a negative self image.
334db785dc8a0b0fc97509bf2dd65f3a83345f84	"Good girls" may avoid her, while young men, overwhelmed by thoughts of sex, crowd around, considering her at the same time prone to promiscuous relationships and "not good enough" for a bride.
8d83807be2452c3b27684d628d5418426be03e05	There are other problems with the uncontrolled archetype of Aphrodite.
516a78540dc472baca75cc6f8a61230b78faea67	One of them is the possibility of an unwanted pregnancy.
925e79e3337901c1ccc2ea89220a7f993ed06529	Another one is the risk of sexually transmitted diseases for an active Aphrodite.
0cc40183bce612e04a282e9ca2a7c0451179c852	Another medical problem is the occurrence of cancer of the female genital organs in later years.
c81ed3f5f488300dff22090b1e7d8ee91f2ff6f2	Young women get little help in dealing with their persistent inner Aphrodite.
2cd95d419ad149253589ffea70ce5160d089bef4	Their main choice, which can have serious consequences – is how to express their sexuality.
192024d520aa6f5e30598480f5d576de3761f31f	Some of them simply suppress it.
8964f0d6c8c914ada24b325624304df963a88654	At the same time, those who feel strong religious pressure, in any case, may feel guilty, blaming themselves for "unacceptable" feelings.
fab90d2987e4d6e447a1a9675a6ad63adfa12148	Others express their sexuality in a stable close relationship – a good choice if Hera is also a strong part of the personality, although the result may be an early marriage.
46e84e5a6f10f836f8ac505626bc5254557ef7c7	If both Athena and Aphrodite are strong elements in a young woman, she can use a combination of strategy and sexuality, including for self defense.
57d4b19ccc2ecf684c30a7f0c8aca9f256b84e9b	One such woman said: "One day I realized that I fall in love and get out of this state easily, and I have a strong sexual urge to continue this.
6550be999da44d4c7f0f7a283eb956539647e7d7	I didnot take falling in love too seriously.
a2df572c18adb9e6c044106368fa44edbf9f1bd7	What I took really seriously was to prevent pregnancy, to choose a partner and to ensure that this part of my life was not advertised."
787748385882ef4fb482ff4b642dcf2b4eac6a3b	When a woman Aphrodite goes to college, perhaps the most important aspects for her will be social aspects.
4b27e73f23b46e3d85b9b5006f44f11f44b7c627	She can choose a "party school" - a college marked by social activity rather than academic pursuits.
c4910a607e24cb8e4f38b6e1653b9139e73714be	She usually does not focus on long term academic goals or on a career.
468d3cd196766260ee0383e4022a90f665a7d57a	Her awakened interest in a professional career is undermined by the boring prospect of accepting the necessary difficult conditions.
0d8910a096fe8ab572d2a64a30e3cdb97b814166	She is a way to plunge into the work of the college, only shining in any most often creative area that includes interaction with people.
6a9d392ffcd7ac70581a09dbd43e0f07fb43b41e	For example, she can specialize in drama, moving from one role to another.
55b48c4a9cb2370c83e9d4832f3c633f4c3564c0	Each time she immerses herself in her role, bringing a personal innate passion and thus can become an outstanding dramatic actress in college.
5e10600bec3b4dc36df4e21c99abee1232e5dc1e	The work that does not capture the woman Aphrodite emotionally is not of interest to her.
1615a6436eb4f8b7461fd22e2a85da6922618b10	She likes variety and intensity, and repetitive tasks, as well as homework, work in the office or laboratory, are boring.
632ff375cfeb5b9ea8da62a4197f197f6a71f2be	She does a good job only when she can fully creatively immerse herself in it.
83693f09dc142474897648545e4c9518d2510534	Thus, she can be found in the field of art, music, writing, dance, drama, or among people who are particularly important to her, such as, for example, a teacher, a therapist, an editor.
30dac63fb2623eb6bc54b935f48c5899c70dcc7c	As a result, she either hates her job and probably performs it mediocre, or loves it and spares no effort and time.
52abb68f37423695eb307d5212769e5e922afc52	Almost always, she prefers a job that she finds interesting to one that pays better, but is not so attractive to her.
725bd57f430974e7352b2e77a8269623d4d2b209	She can achieve success, but, unlike Athena and Artemis, she is not aimed at achieving.
97612cfa0f021fc40559ab2c52b487c9a14b0308	Relationships with men
304662c19d2196aa0e8526bbcd8aa8c2e64e482b	Aphrodite's women are attracted to men who are not necessarily suitable for them.
d7be28fceb4db8a2c724fec4d779db73df421b41	If the archetypes of other goddesses do not influence, their choice is often similar to the choice of Aphrodite herself – these are creative, complex, easily amenable to mood changes or emotional men, like Hephaestus, Ares or Hermes.
0eef9f6cba5f179fc8b253d0747f2f14bd86dd34	Such men do not aspire to professional heights or positions of power, do not want to lead a family or be husbands and fathers.
1825e6f5c77795d0546eea503eeddd2e351503c0	The introverted, deep type of Hephaestus can suppress anger by sublimating it into creative work.
3b198eb35d1d72568f2e1b81d849f37b72c07e16	Like the god of fire, he can be both an artist and (in an emotional sense) a cripple.
66f5cdff73c8ddec68542ed1fc699d022e283997	His relationship with his parents could be as bad as that of Hephaestus.
ca047a4a12ff6b612b0663a162476f57fb7d3f30	He could be rejected by his mother if he did not live up to her expectations, and cut off from a close relationship with his father.
1732c2395bcfcc0ed984b9654c9960ad6d166766	Therefore, with women whom he resents because they are very important to him, but unreliable, he can develop a love/hate relationship.
dc43fc6118f804215e8a7ffeca9769e7224c0aaa	He may feel very little intimacy with men, feeling like a stranger and standing below.
8bd623a0a4db65026e566aeab70d2ee805aeb9ea	Often a Hephaestus man with a pronounced introversion feels uncomfortable in social situations, he is deprived of the ability to conduct a light, relaxed conversation, which means that other people do not linger in his company.
35b4d870032088ff14650e3b36b217620e2a3b47	An exception may be the woman Aphrodite.
0ae956b16e14b41af2dd54b482e5ac2090b2cbb1	With her talent for focusing completely on the person she is dating, she can unchain him and find him charming.
d8c8af63c2fbf7a15c651998fe059a3697c34943	Feeling himself attractive and attractive to her, the Hephaestus man responds with his characteristic strength, and a passionate passion can flare up between them.
26702ce1ab8108fcdc4276a81bbc7b825f62624a	She is captivated by the depth of his feelings and responds fervently to his emotional fire, which can alienate other women.
ee09ff36fde2fada83ce660e542628c0ae90e9e8	She accepts his deeply sensual erotic nature, which may not manifest itself for some time, sublimating along with his anger in the work.
996ad1eaaf11766f765d3543d7d5813cb41aa2c9	When she arouses his passion, both lovers can be intimidated by the rise of his feelings.
0c3928eb64efc80d55e332f392b6058e9f58b210	If he is a master or an artist, she can be drawn to the beautiful things he creates and, thanks to this, inspire his creativity.
490a5d3b24f68205423ac877b622af179f3b3b44	There are many problems in the experience of love by a man Hephaestus, depending on the type of his underlying feelings and psychological health.
14b785bdb2097c34d7fa8baa1333915813984ce4	In one extreme, he can, like a sleeping volcano, be a potential paranoid a lonely person whose work does not receive recognition because of loneliness and hostility.
b755a320f95cd51328e258ad926d6749b2ddf071	In addition, the attractiveness of the woman Aphrodite or her attraction to others can cause anger, a sense of inferiority and fear of loss in him.
34087f85f88a65fdca94b6f0213160cdfae5c0be	If he is exactly like Hephaestus, he may be able to keep his jealousy under control.
c6f9b3e2178d198776c1634d99d1796d8b3bef23	However, a person who is next to a man Hephaestus in such circumstances feels like living on the slope of an active volcano and waiting for its eruption.
565b449d687c5b07d8330a8c4790178b8d820b70	Some combinations of Hephaestus and Aphrodite turn out to be very good.
9df10d21686d41fece4a3baf753fb7c3745f6f4f	In this case, the Hephaestus man is an introverted creative person who experiences a range of emotions (not just anger) with his characteristic intensity and restraint.
0795d6944a59d7aba6990a15f4d69b8f4fe54915	He expresses these emotions in his work and in the few close relationships that are important to him.
7c5b15efdeab9e2f7bfd20dd02b4be359cf71ef8	He loves her deeply and passionately, and most importantly, not possessively.
4741c00508b939c8bada6d52f87cd57e4c51b9a9	His depth keeps her emotionally, and his responsibility towards her provides the stability that she needs.
3f184541c89f528bdfbac962ca7a032af2d7186a	Usually, another man is also attracted to a woman Aphrodite – an elusive, fickle man, like the god of war Ares, the son of Zeus and Hera.
12f3cb9b4b32890e5b4f372799bb74b4ce75a3a3	The real life story of this type may have a close resemblance to the mythological family of Ares, raised by an embittered mother after their father left them.
dc553c5ebc188dfe093b1f074b7def0ef1a3828f	He is an emotional, passionate, violent man, prone to affectation.
0c131c36c56b8a3281353fae71f7d6e406c81308	Needing a real father as a role model and a disciplining beginning and, as a rule, establishing a style of relations with his mother himself, he is impatient, and he has a low resistance to frustration.
e9b13b6140210ca7ee1afb8107de72d579fa8ef6	He likes to attack, but he can quickly lose his head in difficult situations, losing the opportunity to be a good leader.
d5ef73c09683b3c470392e4d9c2197112cd5c61f	The combination of "Aphrodite – Ares" is a combustible mixture.
f68bfa5a4c8edbc468bb8392f33917880b14030e	Both share a tendency to live according to the principle of "here and now".
ffb597880fde1ef642b47b80a9095aef7ef09287	Both react rather than reflect, first they do, and then they think.
65247057c36d025eedc2b03ea35428b24379be8c	When they are together, erotic sparks and hot temperaments lead to a passionate interaction.
467cbb411a59b54bfc1be868e6ba03791beb8020	They both love and fight at the same time.
3ad94dc75d8ceae65dc39699f6ea49ce2de3d7a0	This couple invented lovers ' quarrels with fights and reconciliations.
eddc460020dbc7abc4da275828ebca1c910a9acc	The couple "Aphrodite Ares" usually does not create a stable relationship.
9c4b2f8ad7cfdca4ea149821989d893f699853ef	In addition to emotional outbursts, his arrogance and bragging often lead to an unreliable economic situation.
f1199a1868163fab7bfc14d081b30f9982e39d31	He is not able to think strategically, nor to be prudent.
1e623ff8a12a34e1fd1f8394b6290ba578a24ae0	In a moment of irritation or anger, he may speak out or act in such a way that it will cost him his job.
ee15971fff5b42ed7a06cfa680acb678c8dfa17d	If, moreover, a woman has Aphrodite's tendency to infidelity, or at least to coquetry, she will be able to threaten his masculinity in the future and unleash his possessive instinct.
1497d713e1a6e8dcb4387b8e7e29ece0ad9071dc	He becomes enraged, and his violent outbursts cause horror and fear.
0a09f84f6913533d425552e9b6dc0a10b85a1e22	Nevertheless, for all their short temper, the relationships of some such couples can be relatively harmonious and stand the test of time.
0c5deaa8743419caae944fbda6f69e3723619a35	Even if he has the personality of Ares impulsive, emotional, belligerent by nature, however, a prosperous family situation prevented the development of his aggressiveness.
a5ab0d0dca5fe4c0860c6801e555a62c43bd0c4c	And in it, giving the opportunity to maintain a long term relationship with him, the Hera archetype is quite strong.
9c546c43c6a6949a6b4f92364f3752a53e1b5c09	A man who always feels young and holds himself accordingly also attracts many Aphrodite women, who apparently have a penchant for immature, complex, self centered men with creative potential.
e5e6bec47c90f9f0e6e3a6eec039216ad5ed007c	Such men have a resemblance to Hermes, the messenger of the gods, the youngest on Olympus.
3b442dcbbe4fef05fb456bb7ed67e30c1be75029	She discovers his ability to intoxicate with words, especially when he is poetic, and is fascinated by the ability to quickly move from heights to depths emotional or social.
0490c84ae8bbeefa565fcae317a5c30c1520498b	The Hermes type can be a deceiver, a bit of a crook, someone who likes to outwit "slow" minds.
0d0fe207dc20f573af91e58d35c3051ad546e0dd	He has a potential, often very strong, God's gift, talent, but very little discipline, and he never gives himself up to work or a woman entirely.
b8723a7488598e384ea438e643c38ba196b2b75d	It is typical that he suddenly appears and just as suddenly disappears from her life.
8c67c949eec62c80125398ac72ce9c4df42bad61	The desire to bind it to something is like trying to hold mercury.
e10d58dac08c51b4fc310bae9aee3a149e607af7	His "maybe" is a fantasy game about living together or getting married.
49adb8ac0bd70f0f58b840356ee853e0a8f39053	But she better not count on it, because he is the last one who will ever fulfill his obligations.
2e13ec4f6b82a504773ae1dcc8ad7bf637002363	Sex with him is unpredictable and extremely intense.
aa311a9fcd7ea2a83b0828b94c58a78b5b5e2757	He is a charming, receptive lover.
fe8d977b01e098b0d727c53a94bc4b8ffa9c4160	The combination of " Aphrodite Hermes "is very well suited to some Aphrodite women, since both are prone to the intensity of" here and now " and a lack of commitment.
85601f7da2c5ae86992842749af79d5a381a5ba5	However, if the archetypes of Aphrodite and Hera are equally strong in a woman, this is a very painful match for her.
c10b9b10c53426bd53cd0280806c92eeb027bda0	Such a woman will become deeply attached to him and will suffer from jealousy.
8b5d096449fbfd9f194516c0c53bbb65fcf40ef8	The sex between them is very intense.
17055fd469a631552a467600e4be682b90cd9f51	She is monogamous and wants to marry him, but usually has to settle for an agreement that corresponds to his need to come and go.
6693a35b4c88130c899ac3e1da12bbcd6c6914f2	However, a mature male Hermes is able to assume obligations for work and close relationships (as noted earlier, he can marry a Hestia woman).
3f6156f7f9e8f6704ae2a0ae61e1db7ea700a2fe	In this case, the Aphrodite – Hermes pair can be excellent.
a349393186a35b77eeca4343e3baea7f0eecd54f	Their relationship can survive flirtations and even romances, because they are not jealous or possessive people.
f703e2cd8483cde860c2bb22080e5a5785035ec7	Moreover, their relationship can stand the test of time, because they enjoy each other's company and style.
e5cfb2fc6f8b55dfabf00edfffd03ec41056c37e	She does not lag behind his pace, which corresponds to herself.
7bd4d8115b05a56b8c8cbee3ffc65b7da56786f5	It suits both of them that they can be intensely included in each other at one moment and independent in the next.
f2811e779e55d8db67083ace15b23048d2df3155	Marriage
a570549b1ddc10bcef4849e6cc035f78309bd7cf	If Aphrodite is one of several strong archetypes that include Hera, then her presence strengthens and enlivens marriage with sexuality and passion.
d7db3741649f2e1d2b2973285ea10f045cbd065f	However, it can be very difficult for a woman Aphrodite to withstand a monogamous marriage.
5c71b71300e8615b862f735a58b9b4f1fc33abf5	If other goddesses have little influence on the married Aphrodite, or the marriage is just a casual connection, she will probably follow the pattern of a series of close relationships.
8965e6750e537cbc439b579ce28bc095801e7d36	For example, the movie star Elizabeth Taylor, whose public image is a modern Aphrodite, has had several marriages.
0d50cf44d3333ec0576a6a496a9a78a6dea76328	Relationships with women: a lady who is not trusted
b11ba7ed2aa9c6a79a240449e6c9bd2c48d24907	Other women tend not to trust the Aphrodite woman, which is especially typical for women like Hera.
3db2301067bf5dea45bcdded40f0b02bd965f22f	The less Aphrodite is aware of her influence on men and is responsible for it, the more destructive the element becomes.
b172003e015f2aacbc7a11d5dc12e9ca9dc1b1a7	For example, being at a party, she can strongly attract attention, erotically charging conversations with the most interesting men present.
0f9d0cc99a9fe17ec91fb48782295b71f4def094	Thus, she arouses jealousy, a sense of inferiority and fear of loss in many women who see their men reacting to her with increasing enthusiasm, as the alchemical interaction creates a golden aura around both.
768743b67e0838911cc38dbda64e3fa0e6f27c01	When women (especially the jealous and vindictive Hera) are angry with her, the woman Aphrodite is often shocked.
27e58252be3bdde25a259f6a74d90b1f354db0e7	She rarely shares the ill will of other women, and since she is not jealous or possessive herself, it is usually difficult for her to understand the reason for hostility towards herself.
2aa20e1636c9fded420bbdfbfa280fce98665e9e	The Aphrodite woman often has an extensive circle of friends (except for the Hera woman) who enjoy her spontaneity and attractiveness.
a10b36dac66ca77a1cd411a6b42b10077edbf88e	Many of them share with her the properties of Aphrodite.
475dbf50fbb4fd2adafa42378113b72c3402d9a8	Others act as her retinue, either enjoying her company or living out her love adventures on the principle of substitution.
0f4715d883e5814696de77ac6e014d74f722c127	However, her friendships are preserved only if her friends do not take offense at her careless attitude to their jointly drawn up plans.
358ec3f9fbc66fdec0bbbbda2ea8c658dcf33856	"Aphrodite" - a lesbian differs from a heterosexual only in her sexual preferences.
838ab939f196147c9317fcc50e933544631dcd65	She also brings the consciousness of Aphrodite into a close relationship and then, in turn, responds to the alchemical state that she creates herself.
2cbcd803c227daa5bb0bda7af6d95056749dde8a	She is intensely involved in close relationships, often falls in love and, as a result, usually has a series of important close relationships.
6f3576a1a911280fcbb3ff9b94075d18e8fc6442	Following the principle of "you have to try everything in life", she often enters into sexual relations with men.
511510465149ea38a3f28cdd5d13a554820f53a2	Not forced to coordinate her life with the wishes and expectations of a man, the lesbian Aphrodite, often to a greater extent than her heterosexual sister, exercises the prerogative of Aphrodite herself to choose her lovers.
8ff7b8c81016b1784fc0dc18714c3fe1af357118	The alternative lifestyle offered by the lesbian community corresponds to its archetypal alienness to conventions.
38f47f3ef54ce30cc0943d32b691fbc29866f1e4	Lesbian women often discover Aphrodite in themselves through a close relationship with another woman, as Ruth Folk writes in her book "The Love of Women".
3113d96697e7042122dbdaa0068021a8cdb495a6	She describes admiring the beauty of another woman and feeling beautiful, touching another woman and feeling as if she touched herself.
afd6bf0f0bdaed6f506ee06ae4537060b1bf7333	From her point of view, each woman in a couple reflects the other as in a mirror, allowing her to discover her own feminine sensuality.
dcf75191c585bfb6059ad203f7ce5630a589a405	Children
5b856383b37c7e4772c3a758e0a12beaf1a5d570	The woman Aphrodite likes children, and vice versa.
3df5193f2e9e968fa709adba9d75723c4ea75bda	The child feels that this woman is looking at him with eyes that are not judgmental, but know how to appreciate.
47ad2e841a2737ca6f3ac66e3c2d48890e320b04	It brings out children's feelings and abilities in such a way that the child feels beautiful and favorably perceived.
476f2dea0de86823b7a6837e3825cbc5aa51b788	Often, she gradually inspires him with a sense of being chosen, giving the child confidence and helping to develop abilities and talents.
d64216611e6f464d251043fa029896a9c45ceedf	She can very easily get into the spirit of the game and fantasy.
0593ca3eb495d27e8a5025fbd5f0cc1d5e402273	She charms children with her manner of behavior and inspires them with her infectious enthusiasm in everything that is of interest to her.
1043097ba122befb09f4cd2ea3dc9b52f51f75e4	These are excellent qualities for a mother.
54e99e12be52f1eb08a4861697f270e5e600211e	The children of the woman Aphrodite succeed and develop their individuality, especially if Demeter's qualities are also present in it.
9835741ee875ab4dc4ef421a83f8b9c9388cbe70	Mother Aphrodite can charm her children who see her as beautiful and seductive, but if (due to the lack of the Demeter archetype) she does not take into account their needs for emotional security and constancy, she will be inconsistent, contradictory, which threatens them with negative consequences.
2287d3eeecf69ed0f44d7942188b70e104216b32	In this case, her children revel in her full attention at one moment, but when at another moment her attention switches to something else, they feel abandoned and unhappy.
ebe671a852b7d9e4fc3750c14859061556e4cfc5	One of my patients had a mother, Aphrodite, who left her for long periods of time with a nanny.
547e5cf4f811547e8503502bb637ea044f874099	Here is how she described her mother's very peculiar homecoming: "My mother flew into the house, rushed to me with open arms.
33050e315aef41d5dfe114b0cfdaff612092b3b4	I felt like I was the most important person in the world."
fd7de26d0f55684f26b607a32311217624dd6d04	Her mother was "bringing sunshine with her"; it was as if a goddess had returned.
c3c558b5bc9a7338506bd64bfc16db6861533b4a	It didnot matter that she resented her mother for her absence and even met her sullenly and the news of her return; everything was forgiven as soon as she began to bask in the maternal divine heat of Aphrodite.
923a5dd917f5941c4ff38b6e280670ac4955747e	She grew up with doubts about her abilities (which were exceptional) and had to cope with a sense of her own worthlessness and depression corresponding to her feelings when her mother left her.
b5ea37b43ba56a014feb67522359ace1d19dcac4	When at the same time the fickle and intense attention of mother Aphrodite is focused on her son, this affects his future close relationships with women, as well as his self esteem and the potential for depression.
c86df3c00cef15d40e1fae3c1bad21aa2f3b8fd5	She creates a special closeness between them, seducing the awakening man in her son and attracting him to her, and then turns her attention to someone else.
dad689206d9f40b662967c11b44e7f92fce7ce1f	A rival in his love often a new man, sometimes a new hobby takes her away, leaving him feeling inadequate, empty, powerless, angry and sometimes humiliated.
e61f24964afbed7a2425d56f63ff82c0d98a4147	The son feels a personal rivalry, a competition that he repeatedly loses to the men in his mother's life – experiences from which most daughters are spared.
08bb4784c8b03bc6e3369b08364f1743fe71ddf4	As an adult man, he strives for the intensity of feelings and special closeness that he once felt with his mother, only this time he wants to be the master of the situation.
065b2c2b355a5964bd80715c649518c94fea473a	Based on his childhood experience with his mother, he does not trust female devotion and may feel that he is unable to win the love of a woman.
66b3a6363cbd3ee03adbe6904ad85d3c7e3dbf0b	Middle age
29a194434587b958bbfe4cd93a41dfcd28f8c5fb	The inevitability of aging can become a devastating reality for a woman Aphrodite, if attractiveness was for her the main source of satisfaction.
f730f6cf1ea726c73c5d4f458b89fc647e03e893	One day, when she begins to worry about the fading of her beauty, her attention may shift, preventing her from completely immersing herself in another person.
39112152c6ebbd5b6c74a9ede03914ffcfa1d393	She may not realize that it was this quality of Aphrodite – even more than her physical beauty – that was the reason people were attracted to her.
e6649b80c6991d9cc3af416d8d8e18297d57636d	In the middle years, the woman Aphrodite often makes mistakes in her choice of partners.
d8a2d2eb0e588f31c692bc816a068f2f7f6962e7	She may realize how often she is attracted to unconventional and sometimes unsuitable men.
258e57891bcc375f416e583f552f99df308d9611	Now she may want to calm down – an opportunity that she previously rejected with contempt.
4ffc7e3d31a78103838d0a6ba6d1eeab117e2843	However, middle age is not difficult for Aphrodite women engaged in creative work.
da029332a8bfeb50f4bbefcff3e836da4ed79137	It is typical when such women retain their enthusiasm and still rush headlong into the work they are interested in.
c1dac063f7ce6fae3c5b83cdf0d2b22bbbd6073a	And now they have more experience to feel inspired, and a more highly developed skill to express themselves.
a5aaecae755e16b1f79192bb230ab9660cb2cbb3	Old age
0411380db575b5aaeb859a32436869515a9646b0	Some Aphrodite women retain the ability to see beauty in the object of their concentration and always be a little in love.
20aec7eea3c7a5183c0247d71cd378fd002d830d	They enter old age with grace and vitality.
cf8b7360561c5e5d0e450cac9e01fb15798ec53d	Their interest in others or inclusion in creative work remains the most important part of life.
7ea9bcddba77f4b4823746a8e7bcf8dd6a8995a8	They continue to be in a youthful position, as they unconsciously move from experience to experience, from person to person, being fascinated by what comes in the next moment.
4e6e4bf3fed433ea812a55e085e36080eef857e1	Young at heart, they attract other people to themselves and have friends of all ages.
9114ff8070da03ab6a5c59c38ba26eb62bfb9004	For example, Imogen Cunningham, even in her nineties, remained an excellent photographer, continuing to capture moments of beauty on film and, in turn, inspiring others to photograph themselves.
e9b0314d070b13a0a3e84e6588481ea3c5175e86	Psychological difficulties
150b6211ab88831d587daf7637a0116b078f145b	It is not easy to have Aphrodite as the leading archetype.
96beaf1073e7527d583a6464b95f42536a4404c4	Women who follow the instinctive sexuality of Aphrodite are often caught between their own desire for sexual intimacy and the tendency to generate erotic energy in others, on the one hand, and a culture that considers a woman promiscuous if she acts according to her desires, on the other.
ec6f019b13f7f92a53b48aaa449e55a681bfb231	Identification with Aphrodite
ebdd21ed667b4f729a07b9529d087a13eec8a3ef	If she is identified with Aphrodite, she will act according to this desire, without taking into account the consequences.
5801f394006f6277e9a6b69441e4c3ba63371f5c	But the consequences can be public condemnation, a chain of superficial connections, the possible use of her by men looking for sex with her and nothing more, and the subsequent low self esteem.
7a15e3c001bafaa9d801eca50ba6a1e17a583e84	She needs to know how to restrain Aphrodite in some circumstances and how to respond in others wisely choose "when and with whom" - and how not to succumb to the archetype in destructive situations.
21c44bcf838e07095dea903d101c6aac66f45786	Her sharp rebuff can give rise to the image of a teasing or heart breaking woman and accusations of luring men.
c9cc22ac8bf7c246ca0bd6e59893a6a1f5c8e369	If she pretends so well that she does not let her sexuality and sensuality into consciousness, then she loses touch with the main part of herself – the real one and, thus, weakens her vital energy and spontaneity.
9fffd4b84dccf81d1bd3f6d3379a1055c79dad79	The negative aspects of life in the present
7c7fc96063f9e1c2dd53011dc646b195014e6cee	For example, she can buy beautiful things that she canot afford.
5f74e25cf53d9ac2383a1b6368813ead99c59bf3	Victims of love
82250a97fb130a25a44268b610bda57f4f7b5052	Men can become victims of the woman Aphrodite when she "loves them and leaves them".
bb3fca0d77c5d2cdacb201588b90cef3c39e5971	She falls in love very easily, convinced every time that she has found the perfect man.
d93cbed04bff4e50d5e9332a7cd0d28ee1f64cb6	The magic of the moment allows him to feel like a god, loved by a goddess, until she leaves him and starts dating another.
20fe543c372343778d5699a61f9bb558da2ba972	As a result, she is followed by a chain of wounded, offended, indignant, depressed or angry men who feel used and abandoned.
a7b15f9c1b5e8791e45ad3e9968ff8f555bb1110	The Aphrodite woman can go through a series of intense love affairs, each time carried away by the magic (or archetypal experience) of love.
4313ceb06e0bd881e7e32fbaa3a383fb512132d9	To stop reproducing this scheme, she must learn to love someone "completely and without embellishment" – an imperfect person, not god.
a3e4eea0e9b7530fcd5a3f8932e40c74f14a46e9	First, she must free herself from the spell of light blind infatuations; usually only a strong experience can lead to such a loss of illusions.
e3281b1342e2b1ef463188685dd2521463a60b9d	Only after that, a close relationship can become long enough, allowing you to accept human shortcomings in your partner, and in yourself, and discover human dimensions in love.
5a53ffe92ec3db15ab8a3d8f70a1e86b6d3ea839	The "Curse" of love
3d4786aa61499c69a7ac7dffae9590eab18a6633	The power of the goddess Aphrodite, forcing people to love, can turn into a destructive side.
29e615a49e9efad72d2e32f55c30bbb72bae3bbe	Sometimes the goddess forced a woman to unrequited love, awakened a passionate, but shameful or forbidden passion, leading to conflict or humiliation and, in the end, to the destruction of the woman or her positive qualities.
0e7f84cf9e6db4c717f59656812077ba9a0806fb	Such a curse determined the fate of three mythological women Myrrh, Phaedra and Medea, who "fell ill" with love.
eb46b6f2e5b25eaab6ba02d6d5ac663183767eff	Angry with Psyche, Aphrodite intended to make her fall in love with the "meanest of men".
301ff764c9aa09f6ef29a15744b44138ae2c0256	The goddess was well aware that love can cause suffering.
dc14bcd2568a49d972ce5b84a7aac654e8aecd03	Modern victims of Aphrodite are women bound by their unhappy love.
df19623b8dd4dfecf73abbbc2276c8723e1c4f75	Some of them are looking for psychiatric help that allows them to free themselves from suffering.
c93040089eabc5680f5dbae81793f11803084185	In my practice, two typical schemes have been identified.
4629391e69aaca0d9f8914289a83dd648ca40d07	In the first case, a woman is in a loving relationship with a man who treats her badly or humiliates her.
a6824acd6996d84f5fb8ba7443c3bd18c9688ebd	She makes her whole life dependent on the" crumbs " of attention that fall from him from time to time.
23cafc2b392f3716f1c93d7b021fde7ffcf60f59	Her involvement may be short lived, but it can also drag on for years.
a163db282c856fca2ca49b1efd0aee239dbeea19	It is characteristic that she is tormented by this connection and by her intensified attempts, contrary to the evidence, to convince herself that he really loves her.
7d3250f268a434fffc1feacb3fdd6b70e30b46c1	She is depressed and unhappy, but nevertheless very contradictory about changing her situation.
2e05ecf669dfec0bce98b1ecfaae15672a4cb931	However, in order to feel better, she must give up the destructive connection that has a narcotic power over her.
968395073524dec5db23a9d869fda8f7147ff313	The second scheme seems even more hopeless: a woman is in love with a man who makes it clear that he does not want to be with her.
5672a45f852a3dd5325cc4d65f54e1aa1d77b04a	He avoids her as much as possible and feels the curse of her unrequited love.
32dacb1f0f0e1fb620a7aec52dc8d5701cab5027	Again, her agonizing obsession with him can last for years, effectively preventing the possibility of any other close relationship.
ef7303aeeedcb1f2250684f8f792a192e4de57b7	In pursuit of him, she may follow him to another city (as one of my patients did), be detained for trespassing or forcibly expelled from his house.
79ed63a5ae4e089ed02cf5cc1d83753199e96420	It is difficult for Aphrodite herself to get rid of such a curse.
d28a6a4635bf063d2652f422b7aa6b005c9a4e70	To change, a woman must see the destructiveness of her gravity and want to get rid of it.
5d097196541cce4ccee6c59ca28cc4416ac687ef	It takes a huge effort to avoid the temptation to see him and get caught in your own nets again.
3878a51c12be2d737f9e1d136c0d653a2944845c	But she must do this in order to be able to direct her emotions to another goal.
6f3e38d15dcac8a2dd3589b00b6f8b9bc16e9806	Ways of development
d570d4eaab15125b626433a0cfd6d20e17abaaf4	Knowing about your archetypal pattern of behavior is useful for all types of women, especially for Aphrodite women.
32e4ae0224f033ab88e1a63f92f451b603a56ef0	It helps them to understand their "goddess given" nature – strong sexual energy, the ability to easily fall in love and experience erotic attraction, which many other women are deprived of.
70da59351dace06fd58e5e563dae8b9be39c0efd	This knowledge helps the woman Aphrodite to free herself from the feeling of guilt because she is the way she is.
42ca54c291015774f54478ac68054743c3193e74	At the same time, she must realize that she should monitor her significant interests, since the goddess does not do this.
d00b53b1f1298b2ff1f699950bd290fb85feed93	Although the archetypes of other goddesses may not be clearly visible in the woman Aphrodite, they are usually present at least in a latent form.
154852e87cf41a76f20624626549532d2ce85dc5	In connection with certain life experiences, they can gain influence by compensating or modifying the energy of Aphrodite in the female soul.
0c4b13d75ce142a8a97b046b8a0897652b42b6b2	If "Aphrodite" develops any skill or acquires a skill or education, the archetypes of Artemis and Athena are likely to become important.
5fdb897c59289a8eb2f2edc6ade9e01354ecc1eb	If she is married and has a child, Hera and Demeter can acquire a stable influence.
7530f4d0e26f4a2d44424e011d2156a3633f1148	If she develops Hestia through meditation, she can more easily resist the extroverted power of erotic attraction.
9600afda27aee2defdd4e343fe1fd4dd3ef4237e	And the development of Persephone's introversion will allow the woman Aphrodite to experience sexual experience in fantasy rather than in reality.
fce0bbc05e94078cf12495b5e53aa63246a60f46	When a woman Aphrodite realizes her behavior model and decides to modify it so that she herself or those whom she loves are not hurt and offended, the main change comes.
f0876fcd09e427e3af3235e7c6507d8a3bf05758	By making choices and shaping possible consequences, she will one day be able to set her priorities and act according to them.
f5de83a76419bee563ec25aeb098711d91d61a59	The development related path that it can follow is described by the myth of Psyche.
8822ffb8dcb33ce09635c2ec440ccf1d9c214a25	The Myth of Psyche: a metaphor for psychological development
f9481955fd7a882b3bb9515d13d831ac990c0152	The myth of Eros and Psyche has been used in female psychology by several Jungian analysts as an analogy; the most notable of them are Eric Neumann in his book "Cupid and Psyche" and Robert Johnson in the book "She".
58226e2d14d26e7bb6e7c0bd3ddd151d92e3a817	Psyche is a pregnant mortal woman seeking to reunite with her husband, Eros, the god of love and the son of Aphrodite.
8b8018631ea6b053d096c74f6e895c3c77b91bc2	Psyche realizes that she must submit to the angry and hostile Aphrodite in order to ever reconcile with Eros, so she appears before the goddess.
60bcaeeeec314c6aff2117b77d39395624e84860	As a test, Aphrodite gives her four tasks that have a symbolic meaning.
2f008bbed82614536337a6dabad1244dece78bce	Each task represents a certain ability that a woman needs to develop.
f7eff17acdeb1641b8f6e99155fdc4f3aae3498e	Whenever Psyche copes with a task, she acquires a new ability that was not previously inherent in her, corresponding in Jungian psychology to the animus, or the male aspect in the female personality.
3f074e19df364ae43bb9c32960649056106356cb	Although these abilities often seem "masculine" to those women who, like Psyche, need to make an effort for their development, they are natural qualities of women like Artemis and Athena.
823355611c1139937148ae32468f1b95ac6fa7b0	The mythological figure of Psyche represents a mistress (as Aphrodite), a wife (as Hera) and a pregnant mother (as Demeter).
71506b50fe115cbece09ec647ded007a8cb15055	Moreover, according to the plot of the myth, she also descends into the underworld and returns from there (like Persephone).
fba7a0ff9d3b748b6088a771dfd3f8c517b6ddf3	Women who put close relationships first and react to other people intensely and emotionally need to develop the abilities symbolized by each task.
eb242773976abc8edcccac53572b0bc26f0eb3ab	Only then will they be able to evaluate the provided elections and act decisively in their own interests.
ac77c190d26859ee06d843addd10ec8e272a80f3	Task 1: Sort the grains.
9ac6c4e40dc538ab9efc584f76e1e1511a4ee182	Aphrodite brings Psyche into a room, shows her a huge pile of grains mixed together – wheat, barley, millet, poppy seeds, peas, lentils and beans – and tells her that she must sort each type of grain or seed into a separate pile before the evening.
8447e8fd530240198506edd909a1f06a009ec0d1	This task seems impossible until a lot of tiny ants come to her aid, laying out each variety, grain to grain, in separate piles.
7f1d29a0dbc7168b1e181348ca92752ebef1ecf7	In the same way, when a woman needs to make a critical decision, she must first sort out a disorderly mixture of conflicting feelings and competing preferences.
66473a41a4c4eeb95371a1b1ce433efe55b2dfe7	The situation becomes especially confusing when Aphrodite puts her hand to it.
4fd93716b3275832e96e5ade9293cdfab1de40bf	"Sorting the grains" in this case is an internal task that requires a woman to honestly look inside herself, analyze her feelings, values and motives and separate the really important from the insignificant for her.
2fef265e738acd77b83643a79b9ce6e21cbb8633	When a woman learns to stop in a confusing situation and not act until there is clarity, she will begin to trust the "ants".
a3929b4eda14544b1c6fdcc3e672dc2ad6c26809	These insects are an analogy of an intuitive process operating outside of conscious control.
b6af21c4c40488d5b82133c95eb91fd0e235223c	Clarity can come through her conscious efforts to systematically or logically evaluate and prioritize many of the elements included in the solution.
caeacdefa5f8410219f3acbe69209ce3dacfdd5b	Task 2: Get the golden Fleece.
55a825d074874b54fae1ae5ba86c1e2e1faa195a	Then Aphrodite ordered Psyche to get golden wool from the terrible rams before sunrise – huge, aggressive, horned animals butting each other in the field.
ad85958393e8839a651287b078b9cf9be62f6f80	If Psyche had entered the herd and tried to take their wool, she would have been trampled for sure.
5bae089366acba021b0c6329aa56c15d53155508	Again, the task seems impossible until the green reed comes to her aid: he advises her to wait until sunset, when the sheep will disperse and go to bed.
a3040ddc05f61f8ee5f72b316e79e6715c89d184	Then she will be able to safely remove the strands of golden wool from the blackberry bushes, which the sheep slightly touched.
6107466ab08b61ed75c07074dc15c4788ebadc41	Symbolically, the golden fleece represents the power that a woman needs to acquire without being destroyed when trying to achieve it.
85344bced52f80f8cb58e80a6353ef481148e248	When a woman Aphrodite (or a type of vulnerable goddess) enters a rival world where other people are aggressively fighting for power and position, she may suffer pain or disappointment if she does not realize the danger.
648e685655c9cae7769b138d92e88edd2890f548	She may become bitter or cynical; her attentive and trusting soul may be wounded, "trampled underfoot".
484f87b508cf9e8b2ace82ee57e162cbd165a86c	The armored Athena may be in the thick of the battle, directly involved in strategy and politics, but a woman like Psyche watches, waits and gradually gains power in a roundabout way.
1686488b854d40f0a76e4881f168431acf45bef2	To acquire golden wool and stay alive at the same time is a metaphor for the task of achieving power by remaining a compassionate person.
25600ec4d46937303e34072a95184316c386331c	As my psychiatric practice shows and, to keep this task in mind is very useful for every woman striving for self affirmation.
eaf35a093a4ae1375afb02f61123d812887936cc	Otherwise, by focusing only on expressing her needs or anger, she turns communication with herself into a repulsive confrontation, making it difficult to achieve what she wants and exposing herself in a sharp, destructive aspect.
848896b0589e02fcf987eadc810d684e6aaa5dc3	Task 3: Fill a crystal bottle.
c0b8055e6153c0c3ccec598c29dd14cf7ec2bc6b	In the third task, Aphrodite puts a small crystal bottle in Psyche's hand and says that she should fill it with water from an inaccessible stream.
80cfc835d2c26d2fabe49ab79fc2cbab0c099d9c	This stream cascades from the source from the top of the highest cliff to the very depths of the underworld, and then rises through the earth, returning again to the source.
2f815f9609b79fab5b72679fb345f22b9628cc72	Metaphorically, this flow represents the cycle of life into which Psyche must plunge in order to fill her bottle.
81e7f6fb626546c53b7307c127ddffeacf692022	When she gazes intently at the ice stream that cuts deep into the jagged cliff and is guarded by dragons, the task of filling the bottle seems impossible to her.
241fd71e1cd5c3070752979a81d16f4af1540848	At this time, an eagle comes to her aid.
bd5b2d7943da681e22b03e8fb6ed729711937690	The eagle symbolizes the ability to see the landscape from a distant perspective and quickly dive to grab what you need.
eafd72558b71844b3131d31c86f91ebf6d12dad9	This is far from the usual way of perception for a woman like Psyche, who is prone to personal involvement, which prevents "seeing the forest behind the trees".
dddc3183d8c1489862ea4f51435b9cb5593f95d9	It is especially important for a woman Aphrodite to maintain a certain emotional distance in a close relationship, which allows her to see the relationship schemes as a whole, distinguish important details and realize what is significant.
edd02008016b64f93ffffa8a06891d91a574ad14	Then she will be able to assimilate the experience and shape her life.
b9a4976b521de0babaef1782f4c0634c944772a1	Task 4: Learn to say "no".
acb0f9d1e3005adf57562de374a1b3be68574b6c	In the fourth and final task, Aphrodite ordered Psyche to go down to the underworld with a small box for Persephone to fill it with a magical ointment of beauty.
23577abbed2840f6b02483d2e440f422a7a338c5	Psyche equates the task with death.
6f8c4dbcc9b681f78bb4065fbcc8097292657211	But it can be considered as a turning point visible from afar and give her advice.
0f5c7bf3702463bba9d23900992efb8853a1cd65	This task is much harder than the traditional test of the hero's courage and determination, because Aphrodite tried to make it especially difficult.
b1c6bbdd39302c91f23217b796c7aa603ec9b241	Psyche is told that she will meet people who will heartbreakingly beg her for help, and three times she will have to "make her heart unfeeling for pity", ignore their pleas and continue to follow on.
a4c02b3f1b844f977e07d2b64c1d4cdf077b78be	Otherwise, she will remain in the underworld forever.
0c712f989eeb2d37041aeef0849bb9c9b39a057c	It is very difficult for everyone to keep to the set goal, despite requests for help, except for women like virgin goddesses.
1df98f270c38d2470eab5acb8b346e52225c92a0	Women with the archetype of Demeter the mother and the helpful Persephone are the most responsive to the needs of other people, and women like Hera and Aphrodite are somewhere between the first and the second.
593965c9722d9eb44e4a4229ebcaf9fc762e2e88	The task that Psyche performs by saying "no" three times is the implementation of a choice.
e97d2617920e006478dc3f3bfaaf4c1b44a085c7	Many women prefer to be deceived and deviate from the implementation of their interests.
c2020c31f998733a590403adb3d5d87acb37a211	They will not be able to fulfill their intentions or choose what is best for them until they learn to say "no".
15d0bb6192feb1c728ce9eb4fc6082b5330d9550	Whether it is a person who needs her company or support, or the attraction of an erotically charged intimate relationship until a woman learns to say "no" to them and her special impressionability, she will not be able to determine the direction of her life.
660f879dc12b4dd6d174a6176307109362ba628a	Thanks to these four tasks, Psyche develops.
911c93ab223827bb3671882078b1a035b07d0abc	She develops abilities and strength, putting her courage, cheerfulness and determination to the test.
2eff378982b744ad2f7cc9ac10e9516d9fb4d7b9	However, despite all the acquisitions, her nature and priorities remain unchanged: she puts a close love relationship at the forefront, risking everything for her, and wins.
d3709bbd395e9c7abc990719cc44279e56c46d24	<<< TABLE OF CONTENTS >>>
2f0e1a1cee6510a62dac62bfaa3bfc5c6f46565b	Library of the Foundation for the Promotion of Mental Culture (Kiev)
753d6dd7f683c58b04ea1ad161bfbb180b11f20f	Aphrodite
73c3e2248e345137cdda94474f364230ac32d3f5	This is the stable version, tested on June 20, 2016.
06a8b36130d4b09e33a236bb862e981503e92809	15 edits are waiting to be checked.
ab1403c5bbe0eb40cb19f579e2e703f59648c99c	This term has other meanings, see Aphrodite (meanings).
a5a04ece03b1de97a93a9df03e45977056418be4	Statue of Aphrodite
02f6318ce09b9275ff4f4bb2862c5d513ddde77c	The goddess of fertility, love and beauty Mythology: Ancient Greek
5ffee397487aef765de18b81cf49961d5e4170ad	In other cultures: Venus, Astarte
ceb5781dce3e30630b317b36985f42e0ea12c211	Gender: female Father: Zeus or Uranus (the most popular versions)
58e733e04e2295cb56d8a30f1d9c41f7b792dd64	Mother: unknown, possibly Dione
d3f512003da6874b8e11681f1a0116904f22f7d9	Brothers and sisters: Manes Husband: Hephaestus Children: Aeneas Harmony, Eros
e869861de72ad5e68d9af8aa849b582adb3a10aa	Attributes: Apple, rose, daffodil, violet, lily, poppy, myrtle, anemones Illustrations on Wikimedia Commons?
adb8f91eb244d3611281df7cfae06d28b77b880b	Aphrodite (Greek :φΦροδτΤη, in ancient times interpreted as a derivative ofφφρός - "foam"[1])
4c687e0b62c3c0664b34811cd0d13db6c3fa7b5a	— in Greek mythology, [2] the goddess of beauty and love, who was included among the twelve great Olympian gods.
c742bfb098fe642a04648c7c6d052c026b1cea11	She is also the goddess of fertility[3], eternal spring and life.
08b06d5bb68d664c07ce506ed6b9f70d28bc5bdf	She is the goddess of marriages and even childbirth[4], as well as a"child feeder".
dc6be9ba7444e5faaa13ab6e1f63300c6f268f03	The gods and people obeyed the love power of Aphrodite.
7c37d936e0b9591b1c7e937b9811a3e2a6bbf899	Only Athena, Artemis and Hestia were beyond her control[5].
c648af639a0f6c4fa7312b85d5190ccc6e7ece9e	She was merciless to those who reject love.
d4ac3577fbce210eec06a82bdb5e480bdf6ec5a2	The wife of Hephaestus and later Ares[6].
2ed06c7caa2e72b108ae879d8fd82704d92b6546	1 Attributes 2 Myths 2.1 The Birth of Aphrodite 2.2 Myths related to Aphrodite 2.3 Victims of Aphrodite 2.4 Lovers and Children of Aphrodite 2.5 Many Aphrodites 2.6 Aphrodite's Entourage
fac0720cc7ed10c2b52e6240dd5e0f0d93019a26	3 The Cult of Aphrodite 3.1 The bisexuality of Aphrodite's analogues.
5db913bb75d296a40003fbf3d30ea7ffb6ae28d9	Androgynous 3.2 Epicles of Aphrodite
c241b4c595945935beb36c033d9d86800377f3e4	4 Aphrodite in Philosophy 5 In Literature 6 Aphrodite in ancient Sculpture 6.1 Preserved statues 6.2 Statues known from references in literature
df18f5782fa2f8fa4d241af499cb727d53e44e21	7 See also 8 Notes 9 References
c433522bd1071f5876f7b80240759f329ec0aca8	Attributes[edit / edit wiki text]
2e20d189992a996cf7224cf2e1c0ca121d86eb35	Aphrodite, as the goddess of love, was dedicated to myrtles[7], roses[8], poppy and apple, as well as anemones, violets, daffodils and lilies; as the goddess of fertility — sparrows[9] and doves, who made up her retinue; as the sea goddess — a dolphin.
9d82e075e17ba7056ebd0321f99cb99f46d4e35a	The attributes of Aphrodite are a belt (see the Belt of Aphrodite) and a golden cup filled with wine, after drinking from which a person receives eternal youth.
af1a5fd6027fde114af7b89153c2d0ca573b08f1	Aphrodite's companions are Eros, harites, oras, and nymphs.
2644b5da1fd73e1ff1fb88877b8fd5214a5ef531	She resembles Ishtar, whose companions were Beauty and Passion[10].
24e770c7278b18fc8778218ba9011e6e53fd5651	She (like Cybele) could often also be accompanied by wild animals lions, wolves, bears[11], pacified by the love desire of the goddess in them.
239f9b7c97d8e0e105fb41f623b1f66e341a6d88	Myths[edit / edit wiki text]
6dea2175678606ea57d79c520ef466f26dda7c4c	The Birth of Aphrodite[edit / edit wiki text]
72082b53634098c24c010d47c81bba8c019b91b0	The legendary birthplace of Aphrodite (Petra tou Romiou) in Paphos (Cyprus).
a088deeccc322c13ba68ce36b82c7c1a949c101c	According to Hesiod's Theogony, Aphrodite was born near the island of Cythera from the seed and blood of Uranus castrated by Kronos, which fell into the sea and formed a snow white foam[12] (hence the nickname "foam born"; for more details, see Aphrodite Anadyomene). The wind brought her to the island of Cyprus (or she sailed there herself, because she did not like Kifera), where she was met by the Ors, who came out of the sea waves.
51d3d5fa15d0f0ad510a60c6aa5b7082dd4b59e3	Saracen stone (foreground) and Aphrodite Stone (background).
5b3e151982387c618f3364bd578684b954413a45	View of the birthplace of Aphrodite from the hill Aphrodite Bay in Paphos (Cyprus (distant boulders)).
7208340f7d13031c0d5e856b767d8018965a01fa	The classic Aphrodite emerged naked from an aerial seashell near Cyprus hence her nickname "Kyprida" - and reached the shore on the shell.
06b30b2ee90fbebbb72d55d0b8866a083e184e82	The Oras in golden diadems crowned her with a golden crown, decorated her with a golden necklace and earrings, and the gods marveled at her charms and were eager to take her as a wife.
ed0c22853ec3c21b00f70eaadaa7dff3a8ab1f19	According to another version (Hom. Il.; etc.), Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus and Dione[13].
bbba85d933407198c5e4ac69d96b845855fe7043	According to Epimenides, she was the daughter of Kronos[14].
b9557585e496cec174d36b2424675ee121fe1a14	She was nursed by Nereus[15].
a964a1253be14fee1f5d99da97eee2868700e617	Myths related to Aphrodite[edit / edit wiki text]
d3025c366208cc735112187ef1f6d3642c56afe7	Aphrodite, Eros and Pan
ecd07002fcdb613e2bd89a9386d7c114dd4c94d3	The lame Hephaestus worked in his forge, and Aphrodite, basking in her bedchamber, combed her curls with a golden comb and received guests Hera and Athena.
9f2e5f2c4045342a7aca54e9cd73fb6950abae0f	The love of Aphrodite was coveted by Poseidon, Ares, Hermes and other gods.
86c4b4839c17d4c2a71605f93308eb0bd78376dd	The death of her beloved Adonis, a passionate hunter, brought great grief to Aphrodite.
3bdf9106e9076d5ab17afa664a2ee64285e9bc80	He is killed by the fangs of a boar sent by a jealous Ares.
8bce08f94d9c7debb8b847166560edd3394ed960	According to Ptolemy Hephaestion, Aphrodite was the first to throw herself off the Leucadian rock in order to be cured of her love for Adonis[16].
bdc5fbc13ad374f92ff6ff54938daadd57293ce9	For this, she promised Paris Elena's love, helped him kidnap her and watched over the strength of their union, although Elena scolded her.
1f5176fad4315e18ea300fc7e57980ad49059b9e	Frightened by the large penis of her newborn son Priapus, she left him alone in the forest[source not specified 525 days].
232bbc805f2f16fe5785b3b00527f5d521caf12f	Victims of Aphrodite[edit / edit wiki text]
c28b249d309fdf63367746f47d250c4fa2e88040	Helping those who love, Aphrodite persecuted those who neglected her cult and rejected love.
79c5db97bf44a6adf010ec85e4624d29269b1a3e	She was the cause of the death of Hippolytus and Narcissus, inspired an unnatural love for Pasiphae and Myrrh, and gave a disgusting smell to the women from Lemnos (see Hypsipyle).
1c4c24f49f54f3f8c085101deda24b1184d0ec9b	Aphrodite severely punished Atalanta, who wanted to remain a virgin, and Glaucus, by the will of Aphrodite, was torn by his horses for forbidding them to cover their mares.
490342db65426c1da8b1444be6c30e81c256e985	The motive of Aphrodite's revenge also developed in love poetry, especially in the Hellenistic period.
3fbe30e82412d77e66099b87c358881d78a09d21	Every Babylonian woman should sit down in the sanctuary of Aphrodite once in her life and give herself [for money] to a stranger.
ddeec86c16cab576bce56dd4881959ed0131d56d	Many women, proud of their wealth, consider it unworthy to mix with other women.
ce5d96880293d887814e03e4b9df2d3b675b39c6	They arrive in closed carts, accompanied by many servants, and stop near the sanctuary.
ac50ba5d152d4c393947e686c4a9283b2b903ab3	Most women do this: in the sacred area of Aphrodite, there are many women with bandages made of rope bundles on their heads.
9dccbd0b1707cb2cb203b744afbcc7df163eeae2	Some of them come, others go.
db5f4a5d89d9374eccd09cfb7e67dd84b7d56d89	Straight aisles divide the crowd of waiting women in all directions.
c5addcb877fcd5a85889f0eed3b10c27a9251fad	Strangers walk through these passages and choose their women.
e53631790820cae161b7776e6eb236aab80e5baa	A woman sitting here cannot return home until some stranger throws money into her skirt and connects with her outside the sacred precinct.
57bce41781da89d79d5e21f556423f1a838e9011	Throwing money to a woman, he should only say: "I call you to the service of the goddess Militta!".
4efe16809193d584fb1df2e3fa496d622176a44b	The Assyrians call Aphrodite Militta.
8c7807f409ae70f261508e99cf1dd5bb8a67316e	The fee can be arbitrarily small.
dd9132118490d3a61dfc191c2c6edd41e3416cfd	It is not allowed for a woman to refuse to take money, since this money is sacred.
a4b5abd81b6e62b334f0d04bc799a86877f2d605	The girl should go without refusal for the first person who threw her money.
52f5ae541da9b7c14c9f8d3997daca617de478ac	After coitus, having fulfilled the sacred duty to the goddess, she goes home and then you will not take her for any money a second time.
3c58c1516b07b999f16ab500b67b73ba129da792	The beautiful and stately girls soon go home, and the ugly ones have to wait a long time until they can fulfill the custom.
3f6a075e33e6bb69736d54328c047c5df3bdd5d8	And indeed, some must remain in the sanctuary even for three or four years.
94523465e4f3111318c97c5abff4f2db54ea4a84	A similar custom also exists in some places in Cyprus.[19]
ace92d8a4587fc67b83539165bc7375e85e1c7d9	- History, I, 199
eeb539946a4f39fd315c763ff58143a54671ebb0	Lovers and children of Aphrodite[edit / edit wiki text]
c91ecc776eea89cbcd3f3f3cab58cd8e64e831dd	"Venus and Adonis", Titian, Prado
cf3f50ec5c379733715dd20979676e5d379221d0	The gods Hephaestus (husband) Ares.
759fa41ac498bc2ec8b3d009cddee8b71ee1a983	Children from Ares: Anteros (Anterot) Erot (love) Himeroth Harmony Deimos, (horror) Phobos, (fear) Amazon
4d8dc096a55a16a5b6e0249251740aaad4af53f6	Dionysus.
03bc6dec84b996ccb2434e49071a877eaa3a9f63	Children from Dionysus (version): Three Charites Aglaia, Euphrosyne, Thalia Hymenaeus Priapus Hermes Chthonius
48795b985cd2bbd7ef7dfba038a609ab0c24e73e	Hermes.
d720d1d5f55a0b895f647a5d2906c7596af87b6d	Children from Hermes Eros (according to some sources) Eunomia Atlantius Hermaphrodite Peifo Priapus (according to some sources) of the Genus. (version) is quiet.
7ab93eba23c92cb94ddc1e820a4a81dfe3ea85b5	Eros, according to various versions, was born by her from Hermes, Ares, Zeus or Uranus.
8085f6893db7c213636dee222723d50db0e40eb6	Mortals Adonis Beroya, Histaps and Zariadr Priapus (according to some sources)
72a79ee112936d3030f99a54ed0b6e6321cc88cb	Anchis Aeneas Lear
09f648dd44cca7bacd3054613aa0434b7ec2c49d	Phaon
288dc14194cbb23c6b4ce49570870142cf5276aa	Also her children:
a3f0cf0106347bc306efb3b47a00556c7fcb77f3	Ananke.
66b9dbb069569bc7a28e930fb953637d5be42345	Daughter of Aphrodite Urania.
fbaa95de4ba1338d04206acf4e5a2068dfde3343	Eric.
a314574fa36444d39da430cdad4d065f5de28c38	From Booth or Poseidon.
adcb0a1b7bba38af760001501bcf79a9a196678b	Many Aphrodites[edit / edit wiki text]
a7a8746a83ca1d6f26d5720de3dbfe323c289220	According to Cotta's speech, Aphrodite had several[20]:
fda62d98e405bcbff348e7136b7481b64296350e	Born by Gemera from Uranus, her temple is in Elida.
240f83d650c2b8cefda85b4dca084e90c4e1f006	She was born from the sea foam, gave birth to Eros II from Hermes.
7fff8e156dd5a9e9b9cd187dbb02e240fa899c83	The daughter of Cyprus and Syria, called Astarte, the wife of Adonis.
a2b9cdb5da3db7766114ea250dc2d0790a5ea288	Her sanctuary is in the Bible[21].
53e988a95c2090eed6a8f98cac6275448994a7ae	Herodotus reports about the veneration of Aphrodite (that is, goddesses identified with her) by many peoples[22].
4f4911fe5c684cb8f313d713517c417aa28314d0	Aphrodite corresponds to the Roman Venus.
2455b3aa32be48787d75151e3a0d2e32e3535381	The Syrian goddess is identified with Aphrodite.
4f3793d05d2dfe69b06395bd4e5e1693c43f48a4	A huge egg fell from the sky into the Euphrates, the fish rolled it to the shore, and the doves hatched it until Aphrodite came out of it.
a8fea37233bb745e321ed70b13b4abf99cf690dc	At her request, Zeus transferred pisces to the number of constellations[23].
06a094aa28099557ee1b2951b98e74c37ed5cbad	According to a story of Middle Eastern origin, Aphrodite and Eros are attacked by Typhon and escape by turning into pisces (the myth is associated with the constellation Pisces).
28e4530703859afefd8a72136c6e95ad3e7e1836	Aphrodite's entourage[edit / edit wiki text]
c856b7843125a487537201e499f4cd4266c26614	Harmony.
ffc6a215b9fa77d9777963a85b4da8c1eec67ed3	Aphrodite's maid[24].
07a4c02994f25a47497bcaf88e8641e0005eed5d	Paregoron.
b2e8a3db2f350f68b20d5f67f34b22c137111f05	("Persuasion").
a6b8aec282d8c542fb96d78c0608d6eae95cdbb9	The deity, the companion of Aphrodite.
88b53ce50295fc3e7e23c4cc5422f04d9f81367e	A statue by Praxiteles [25].
b2a0a20ca74aaee48ff04c2a952f5fc08ef5d3dc	Perister.
591f80328f78711298327b23afc5ab81a59b88b2	"the dove".
da6c8d5b3af77956404a6c7b8c33db06e2b02f05	A certain nymph who helped Aphrodite collect many flowers and win the Eros competition.
18104940b27042e381563cbb2c5f265715785f76	Then Eros turned her into a dove[26].
c27b839aa375ea0614516812fda810a21bbe0183	Potos ("Desire"). The deity, the companion of Aphrodite.
c495821934d64c99ba50c96e6d2144c87843854b	A statue by Scopas [25].
90fee410359617234ad120fc4aa10dc3b2bb3a5b	See Lucian.
efc047c354fdd1a15b1a031d573d49e6fed9c944	Conversations of the gods 20, 16;
fad8fce2da6d7d47e828935f6d2fc54434196878	Nonn.
6a7fc8ce07a1995d22b48a774f72bf416adeb7a9	Acts of Dionysus XXXIII 111.
f13fbfeb77a5ac766e43805a99ab25e4548fd7c5	The Cult of Aphrodite[edit / edit wiki text]
dd4a4d457eda2c16dd5176b4b668b859e7152a04	The centers of the cult of Aphrodite were Cyprus, where her temple was located in the city of Paphos, and the island of Kifera.
4eb94106f5344cc9c2abeee1dae252a3548be662	The ancient Greek statues of Aphrodite are famous — " Aphrodite of Cnidus "(c.350 BC, Praxiteles, known in a Roman copy) and" Aphrodite of Milo " (II century BC, the original in the Louvre, Paris).
988c73bc76f92d5d27efb51657692e5b4ac6d8b1	The bisexuality of Aphrodite's analogues.
39c8d57b1bf0ae005b2bcf5d2492f28cd9b14b6a	Androgynous[edit / edit wiki text]
65cd3966985e24658af2ce9b435e724c0e95a858	This mark was set on December 15, 2015.
287e2287f8731a22852f11e97bf7eb4ef99a83fc	There is a bisexual image (VII century BC, a faience statuette of a naked god) of the ancient Egyptian god demiurge Thoth (the chest and abdomen of a young woman, as well as a penis).
cb5111854f6a0f55721cb0b3cedc1a4e115ddcf6	In ancient times, it was well known that the Mediterranean Aphrodite (Astarte) "was depicted not only in female form, but also in male form."
6e0258fc3484d740faf4965394cd9a9f12a250df	For example, in Cyprus, where many Canaanites and Greeks lived, there was a statue of a goddess with a beard, but with a female body and in female clothing, with a scepter, " depicting the goddess as a male being, since it was believed that she "is both a man and a woman" (50. c62)."
d51655a998b988d519e2b33d77764817f0398c1a	Schifman notes that similar instructions can be found in the scholia to the Aeneid of Virgil, as well as in the dictionary of Helichy.
bdebe7508dbfd0ee5162a6ba3a80b7e9718bddc2	Levi (Macrobius) also testifies that the blessing Venus appears either in male or female form: "The worshipper of Venus, the grace giving deity, prays (without emphasizing) whether it is a woman or a man" (that is, to a single bisexual deity).
8a722cbe43c7a96c04a86c836f40fc05c28093eb	The male deity "Aphrodite" is also mentioned by Aristophanes (according to Macrobius).
c3e9287aee5b170e81faff1e982dd707c0c770a3	On the Greek island of Kos, according to Plutarch, the priest of Hercules (Melkarta) offered a sacrifice to his god, dressed in a woman's robe and with a bandage on his head.
d3f6ffdb7815ddd974463b99f97445e589c854b3	In Syria, the priests and worshippers of a certain bisexual god appeared at divine services in reddish, transparent women's shirts and other women's clothing; while the women dressed in men's clothing and armed themselves with swords and spears.
d9a2e583b5e67db58dd5c069a74527e515ca2c26	Epicles of Aphrodite[edit / edit wiki text]
b9a16174ed59606be2b5b78247cd972fa13159f2	National Archaeological Museum of Athens
a948388e7dd7dce7f45b94f544066880c81256bb	According to the places of worship of Aphrodite, she had epicles (epithets):
9e5f2541b4caae57f38cd0c97c744b2848007c9b	Cyprus — from the island of Cyprus[27], where Aphrodite first came ashore.
2d360c33d1a1b70c44dfb8192b44239ae0f195d1	The epithet of Aphrodite[28].
9f9d7c5e24a956345963dbe934c3561feb3b74bc	Kyprogenia is the same.
2dcec1dfeaca935e8d75634510b125151bafb257	The epithet of Aphrodite[29].
c5db7170591238ee3acc0c005728e1e3c6495c56	Pafia, the Pathian, the Paphos goddess[30] - from the city of Paphos in Cyprus, where there was a temple of general Greek significance.
9ea55022d9213a1325c258696d49da60a2ca05e1	Cytherea (Cytherea)[31] - born near the island of Kifera[32], another center of worship; since she first stuck to the Kifera before being born near Cyprus[33];
2fb0c2833145ed7fec08add13bbaabd4275e2518	Idalia — Idalian) - from the city of Idalion and along Mount Idalia in Cyprus[34], where Aphrodite was revered as the main deity;
88df9831758710560aa00c5ee0e7762aa89b4663	Amafusia (Amatusia)[35] - from the city of Amafunt in Cyprus, the center of worship of the goddess;
59604ae75530a596c2393cd2f5cfe68ca349d5d5	Akidalia —[36] from a Boeotian source.[37].
452f4e4425db7cb6e138eb3ff6a807baf0d2cd16	Also the name of a certain heroine[38].
ec43d3e42126734b4acc262ad11273f173ee08a6	Erikina.
20a9e8e78a6a1bc08b3827258afe3849ffe3087b	(lat.
62b4272860a4ad1396b1088b59212f87b25a6bb9	The epithet of Aphrodite[39].
c56ebbbc1decabc8114b470e3ad51bae14fa43b3	Her sanctuary was not only in Sicily, but also in Psofida (Arcadia)[40].
d73c00cc23e6f36b8296acfd781d6daa135d0981	The connection with the sea birth is reflected in the epicles:
9cb4b95868c8b2a160b72e5e9d4753b59d3dd3a4	Afrogeneia ("foam born")[41].
b6982fbfd7fcce5d165b553a00ac89bc98e222f9	Anadyomena (emerging)
4dd91d03b7d941e7be3d3b4e1294d9386c34533d	- appeared on the surface of the sea;
f33c91ee3f9de9022dbc707f8ed8c3cb662e218c	Euplea (Euploia) (the epithet of Aphrodite as the patroness of navigation[42].);
268721e68287f40bdf7c14647b98412c1fe51127	Pontia (sea).
2a1ce5dc702842a48be70f9307d155b0dda0b46b	In epicles
6d5fdb78a4f60462ed47138f9bc916ecd4f0c4cc	Melanida (black, gloomy), Scotia (dark, gloomy), Androphonos (the destroyer of people) and, in contrast, perhaps Sosandra (saving people), Epithymbia (funerary), Muheia — the goddess of secret places
b95ecfeeeb0c331840efe22d91d8122965c68147	probably, the echoes of the ancient functions of the goddess associated with death have been preserved.
064a229cb4a1dc4f9a331e4b2c80f8655d3e7735	The functions of the giver of love and the instigator of passion were reflected in the epicles:
7d7e7dd1114b752721c1e4feffdd3613daee9cfc	Dola (deceiver), Morfa (giving beauty), Anthea (blooming), Peyto (convincing, seducing), Heteria the patroness of hetaerae, Darcetos the patroness of idle laziness, Divarisatrix and Peribasia (performing a deviant sexual act), Kallipiga (beautiful assed), Castnia (Castnietis) - the patroness of shamelessness.
d9d17b2bae8f19856142e0f370a912c2e4858d7a	Only this goddess accepts pigs as a sacrifice[43].
0a1aed2e572d175acf80442ab7a81f6644f77c0a	As well as two forms of the goddess associated with Greek philosophical categories (see above):
e78fcbfc800f54a6e64143e58085814dd0dfa4f9	Aphrodite Pandemos.
b7d29b77cd20508d5338dbe543a7692c2d3655c3	The worship of her was introduced by Theseus[44].
144ff2c1aab435ed8815f84bdd07a805dea80433	A statue by Scopas in Elida[45].
f99450184ea4adb4c40006f0741aeb58bd300a47	Aphrodite Urania.
b8a1c62b6e8b31ca48ca1415487dbfb2c7df88e7	It was first worshipped by the Assyrians, and Aegeus introduced it among the Athenians[46].
419c8e5163833c9f271f3c9e5fadff74fba73f5b	According to some, the eldest of the Moirs[47].
d801d8d1d861220919f829c19bef1b164679e007	The LV orphic hymn is dedicated to Aphrodite Urania as the mother of Ananka.
5be34091f954a9fb6bd2928c505211d83e665519	Presumably the translation of Meleket Aschamain "queen of heaven", the nickname of Astarte in Ezekiel[48].
a2f06102a806c1698d4a9f96af42a295ac98d894	Her temple in Cythera was erected by the Phoenicians[49].
54778cb0eb09675ba37aaf1e232e8d42b5666d5c	Plato, in his dialogue "Feast", mentions both of these names, and says that Aphrodite Pandemos is the goddess of vulgar love, earthly, and Aphrodite Urania is the goddess of heavenly love, disembodied and supreme.
c5cca2ff2119e015264d262caecef9064368bdfd	Other epithets:
52d25c49d3f4eee883844ca017aefcf931e3ec83	Acreia.
59a31b03d688e5d0c2e65d4a07c96e6295c78869	The epithet of Aphrodite on Cnidus[50].
820078f253a98ae275918552be23bdfbbf6438fa	Alenthia.
202c1a13f6311792a574bdf6fa8cb2395ba2e1af	The epithet of Aphrodite in the Colophon[51].
d87dbdd5fa67f7cfc6de1d0bc751e51b1c7c5594	Apaturos.
7b748b4dde45f1c20e3a98ffbd76c346c2a823d8	The epithet of Aphrodite.
5f76bf705d5145978bea1c8acba31f5f293d3aa8	Her temple is in Phanagoria.
d968e0c9da34f41879b2d52c97698118055411df	There is a myth that Aphrodite was attacked by giants here, she called Hercules for help and hid him in a cave, and then led them to Hercules one by one[52].
d2a9522a41d8a9d53f6215755a02c7bb44d07b46	Arenta.
d0be793ea8a5391104a83fe8a8753ef486636129	The epithet of Aphrodite[53].
94aa4949c49bf2dde096129475529721a53c38f5	Areya.
e4e2a02372432fd18f0cc347a7578a3d6d5d5318	"The warrior".
035894f14cc9af64785841b162955970cc2f03fc	The Temple of Aphrodite Ares in Sparta[54].
2b45a298cfcc9fc9182cfcb2868bdd3da21e9fe5	The sanctuary in Plataea, built after the victory at the Marathon[55].
97bf30724bb207e5dbcd6c1ebb1251afb8db8d9d	Berbeya.
a14c4f40103db64f4003909bf63b8207f769e60a	The epithet of Aphrodite[56].
229083b660647cc61cc9bd0e308003a331b38f45	Dione[57], as the daughter of Dione and Zeus (see # The Birth of Aphrodite)[58]. Kindiada.
5c0fa158f19611a7d0b0d91787b439d9233bc08c	Her sanctuary is near Bargili (Kariya)[59]. Coliada.
e49b6ab869a6be4fbd3340ba42ad86a3e113b27d	The epithet of Aphrodite[60].
124fbd8a14cc6c9182e7050807d856f9cf902624	Colotida.
d04b56de5aee9f6e8bba7514eb1f3cad86ae5c90	The epithet of Aphrodite in Cyprus[61].
a77db04f7b9d28988b20ab5ae7727be844f7c6a8	Morpho.
0c0f2b1df0c4e330a36311cfc7a1dc3af0b452b2	The nickname of Aphrodite[62].
c55ad800c2de0fe5e23689f959803a25e38695e6	Her temple is in Sparta, where she sits under a veil and with shackles on her legs, which Tyndareus imposed [63].
645b922b4bddbb830694ed71767e469be1fd6c30	Philomedea.
60f6557b735fd086a4e68e64b066f7f091868e25	("Loving shameful ud").
b9e5430bc711058a7444afb89c5846a9a2b536a6	The epithet of Aphrodite[64].
fc754e02ab9d9418720dff3088448dbe9b7fdaa9	She is also called Aphrodite of Arms[65].
7b354bb1c9ec8f5ef07aa19f8059325d31df0c1c	Aphrodite in philosophy[edit / edit wiki text]
4a726cb2b3d0c6e31873c9ad3ded58cb79dd9cbe	In the poem of Parmenides, Aphrodite appears as the mother of Eros[66].
9a83b7bb69eb9287db6041adf1a21eca11d687b2	Empedocles repeatedly calls his cosmic power Aphrodite [67].
4b4670100b1d894c5034442ee7d6203b0ceee383	Aphrodite creates the eidos of things.
59284c74fc3c54678dd982290234236a9b806a5c	Pausanias, in his speech in Plato's dialogue "The Feast", expounds the theory of two Aphrodites: "popular", or "vulgar", and "heavenly".
eb206b7821b1f62bd3bd6709f400722dc6b546ee	The question of the extent to which Pausanias ' speech reflects the views of Plato himself is debatable.
f1e88a021fbed61f97b11dba5b1d770b0c738f49	However, the mention of the heavenly and national Aphrodite is also contained in Socrates 'speech in Xenophon's "Feast" [68], which shows the presence of this concept in Socrates himself.
68700c23eef2ee45bb6e78f304331e221e231ead	It is obvious that the Platonic ideal of love, defined as "the thirst for integrity and the desire for it" ("Feast", 193a), is built on a homoerotic basis.
04cc76620b3be7e9a8ae1948424ca0772ab837ef	Plato believes that the object of sensual love, which goes back to "Aphrodite of the people" (Pandemos), can equally be both young men and women.
37127ef2bd9f40880616b185af6f2b49cb1b7aac	The erot of "Aphrodite of Heaven" (Urania) goes back to the goddess, who is involved only in the male principle, therefore "those who are obsessed with such love turn to the male sex, giving preference to what is stronger by nature and endowed with a great mind"[69].
c750397af6c9bed6e318f498e51c1ec582323f13	According to Eugemer, Aphrodite is the woman who invented prostitution[70].
f070f09d1cfc7b05966dfe39f94d82ad7562a382	The Stoic Zeno interpreted Aphrodite as "a force that properly connects the individual parts of something with each other"[71].
ff336451250c163bf11ba669b9dd0e45670c7220	In the philosophy of Plotinus, Aphrodite is the world soul that receives beauty from the mind of Kronos (Plotinus V 8, 13).
48645ab4cc62f5f4478abcba409834716ff904b3	Plotinus repeatedly speaks of two Aphrodites[72].
814cf6ff51cafacf34266e41848ed7e888852c44	The first Aphrodite exists on the intelligible level (as the "life of the mind"), the second — on the cosmic level.
19adb4eff781a163ca84bc8d3d0848ca76ad5e6c	The first is a philosophical interpretation of the daughter of Cronus, the second is the daughter of Zeus[73].
a0b315aa2cf76ca7e937fb45cd4779eaa58496a4	Plotinus also introduces a third Aphrodite, more precisely, many Aphrodites, that is, individual souls, and each such soul gives birth to individual Eros (Plotinus III 5, 4).
d09a6f8973df9d9f4aeff870afee71503a28760c	In the system of Proclus, among the twelve free gods, Aphrodite enters the uplifting triad together with Hermes and Apollo, she is "the first active cause of the erotic breath that permeates everything; she brings those souls that lead upwards closer to the beautiful"[74].
2c9f4940241f8c60d68d8f6289e7c99bdaf79086	Six is the number of Aphrodite[75].
0f2a48cf3f9106122a5530d1717d7586493d291c	Iamblichus, however, calls Aphrodite "the five" [76].
d5a3a2a124e1d795d0122b5f54a9034efac7df05	According to Proclus ' commentary on the State (141-142) and Timaeus (I 79, II 54), both Hephaestus and Ares need Aphrodite, thanks to the marriage of Ares and Aphrodite, opposites are harmonized in the cosmos, Aphrodite is the principle of a single and indivisible harmony[77].
9e97ba74b66c86db61c7534dded79b6df9ba218c	In the interpretation of Marsilio Ficino (commentary on Plato's "Feast"), the heavenly Venus is "the thinking of the angelic mind", the vulgar Venus is the generative force of the world soul[78].
7d3f11d636828ac16f938e29081400b95d5ed2b6	In the literature[edit / edit wiki text]
c9f66b4304943a327bd39928cc5c5df9516dcae4	Homer's hymns IV, VI and X are dedicated to her.
4eac68fd15b42ed1c3ef4ec4730d2c1d059e2e0c	The protagonist of the tragedy of Euripides "Hippolytus".
4287c76c214d49a1317862624e8262251221361c	In poetry, Aphrodite can embody love for women in opposition to Eros as a symbol of love for young men, but can also be associated with same sex love (see also Homosexuality in ancient Greece).
1152026cd4b7b5ad57bd9ff8f940363cd7ae6406	According to the story of Apuleius in "Metamorphoses", Aphrodite is jealous of the beauty of the earthly woman Psyche and sends her son Eros to make her fall in love with the ugliest man in the world.
33da77fa686b6a6227758538f13f59606cad1a2f	Eros falls in love with Psyche himself.
2cab2c2feb08cde7d3582d8b4f048c8abb8087a0	Aphrodite is chasing her daughter in law.
b08ec1bf42d4258d4b61861755420cafc9f29be3	Everything ends well.
5037d5d2460617e72ba75eba4bcc6e2482a303db	See Boedeker D. D. Aphrodite's Entry into Greek Epic.
489c2f5f9cf4f81f73bc434325556b9cc7ecef38	Leiden, 1974.
4632c5d8db2ba9c5d1638c7548e9536b16168653	Aphrodite in ancient sculpture[edit / edit wiki text]
d455cc3c7234441d636ee38bf08b68bc8814dee3	Preserved statues[edit / edit wiki text]
b48bca172b2a2a007643bd241366d8af7ed08d71	Aphrodite in an ancient Greek sculpture on Wikimedia Commons?
cdd9fbada45023eaee2e7aab078b5b6a8439144f	Most of the ancient Greek statues have come down to us in the form of Roman marble copies from the Greek bronze originals.
423f627c92cf6f053e07682d9ef3718b34b2bc45	Venus of Milo — was found in 1820 on Milos, one of the Cycladic islands of the Aegean Sea, from which it got its name.
0671f9f5c986c09026ea7fe079efed4561834183	Her hands were lost after the discovery, at the time of the conflict between the French, who wanted to take her to their country, and the Turks, who had the same intention.
b2024e4e1314f5ee0b49b070a2d71f2740d7a532	The Venus de Milo is the most famous of all statues in the world, as well as the most famous of all paintings — the Mona Lisa, is kept in the Louvre, and in the same way it owes its fame not only to its artistic merits, but to the opinion, one might say, propaganda, of the French authorities of the 19th century.
584a0702810f61a868771bea9aed67b1290d0fda	Venus de ' Medici (Medicean) - was excavated in 1677 on the Octavian portico in Rome in the form of 11 fragments.
0c7e6c9f79380fe10dac51416cc43f8bce21e541	A Roman copy from the original of Cleomenes of the 1st century BC .
f01d5ae4d22be0ad4e3686b181b467cb1ed54dcb	From Rome, it was transported to Florence, the city of the Medici Dukes, whose collection it became an ornament, borrowing their family name at the same time.
9784c02f5f12bd644b1d16f5212553cd0c859a31	Before the acquisition of the Venus de Milo, it was considered a reference work, causing universal delight.
440be15ae02ec140e3c029584b043e9d5f5b0235	From it, Sandro Botticelli took the pose of his nascent Aphrodite.
d905de900210b70c335a947e64bfdad0610ce3a8	In Diderot's Encyclopedia, we find an analysis of the proportions of this female figure as an exemplary one.
323664f6d610cec4554c06167d193a1819f3a1d0	During the Italian wars, among other trophies, it was taken by Napoleon to Paris, on which occasion a medal was even minted.
f700f7b6b2a15aaf6cb65078188a612af9afcdc1	But in 1815, The Venus de ' Medici had to be returned to Italy, and all the enthusiasm of French scientists switched to the Venus de Milo, which no one had to return.
af429991bef422e1f84b49d665098d97af886d31	To describe the type, the epithet "Venus pudica" is also used — Venus is Shy, because the goddess is trying to hide herself in shyness — the masters of Rebirth will portray Eve in this way.
ee9fff763414574416de8f13af35187d9010d026	Aphrodite of Cnidus was a statue of the goddess, the most famous in ancient times.
0316eb4a6148d4219c4dbdcb3640f3ca11583586	We find numerous raptures about it in the literature of antiquity.
32e9e738786f8d87e71d350abf05c97ad0cb7812	It was created by Praxiteles, the best of sculptors, who for the first time dared to depict the goddess completely naked (350-330 BC).
93db3b38765811e1d41f00083501809326f87aa5	According to legend, his beloved hetaera Phryne served as the master's nature, which caused a big scandal.
e0422cb0663c4d11ceced02f87da7b28b6064f67	To date, the sculpture has not been preserved, having reached us only in repetitions and copies (about fifty).
12fe1989f2ed2f3e968047118d13b08c74b9ed2b	During the Byzantine Empire, she was taken to Constantinople, where she died.
c180b9fa947d38250e4e4b82ca50db5690899194	Venus Capitoline is a type of Venus Pudica, it got its name from the place of its location — the Capitoline Museums (Palazzo Nuovo).
f7785acc7ae7e1d23b566ec6cc9b0cc948cc93bc	The statue was found in Rome, on the Viminal Hill.
f212fb0c4e3261928ae590cac496bec6fbef65f1	A gift from Pope Benedict XIV (1754).
dff353009815f3df04e908c9ea535edc6e9d9ecf	Venus Kallipiga means "having a beautiful booty".
34e7aef3dfe0bc434ad3cabbe0bcb33a2671db8d	The statue of the goddess, bearing the imprint of the Hellenistic era (the original is about 225 BC), lifts her clothes, showing her buttocks.
be213583202fb9b127cb1a7c94dd8228b6621129	The spiral shaped construction of the composition allows the figure to look equally advantageous from any point.
7b16c1539ca16ba32dc122d4822921d9d0328b38	It has been kept in the National Archaeological Museum of Naples since 1802, a gift from Pope Benedict XVII.
6171e0df379a03f0ff34cb3eae329ced3805f5b5	In the Victorian period, it was considered extremely indecent (an English artist needed special permission to be allowed to sketch it in an album); it is thematically close to the Rococo period.
8899ea51427f6aa71649db674b4e244f6017ba81	Venus of Arles — another of the statues that can be seen in the Louvre, was found in 1651 on the ruins of the ancient theater of Arles (France) in the form of three separate fragments.
fc2c4ecf5dc1c337ec4bd2f1f25e4c3ef72795b7	The head was separated from the body, and the arms were lost.
46c1acc15f7520783dcce38f5e9e5329e9ad30f1	It was brought to its present form by Francois Girardon and, looking at the engraving of the 17th century, we see that if he had not done this, France could have had as many as two "Venus de Milo".
b51a97f4514ba60bf659a8c56c143b01aa173aa3	Apparently, "Venus of Arles" dates back to the second famous Aphrodite by Praxiteles Aphrodite of Kos.
6646949f491c8312776a82d83940257855ab09f1	The story goes that the greatest Aphrodite of Cnidus was created by order of the inhabitants of Kos, but the customers, who were afraid of the sculptor's too free decision, asked to make them a more chaste version.
2957d9ba18589bbb4680b10db60a1ceab70e9ef7	Aphrodite of Kos went to Kos, and Aphrodite of Cnidus went to Cnidus, glory, as well as a huge stream of Hellenes who loved beauty, which made the Kos people very sorry for their mistake.
09f7c5909a7ac74770b738a072baed58665fdb51	Aphrodite in the gardens (Aphrodite I en Kipois) — has reached us only in not always clear remarks.
6690c50c4860dafeed9e76539d493319d6585259	The work of the disciple of Phidias Alcamenes represented a calmly standing goddess, slightly bowing her head and with a graceful movement of her hand pushing back the veil from her face; in her other hand she held an apple, a gift from Paris.
28cfea149749483b40f97138f9dbeab3fddb6469	A thin long robe clung to her body.
d56f2c0a29b21703554d310d43b4c72b70ba38cd	The time of creation of the statue is the 2nd floor of the 5th century BC, the antiquity is also felt in the fact that the goddess is not completely exposed, even if the robes fit her quite frankly.
b4865526ecc46cd68c1e5fd1ba376fe369bf6be3	Venus the ancestor — (Venus Genetrix) the goddess appears here as the progenitor of the ruling family of the Julii.
d6f297570a861474aa1384f55f389990177d3ea2	It was to her that Caesar built a temple in the forum of his name.
1bec241d4d285b3352f38abd0da1461a4b72bc63	Sometimes it is also called "Aphrodite Frejus"after the place of discovery.
82d6d2f99f7cf02476f4a0b50041d7807d047a1a	It belongs to the type of "Aphrodite in the gardens", chosen, apparently, due to the noticeable modesty and chastity that distinguished the statue of the 5th century from the images of the goddess in another function.
a3a75de4f411192ebd7c2ca97eabce292644d746	We see a well preserved version of it in the Louvre.
feb0cf33e78199656ef21984086a7fc29823337a	Venus of Cyrene found on the territory of the North.
e7c01f996dceb463bfac17b161ebadceec5b94ae	Africa, represents a goddess coming out of the water and squeezing her hair, as she was depicted in the famous picture of Apelles Aphrodite Anadyomena (Coming out of the water).
77139b9016e514eede851ce17633aa8b70869be8	Many losses still allow you to see its charm.
327737f9b8c52c09ad2fd6d7c92094f2bb74d946	Ca. 310 BC was stored in Rome, but there were mentions that Italian President Berlusconi gave this beautiful thing to the place of discovery — to Libya, as Kadafi demanded it.
1291233f01b0db412393339b6e2d9e56033c295f	Venus of Capua shows us a variant of how the Venus of Milo could look before her adventures.
f0021b69640b8e8b51cbd7a8b2f3c51a423e8f4c	In this version, the goddess leans on a helmet with one foot, which, apparently, should express the idea of her victorious power — the idea that nothing can stand against her power (Aphrodite Nikiforos, that is, the Winner).
b26665ed6a7fbfc5d155e39ef9e7a26fadd2ec43	In her hand, presumably, she was holding a polish an oval shield, in which she looked like in a mirror — a typical use of a deadly weapon for a woman.
a0aa75852006d4515be640f672d9d5dae0819421	It is stored in Naples.
2580514c4f5e065a38f23005402e5a4d2c817e20	It is believed that this statue may be a copy of the work of Lysippus.
4e25f7ce8bcbb20d09c41e76a6fe3b73432d184c	330-320 BC .
6ba1969d565c957aeabd15ca9abb24685bc7d18f	Venus Mazarin the goddess is accompanied by a dolphin, one of her attributes, a creature that helped her get out of the depths of the sea.
48ff3c46319f3f7a9361df2b5378e8958cee6c83	Dating back to about 100-200 AD, this Roman copy was found on the territory of Rome around 1509 (disputed).
71f6795165b62cca1b1f2eb2ba68b7c5ff0554af	It is also controversial that this sculpture once belonged to the famous Cardinal Mazarin, which did not prevent it from getting a similar nickname.
e430066bbe5f2298227530ef2a3ad127ad7a29b6	It stands out, perhaps, because it is one of the few that have a name and are located on the territory of the United States.
863fd9c78659ad501643e14e4464102c5a965260	Getty Museum.
7ee173c23d3355f6d14808d6e214632863e0bd96	Venus of Syracuse a statue representing the goddess emerging from the water (Anadyomena), is kept in the Syracuse Archaeological Museum.
e6e169674b4acd193bcdbd0ff453b8a09dd25ca5	Venus is accompanied by a dolphin, and the folds of clothes are like a shell.
b38cd2d065ae08b2fdaee97428598645d48694b5	Sometimes the statue is also called Venus Landolina after the archaeologist Saverio Landolina, who discovered it in the ruins of the Sicilian nymphaeum.
c3b447e2fe6e7c3f6544e535ff2c16f76135e278	2 c.
7d1c69c9b3c26cb9914d5543370530e82afea56d	AD .
bedf84dde9cb97b0a87e9be7841fda68b37ef76c	Bathing Aphrodite she is also the "Venus of Doidalsas" - after the sculptor Doidalsas from Bithynia, a compatriot of the beautiful Antinous, who created it.
128329ac1ebaf26a53a1a24eaf7758425803fe3b	It has come in many copies of various preservation, the best of which are presented in the Vatican, Naples, the Uffizi.
21dc65b7cbd37ab6bab16332415a7579e7955f53	The original was created in the 2nd half of the 3rd century BC, a clear imprint of the Hellenistic uplift is felt.
eba0178d207652ca4b9a351edfb33a4f2efe804c	Sometimes it is supplemented with various figures — a small Erot, a dolphin.
6a82bedf4186a1cd0dade4142b24300d83b2ed8b	Venus Esquilina
e7bc7f210c112d89f37e65f2e38802230da781b0	(Venus Esquilina — - was excavated in Rome in 1874, and since then has been in the Capitoline Museums (1st century BC).
710bc237f6890a12e32a03b601190bddc06dd35b	There is also a variant in the Louvre.
25e005d26d4cfb2472df00e83df7eab53f04f29f	They did not restore her hands.
8e339ae4b0518e8e1486018953d2ac420d2c2731	The English artist Edward Poynter tried to reconstruct them at least visually in his painting "Diadumene", suggesting that the statue depicted a woman picking up her hair before bathing.
1f46909625da4b80f964c0f01dc8cf79205ae982	The assumption is based on the fact that the rest of the hand is visible on the back of the goddess's head — the little finger.
0bc4fa073446c24ee1872a9b503aecb06486c3b8	We should also mention the version that this statue is an image of Cleopatra since the vase, which is draped with draperies, depicts a cobra an attribute of the Egyptian queen.
e09353c016448d934642592ab96480ba061414d3	Aphrodite Sinuessa found in 1911 in the town of Mondragone (the ancient city of Sinuessa) while cultivating a vineyard, this statue, which dates back to the 4th century BC, is currently located in Naples, the National Museum.
f25e20a7c82704e58772372cda7ede1561954752	Venus Felix the epithet Felix was acquired by the goddess Venus in Rome, as the patroness of Sulla, who believed that this goddess brought him good luck, and adopted the nickname "Epaphrodite".
61f42f88ede6bbe86d2f1ca0ae9f0537e98a8c3c	Pio Clementino Museum, Vatican City.
c5f94733d344dac582c2237e5be655a0aa3596fa	Aphrodite, Pan and Eros sculpture from the island of Delos.
b3e1f204f6276bc5b0e7e95e8649a43c59c89397	Ca. 100 BC .
3177738ad33778fd6cd9c3be9d635b0b1b28f2d1	National Archaeological Museum of Athens.
ae6497a9620db62e821370313ab156e602c94598	Aphrodite of Rhodes Venus of Tauris a statue found in the vicinity of Rome in 1718 and purchased by Peter I, is on display in the Hermitage and is a revised type of Aphrodite of Cnidus.
207ff2cb910ebfb6f398e8f584eb7d5fc23d139d	According to written sources, the pope, who forbade the export of antiquities from Italy, eventually exchanged it for the relics of St. Nicholas.
f68a53dad18d35eae9abfd7dcab651acd5ad2dcc	The Brigitts returned by Peter.
376ec8db480061444f270f6c6891c1d094fbc2be	The name" Tauride " statue acquired from the name of the Tauride Garden, in which it was exhibited on arrival.
710b84ba67a7ff64aa15ac88342498edff826e6d	Khvoshchinsky's Venus is the second of the Venuses located in Russia stored on the Volkhonka, in the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts and also dates back to Praxiteles ' Aphrodite of Cnidus.
ddcf90b90192a77d0e91f4b936b89a37a37ea2d4	It got its nickname from the name of the collector who acquired it.
74b1940d33372d23f565c9af20f32fc2615819e8	Statues known by references in the literature[edit / edit wiki text]
dd6ebbd0ba993692693673073d9bcb002551749b	The statue of Aphrodite, sculpted by Phidias for the Aelians, trampled on a turtle with its feet, which Plutarch interpreted as a sign that women should be homely and silent[79].
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119f648c6a473ceeee09568695bd8514ba3ab6d0	Forgot your password
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9ed7a8e8f106e0226f9d0bbf41b29c2602bdfe2c	Myths Titans and Olympians Myths about Aphrodite The legend of Prometheus The exploits of Perseus Sisyphus and Bellerophon The Myth of Daedalus and Icarus The Legend of the Argonauts The Exploits of Hercules The Exploits of Theseus The myth of Oedipus The Trojan War Odysseus and Cyclops Odysseus and Circe Odysseus and the Phaeacians Odysseus in Ithaca The Wanderings of Aeneas The Gods Hades Apollo Ares Hermes Dionysus Zeus Mars Mercury Neptune Pan Poseidon Uranus Jupiter Janus Goddesses Aurora Artemis Athena Aphrodite Venus Hecate Graces Diana Iris Cybele Minevra Moira Muses Nemesis Persephone Themis Charites Eumenides Erinii Demons Basilisk Harpies Gorgons Gargoyles Lamia Minotaur Typhon Chimera Heroes Achilles Hector Hercules Odysseus Orpheus Perseus Theseus Oedipus Aeneas Jason Characters Andromeda Ariadne Hermaphrodite Europe Medea Maenads Narcissus Pandora Psyche Circe Amazon Creatures Hippogriff Griffin Dryads Centaurs Nymphs Polyphemus Satyrs Titans Atlas Kronos Prometheus
f3cb80af2d35a02e4324664650c8babad553f32d	The Goddess Aphrodite
f81559809e0a20523c74fd8d63ea7b975bba33a8	Aphrodite in Greek mythology is the goddess of beauty and love that permeates the whole world.
3a58cc12d07424a772f538276a2597e9d2b28302	According to one version, the goddess was born from the blood of Uranus, castrated by the titan Kronos: the blood fell into the sea, forming foam.
06ae717aa47bb2700033aff9317f0d09c81f9282	Aphrodite was not only the patroness of love, as reported by Titus Lucretius Kar in the poem "On the Nature of Things", but also the goddess of fertility, eternal spring and life.
0245d7de6e83d4fdee97be586f521f9a1cb64393	According to legend, she usually appeared surrounded by her usual companions nymphs, or and harith.
e7f2d2d22607cbb516133fcadf210f314fc3a104	In myths, Aphrodite was the goddess of marriages and childbirth.
b00f883c4b0cd14d5f4be107ec2c9e7427e1eee9	Perhaps the greatest love of Aphrodite was the beautiful Adonis, the son of the beautiful Myrrh, turned by the gods into a myrrh tree that gives a beneficial resin myrrh.
81eea7f21e99f26ba1602c7ac0dbe514e75bcae7	Aphrodite was one of the three goddesses who argued about her beauty.
e11fbb7ad50d187799e91653baf4e749bc4a28cb	A vestige of the archaic past of the goddess was her belt, in which, according to legend, love, desire, and words of seduction were enclosed.
c8265929e0ee68cece1366bf4744c76807276d29	It was this belt that Aphrodite gave to Hera in order to help her distract the attention of Zeus.
ad641cd5533ea72cc15277da88a1e7717b32742c	Aphrodite, Eros and Pan.
5030a050d2e207c00cd9594ac8540432fc25adaa	Sculpture of fr. Delos, 100 BC
4f5be8a44d3eda6937c595aba396dc5aac1389b7	Copyright © 2011-2015 Aforizmu.com Write an email to the administrator
adfccfaf5f0f1482bded91b205a4ebbf4798c28e	Encyclopedia of Mythology
bfb987332ab4fb6c83c32b185fbcaa6096a48653	Antique Gods and Titans Goddesses of antiquity Heroes of Greek myths Demons of the ancient world Characters of antiquity Mythical creatures Myths of Hellas and Rome
eeb536ab4fa518672d8faeef11d7a3136cf8d804	The Two Rivers The gods of Mesopotamia the Goddesses of Mesopotamia The Heroes of the Two Rivers the Demons of the East The Epic of Gilgamesh
34908325c0576c4cc201872a4b2a01087163347f	Egypt Gods of ancient Egypt Egyptian Goddesses Demons and Demiurges Myths and Legends of Egypt
f996a0069ca96255a66203fd6dfd974dc060a26f	India The gods of Ancient India The goddesses of Hinduism Avatars of deities Fabulous creatures Myths and Legends of India
a64657ea7b1c492638abe05458e8e6575f77aef1	Celtic Gods of the Celts and Gauls Celtic goddesses Magicians and demons of the Celts Heroes of Celtic legends Knights of the Round Table Mythical creatures Myths legends of the Celts
463f135e1c24ee88c9b5a2fdd32f7fe86a4647b7	China Gods of China Chinese Goddesses Heroes of Chinese Myths Demons and Monsters Chinese Legends
037ca87bf004c8e84869dd7a176db12a17bd4687	Mesoamerica Gods of Mesoamerica Aztec and Mayan Goddesses Myths of Mesoamerica
6bed04ef1544c34edf519d37d4b60acde5541f4e	Rus The gods of the ancient Slavs Slavic goddesses Heroes of the legends of the Slavs Mythical creatures Demons and Evil Spirits Legends and epics Russian history The rulers of Russia
9a5f565c95e8f2cf11700c91dfe506a4ba9bcb50	Scandinavia Scandinavian gods Goddesses of Scandinavia Heroes of Northern myths Trolls Giants Jotuns Mythical creatures Demons and monsters Scandinavian sagas
d3efe0da4aa582edafac23560a5fde25dcabfaee	Japan Gods of Ancient Japan Japanese goddesses Fabulous creatures Heroes of Japanese myths Myths Legends of Japan
053b75c400f82991bd6060db04bd04cd2267a97e	History of the Sky Map
8e06ccc6fdbf7d8d0b8c77e9e05c9868f44f40b0	Ancient mythology of Hellas and Rome
18884183c1ab5bd9ec049d4aa7746210cfc28794	Akkadian, Sumerian, Zoroastrian mythology Ancient Greek and Roman mythology Aztec and Mayan mythology of the peoples of Mesoamerica Vedic and Hindu mythology of ancient India Ancient Egyptian and West Semitic mythology Celtic, Irish and Welsh mythology Chinese, Taoist and Buddhist mythology Scandinavian and Germanic mythology Slavic Old Russian mythology Japanese and Shinto mythology Gallery of paintings of mythical creatures
36b0d4eaebd141fa10b38ff661857f78ebaceea3	Myths about Aphrodite
a17c7729fc0a32025ece64cb22b7a8af8b1c4090	A B C G D E F Z I K L M N O P R S T U F X C H W E Y I
415786d7ec43ff4e305703f0d4987e3e961c3e82	Titans and Olympians Sisyphus and Bellerophon The Exploits of Theseus Odysseus and Circe The myths of Aphrodite The Myth of Daedalus and Icarus The Legend of Oedipus Odysseus and the Phaeacians The Legend of Prometheus The Legend of the Argonauts The Trojan War Odysseus in Ithaca The Exploits of Perseus The Exploits of Hercules Odysseus and the Cyclops The Wanderings of Aeneas
e972f1e8d5df38369750e2bae0eafba9426ffb96	Do not interfere with the effeminate, windy goddess Aphrodite in bloody battles.
e70b451b33e16f425300671072d5054af6231e2f	Her kingdom is the kingdom of love.
95537ce4b4eba36bda4054755b18ce716943be95	It awakens love in the hearts of gods and mortals.
e5a5586e38180d790d189f3fbbbc03b46d5c81c9	Thanks to the power, the power of love, it reigns over the whole world.
8b62c94aa980a359f759b4df702e157bfe4bd3a3	It gives beauty and youth to girls and blesses them with a happy marriage, it ignites love in the hearts of young men with a bright flame and will give them happiness and joy.
715284bbd75263243ef67bd773b17853db19bf04	No one can escape her power, not even the gods.
246a0729395de674dacedebff8f10f316604a5c5	Only the warrior Athena, Hestia and the virgin Artemis are not subject to her power.
06d3042f8a2bea3256e01ea0ad6eca4bd3fa587c	There are so many charms of love in one belt of Aphrodite that even the great Hera often asks Aphrodite to give her this belt for a while, in order to captivate Zeus more.
6d6a2b94188a83482908808400454cca5a7a17c1	Aphrodite is beautiful, more beautiful than all the goddesses.
93d40784deb1a156b42802b92080b663f35e2116	Her eyes burn with the wondrous light of love, deep as the sea from which she came.
d6806e65a8c5e915d48e4d2396834b813fb8d4fb	Her body is white and soft, like the sea foam that gave birth to her.
86eb36092845ebc75fbeb09c36b31be7011c7f4b	Tall, slender, with delicate features, with a soft wave of golden hair, like a crown lying on her inexpressibly beautiful head, the whole personification of divine beauty and unfading youth, Aphrodite shines among the goddesses of Olympus.
fc73f6fc5f6f59ab56a1f49a08e4a0ff3f11b521	When she walks, shining with her beauty, in shiny clothes, then the sun shines brighter, the flowers bloom more luxuriantly.
ec5f11b3c4fcc584b019982349fa8ab79ceb9f91	Wild forest animals run to her from the thicket of the forest, birds flock to her when she walks through the forest.
ffa965d5543845acfe14511812053b219f05dafa	Lions, panthers, leopards and bears gently caress her, and they are subject to the power of the goddess of love.
f1155ff16da7c594ba8b8f83afed0df63b16868c	Aphrodite walks calmly among the wild animals, proud of her radiant beauty.
096af4aeeae7aaded8c7c753eb3eaa1f3bca4202	Her companions, the mountains and harith, the goddesses of beauty and grace, serve her.
b77d2f638660d573d39d6290042ab7193f0f1953	They dress the goddess in luxurious clothes, anoint her delicate body with incense, comb her golden hair, crown her head with a sparkling diadem.
32daa3a8308e0d5dc4b7e8ec95049121135d8d25	Aphrodite was born near the island of Kifera from the snow white foam of the sea waves.
6fda47dca6fcb815e325316c0ca659f934d6d8bb	A light, caressing breeze brought her to the island of Cyprus.
c806e6805c760a45f1aa6d4ee50ae138ca0c04a5	There, the young mountains surrounded the goddess of love who came out of the sea waves.
994b30be280a26fc665a4cac99dbb1c7147653bb	They clothed her in a golden woven garment and crowned her with a wreath of fragrant flowers.
faeefd164378dfb573b452c8616496bce0c6249a	Wherever Aphrodite walked, flowers grew luxuriantly.
203af01eae74d924020b01751eadef006a216603	The whole air was full of fragrance.
ac455437ae4795c1e0dbd45c7af06168980275ef	Eros and Himeroth took the wonderful goddess to Olympus.
7ad039518feb7b1472dd3e58405242ab1fc5ba26	The gods greeted her loudly, amazed by her beauty.
f02aef5a8652c97355ce9bd10c747439db90494a	Since then, the golden Aphrodite, the eternally young, the most beautiful of the goddesses, has always lived among the gods of Olympus.
b926afcdf08848139ce59f233c75c6355f8e2f16	PYGMALION
5e84101ef60fd30c12af79b3368f309a598a6916	Aphrodite gives happiness to those who serve her faithfully, just as she gave happiness to Pygmalion, the great Cypriot artist.
a993781f157674569b1f77c6e202cb2cc76426c6	Pygmalion hated women and lived in seclusion, avoiding marriage.
305fe0cd5ec502e570e43eeb20d7debc7c5375c5	Once he made a statue of a girl of extraordinary beauty out of shiny, white ivory.
2b7b04906a0a1a8bfd103fd09b28cf8a3162d2a3	As if this statue stood alive in the artist's studio.
bf2f58daf45ddec025b3130b17edaacab3455a84	It seemed that she was breathing; it seemed that now she would move, walk and speak.
de2ae8593540db80f6337129f13a84442661bafb	The artist admired his work for hours and finally fell in love with the statue created by himself.
7a5e2d34f53c27718758bddcdc514f86e4e977fb	Pygmalion embraced her; he kissed her cold, hard lips, talked to her as if she were alive, calling her the most tender names.
028b20d2b731b44b2c43fd1f37632b12e63ef675	He gave the statue precious necklaces, wrists and earrings, dressed her in luxurious clothes, decorated her head with wreaths of flowers and made her a bed of Sidonian purple.
66ca00ed01722421a6b1045d79254ac5ba2708ab	How often did Pygmalion whisper:
69e29608544979a3448f12bb26ed732462d6ca46	"Oh, if you were alive, if you could respond to my caresses, to my speeches, oh, how happy I would be!
81a6b4dc5572cd08d896a71d24c5c69ce7b53dbb	But the statue was mute.
5aa996640472d8c1f751517c8b304e9b347238b1	The days of celebrations in honor of Aphrodite have come.
59b2660010adca913d97ff4378f120836925e456	Pygmalion sacrificed a white heifer with gilded horns to the goddess of love; he stretched out his hands to the goddess and whispered in a fervent prayer addressed to the goddess:
031823696ba135c7921143c108e1aaae265a6b04	"Oh, eternal gods and you, golden Aphrodite!
f5763acc792af4af71568e244a570a012cacdf7e	If you can give everything to the one who prays, then give me a wife as beautiful as the statue of the girl I made.
2d7d9ca7f6a60f87aa8f99b1aed681e7d219f84e	Pygmalion did not dare to ask the gods to revive this statue, he was afraid of angering the Olympian gods with such a request.
149455db50bdef56192965e8543320f0667a1f9f	The sacrificial flame flared up brightly before the image of the goddess of love Aphrodite, with this the goddess seemed to make it clear to Pygmalion that the gods had heard his plea.
b9823cc8dbc75418e446f9458499c8bf43218a8d	The artist returned home.
f2dfc249ab601f02d89782ecf6ae147790ea0bef	He went up to the statue, embraced her and pressed his lips to her cold lips.
06eb1da232245ff62b1ca5432636ebde7575072d	Suddenly it seemed to Pygmalion that the lips of the statue became warm, that her body seemed to tremble and became soft, like wax from the peaks of Hymet, warmed by the rays of the sun.
b17e03f3a772a38cf48ba74c3cd2df16a17446df	Pygmalion does not believe this miracle.
0d4c392283f571ce2f6eab12801aaab50ba8eaba	He touches the statue's body with trembling hands, looks into her face with hopeful eyes.
1eaebe6a61fa749be180c613f7c0104cb3362468	Oh, happiness, oh, joy!
ac90f5ee0f0494911d50eb13faa08bff6e911faa	The statue came to life.
adc68e86fdbbf6ec3d763b8aa83253925ee0131c	Her heart is beating, life is shining in her eyes.
1ceaaec846be6142979b05caaf544841d6e3f66b	Praising the great goddess of love Aphrodite and full of gratitude to her for the happiness that she sent him, Pygmalion enthusiastically embraced the beautiful girl who came down to him from the pedestal.
35bc8b71162d743f5a4238616b76f9686d58c1f5	He showered her with kisses.
bb990cd1d059bbf5055eda9d95cab9dd1651e108	She blushed with girlish shame and looked at the artist with eyes full of love.
e36efadb53cefee80d3b5d4b987f6229d945ad45	The goddess rewarded Pygmalion for his love.
94812c334612257f4a25875c3d0e17622a993ffa	NARCISSUS
4a8ddb2186202a016e0a831256facdb7786e67e7	But whoever does not honor the golden Aphrodite, who rejects her gifts, who resists her power, the goddess of love mercilessly punishes him.
5bdc14cc60a470842dc25b2b60b4244a6ff0ffb4	So she punished the son of the river god Kephis and the nymph Lavriope, a beautiful, but cold, proud Narcissus.
7ac279f686290cd1397d094f00ad866484cda962	Everyone who has ever seen a beautiful young man, was possessed by love for him, he was so beautiful.
142113a55f2bb4678c21c428f5e99d6b83e9d7df	Once, when he got lost in a dense forest while hunting, the nymph Echo saw him.
bccc0e5b03db3b0219a874513eb7aea3843c149c	The nymph could not speak to Narcissus herself.
eead43d8d8a9f2d9dd22a9046480d3862a71079a	The punishment of the goddess Hera weighed on her: the nymph Echo had to be silent and answer only questions, repeating only their last words.
7c61e2ac0720dea31e99f09a4df91106a1192a9e	Echo looked with delight at the slender, handsome young man, hidden from him by the forest thicket.
a4e14ddbcfdc665bc6129531c82dc231ed6b26cc	Narcissus looked around, not knowing where to go, and shouted loudly:
97c4247374685c5ea2fbade5396fe43095227b09	- Hey, who's here!
b1c6614f4a90fc422b45acf89aa4b4a9c66ee415	- Who's here!
9ba7a45935f3e0e7c7c12202d91263318294bc2b	Echo's loud reply rang out.
69c9b559d2ba37216678f4f310b1a056f57d4e5b	- Come here!
4cc6ef2cb16161247d9b943044cbd34bcd2ba37d	Narcissus shouted.
b858827ffac5816c0d2458d320baaa2ea1a6a70a	"This way!"
2ecdc30cf9941c5e89470347799e5f1ff3182548	Echo replied.
291c82070f68225e89f5cdb2edb7a7f10a895e52	The beautiful Narcissus looks around with amazement.
b344edf6715ef147910ba4f78bfcae2ec4733765	There's no one here.
6ade8f3aa588ec205a8d7c4b0fd0f740ac1bf8b9	Surprised by this, he exclaimed loudly:
552c54f1e73bdc8aeeec49148963b926d622fdfe	- Here, come to me quickly!
ce8404a3a83787bd344842c55fc24abd3d0b1811	And Echo responded joyfully:
52f08fd94bc055f64977d3997ae6db7d265593d0	- Hurry up to me!
b8042f1159ccc593905beacaccf362f6641be859	Stretching out her hands, a nymph from the forest hurries to Narcissus, but angrily pushed her away by a beautiful young man, proudly saying:
91e84870f3a6ac128de0ce48be698387921ac91f	- Put down your hands quickly, I'd rather die than always be with you.
9fd17fa81ef79f98fee74edbdfd55cd501894017	He hurriedly left the nymph and disappeared into the dark forest.
cf7efdeafbf9430358eb7e3a2ea0ec1d5ac62f34	Sadly, the words full of sadness sounded after him: "To be with you!"
0e1a5cf6a6bf756e31ef3c8c76a2f9ee58de1265	The rejected nymph hid in the impassable forest thicket.
ecf1bcb73a7492acacd314180a15ff57ec836152	She suffers from love for Narcissus, does not show herself to anyone, and only responds sadly to every exclamation: unhappy Echo.
8d1d445933ae5705c4a592ede0e262160dc25a9e	And Narcissus remained as proud and cold as before.
373e00c07b04c334577af5f54093d81a578fd003	He rejected the love of everyone.
bd9ee9d04f1e75decf40f697ab240b569fa102a1	Many nymphs were made unhappy by his pride.
2f9ca4851c1478ad8e839cf92cdf93325c517318	And once exclaimed one of the rejected nymphs:
c243d040ddb78c06d3ed98239b8dc3d95546e2a5	- Love you, too, Narcissus!
81dbbbf632de2798d23fe493016833e700c5cee4	And let the one you will love never reciprocate you!
a11874b2e3a7729ec4f4117a8bdcdf9fc2a2e4b9	The nymph's wish was fulfilled.
362ed3fc9f6f0338a1231573731406feac20e2c7	The goddess of love Aphrodite was angry that Narcissus rejected her gifts, and punished him.
edfc97e6b75d09b43b7354c8456c396ca72b4a57	One day, while hunting, Narcissus came to the stream and wanted to drink the cold water.
28778bf5f13ebc846a70b53184b9f78633d9c147	Neither a shepherd nor mountain goats have ever touched the waters of the stream; even a broken branch has not fallen into the stream.
204762fcb7936449a2a1c210b66facb86c3108d7	Its water was clear and transparent.
70b6a283d59d0e8dccd68fd3841a05affa34d7c1	Everything was reflected in it as in a mirror: the bushes, the slender cypresses, the flowers that grew on the shore, and the blue sky.
57379ebbfbfd6fb0b7fc769a08d5cc396a83434d	Narcissus bent down to the stream, leaning his hands on a stone that protruded from the water, and was reflected in the stream all in all its glory.
62775190c91ce32afbff1eb7e68fd35f03ccd449	Then the punishment of Aphrodite befell him.
97bdfa4a702bb755ba8a6b811d3c2856ef7c7e10	In amazement, he looks at his reflection in the water, and a passionate love takes possession of him for his own reflection.
8c5892ba1e5405ac862fa77c86fedbc07479917b	With eyes full of love, he looks at the wonderful young man in the water, he beckons him, calls him, stretches out his hands to him.
1d4213fd57d5fb79f69059b8e8e4a2d4e0830d94	Narcissus bends down to the mirror of the waters to kiss the young man, but only kisses the cold transparent water of the stream.
ac99a8ca9c6caba4dd4de7aee1f16d8bae47da02	Narcissus has forgotten everything; he does not leave the stream, he does not stop admiring his reflection.
be21fce3dafcc00c0baa1c9eae78149c0b9e2884	He doesnot eat, drink, or sleep.
88ea4a3671cdec5d12add72b8e44ad17d06e8732	Finally, full of despair , exclaims Narcissus:
aa579dce69ab6fdf4e94dd74cf58438899bce545	- Oh, who suffered so cruelly!
a4ec6d4243bbebf614529d70cc134830c143f6a0	We are separated not by mountains, not by seas, but only by a little water, and yet we cannot be together with you.
1f316dd8ceaa865d3b11ce933c494a7d00cc16dc	Come out of the stream, beautiful young man!
ef6f9f54c2842eac274f7b80778a3a3cd4c95984	I see, and you stretch out your hands to me, when I stretch out mine to you.
2712cc0ff52c8ed64bad6f443e7eeed9a94c21aa	When I bend down to the water to kiss you, and you strive all to me, and your lips are waiting for a kiss too.
a50ce4d92e320911b4087b2013f65f3dae2d0a27	When I smile, and you smile at me.
a3d963d70e2cf21775f414bb59d617b5d17ea36f	And when I shed tears in grief, you also cry, tears tremble in your beautiful eyes.
ae235f0b4df2b570173eda0d15441312bcf053b2	I see how you answer me, I see how your red lips move, but I donot hear your words.
493e5d7b26f6dc27e2979b111690c2c3e6942dde	Narcissus thought, looking at his reflection in the water.
516709ddd60212c7c0bb36502b8e72e0b3b3417b	Suddenly a terrible thought occurred to him, and he quietly whispers to his reflection, bending down to the water itself:
3a69ef7a9881dde82f0e50fe4144758380aa17df	"Oh, woe!
3fecd3224565c966c6e7c234250b54db4049a0de	I'm afraid I've fallen in love with myself!
949f0f9c2ebd15a0ab7a1e082d26d3df4a0d1195	After all, you are myself!
17cd5fbdd67b2927b4120c0b3ca0aa42ada59a9e	I love myself.
20de520e626baad986e70d84fbbc44fb9987b19e	Oh, if there could be two Narcissists!
339a3f15fc4018ee951916480d4d42fa075ec14e	Oh, if I could separate myself from my body!
c539a226a3290891fcd99f123e34f7b979aae098	Suffering robs me of my strength.
10334c2c0151a56b8047ef69f94aff0c8b4b07cf	I feel that I have not much left to live.
b2e8ba11e6f2476e908b267c532caf8d01f80c61	As soon as I blossom, I will wither and descend into the gloomy realm of shadows.
14da728ba314f9f8e2d9df7478991c37aee93eeb	Death does not frighten me; death will bring me a rest from the torments of love.
3f899fbcc1a5239537023f42aafe769031d022f8	Narcissus ' strength leaves him, he turns pale and already feels the approach of death, but still canot tear himself away from his reflection.
6f4cf00fc47a27e46258cf85f76d2673c801d38f	Narcissus is crying.
4792471481739eaa7fbce5d4c1eab23f8788b0f2	His tears fall into the clear waters of the stream.
00dbaf9b6965c0350da19dc4f5dc8605799c628c	Circles went wide on the mirror surface of the water, and the image of a beautiful young man disappeared.
bc174fc0d24ccfb27218c67b7f644299adcf97de	Narcissus exclaimed in fear:
c5488215dea0ede743934fbea39b6be85398bf5f	"Oh, you've disappeared!
f325faba0b0c619f84a2f7807e983bb251a9eda1	Stay here!
75683ebb792afdd54ebc2d4523eb416e2cf72018	Donot leave me, you cruel one!
754535f116a99699415a933836708087ae76295a	Oh, let me at least look at you!
61747fb9c3edfc899d6a2acaa75f17ecb4dc249f	But now the water is calm again, the reflection has appeared again, again Narcissus is looking at him without looking away.
5fec325ff05cba0bdb061c8105859ffc49f87c51	It melts like dew on flowers in the rays of the hot sun.
8def78e93276a79b2223198fb1be3168eb68ca63	The unfortunate nymph Echo also sees how Narcissus suffers.
dc796ee075638f45dfb9fbc69c003d0514f2a70e	She still loves him;
e64a516d245fd4c398cb23dee1614057cebd4262	Narcissus ' suffering squeezes her heart with pain.
acda3489644a5fde4ef596f7f0740d76540b8071	Narcissus exclaims.
a4ab400a638fe3d08994462cb49df3d9466986fa	- Woe!
6f062864452482b75039c22984fc42c68b4ea9ff	Echo replies.
c07a9a0e3e2bd8eaa497331f622538ee75e8077f	Finally, exhausted, Narcissus exclaimed in a weak voice, looking at his reflection:
6e46c5ed189a7979b3a37131ea8cf5e86d514e73	- Goodbye!
a01a2d59e4fd59b8a55a3b714535bb0f850f799c	And even quieter, the response of the nymph Echo sounded faintly:
ccfb5fc08c46456342e65cede53946d87eb9a23d	Narcissus ' head bent down on the green grass of the coastal, and the darkness of death covered his eyes.
21dbb4fe49efa1e9eb1d714f0d3830105b389e87	Narcissus died.
61b61ebefeff6b432e613aded3e19ae53fcbdd6e	The younger nymphs were crying in the forest, and Echo was crying.
ac07744f3b1df2dd8b8ac737b1982b89f93e2f21	The nymphs prepared a grave for the young Narcissus, but when they came for his body, they did not find it.
6d31dfefb700c4f629e4123813c337a2651db7ee	In the place where Narcissus ' head was bent on the grass, a white fragrant flower grew the flower of death; narcissus is his name.
0cf1243379926bf80f3089d829da78f605276cea	ADONIS
e856bca68025b723d61356d9d9d2730edae36e52	But the goddess of love, who so punished Narcissus, knew the torments of love herself, and she had to mourn her beloved Adonis.
198592413c8a7f2766bdb9e012c3aadfd4546736	She loved the son of the king of Cyprus, Adonis.
6647d86fd06e8ea94d0424f4ae9b696df452a7c5	None of the mortals was equal to him in beauty, he was even more beautiful than the Olympian gods.
4199c96ffa749b521308497b4e8927b29199120b	Aphrodite forgot both Patmos and the blooming Kyphera for him.
2294fbe13aab2b69b79d2673d6d5d0e7a835b8ef	Adonis was dearer to her than even the bright Olympus.
b0bfbbe51132a82181d2072628408d4c0a9d4786	She spent all her time with young Adonis.
dedd0f16045025862c422c7e3b59f5b05c2ba40a	She hunted with him in the mountains and forests of Cyprus, like the virgin Artemis.
003c5dad7980df950e8d6d7f06c6ab40ebc6a4a6	Aphrodite forgot about her gold jewelry, about her beauty.
a5a431f3cbec9d015ded777817fb643450c9f082	Under the scorching rays of the sun and in bad weather, she hunted hares, timid deer and sickles, avoiding hunting menacing lions and wild boars.
7e3d101ed7d7d8ae29e13eaccaea4a2978a56836	And she asked Adonis to avoid the dangers of hunting lions, bears and wild boars, so that no misfortune would happen to him.
c05a28319088de34aebf85f59f75e73c624af592	After the hunt, Aphrodite rested on the lush grass of the green valleys with Adonis, leaning her divinely beautiful head on her knees to him.
e00ba7520e25ef26066ddb80838bf7f127166e2a	The goddess rarely left the king's son, and every time she left him, she begged him to remember her requests.
04dc3389e7dba1b497f4713c0fb30dc6ecf772c6	Once, in the absence of Aphrodite, the dogs of Adonis while hunting came upon the trail of a huge boar.
2ad3daebdedf2e1ac8004e37f741cb15dc313283	They picked up the beast and drove it away with furious barking.
e8afba5d1b9e56f5b69a2c2c2887f53208b55ede	Adonis rejoiced at such a rich prey, he did not foresee that this was his last hunt.
9a6b0fdde07447caabe671570b622873f95e7613	The barking of dogs is getting closer, now a huge boar has already flashed among the bushes.
23d825d9bfc5a7aaf5f351a09d5ea800b1ef08bd	Adonis is already preparing to pierce the enraged boar with his spear, when suddenly the boar rushed at him and mortally wounded Aphrodite's pet with his huge fangs.
142422df6d86c9b2cbecdb31130bf6f632c51956	Adonis died from a terrible wound.
11aa5efac7cd2bd40d48e5382d5b62637c9abd8d	When Aphrodite learned about the death of Adonis, full of unspeakable grief, she herself went to the mountains of Cyprus to look for the body of her beloved young man.
d320df1033d6ea1b6205493d523db4aab24b4611	Aphrodite walked along steep mountain rapids, among gloomy gorges, along the edges of deep precipices.
55bff1e1c5e52f715c6038675c2a6732efa6e73b	Sharp stones and thorns of thorns hurt the tender feet of the goddess.
9134b9e30cbc87c13d4610f40e6bd3d1b6d770a1	Drops of her divine blood fell to the ground, leaving a trace wherever the goddess passed.
ad2077477d9056080781e89674b1aee8ceae88b5	Aphrodite finally found the body of Adonis.
1d27cca2b0bfe939a54a2bec0763ac44ade14fcf	She wept bitterly over the beautiful young man who died so early.
2b8fd34e43d484f2483635bbb7eb8dcc2e330ab5	In order to always preserve the memory of him, the goddess ordered a tender anemone to grow out of the blood of Adonis.
25ac5ea3a7aca113f5c3f728592fb323c72e5c88	And where drops of blood fell from the wounded feet of the goddess, lush roses grew everywhere, scarlet as the blood of Aphrodite.
5a0d24e98dbbbcf2d099a6107350f0e29057f35a	Zeus the Thunderer took pity on the grief of the goddess of love.
82dc3b018e7d8ec70c75911e3b403c2103931102	He ordered his brother Hades and his wife Persephone to let Adonis go to earth every year from the sad realm of the shadows of the dead.
30d95f556fb9d5abdd27f96d9e3e18179bf59e08	Since then, Adonis has remained in the kingdom of Hades for six months, and lives on earth with the goddess Aphrodite for six months.
6e8364de4fb8cae8d928176a722912a00111b9f5	The whole nature rejoices when the young, beautiful favorite of golden Aphrodite, Adonis, returns to earth to the bright rays of the sun.
80e1e4ea22083583cf83a88cb90c333c83b40c9c	EROT
dc18cc1cf6f498b5b998a94032f390a8792f182c	Eros hits the target without a miss; he, as a shooter, is not inferior to the golden haired Apollo himself.
febce5c6c9d6bfc7c4715b4bd56b2267477af8bf	These arrows caused a lot of suffering to the golden haired Apollo himself, the cloud maker Zeus himself.
a86abc2e77e33ad2271be728ccb675d09a86bba7	There is another assistant and companion of Aphrodite, this is the young god of marriage Hymen.
bc073193148f7422740e7952859ceafe019f8b37	He flies on his snow white wings ahead of the wedding processions.
da91e1171c92b9feb0d75dda9b17f6a7cc809492	When using the materials presented on the site, a link to the Encyclopedia of Mythology project is welcome!
1a2547620d92f48c063e869ea5618fc8c1cc5343	If you find an error in the articles or design, please let us know.
7fcf318882cce119fc544822e16a835b6c45a14a	Please contact us .
1779b76bbd18d48c9b6d882430ad26d26531aa1e	Messages about the design and layout are not accepted from the happy owners of IE6 and earlier browsers.
1e4299ace510b2c9310dbfa83b70430daf436631	Gallery of paintings Mythical creatures Amazons Dryads Banshees Centaurs Valkyries Maenads Werewolves Nibelungs Magi Nymphs Harpies Satyrs Dwarves Sidhe Goblins Trolls Gorgons Fairies Graces Fomors Demons Alva Dragons Elves Paintings by Viktor Korolkov
4b142457272657b69a9c7d84f758e45a23f418b0	Copyright © 2006 SB Ltd
8c4cb94d475d0f7f67cc6442037ebc9fd48a005f	Egyptian legends say that earlier the earth was an endless ocean.
157c8d66394f1d2ceb43fb0a0220e40aa91f2076	But one day a phoenix bird flew over the boundless water and changed the expanses with its cry.
ab7229add8fcd3c79627f09c9aefd21d02f22a37	Atum, the first deity, descended from the surface.
df283df9a4cb8c07596a9cfed2b5dfb81caa90c8	After a few generations, Osiris appeared.
ed2c1d90b064c6a7c40c878f1a827aebf59a8cb5	The forefather God realized that the sea would freeze again without wind, and created the son of Shu.
63fa64b6c7b63282b1b240317be3df7d537aa45c	Together with him, his twin daughter Tefnut was born, who became the patroness of the ocean, order and thought.
c275ec0601422179ca14b3c9abfc2f7a1fdc8314	They were two deities with one soul, female and male.
353e4aa21affcd18cad582979dce4e9eed759640	Subsequently, it was the patroness of water who helped create the world.
7231c3adc7943f0e4dfcffb3a52be6e4ef8d3398	The father lost his children and searched for them for a long time.
ffae2cd4df96fee4e6feeed6b0a16aa5229bbe1c	To find the firstborn, he put out his eye and threw it into the water.
3a8bf957a59b6eac93cba5b30e95f199a050da55	The Eye had to find the children.
a935af022bc42265aac150e2f1e8d8817d8819ba	But Atum managed it himself and was so happy that a lotus appeared out of the water, and from it the god Ra - the lord of the sun.
0fe467db41580e56e3a02ca9a5bd38548a9eba45	He began to cry with happiness, and his tears turned into people.
c631542a9b23284b3cdec972572ccd1b26735ee2	Later, this god became a reflection of Atum.
963dfb2516ab785ac02427e841faaa3be6dc0e48	But the eye, which had spent its strength, was offended and in anger became a snake.
c238380f87723a568cb625c81227b7689f638756	Then the supreme god placed it on his crown.
f8868a53b70a17c5f85a79ed81f7032d1661275e	Shu and Tefnut became the first heavenly couple.
c0884ec8f62bc818017d9410df78c36d56b4ea56	They had two children: Geb-the patron of the earth and Nut-the owner of the sky.
ec5648a79e6b453052b447017b21206122043e0b	They loved each other so much that they did not break their embrace.
5bafeb6e2cac1fd6d255a35d2ba67f4e0be7abf9	Therefore, from the very beginning, the earth and the sky were connected.
f8da7331ffe2c06ed173c003c631b3a2de23caf8	But when they quarreled, Ra ordered the wind Shu to separate them.
e15fa78863f44df00b489f502806f8a1b7de4953	The height made her dizzy, so her father, the wind, supported her during the day, and lowered her to the ground every night.
b8c0834b5042ecabde3f91374a6afa543299880a	Mother Tefnut-the goddess of dew and rain - also held her daughter, but she quickly got tired.
1da3d23ca527f1f1acc5029ac25f9b84545dc52e	When it was hard for her, water poured on the ground.
f08abcff0d7e5be87dda23a00b5bce7eb0c935fd	Osiris is the Greek and Latin pronunciation of the word, which is transmitted in Egyptian hieroglyphs as "Wsjr".
870c1faa9cc7c86021393366b6d72532538c90b1	Since hieroglyphic writing does not indicate all vowels, Egyptologists transliterate the true sound of this name in different ways: Asar, Yashar, Aser, Asaru, Ausar, Ausir, Usir, etc.
c53edcd1f5d0b1f80a0bb59a91c1b3060cec270f	In the most developed form of iconography, Osiris is depicted in the crown of Atef, similar to the white crown of the rulers of Upper Egypt, but with the addition of two curly ostrich feathers on each side.
47cab7f534dfe76291db06f789b1e876e2e1001f	The staff is believed to represent Osiris as the god of shepherds.
bd4c49be046e49708a829bdb486abc3715d2304b	The symbolism of the flail is less defined: sometimes it is also brought closer to the shepherd's whip.
f8e62196f87f7b2f1a34423057244f0348064e3e	Osiris is usually depicted as a pharaoh with a green (the color of rebirth) or black (a hint of the fertile silt of the Nile) face.
671931681472527d78f5361e46ad2cd7c67e4538	His body is wrapped in the shrouds of a mummy below the chest.
6b1333f4d05f0dc72d89ef35404dfb55b1c580a5	Less often, Osiris is depicted as a lunar god with a crown covering the moon.
501ee21f3a0ab6e7fc0d36e4e62572462af9833c	Osiris (in ancient Egypt, this name was pronounced, most likely, as Usir) was an Egyptian god most often revered as the lord of the afterlife of the dead, but more closely associated with the ideas of the transition of one into another, resurrection and revival.
ca4c2b090ea6434494ad68f5c58291691af67345	Osiris was the brother and husband of the goddess Isis, who after his death gave birth to his son Horus.
22f54e9381bac01ac0c379136f5c48c193dc90d3	He bore the epithet Henty Amenti, meaning "The First of the inhabitants of the West" - an allusion to his rule in the land of the dead.
eff20b64781bbc1c29040084073545a703d8b3b8	As the ruler of the dead, Osiris was sometimes called the "king of the living", because the ancient Egyptians believed that the blessed departed are "truly alive".
73ce3cb2a5793cece6042e5407c9d758eaead246	The first information about Osiris dates back to the middle of the V dynasty of Ancient Egypt, although it is likely that he was worshipped much earlier: the epithet Henty Amenti dates back to at least the I dynasty, as well as the title "Pharaoh".
ca43bd5ed80c6ac048d05fc342dadec280989c5e	Most of the myths about Osiris are based on allusions contained in the Texts of the pyramids of the end of the V dynasty, on much later documentary sources of the New Kingdom, such as the Stone of Shabaka and the "Struggle of Horus and Set", and even on the later writings of Greek authors, including Plutarch and Diodorus Siculus.
055d9f88b517c377893f0084953febbaff21b011	Osiris had a brother, the evil and treacherous Set.
47ad1b6fe7e9aef22b2e698035c447877b8aad19	who was jealous of Osiris and decided to destroy him.
278fc157f14bdfff7331d622b6c1ae6c11bb2f8a	Secretly, he measured the height of Osiris and ordered a box to be made according to the measure with a beautiful finish.
88ef99a9453a34163eec0ea54a64fbca304d0efe	Then he invited Osiris to his feast.
bdce3bf0dbdab5a56917d20de8f5b8acff0f1654	All the guests at the feast, being accomplices of Seth, began to loudly admire the box.
a9fe51a9eddc56ab3c118754198d51f322feb354	Seth said that he would give the box to someone who would have it in height.
43616886d79639d58e231a0e2ccf180918dfbcb8	Everyone in turn began to lie down in the box, but it did not fit anyone except Osiris.
3fe9af75be20846cae710cd271d8cd139f01c336	When Osiris lay down in the box, Seth slammed the lid, locked the lock, and his accomplices took the box to the Nile and threw it into the water.
97a96dcf8d92ac80505aaebb48230ea420c82cd4	The wife of Osiris, Isis, having learned about the death of her husband, went in search of his body in order to bury him in a worthy way.
72983b1e1de373b536cd292beb187168a40de7f9	The waves carried the box with the body of Osiris to the shore near the city of Byblos.
fe27aa4f5879df3f409a0c899576bc0cd579b448	A mighty tree grew above him, hiding inside its trunk.
c9355205ea515b2eeb4027954573d175f6c58e7c	The local king ordered to cut down a tree and make a column out of it to decorate his palace.
a5271da7fb082db43fded252b5909ed23bb5b664	Isis reached the city of Byblos, extracted the body of Osiris from the column and took it on a pubis to the Nile Delta.
1237e2aa77ac6a54fa7269ed6a011a325479979e	There, in solitude, among the swamps, she began to mourn her husband.
1bb72f950c1128b80e45b33767ccaef0ae61d018	At night, when Isis fell asleep, the evil Seth went hunting in the moonlight.
29d5b77ab5f6f8bc40c074fef17a2ba1be79e95b	And it so happened that on the deserted shore he saw the body of his hated brother.
b25b6687cc72676c71d7cadc2ef56418f0d62485	Seth cut the body of Osiris into fourteen parts and scattered it all over the world.
cfea3efeb43ce760a4b5506bdfdccd50f4247e37	The sorrowful Isis again went in search of her husband's body.
3cc1493cd860270b77713d6702c4b8254e21b078	In her wanderings, she was helped by people and animals, snakes and birds, and even crocodiles did not harm her when she sailed through the swamps on a papyrus boat.
5946a77ed6a88d9dec2191b3537bdc30d7094c6e	The Egyptians believed that in memory of the great goddess, crocodiles would never touch anyone who sails on a boat made of papyrus.
13ca7d6370755f452e682f26b7a35b6dce022b5d	In one version of the myth, Isis buried the found parts of the body of Osiris in different places.
3699c9cfe6704f8bfeb216312f81f386cfaa180f	This explains the fact that there were several tombs of Osiris in Egypt.
30b54f5073fe9e6a232be3591f91008e42756bea	In another , she put his body together and said: "O bright Osiris!
4cfdf419df23b31b6e8855e0575c9d6609b7293f	Your bones are collected, your body is collected, your heart is given to your body!"
f04fc7f45b5541415a9c3ee57b892ccc6850f8a8	The god Anubis embalmed the body of Osiris and made the world's first mummy.
0f04350a961e4488e1f66bec5c8d33e98f47a9b8	Since then, the Egyptians have had the custom of mummifying the dead.
411af0859b82c9d0798974ca51687c51f6efb4e1	Isis miraculously conceived a son from the deceased Osiris - Horus.
07aa83ab017983a12273fcb76412837d5b8cd0c9	Having matured, Horus avenged his father, defeated Seth and became king of Egypt.
9603aed0016b70570e810ad3f3d82047ddc12295	And Osiris went to the afterlife, becoming its ruler and judge over the dead.
c59b05362c6420cd3396d80ae758e0803d627594	Seth killed his brother Osiris, the god of the earth and vegetation.
ded334661d1c34845f0671cfbfc39dee72cdb1b3	But he was resurrected and reigned in the afterlife, becoming the lord of the tombs and the dead, the lord of the other world and the harbinger of the resurrection of the entire human race.
99356358190e30bc75d5dca9058b54d4b099ec67	As the dead king and the king of the dead, Osiris was especially revered in ancient Egypt.
5b23413d3c77f5a7236645ea132bbba6f7bb0c48	The love of Isis, his sister paredra, saved Osiris, and he came to life.
f61e18370c42fbe9a5b0f801ebc7ed5892daa020	Thanks to him, every person who has passed the last judgment will find a new life.
6e7ba6c9477939c1b8d864b540c31cab5a4f1b48	And before the names of those who will be declared "justified" at this trial, the name "Osiris"will appear.
89e40a79778a684e7e2ee692fc81390691b1da8e	The Lord of Souls became the unofficial ancestor of literature and art.
a5f0ac246220903dd0d5862cb4db589bbaed05d6	The force inspired people to create stories about his exploits.
4ef128f2104ac9675df1e6876fe820a3a54aab94	Most of the pages were dedicated to him in the"Book of the Dead".
62d0d490592ff390ed93fb0d0df4e309174a071f	Like all celestial creatures, Osiris was partially human.
4a9044d18f68a73d1ed034350d61b36ef000d6cf	You can find drawings where Osiris is depicted in green.
f8a0b6a45db63cbf4d0efba18d97c1ae8ebb6ee4	This is a reference to his earthly rule, where he was the patron of fertility and agriculture.
4e7ac203420672e2e83461c5e2a8a7b0badd0cfd	If God is red, then it is the color of the soil.
604d5d69f67414f0d8e3f1e856f2a262996eff62	He may also have a vine in his hands, because it was he who taught people how to make wine.
c1d254f28610579f071b5590df8d366c2a93a82d	It is not uncommon to depict the god of plants among trees.
89023d5e520c9c70491b8e5aa27f429efb9eb082	The oldest is considered to be a fresco that was created during the reign of the V dynasty of Pharaoh Djedkar-ca. 2405-2367 BC
446c0d5098654c00b937585609baa2351d66e0a3	Photos with a thousand-year history are of interest both for scientists and for ordinary people.
41869a4af1f038ec1967b1f60b69e334799828fb	After a long trial, Horus is recognized as the rightful heir of Osiris and receives the kingdom.
5b0656e4bce91b03ace96dd6cf6c17bd2681ddda	He resurrects Osiris by letting him swallow his eye.
e0f7c3f53e4d2dbcb086ea240569e2e96bbf125a	However, Osiris does not return to earth and remains the king of the dead, leaving Horus to rule the kingdom of the living.
a542dc42667a9df55ffd8e16c8b83f7c19966cba	Combining in itself at various times, for various reasons, the cults of the king, the dying and resurrecting god of the producing forces of nature, the Nile, the bull, the moon, the afterlife judge at the last judgment, the myth of Osiris absorbed the reflection of religious ideas of a number of successive stages of the development of Egyptian society.
522063e364940660fb4c17636d2b5397f4c6a5a2	The crown worn by Osiris is made of papyrus stalks, his sacred boat is also made of this plant, and his symbol jed consists of several bundles of reeds inserted one into another.
e12cca9397653fa8451767516febcf1764e1e52c	Further, Osiris is always depicted with one or another plant: either a lotus or a row of trees and a vine grow out of the pond in front of his throne; sometimes the entire canopy under which Osiris sits is covered with grapes; sometimes he himself is wrapped in vines.
9da5e82bf87aa78e5686c45dda9c1266e24d8eaf	In the same way, the tomb of Osiris is not depicted without greenery: now a tree grows next to it, on which the soul of Osiris sits in the form of a phoenix; then a tree has sprouted through the tomb, wrapping its branches and roots around it; then four trees grow from the tomb itself.
e04fa97f90bc3e7b4075f93756a77bb75a3fc4dd	The myth of the death and resurrection of Osiris was associated with the annual agricultural cycle.
1473aa992f74236e09da563fe2652a6b4cd259e8	The funeral of Osiris symbolized the sowing of grain, its resurrection — the appearance of seedlings, the murder of Osiris-the cutting of ears of corn during the harvest[2].
aa6e2e05af606f4688c56781c8c1c25490cf030a	In the Osiris Cycle, Anubis was the son of Osiris and Nephthys.
ae72ecef8d31e80cdfddc80c50fda95201567557	Set's wife Nephthys fell in love with Osiris and, taking the form of Isis, seduced him.
0772460f49087552d8c5e305599b8519303b15b4	As a result of coitus, the god Anubis was born.
67a6b5057ed1b989089984711aed9a8fb3391a68	Fearing Seth's retribution for treason, Nephthys abandoned the baby in a reed thicket, where the goddess Isis later found him.
4ca979e5c2cac5146e85affaa03620f627203024	After that, the god Anubis began to help Isis in the search for parts of Osiris and took part in the embalming of the recreated body of Osiris.
c02acd04c1ea6a1ef292e6b8824791ca08e9bf58	Before the appearance of the cult of Osiris, Anubis was the main deity of the West.
0f6e80f32acd8f35a850ed760f56acb38a9417cb	With the flourishing of the cult of Osiris, the epithet of the ruler of the Duat and some of the functions of Anubis pass directly to the god Osiris (in the Old Kingdom, he personified the deceased pharaoh).
d03e49ae13ecc9313399e365eb58d75770326b70	Anubis himself becomes the guide of the dead through Amenti (al. - Egypt. "West") — the region of the Duat, through which the soul got to the Judgment of Osiris.
0f2115bcf57f8d4cf30d1ff524c524e72318aa14	Anubis was the god of the Duat, its ruler and judge of the souls of the dead until the end of the Old Kingdom.
0ae47561843f214b2fc37a0629326d382d3e0ca7	Later, the functions of the ruler and the main god of the Duat pass to Osiris.
8154cb51c966be333bfeea66ae1fa1f5c8fe3eb1	Anubis becomes the god of necropolises and funerary mysteries.
240391352719651e3c926f48e74d18673679d533	At the Trial of Osiris, described in the Book of the Dead, Anubis helps to judge the souls of the dead.
7ae9e26982697e10513802a34c026d90e33d2471	It is curious that such an ancient deity as Osiris has an eventful biography comparable to the biography of real-life celebrities (kings, generals, heroes).
e59216c7dde277470e9ff61b35e8daccdf4b49da	The main myth about Osiris is one of the most interesting in the entire religious system of Ancient Egypt.
5411607c59c47281d40df9173b430bf340b18625	There was a time when Ra ruled Egypt.
bfa9914c503022a29d81e29ba0c575a5a9322da3	He was succeeded on the throne by his son Shu, and that by his son Geb.
2cffaf326d0a81225ce01b068196e81f54a2b89c	After him, Osiris, the son of Heb, sat on the throne.
9e86909c088fc76af336bc7a859ec454a9e2259a	And his reign was very fruitful for the country and its people.
7d6b6a707c74a3ebd328904f13e7f265c5530eed	Osiris taught the Egyptians gardening, agriculture and winemaking.
34d7348a1dd42ec83629db2dd86d79d3d8a19746	However, Osiris had an envious person-the cruel Set, who wanted to rule in his place.
c957e5341144fb1ad3bac59bc6e804ffd0e916b1	Set was the god of war, death, chaos and destruction, and he did not stand on ceremony with his noble brother ruler: he killed him, after which he was able to legitimately take the throne.
23622b86c63aa94e87d847576c51b96e5173a828	He threw the body of Osiris into the Nile beforehand.
583aa524ff2cbf6a853c124f89e502d0a6b0ae43	The deceased had a faithful wife, Isis, who was also his sister.
a4af01a2efe4454fba9fde1cb0c2a61e9db02e63	She found what was left of her husband, and mourned for him for a long time, until the great Ra took pity on her.
e7780f29c3d5b0e20aeb18329925c823ea667e0f	He sent Anubis, the jackal-headed god, who collected the body parts of Osiris that Seth had cut up, put them together and swaddled them to get a mummy.
9836e5e6abfe25a9435faa64d1bcc0d94a07346c	The body was assembled, but one part was missing – the phallus.
80294f7a0e78b1ea136715479c0d89f16e61d314	Isis made it out of clay and attached it to the mummy of her husband.
4b55b2eb4d377f462759be8e77745aab945979d2	Then she turned into a female vulture (in another version – a falcon), united with her dead husband and became pregnant by him.
ba95cc79c9f789a4a641bd07182b111f79418a5c	Thus was born Horus, who was destined for the mission of the avenger.
c954f1fec6edf5ac0cc5721841e1d7b2e53e82bc	Horus fought with Set and defeated him, defending his right to take the throne.
702c66b67c266df18d27475c564a07b6c9c1afee	In this battle, Seth knocked out his eye, which turned into a sacred Ouadget – a magical symbol.
091edc5e93bd02b7437229f335628432ea828c21	Horus gave it to Osiris to swallow, and he was resurrected.
b6a0b263565ee4f531878b8187d0e3ad8f34f6a2	However, he decided not to stay on earth, leaving it to his son, and went to the kingdom of the dead, where he replaced Anubis on the throne.
65ec2f20cd99e9dd35d7935de236ebb0ee1657db	By the way, during the battle with Set, Horus repaid him as if in the same way that he did with Osiris: he castrated him, depriving him of his basic divine essence.
4f6d9cc3051400761d6644769eb1ddb78f3f5a0c	Osiris was the patron of a number of areas, and depending on the period of his unctions changed somewhat.
0ac61b15d461e9b63869c656af349d996e09bfda	In the drawings, Osiris was always or almost always depicted surrounded by greenery.
a89dd30cf0e36a857e27da25208381ffc7b5e083	Even his crown is woven from papyrus stalks, and the " jed " scepter consists of bundles of reeds inserted into each other.
bb8e4f69fc3d1f055fa1d0697b186351ecf74075	A lotus grows in front of his throne, trees rise or a vine twists.
a4be36c66f4627b955cbbb94ada77252aa4ed7a7	The agricultural function of Osiris suggests that this deity is very ancient – probably one of the most ancient Egyptian gods.
e01c22a8b2dfae67127113d675d1019afe3b307d	The death and resurrection of Osiris is also a reflection of the observations of primitive farmers for the change of climatic seasons, to which the original calendar was tied.
170356fb4c62ed322fc0ce12a5ca8be91320cc21	The ritual funeral of the deity symbolized the sowing of seeds, his resurrection – the appearance of seedlings, and the murder – the cutting of ears of corn.
91e21222658e30470103f628fe2e7f5ae4326db3	Osiris was perhaps the first known dying and resurrecting god.
df032f6f29f82543ddaf656b083bc474f5807849	The resurrection of Osiris was preceded by the mourning of the dead body by a woman (Isis), in a similar late Antique myth about Hercules, his corpse is mourned by Vestals);
288d3bbabf9b04fac74787d720a99a3382af6d64	After the resurrection, the deity did not want to stay on earth, but was transported to the kingdom of the dead (the Egyptians had it under the ground);
49bfa059fa1586710397e625c430956dadb7f570	From the cult of Osiris, later religions (Zoroastrianism, Christianity, etc.) borrowed the image of the scales on which god in the kingdom of the dead weighs the good and evil deeds of the dead;
a5af075808c379f27afe76d2645df596893a0646	Osiris was a god primarily of the social lower classes, who hoped for his fair trial and a place in paradise.
6f6a0de6af505501e1d32fe7a26524902828ca39	Together with Thoth, Anubis weighs the heart of the deceased (a symbol of the soul and love among the ancient Egyptians) on the scales (there is a figure of the judge - NAG VAL).
851b72b247bd33774b19762c71db5ed81907e86d	On one cup of the scales is the heart, that is, Love is the soul and on the other the Mind is the calculation, in the form of one feather ( two feathers are a sign denoting wisdom) Depending on what outweighed, the heart or the mind, the deceased was sent, respectively, to the afterlife paradise (fields and fields) or Hell .
da79395f338e13528896ec25732dfcb030515d50	Osiris
56b64731046250f23371dcb7fe99626da11a61a5	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on May 23, 2016; checks require 22 edits.
676569156572eb110975d3805e5b81f665e3037f	The request "Osiris" is redirected here; see also other values.
7eccd57fe946f1ed791b544e3cf86e4693ff7056	God of the afterlife Mythology: Ancient Egypt Gender: male Father: Geb Mother: Chickpeas Children: Horus, Anubis Illustrations on Wikimedia Commons
0d69e83faa0c8505245a7865f795d112c8d83c54	Osiris (Egypt. jst jrt, Usyr; others Greek .σσιρις, Lat. Osiris, Osiris)
5b8f957d50de47558c75d3e5db0fd40e7a0feeb7	- the god of rebirth, the king of the afterlife in ancient Egyptian mythology and the judge of the souls of the deceased.
85ea46366a8117d5cbb270b4a13d8c96009532da	He was usually depicted as a swaddled mummy with a green face, with free hands holding the symbols of royal power heket and nekhehu (scepter and flail).
bddbb80f9b9498fbfa0b817ce9d7b5602cd23074	The main centers of the cult of the god were Busiris in the Nile Delta and Abju (Abydos).
0fbbe680f3e47a05a1fdcf914c4fd2f4c5419867	1 Genealogy 2 Myth and Attributes 3 Osiris and Anubis 4 Osiris in ancient literature 5 Osiris in classical music 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References
36e0197f725d0ee200530e55185f8e935fe15883	Genealogy[edit / edit wiki text]
0da293eceb42432cf55b2c51e294857a64d2c27a	According to references in ancient Egyptian texts and the story of Plutarch, Osiris was the eldest son of the earth god Heb and the sky goddess Nut, the brother and husband of Isis, the brother of Nephthys, Set, the father of Horus and Anubis.
3c52d1bc5410d4a442ee337ba62f2d5ffcc9f421	He was the fourth of the gods who reigned on earth in the original times, inheriting the power of great grandfather Ra, grandfather Shu and father Geb.
8e576ade1c77ff9582d2194a427aa831dc1d9675	The tomb of Osiris was located in Abydos.
1a4c68be7099d754ea75e9ca6508ed6a83bd52b2	Myth and attributes[edit / edit wiki text]
2f970e9888635602793639c6121bbe1e12dd8c8e	While reigning over Egypt, Osiris taught people agriculture, gardening and winemaking, but was killed by his brother, the god Set, who wanted to rule in his place.
3c92f73f5f61119893ae710c81450b5625bbe518	The wife of Osiris, his sister Isis, found his corpse and began to mourn him together with her sister Nephthys.
aa8d47e57e5b1aecd2beef4a60213d890e7feb8f	Ra, taking pity, sends the jackal headed god Anubis, who collected the scattered (or, according to another version, cut by Set) parts of Osiris, embalmed the body and swaddled it.
edd9858d7f6fe8012e9867b7cef1addc65a355bd	Since the only part of the body of Osiris that Isis could not find was the penis (it was eaten by fish), Isis fashioned a phallus out of clay, consecrated it and attached it to the assembled body of Osiris.
55853ba5eeb1cee376a040278fdd372f9e46c0d1	Turning into a female vulture - the bird of Khat, Isis spread her wings over the mummy of Osiris, uttered magic words and became pregnant[1].
4485ff30ab6c3d3bd84a884612dafbc2e19c6d0d	Thus was Horus conceived.
2c3902f3ee297c5b7928e2edd9e973639fbc1424	The roots of the myth of Osiris go deep into the era of tribal society, from the ideas and rituals of which the most characteristic features of the cult of Osiris are developed later, in connection with the change in the social relations of Egypt: the cult of the king and the cult of the god of the productive forces of nature.
f0e34327cbd9af688cd4b2168f54dec55ed3d4b6	The features of the cult of the god of the productive forces of nature appear very clearly in the myth of Osiris.
c32c7ec6ddfcf5e0e0190a5e356c6fba70571529	The funeral of Osiris symbolized the sowing of grain, its resurrection — the appearance of seedlings, the murder of Osiris the cutting of ears of corn during the harvest[2].
6fa25f7f29c54f649f9b706b6b6c3e06d83c1237	Osiris and Anubis[edit / edit wiki text]
b87568761adf74d0baf2beb6a90e4f740406b293	Part of the Book of the Dead from Ahmim, depicting the judgment of Osiris.
5efe4023b4cf575bc039093b79a3386ca02bf33c	IV I centuries BC Egyptian Museum in Berlin
4e05302a1761aac4d1e947617d3ed36265f88edb	3][4][5][6][7] Set's wife Nephthys fell in love with Osiris and, taking the form of Isis, seduced him.
01680d0b995c7fa7d287867894fe63516e8cf198	On one cup of the scales is the heart, that is, Love is the soul and on the other the Mind is the calculation, in the form of one feather ( two feathers are a sign denoting wisdom) Depending on what outweighed, the heart or the mind, the deceased was sent, respectively, to the afterlife paradise (fields and fields) or Hell . the sinner was eaten by the monster Amat (a lion with the head of a crocodile).
14101354be3c075ebc8738e1030f3c924bccef72	Thus, as a result of the democratization of the Egyptian religion during the Middle Kingdom, largely associated with the popular cult of Osiris as a just afterlife judge, both representatives of the social lower classes counted on posthumous bliss and eternal life.
c964cec93dae4734454d5a4593f245a2fb99d2c3	Osiris in ancient literature[edit / edit wiki text]
4edc2f276fdbdd85ba28f0fc7497def937db6de3	It is repeatedly mentioned by ancient authors[8].
5d436bc48634699930132d6319b5dc676e81281c	According to Herodotus, this is a god whom the Egyptians identify with the Greek Dionysus[9].
f6b5ee0e48cc65705c1bf46b3925d66b00653e53	Diodorus notes his connection with Priapus[10].
2297ab8a655b371c9d82fd58d7d0486f356a0785	According to Tibullus, Osiris was the first to make a plow and teach people agriculture[11].
c6fdd57100b983e8feca77cbbf7e9a14309a7b85	Osiris in classical music[edit / edit wiki text]
a7a65c3da06dc9429bcc50198b6cd81d8b2ae1f5	The Magic Flute (it. Die Zauberflöte) (K. 620)
72b16e9e088c0fdf5f796603199919bd88aef975	- Mozart's opera singspiel, "O Isis und Osiris" (O you, Isis and Osiris) — aria by Zarastro
84d9ad1bb9108cd0fc7b3e5991b2c201145969f7	Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead The dying and resurrecting god Hentiamenti — one of the titles of Osiris List of Egyptian gods
3e84ceb3034d5ddb138dcc68f474626a92e5e649	Рак Rak I. V. Myths of Ancient Egypt.
0258a66c7ff3c3909d4b3cc231184d95ac619940	St. Petersburg: Petro RIF, 1993.
f16b6289df790e96c70ca9b074d643ff8ce85bb7	↑ Egyptian mythologists.
fc8e292e0829cf5afe4a90a96367a3b23cdcd7f0	The Myth of the peoples of the World, edited by S.
9076498d42945599a5a26d206cab5d9a8fa7c094	A. Tokarev.
dac81345a03b91ab3e5a995b3992a203a7350cf0	↑ "Myths of the peoples of the world" ↑ "ancient Egyptian dictionary reference" ↑ "Dictionary of gods and spirits of German, Scandinavian, Egyptian, Greek, Irish, Japanese mythology, the mythology of the Maya and Aztecs."[1] ↑ Korsh M. Short dictionary of mythology and antiquities.
c00578d6dc38097c1b18f5572392d8f01901a002	SPb.: Ed in A. S. suvorina, 1894.[2] ↑ "Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language" ↑ Lubber F. Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities.
9521cd37a5b65e752aa9af064b81b0d2f5a28851	Moscow, 2001.
d78aa075651b3e73d78861438f5eec829145cbb9	In 3 x tt . vol. 2. p. 504;
e904742931e2e6247d70481ad07f9929684f8a35	See.
ce36338b97ec6f118816bb4515972fe38d240ffe	Strabo.
0b9c727df56dd72e719c06dd709cb9f365e8c786	Geography XVII; Nonn.
63567746e1b8a7b60a7270901ca0a2116adf5598	Acts of Dionysus IV 270.
70b206fe259cdd4aabed206bd0965119d4ac1954	↑ Herodotus.
e89377cedb1d9e40e774d07f1cd332357aaa5190	History II 42;
41a7b6a02ffb7b7f81193caa2b82829059d37cd6	Diodorus of Sicily.
d3b910b9a57342e865c3c405f52282f5264a9218	Historical Library IV 1, 6 ↑ Diodorus Siculus.
02fe5cf50e55439094038750d37f927ede5efc2b	Historical Library IV 6, 3 Тиб Tibul.
0daca89e95b68539f24d7a3f74bbc5cd81d609bc	Elegies I 7, 27-48
90d30b7f218c35049602a3bb4bd8b08b5ac5901b	Osiris on Wikimedia Commons
c7508048ea231c2a5da718ddc700da4cbc0758e6	Osiris in dictionaries and encyclopedias.
bf2d6963110756dac844c82e8363fa638448136d	Regulatory control
ae7bb3723f7ba37bbb1ff4e4220c0c1152c91109	GND: 118747770 · LCCN: no2014052767 · VIAF: 32792119
3b38f175ea10b555f0579375e478b5e348887996	Ancient Egyptian Religion
7357baf3d2b87b258304c808fb964dd041dd95ca	Mythology Duat * Ka • Pantheism • Polytheism • Emanation • Paganism
51d48d9f8744c5aaf33c1d366e38fbdf7b390d9f	The gods of Ayhi • Amon • Anubis • Anuket • Apis • Apop • Aton • Atum • Bast • Bes • Geb • Horus • Isis • Cook • Maat • Mafdet • Menhit • Meritseger • Meskhenet • Min • Mut • Montu • Neit • Nefertum • Neftida • Nekhbet • Nun * Nut • Onuris • Osiris • Pakht • Ptah • Ra • Ra Gorakhti • Rat taui • Satis • Sobek • Selket • Set • Sekhmet • Seshat • Socar • Sopdu • Sopdet • Tatenen • Taurt • Tekem • Tefnut • Toth • Ouajit • Usret • Hapi • Hatmehit • Hathor • Heka • Hekat • Khepri • Heh • Khnum • Khonsu • Four sons of Hora • Shu
e3f81e7039861792c901cc3706d88b1aeffc3ebd	Texts of Amduat • The Book of Gates • The Books of Breath • The Book of Earth • The Book of the Dead • The Book of the Heavenly Cow • The Book of Caves • The Litany of Ra • The texts of the Pyramids • The Texts of the Sarcophagi • The Book of the Movement of Eternity
7508489cca154785a75f66bda16654cd06cbdf05	Beliefs Atonism * Philosophy • Funeral Rites • Formula of Offering • Temples
237ba0de1529db4b4f8e99dac29da3f6216da906	Portal "Ancient Egypt"
acbe960627f7854ec02bb1cd1071939cd1b1939d	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osiris&oldid=82954937"
bd396515b83995fcc2e73a5bef1512e4667510bd	Categories: Characters alphabetically Mythological characters alphabetically Ancient Egyptian gods Gods of death and the afterlife Dying and resurrecting gods Fertility gods Cultural heroes Africa in ancient Greek mythology Gods alphabetically Pharaohs dynasties of gods
e4694371db7fae36ea3293b41312a32564ccac76	Hidden category: Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata
19e1661ca1ddd8d02180c0b37faee7e1fe5adcd1	Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Azərbaycanca Belarusian Belarusian (tarashkevitsa) Bulgarian বাংলা གཟུགས་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Čeština Dansk Deutsch Zazaki Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Gaeilge Galego עברית हिन्दी Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 Kyrgyzcha Latina Lietuvių Latviešu മലയാളം Macedonian Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands Norsk bokmål Occitan Polski پښتو Português Română Sicilianu Scots Srpskohrvatski / srpskohrvatski Simple English Slovenčina Srpski Slovenscina / srpski Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Tagalog Türkçe Ukrainian اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文
0cef95c90386f315549b7e563f469e5d1630b8d5	Last modified on this page: 19: 36, January 9, 2017.
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43f5c9816434cd8179416a1272840b5c8fb35e20	Home Education Story Osiris the god of Ancient Egypt.
879f71edd7a1676b39abe5bc4a964a3e5465865d	Image and symbol of the God Osiris
db99b4f0ead359a9e4bb7af288b19b89b2921d3b	Osiris is the god of Ancient Egypt.
1a9ef1a8b15e5f3ff28eb2dbbf0dba081dc1ab3c	Education History
589f6a50a84f9a9cf334fc7923255a2c7b42a7ea	Elena Tomilova
ce91ec249c22fa526fd2930ecc2f9ffb3a864a62	April 17, 2015
ab9e798570653edce3c846a4e9ba7963c9780f7f	Egyptian mythology is one of the oldest in the world.
50941e3367fedede73eab9039a0d8a0117c8239e	Over the years, the supreme god became the master of the land of the dead, the god Osiris, whose cult evoked a sense of respect and fear.
e8a48eadfcccf96581f0e1de4f7e272b9efd241a	It was he who decided what the soul deserved: eternal life or oblivion.
3bf0cddfd6f0e1ef7c56b83b48202d48efaff5f9	Every person came to his court, where good deeds and sins were weighed.
1c3565ae0a94df2908ceb7fb89f8e53061547767	Divine Dynasty Myths are always interesting.
707cd5ce6f092b00afddba9263155f7aed886b9a	Ancient people believed that the gods are not alien to everything human, and especially in feelings.
e3e4a1655b4ced317b1ed46b07ee5942f7a46315	Therefore, they fell in love, quarreled, gave birth to children.
be455ef906504d1fb25b3723d1256cc3416784a8	This is what the legends tell about.
4f1a3ae551da5971e718198dbed09dc2420d1e18	It was covered with waves, cold and dead.
2368e7ea9b3c571d21638519af2ca1232509240b	The ocean was called Nun.
3a616afdd627c2baa7e1add8670ed742a9d64d64	They had two children: Geb the patron of the earth and Nut the owner of the sky.
9cdc23c7145317bee120557dcd031434f5c62568	Mother Tefnut the goddess of dew and rain - also held her daughter, but she quickly got tired.
3ca91168f1c790d387cdb7362b41e145b634d358	In the dark, Chickpeas met with her husband.
1b65229dc7205f7746c7ae5e17b6dd31f2628a7e	Ra, having learned about this, was angry.
d43837ade0b875a3e839b716131f7d6945f9578a	He cursed Chickpeas so that she would not give birth.
0052acda3788846f27d343ca7a591cec28ee8522	But through the cunning of Totu, she was still able to have children, among whom was the god of Egypt Osiris.
1a7572c15bbb77e5101e40463f5d60f58d7af38e	The wisdom of the great god Thoth - the patron of wisdom and magic decided to help the heavenly Chickpeas.
39d8d28f5f5be999f2474a44b96b8048675c1260	He went to the moon and won 5 days from her by cunning.
5dab4a7f67c5ec87abf9e2f76b46754542797606	Then Nut and Heb had children.
00bd5454f277e4ef18a769e96360aae5124b6638	The first was Osiris.
ffdacd2f74ea0fe977f0270798c8859232f4db46	His brothers and sisters were Nephthys the ruler of the dead, Isis kept love and fate, Seth evil.
42b55f10e7953ef4579499906ca0210572ede70b	When Osiris was born, a voice said that this would be the lord of all things.
9eb7c584108b4c107313d8019d78d1a58fcd811b	According to legends, it was believed that he was a direct descendant of Ra.
c16bf1cc09c92215d3f0ff52375c6007abba0938	Growing up, Osiris took the throne of Heb's father.
ee47efce6fc2a293d71a24a38eea59714c4332b9	This was the fourth god Pharaoh.
178d4d0a40d505ac795d9ba7b435b4a257abd116	The first thing he did when he took the throne was to teach people wisdom.
3b06ddfc88ddbfbe15a41367b57b81f5c39c9699	Before that, the tribes lived as savages and ate their own kind.
a4132e3c4e1154c01ae27da230a11429cd67f51c	The Pharaoh taught to eat and grow cereals.
4a6e7e56bc640aac16484c06c423eb93c110ba9c	The One who was a symbol of wisdom came to the rescue.
4b67ba2cda7c84dbe33e264b0456568c0f9f8fd5	Together they established the main laws.
76e5aec6d53cc17749fe55a258f5a5242660a3f3	He came up with names, gave names to things, gave writing, taught art and various crafts.
55843caddd5badaab9210a4fecb5bfd6745e401b	The Egyptian god Osiris told how to worship the higher powers.
c2d3ad514f64c2c2052cdeb6b50868bbed9b2498	He was a master of agriculture and forced everyone to work.
8249a04f7aef7bcd16d977f00e2940e9929a9bb7	With his will, people learned medicine and magic.
fee0802b07b785373847afa3f95e0fa7c788e057	They made wine and brewed beer.
97d988e32dc24fa56874f940608b5f29a5c03b3b	Cities were built with his installations.
d2098d82c60ce72b757e3911e6fa532567c8c16a	Ore and copper were processed.
a2dba7d8a3aa4b109c96deabba1c8d9d82077654	The reign was called the Golden Age.
462c97a31bac22499057bf75f30f47bddf29cb53	The reign was carried out without bloodshed and wars.
6495bcf2d805afd4f4e5ceecc7c5b06a34521bd7	He married, according to family tradition, his sister Isis, who fell in love with him while still in the womb.
262ebd1953698aa9eb3c947100325f020ad5250a	Having put his lands in order, he went to the neighboring lands, where chaos still reigned.
c57e587c8d467c5a151e9160b7a4b53a1fbd6edf	He began to rule with peace and wisdom in other tribes.
a5c19f4e104bff6d330d20875e974ded8b761bdb	A wife remained on the throne, who passed on to her people the knowledge of household management and the science of family life.
7630c2645ce9defaa19fc3fe87200839c4d63f0c	While Osiris was sharing his experience, his brother Seth secretly fell in love with Isis.
71cdb20b0a6ce203ba238998d2e202d0658fabb7	His feelings were so strong that he decided to remove his brother from the world.
06953ee9a152fc25a3091c17e87cf5908491c1c7	Seth didnot look for supporters for long.
4514e4c755b859c0a2ac65b0d6bba8d4557f48a1	Many demons did not like the current situation.
62e8d8f9f27772f588e545a9eb519acd085cc82f	The brother of the god Osiris made a sarcophagus, gilded it and decorated it with expensive stones.
b3cdbf0a55aa641e41312c7c947106c72b8fe4b0	Before that, he secretly measured the growth of the god of fertility.
9bd14d331c787ce82623bd36939bae71ceea49ab	Then he arranged a feast, where he invited the elite of Egypt.
6ee7acea70a2daed3dd9617b0b6d2815e77c7c9e	When the guests were drunk with wine, Seth took out the box.
9176181ec42f06ac3342f86f35972bb2faf662bc	The audience gasped at the beauty they saw.
0fa5727319c3ad78d973e282fb3ffbda6ab9bb5f	They liked the chest.
27864e713ba8684fafe69662d3b52e3f3116df9e	Then the god of evil said that he would give it to someone who would fit perfectly there.
643cbb03960bd891dbfff395b3abff512c1d5c2c	Everyone decided to try to lie down in a box, but it was tight for one, long for the other.
8690d9ca9cbeb5d2d71850e91e169712def84d0b	When Osiris lay down there, the traitors closed the lid and boarded up the coffin.
a1b56d04d27408650a1468bcafeabd5685d7d871	The trap worked.
6f01d48519ec44e1f40c6e1948116cce0f1960e4	The box was taken out and thrown into the river.
d68313906619e3d2b229930154022985750241f6	But the current did not carry the sarcophagus into the sea.
5bd5106bc63600ae40f40910089ec403826906f4	Egyptian mythology clearly indicates that there is a line of life and death beyond the Nile.
2895d52aedb6c54b8c42ade1b9380ee7cf86c518	The river carried him away from the land of people to the realm of souls.
2a621b1d1aafaa520d57f2e2f593cf5f7361e35d	God, who was considered eternal, passed into the world of the dead.
f642ffc3405f072c0e4e731bcc2bfe159d3a697f	After learning about the trick, Isis began to wear mourning.
a18395b025c9aa9fcbb19e05c382d6409c872b6d	She grieved for a long time and searched the earth for the body of her beloved.
75502229e3c3cede6e7071daf4d86a8f3a36281c	After a while, the woman was prompted where the coffin was seen.
96b110cde83e8154a5a8353c9ff15a2f9324a639	But the box was overgrown with heather, and one of the kings took it to his palace as a column.
061d35af6aa33ec1c6d9a1e22fd2d551dc4f7b22	Isis found out about this and began serving in the castle as a commoner.
543ef0859d80255c4f089a04f3a8585d271165cd	Subsequently, the inconsolable widow took away the sarcophagus.
fd6d4472be8d1144b1ca86cbf80729af09db458e	The severed heather that stood as a pillar was later used as a symbol of the god Osiris.
850bf6732179d94f57b88203d6b58b8f400008ef	When the lid was opened, the goddess burst into tears.
06742d7b4c05481948a5e2078c3f8ded63ed70b5	In Egypt, she hid a box in the Nile Delta.
dc02fc62e1374b73280976720c5982b518402ea8	The great power of divine love was another reason why Seth hated his brother.
9a2428446950de10df01b03fe51a189b7cd61f81	According to family tradition, children of the same parents were married.
6eeb83d82deced5cd48c8a0960103c04233c2ce9	This happened in a pair of twins Shu and Tefnut, Chickpeas and Geb.
4bb2cac898a2e1473726c084ec218c23d08b3916	This fate also awaited their children Osiris and Isis and Seth plus Nephthys.
b8b5d01675b27990676b42fe1f586ed8507f1980	The God of evil was married to his second sister.
88d30eb0ac41aa6030ffbf0ea901c9508c83c3be	But this woman sincerely fell in love with the Egyptian pharaoh and, concurrently, her own brother.
67fc071cb80b4b5ec2dbd31152948a738c86c9ea	One night, she reincarnated as Isis and shared a bed with him.
b9c959f31bb91f0855b3797702b72825dde6fd2c	So the son of Duat Anubis was born, who became a master of mummification.
55da91c6ff7a97c5e782c59b9d63af32103a9ffe	The woman hid the truth from Seth for a long time.
0276793756e2363bcb53bada71e762c93e21551b	But when the situation turned against Osiris, she switched to the side of good and became an ally of her sister.
00233f35d8ac472a39c3af28b5003ab2a4f81736	Then the events unfold as follows.
56219898a8e3a8d4072f66cb4b8067ff045b30d4	One evening, Seth was fishing on the Nile and came across a sarcophagus.
bce93b97ee9c68014c8c7bca73ebd5192523eff2	In a fit of anger, he cut his brother's body into 14 parts and scattered them all over the world.
8e397f08b18f411568fe38e8ea56cfaaa8ca24cd	Poor Isis and her sister started looking for the body.
e4f7b5d9b1324888a0b34374ec617853b0204eb6	The search was successful, we found all the pieces except the phallus.
91d186bfcf04e8489bb26b389f98d7f44a042834	Subsequently, it was replaced with clay.
405c6fe83379f8e71614c33b3f3e7b5eb450108a	A temple was built where the body part was taken from.
c1ff45a275dfe1a9c4ba61c51142e65cf69b309c	Seth saw the sanctuary and thought that the ashes were buried forever, not even suspecting that they wanted to resurrect the enemy.
9ca4460b6ecc2195bd7e6982543fcca7bcbfd3b8	The wife of the god Osiris and his supporters, the sister of Nephthys, the friend of Thoth and the son of Anubis, created a mummy.
03d92bacb7670ae8f16ed94d78b674e464a42d8b	The process lasted 70 days.
45d1e037eb2157c1bc822d8be367d73445b4547b	Isis was also very sad because she did not have children.
8a114f1012a6cf270adad86bdbdb1c020c5cfa27	But due to great magic, she turned into a Hut bird, said spells and became pregnant.
5cfd651408fedda395be74c059367674f2a8f9d1	The fate of the heir For a long time, the widow, who was waiting for the baby, was hiding.
1e37d6363f42e3c15cedf14205971017633a6a26	When she gave birth, she said that her son would avenge his father's death.
d8422b99c247566b02a56868662a0cb08cb394be	The child was named Chorus.
25b1e3d07d61b2d65c1353e9b014085af276b9d8	Isis raised him and waited for the day when justice would prevail.
f0cbbd614aea9200d9f0ff84c0d5af90fa5232d4	The entire pantheon was protecting her and the baby from a bad Set.
42a2c578d72dc71d5b94b6391ae32dc255e4650a	When the Choir grew up, there was a battle with my uncle for the throne.
fd868dcce679054fb63d2e9813edcb628baab0d2	During the war, Seth knocked out his nephew's eye.
4f107220b27b92650a0e3aa2c5484273142eaaf0	One of the legends says that when the eye returned to its owner, the Choir took it to the mummy.
460d1f5caa07261fe9a7b947e1e0e74da4b48720	The son of the god Osiris put an eye into the body of the deceased, and he was resurrected.
36a01de5346ac5592e836f91e79a387ee4a74192	But the man no longer belonged to this world, but was supposed to rule the realm of the dead.
96484cf51c7d7f2685fc5979f2babf1a96f50b72	Before parting, the father asked several riddles to the Choir and made sure that his son would be able to adequately replace him.
ad25d45dba832357907992e68e936836e7631104	Then he blessed the child for victory.
372a71f70b5e5884093e2f77016f90de5b182546	Since then, the Egyptians believed that everyone passes the path of Osiris, that is, dies and rises again.
afaf7d91c2e207c6c12442d7dce5158681144e1d	And mummification does not allow the body to smolder.
ddc0fe0b694b88fcfd0ec071529824f1e3361d10	Like this god, nature is resurrected every year.
e192da52f9e910d6c1eb6799b013012acdc5b1ab	In the next world, he weighs the sins of people and acts as a judge.
ef49d9f61fff0a9ec553f281dcfcfb137ee0246d	For 80 years, the battles of uncle and nephew continued.
bac512ce5882a080f1b4195adb4f169dd0de3db9	Tired of constant wars, Seth and Hor turned to the higher gods.
ac479e25eacae298bbcc9bd3d03db14c2dc93529	The court decided that the throne belongs to the son of Osiris.
3dd6acd5c1021291dd42a148293aa18784949eee	Seth became the lord of the desert and the storm.
9f655dd238a15330605d3f574c77857107cc9318	The god of Egypt, Osiris, and his son were the last mystical rulers.
ab45873de1f068abe77af41286d2ff50f132b02f	After them, people ruled the earth.
741dbf64f52de54622c1475123845b2fc6790ca4	The image of this being is extremely complex and has undergone many transformations.
a61cb9b899633af0255154913b8957d2ec019ffa	It is believed that his first name was Jedu, and he was worshipped in the eastern part of the Nile Delta.
b7feea929e41f49e1974ac7f00f7d5c59541f1f1	Then his essence merged with the face of Anjeta, the patron saint of another city.
cafff2f0182d5bac8a3f988108b55e10000f133c	Therefore, the shepherd's staff and whip appeared in his hands.
7d2ae629d0d38851153a9159fa600a9958b25c58	Over the years, he acquires new powers, becomes the king of farmers and acquires a vine and a lotus.
8340b681e3e169d0ca2c7277abfe951b2437d7f9	Since 1600 BC, it has been depicted as a sprouted grain.
78e22b5100aab0229febf75fa113475f19cbc796	At the end of the New Kingdom, it was associated with Ra.
ea74fcbb145274983503ee337c992c98df61775f	The image of the god Osiris began to be served with a solar disk above his head.
2d0c0ba8af075005e30c785b064910f67d0b9539	Having become the head of the dead, he did not stop showing off among the riot of plants.
100e55e2170288f222e511dca2eb297d3c6da707	A pond where a lotus grew spread out in front of his feet.
7e0ff42fca9f16f427cacdfd15767ccc22cd972e	A tree was placed nearby, on which the soul sat in the face of a phoenix.
4f3b9b37083ca305d43db49524e47a236a709d31	The kingdom of the dead Having left the earthly world, god became the ruler of the dead.
a4b5e84a7dfc6a286434113cbcc3b91139e103af	Mythology says that he headed 42 deities who decided the fate of the deceased.
38156d2b74ff2239b6bca5e69d412ae0ea54bc9b	Everyone who passed into the afterlife got into the hall of two truths.
682e89797199c11a642163763d427ee229643f78	The person took an oath of renunciation, the essence of which is that the speaker began the phrases with the prefix "not": he did not break, he did not deceive.
2a8ee6ad710b43d9c54739ff9886ce249b4270f1	Then the weighing procedure took place.
9aea7e78d58ede6556b042d4e3983afc0a7282bd	The heart of the deceased was placed on the scales on one side, and the feather of the goddess of truth on the other.
3a40901ce1ff69324b09273a390ef9d14f54f4dd	Osiris was watching everything.
1b8a1734962d4bf36a4d299a5323f987c4fc34b5	God determined the fate of the afterlife.
1e9e6817087cbd7a00e67da9dc6d4eb3db68a6ea	There were two options: the happiness of the fields of Iaru, where joy and fun, or the heart of a sinner was given to the monster Ammut, which doomed him to eternal death.
033103ff461153394232fef0047d6692309989ec	The cult of the afterlife was so great that in the era of the New Kingdom, Osiris was the highest among the gods.
831c521d1f352154b6abe6b9d36793d2b520b81b	Hence the new theory went.
8a26759183b88c2815a535c2e8d61b33c2de517d	From now on, eternal existence awaits not only the rich, but also the poor.
9f21310c6fef6f3b327d2bde73d561fc1d91f727	The ticket to paradise is an exemplary existence, morality, submission.
361082b322e128eae877fe924412b885dddaa579	According to the ideas of the Egyptians, relatives had to take care of all the benefits of the other world, since death was perceived as a deep sleep.
ef82fcf4383e4bcbd295d159ffe3173bbcaea63c	In order for a person to be able to live normally after waking up, the body was mummified.
5cb8ca2c9c5aeef19d591411f9f1e699b57b246d	It was not a whim, but an integral part of the practice.
00c8fcaa611e6fae13c28e2407bca16c78b1173f	The judgment of the god Osiris caused a feeling of fear and awe.
f4ec0b4c8f80040ca5480914e1e411d590838096	And he himself was not only the first mummy, but also the founder of the cult of the dead.
13461138c09aa115198f484214e91e05d7c51102	The image of the Dark Lord The Lord of Souls became the unofficial ancestor of literature and art.
c97df4e80bae43037a99f715bd4659628b60eb80	The judge met his subjects sitting down.
acf57b552579f499c306b434560272eddd71ab87	His legs were bandaged.
216f2404a48eba3229320fbf3c2adeca410c0069	In his hands were the symbols of power a hook and a chain.
d80f1af6a16999747d1542e38e97d08dd11a8376	The god Osiris in ancient Egypt had a trait inherent only to him.
42804028620571dfcb6ceb54191613d0ac1eb489	It was a crown bearing the name "atef".
0b923916ad2e78aca2536310618df287320ffb62	This crown was made of papyrus.
dfe8c87172d66a9b80c475de9c83dd4493700323	The color is white, two red ostrich feathers are attached to the sides.
01b83c749ff82f2a155dd6f75d7640d308245171	They curled from above.
293a454662567017bd4dff8face6ccc56bda105b	Sometimes there were ram's horns on the oblong cap.
d33a571ab2486ea817d74812fe7e0c12e076dbec	It was by this crown that researchers recognized the god of darkness in the frescoes.
10e4fbf00a8dab70e470d219a29977ac385301a9	The oldest is considered to be a fresco that was created during the reign of the V dynasty of Pharaoh Djedkar ca. 2405-2367 BC Photos with a thousand year history are of interest both for scientists and for ordinary people.
7631108d935750e03fa6b1efc381a1c781142a17	Egyptian gods in Greece and Christianity The world first learned about the gods of Ancient Egypt from Greek thinkers.
91e9111bf3acf77a238ea7d7baf5336886673f4f	Josephus, Julius Africanus and Eusebius of Caesarea studied in detail the history of the neighboring kingdom.
ea0116c4eac633f0078ce6836541be47b927df36	But most of all contemporaries draw from the studies of Plutarch.
6874de51cf43869a89fdc1aeb6bd887776147ae7	This man wrote a treatise "On Isis and Osiris".
476eb7451fa92c6795d17a8b2109cf6c3fa6edbf	A lot of interesting things can be found in his work.
efb7a0899f412fad10865c82789a1180ace8a196	The only drawback is that the work is full of intertwining Egyptian myths with Greek ones.
b123795a35e20c46d6d21ddb27df9382a26f68c5	For example, there are inaccuracies associated with the name "Osiris".
f0ec4cace1c76cc3804c8270f15985bc7a8722b0	A god with this name did not exist in Egypt, but there was a cult of Usiro.
c23dba8d204faab3bf4c44cd456f17175177b274	The name we know is simply closer to the language of Plutarch.
f6a969bdfc5e844a836e6b6913e8d88562e61e00	There are other substitutions: Ra became Helios, Nut Rhea, Thoth Hermes.
60589c1026787b8534f0f8de83c1874787ea632d	And the main character of the winemaker became Dionysius.
2923adc4fcd6b75c9b9a10a9e0205486ab66f453	Many scholars see common features of the Egyptian with Christ.
f8bf6e886fc3aee7d2490476bf4263816cbf9de1	Thus, both taught people wisdom and offered wine and bread as their flesh and blood.
5227e9685d100c5eb00b3e42080dd168d81138ca	And it all started with the fact that archaeologists found a prayer dated to the thousandth year BC.
b721c33228ba34abbd181f17870b7c2d928d5840	She repeated "Our Father"word for word.
841c99ff5d94821450eec15a46443da01fb933a2	There are many parallels about the birth of both gods.
0c26e09ddeb9f1f021890a8bf04ce6e1019e1ba6	The Virgin Mary learned about the blessed child from the archangel, and Chickpeas from an unknown voice.
be2279905c31a82f6c54f3e559916027a4e80718	Further, Isis hides with her son from the evil Set, as does Mary with Jesus.
095f889ed589d090688b09cf107b5201ef590cff	The ancient Egyptian god Osiris was specially invented for slaves who hoped for another, better life after death.
98c8f2ba3ee84572d24bca261a8e0947990f2d65	The essence of the Christian faith is also interpreted in the same way.
a30fda5c7f34a27aeb604d00b463410a90efb460	Another relationship between Jesus and Osiris is death and resurrection.
22b87812a1b4e3b9fa9cffc412eddefb887d7939	The symbol is a sarcophagus The name of Usiro has been known to mankind for more than five thousand years.
b32b5b0c00156355fd87eb39cc78ecbf4fa505ac	The word "Us Iri" does not have an exact translation, but most scientists believe that it means "the one who goes his own way".
15bc32205387b66b380fe0db82e371f630137046	It was one of the most popular cults of Egypt, so it is not surprising that his image is often found in art.
25746bf92d60d245f4e9807bd99510036eb83a0e	It is not surprising that fetishes were dedicated to him.
5f2ad000580a2b1427ca5eb2dadce9e06baef93d	The subject of Osiris was Jed.
70050276c7ce16a97f4fc4ccca6221572f0115d5	The first attributes for the cult are wooden poles with fixed wheat ties.
1ff475c9229c2c5879ee4a7f51ec14254c36c303	For festivities, they were tied with a red ribbon a belt.
093892c30848299b8cdfef4ec9a92677252cbfbe	It was a symbol of a new life and season.
f0c41ec89c827937a0cfe7cbbfa43b19f2feb4c2	In different regions, the fetish was done in its own way.
5657a35ae62c09ca20e7d97116c554a764a9874c	Sometimes they were bundles of reeds.
7dfefecbe60b82908c32df384b754a8e02324f85	After the popularization of the myth that Isis found a vertical coffin with her husband in veres, the jed began to be perceived as the spine of god.
5a284a6885721208d9e327581a5647fb9bbd46d9	The pillar played an important role during the change of kings.
8b45daf3efafad23272201059b7c41e7bc1445b7	No coronation was held without this symbol.
a2ce9dceab10f397451ee945362dbd1ef600503e	Every spring, the jed was placed vertically.
9b66d306d84b701965c59b83e293a9ab83ede308	This meant the defeat of Set and the peace that Osiris brought.
9ac6ed4a76f5c7882992b13405785126744a0af9	God received victory when the constellation of Orion was hiding behind the western horizon.
ced758f5458c432beabfca749c54e3928910c5d7	Small figurines were used as talismans.
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3a540bc643c7c8b55617c24079e29f5dab2a1fe3	The goddess Nephthys is a deity of Ancient Egypt Tatiana Ancient Egyptian mythology: Set and his confrontation with the gods Grigorieva Xenia Myths and Legends of Ancient Egypt.
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16c190b6ffae4511595bf45523f2521f7f11c0dc	Gods and goddesses of Ancient Egypt: list Svetlana Degtyareva Egyptian mythology: Choir Daria Buravleva God of death in Ancient Greece and Egypt Nika Marcinkevich Egyptian cross: from Osiris to the Goths Chernysheva Elena Apis – Egyptian god of fertility Chub Natalia Egyptian god Anubis – lord of the dead Nadezhda Danilenko Patron of the desert, storm and fury - Egyptian god Seth Borisenko Svetlana Gods of Egypt Damashkan Tamara Apis – sacred bull of Egypt Anton Lashin is the God of wisdom who taught people to write – That Chernova Olga The ancient Egyptian goddess Chickpeas: what is this deity Sadykova Tatiana The gods of Ancient Egypt – familiar strangers of the Rhine
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a2f9bdb897686a384bf0d83eaedd7f0d87c7d1e5	Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich
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3b6e2d891d2c4528e05118e343eb81f491f2c634	""Myths of Egypt" God Osiris
feee998dcf4bf2e418fdb53c322330eb02a3852b	The God Osiris
9fc696b80a6c6c69427b70908643403091966574	20-11-2016, 11:53 0 mamaLena 0
a4ad807ed8a0ea169eff4232aa76497a031f2149	The god Osiris (Usyr) is one of the central characters of Egyptian mythology.
8fbd566741c7ba800acbed7ba604ebc9162aea4f	This is not just the god of the underworld and the judge of the souls of the deceased: Osiris was revered primarily as the god of rebirth and resurrection, awakening and renewal of nature and man.
7325f7f2a9041c8ca307d1882b22bd1e85b30720	The originality of this deity is emphasized by the image:
ce51336f6b237e38199cf07c0b6558ce36d5b814	Osiris was depicted as a swaddled mummy with a green face and freely placed hands; in his hands the god holds a heket (scepter) and a nekhehu (flail) – symbols of royal power.
fdebff32252a81cdcd3d75da66725bdffe49a17f	Osiris is the son of the earth god Heb and the sky goddess Nut.
9964d78ba94c5b1749f1650605d56f939355d467	In other words, this god had both an earthly and a heavenly essence.
7a5f7a12ee1c8a65b95e571842dd77a17d867ab0	Subsequently, Osiris was honored to be the lord of the underworld, since then this god has become truly all encompassing.
fd580ab002a37c5055462a26863ec6b756322740	It is curious that such an ancient deity as Osiris has an eventful biography comparable to the biography of real life celebrities (kings, generals, heroes).
8911e915744d8a2c311801bc7891200fec6398af	However, Osiris had an envious person the cruel Set, who wanted to rule in his place.
48d3fb80af71be695e1406267f8a94fa434b6e73	He sent Anubis, the jackal headed god, who collected the body parts of Osiris that Seth had cut up, put them together and swaddled them to get a mummy.
53e5430d80fc92a799966ce3251b41b2a8c78dca	Anubis remained in the realm of the dead as a guide and gatekeeper.
d8a38cd3f835599f57b7bb1e4d8f0fa1a5ed916f	Osiris is a dying and resurrecting deity.
55854e22dfa17569fb8f1299ac6aa0aaa8c24978	Patron of the productive forces of nature;
1af55a8933f9951eec80b2d0995dc7c947910eda	Patron of Kings;
d6fa811948ddcc97473a675a5db522d469d3b3aa	The ruler of the kingdom of the dead, the judge who receives the souls of the dead.
64044a09f9d4d9e296bf1885c0bd9e499a48d740	Agricultural Deity
57dc5ffa3928a31432acd00b85ece6a58400a1da	Grapes are especially often accompanied by images of Osiris, which in some cases is completely covered with its thickets.
a4ebdc306c5ad98bdb5e410d4b618d651e6fc962	God Choir The Religion of Ancient Egypt Three knights ride out of the gate in a row Myths and gods of Ancient Egypt Gods and goddesses of Ancient Egypt
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d163baad0e7a9e370dc693e6999560a3e6475e08	Osiris (Osiris)
c14eb9b346c09cb0727019382bddad65b7e45942	(Egypt. wsjr, etc. - Greek .σσιρις, Lat.
f3d6de54f77bb3ef3aa05146e07325cf9c983cdd	Osiris is the god of rebirth, the king of the afterlife in ancient Egyptian mythology.
31cdccc00695d53c5520630e7fb100ae348de20b	Isis fashioned a phallus out of clay (the only part of the body of Osiris that Isis could not find was the penis: it was eaten by fish), consecrated it and attached it to the assembled body of Osiris.
8ffca28f7f081f776b66fe35b88a2fd34da6438a	The myth of Osiris has its roots deep in the era of tribal society, from the ideas and rituals of which the most characteristic features of the cult of Osiris are developed later, in connection with the change in the social relations of Egypt: the cult of the king and the cult of the god of the productive forces of nature.
f5e8f009c07a8846180e550ac6ca264ac85b2052	The crown worn by Osiris is made of papyrus stalks, his sacred boat is also made of this plant, and his symbol jed consists of several bundles of reeds inserted into each other.
b951b0d9cccfba30b80f2670592f8bb1354f5c0d	Osiris and Anubis
f1872f91c4de7c0e06cecb91f5cf91774cdb9548	Russian Historical Library
191ed388da91be256691a715c7dde9c5da4bed14	Osiris, an ancient Egyptian god
2459603bbdf432a98c21cde4b590ade1a1d7d200	Content:
57dfc9d646f94d88d5c633de50cb16ffee7471a2	Origin of the name "Osiris"
7cd425d59844cf00a80e859d6faefa23ba483efe	The Appearance of Osiris
29328c8a0970c6969998333b82b7eb1a62ff2057	Myths about Osiris
a8c6d935e7c6cbde0f6079e0f923a7217c6ca9fb	The Resurrection of Osiris
a7ef10d27fd07f8f2d91f221b8b4f0fe6dc6d51b	Ideas of death and the afterlife in the cult of Osiris
8150b9150e86dee4cfe6f999e8f5597b07d0e52a	Public worship of Osiris.
01395f4eff573072bb84446db7fc57c26c0fc2f7	Stele of Ichernofret
149416384b21d2268dc26f2ee445e416d3321da8	Worship of Osiris in temples
7896e55caa86a2b4b66987eb4a38db98c755174d	The Court of Osiris
182d4069b361f93e22cc75d7679815dc1bb76b52	Osiris and Serapis
7289b0fc7ea00eb85bc393e50b43383de9122363	The Fall of the Cult of Osiris
e4eb8f94d23c7a4ee39ef2fed59eacfde6c42c3c	if you need CONCISE information on this topic, read the article Osiris, God briefly.
2b2ececdd14f09d32df682b91fcfa098d23c66fd	On our website there are also generalizing materials The Religion of Ancient Egypt and the Gods of Ancient Egypt a list and description
faf18aa509d75badefbd1c70709fcd5249df81ab	He was depicted as a man with green skin and a pharaoh's beard, with mummy swaddling clothes on his legs.
33721df5be946d8b00ddb9dced7802074dfd3d5f	Osiris wore a special crown with two large ostrich feathers on each side, and in his hands he held a symbolic staff and a flail.
fb334389feaad19e56a93c78cb9a4f723e2f431d	At one time, Osiris was considered the eldest son of the earth god Heb, although other sources claimed that his father was the sun god Ra, and his mother was the sky goddess Nut.
3e2577174f9d68b30c6f32f69e81cba87755cad3	Osiris was considered the brother of the gods Isis, Set, and Nephthys.
7a420bff6006b091f17e3cdf875876f5c5ac01bf	Osiris was considered not only a merciful judge of the dead in the afterlife, but also an underground force that generated all life, including vegetation and the fertile floods of the Nile.
a14e8a38d69e52815cbfe64aedebbac0597d5c1c	He was called "The Lord of Love", "Eternally kind and young" and "The Lord of Silence".
e1d9189160537c928675230b72116fd08776365a	The rulers of Egypt were connected with Osiris after death, resurrecting, like him, from the dead to eternal life by magic.
5109bddefed9b998c507aceb70bf68e7db027092	By the time of the New Kingdom, not only the pharaohs, but all people could establish a connection with Osiris after death, if they paid for the appropriate rituals.
3940dc8135ce6121d6cc7e4faa2abb4741d1f2fc	Through the image of posthumous rebirth, Osiris became associated with natural cycles, in particular – with the annual renewal of vegetation and the flooding of the Nile, with the ascent of Orion and Sirius at the beginning of the new year.
acf15c8e269c5b8b47888e6dd24e79e14e45f5bc	Osiris was massively worshipped as the Lord of the Dead until the suppression of the old Egyptian religion after the triumph of Christianity.
c5873443096f6b9d71aacdeac91755ea2ee506dd	The author of the image
e7cda99087909b8c54276750aa117b09411a52e3	There are several hypotheses to explain the origin of this Egyptian word.
67b7b20a6fb6bc96c6c96d2faf533a3b54ac5646	John Gwyn Griffiths (1980) believes that it comes from the root Wser meaning "powerful".
c148a3c08f8ed4d3c80b2884a2773008400ef3f4	One of the oldest known attestations of Osiris on the mastaba of the deceased is Netjer Wser (God Almighty).
4b2f7b6e164b5176baaf885553a9df24627a0ef9	David Lorton (1985) believes that Wsjr consists of the morpheme set jret meaning "worship".
763a4feb90e646e79595e2bf6b04bdd749bfa478	Osiris – "he who receives worship".
ee3a78d3de22e031fe91ae66d0f83329ea2c6060	Wolfhart Westendorf (1987) suggests an etymology from Waset jret – "The parent of the eye".
9deb1501164dc7533f95b7c4535ce6faa7d02882	The horoscopes of happy and unhappy days mention the connection of Osiris with the moon.
779cdfe2fc2c57255d1684f101e8261bb9bfd3c8	Osiris.
1b800089275a1ddd4232ec7305b256830759f4d7	Image from the tomb of Senjem, XIX dynasty
c6ca4d924086996cb86870aa8d27256d99af1d44	The Pyramid texts describe the early ideas of the afterlife as an eternal journey with the sun god among the stars.
931138c147c34f6dbaa85f7b55e9ac7f6c5dbc10	Among these ritual texts, at the beginning of the IV dynasty, there is a formula: "The Pharaoh who gives an offering to Anubis".
caf8661f5db58a56b1bbe47ff76ce8d180e17700	By the end of the V dynasty, the formula in all the tombs changes to "The Pharaoh who gives an offering to Osiris".
1b35b73edbb44d230b88937ef84e13525bfb2a06	Osiris is the mythological father of the god Horus, whose concept is described in the myth of Osiris, fundamental to the ancient Egyptian faith.
09a2669159d3c717c50c1781c2a9a4aa02f2de8b	The myth tells that Osiris, who ruled Egypt, was killed by his brother Set, who wanted to take the throne instead of him.
b381fa6363416b5d38882b1623ca6601261e9286	The wife of Osiris, Isis, joined the severed parts of her husband's body, of which only the phallus was missing.
116bfe1b74dfb6fe194db5d8f083e7ebfe273af8	Isis made a golden phallus, and briefly brought her husband back to life with the help of a spell learned from her father, the god Ra.
239f3b20f20972de99550f4b979a29fa593817ab	This spell gave her time to get pregnant by Osiris before he died again.
6a33792a88d78aa2a2c7a771f301cddbf4f747e5	Isis gave birth to a son, the god Horus, who was supposed to take revenge on the evil Set.
6defe1541c19f8acf832ce33208d3101d4c4d7d0	The Goddess Isis
1dc6ef2dd775bae7d379c693dc84c2011a094e47	The soul of Osiris, or rather his ba, was sometimes worshipped as a special deity, especially in the city of Mendes (Nile Delta).
7503259e8af6b6dc675c8e807c4882fda73f3457	This aspect of Osiris was called the feminine word Banebjedet (Banebded, Banebjed), which meant: "ba of the lord Jed", "the soul of the lord of the pillar of continuity".
43ebdfb7b21aad870d503e49f5de5a71343b5449	Jed, a type of pillar, is usually understood as the spine of Osiris (as the Nile was considered the " spine of Egypt).
d483bc7da9a623287553c31d4fe76409dc480ab3	The Nile, the source of water, and Osiris, closely connected with the regeneration of vegetation, who died only to be resurrected, personified continuity and inexhaustibility.
1e4920353be13569d3b9f9c17123a4d77fd1e12d	Osiris Banebjed was given the epithets The Lord of the Sky and the Life of Ra (the sun god), since Ra was considered the ancestor of Osiris, from whom the latter inherited the royal power.
72b676aaf1b68980ee0e6452664c558efac75810	The concept of "ba "does not coincide with" soul " in the Christian sense.
4727a785499542ec8af145cfaaf611fed1091d53	It is closely related to the ideas of strength of character, will, especially in cases when it is applied to the gods.
35845d5d31af21ce70295ba479fafc2a89f386df	Another meaning of the word "ba" in the ancient Egyptian language is aries, ram.
5cc105640aee8dd9c52cdd90f8182bea6c02175f	Therefore, Banebjed was depicted as a ram or a creature with a ram's head.
5231a617dd0462108ca3865fd2849a2468e70b13	The living sacred ram was worshipped in Mendes as an incarnation of God.
4e05161d16a48bd900e29b0a12affb0ecdf4d393	After the death of such rams, they were mummified and buried in a special sheep necropolis.
eff502c101e7fb86d3119ffaaef6f33bfe8c7f13	Given this "sheep" image of Osiris, as well as the fact that a staff and a flail were assigned to this god as attributes, some scientists believe that the cult of Osiris originated among the shepherd tribes of the upper Nile.
a3f115fc9958520690d464ee51ec939b8fd7ad0b	The staff and chain were originally symbols of the minor agricultural deity Anjeti.
7d280d811ffb9987cd25ae5f1c1f52449931a097	They moved on to Osiris later.
5ac94e305a5546813e295ae553de9f99c0992cff	The rulers of Egypt borrowed them from him as symbols of divine power.
67b7a5716a6b0092ac95b48ffb647e3f79c69e61	The cult of Osiris, the god of resurrection and rebirth, is especially interesting due to the concept of immortality associated with it.
3b8bdd3e6c5a89257a3c4e54ecf1a31a6968fba0	Plutarch tells a version of the myth in which Set (the brother of Osiris), together with the queen of Ethiopia, conspired with 72 accomplices to arrange the murder of Osiris.
b40ce30dacf9358acb1286141b0e1773d11d9d16	By deception, Seth induced Osiris to lie down in a box, which he then locked, sealed with lead and threw into the Nile.
0839a475c56ff04aa52fdb93f3f6099cb464641f	Osiris ' wife, Isis, searched for his remains until she finally found them in a tamarisk tree trunk column that supported the roof of a palace in the city of Bybla, on the Phoenician coast.
cb3540ff55e451a2e87d988eb31d4ef360e9fe05	She managed to take out the coffin and open it, but Osiris was already dead.
7d6264efbd97c0b57720a15dbe0910b3b61720ea	With the help of a spell, Isis brought her husband back to life in order to get pregnant by him.
c2d76a3d547a121b18f909d0fc9d7f83995ae7cf	Then Osiris died again, and she hid his body in the desert.
c72326e2c57a7141187f0091d46c174197a25bbd	A few months later, Isis gave birth to Horus.
b3e31804b09865b1e2027a997298369878087ff3	While she was raising Horus, Seth was hunting – and one night he came across the body of Osiris.
05b9763246808d9c5331e220e69c443adeffe8f3	In anger, he tore the body into fourteen pieces and scattered them all over the earth.
1d64f1ce982803b4f56b834e19b3c377303cb32a	Isis collected all the body parts, with the exception of the penis, eaten by the medjed fish (catfish) and swaddled them together for proper burial.
073b03f1944d01d1542a953e4d8a41f55fc3d1fb	Admired by this devotion of Isis, the gods resurrected Osiris, making him the god of the underworld.
a5213f173493c7f452af4142e1428447bf0ce58f	Diodorus Siculus gives a slightly different version of the myth, where Osiris is described as an ancient king who taught the Egyptians the arts and civilization, including agriculture.
2f1594f4d497ff37ceea5cbe1dd181a2d40bfe2e	Then he traveled the world with his sister Isis, the satyrs and the nine Muses, until finally he returned to Egypt.
3969aa9849c89fe0960f279ccc6af3155c167e2e	Osiris was killed by his evil brother Typhon, who was identified with Set.
01c1e8f191883a18430931952cd3e00bc40ffcc0	Typhon cut the body of the murdered man into twenty six pieces, which he distributed to the accomplices of his crime.
eec3f47247a37fb088ed47561e944c63d565df4f	Isis and Hercules (Horus) avenged the death of Osiris by killing Typhon.
a8089ed8c788eeafb49d7b073e4593b31b8fb0e5	Isis found all the body parts of Osiris, except for the phallus, and secretly buried them.
5771af5bcf2c68b7179f62318a6662922285f6c5	Having made their "copies", she put those in several places that turned into centers of worship of Osiris.
9d96760b13a7b4678852e139b07b57ba8f74a5cd	The ancient Egyptians believed that death is actually a transition to a new state.
9f82eae66bda2e657bc4223f5bbc4819c6fd928f	They believed that only the ka (life force) leaves the body at the moment of death.
8c1f93ec6ae6a739b48583679b0ff215188098a4	Their very customs of preserving the body indicate the idea that life continues after it.
e6f7706695f0418f384c587fe6ce30c92d4af58f	Osiris is best known as the God of "Transition" and Rebirth.
bd7902d6507e2bb014f2351ea032e860d05d7497	Plutarch and other authors note that the sacrifices to Osiris were "gloomy, solemn and plaintive ..." ("Isis and Osiris", 69) and that the great mysteries, celebrated in two stages as a memory of the death of god, began in Abydos on the same day when the grain was planted ("Isis and Osiris", 13).
e077237563d2ce6b78fb7ec2badc2f5873e503d3	"The death of the grain and the death of God were one and the same: the grain was identified with God, who came from heaven; he was the bread by which man lives.
6029bc1dc2cebb7517fc9609c5826e4cfcb6763f	The resurrection of God was symbolized by the rebirth of the grain."
f3681282c99776e0dd40089416c39b2b9c0e3ce1	The annual festival provided for the production of the" Bed of Osiris " in the form of a figure of god, filled with earth and sown with seeds.
ec2d8a05a6807d9db42a3591ac0f61abdf121ea9	The germination of the seeds symbolized the resurrection of Osiris from the dead.
48b50fff8d0fe4b2380042b0883c5b2a19007044	The first stage of the festival was a public drama depicting the murder and dismemberment of Osiris, the search for his body by Isis, his triumphant return in the form of a resurrected god, and the battle in which Horus defeated Set.
a3b16af6a1648af29e2d22255d384a08e3c1d88c	All this was played out by skilled actors as a real performance, which attracted new adherents to the cult of Osiris.
7bf471c025494f4c04502cdc115408339c99fe8a	According to Julius Firmicus Matern (IV century), this "play" was repeated every year by believers who "beat their chests and slashed their shoulders....
97a7b0f6dfc57e993b2ccedaadce671356a9b88c	When the performance depicted how the mutilated remains of God were found and returned... lamentation turned into joy" ("De Errore Profanorum").
35bf03ae646fb99d2bbd80407ce04a776595cf20	Most of the surviving information about the celebration of the Passion of Osiris can be found on the Stele of Aeroframe at Abydos, built by Chernofrom (Iherefore), possibly a priest of Osiris or an official during the reign of Pharaoh of the twelfth dynasty of Sinusita III (about 1875 BC).
6386eea56b5e3c6c5cab309d04359e52556c5c0a	The festival of Osiris at Abydos was carried out in the last month of the annual flooding of the Nile, coinciding with the onset of spring.
c6e66698dff753de237a3181f9fb32034f9f22cc	It was believed that it was in Abydos that the body of the god, drowned in the Nile, was washed ashore.
ea7affc14eca2d8acc74fb9e5653b3db4e658ed6	The kneeling supplicant of Ani before Osiris in the Kingdom of the Dead.
312f01d400912d541bff2fb402664d421164efe5	Behind Osiris - the goddesses Isis and Nephthys
b248ed247c4eed47351cbf1ffa4babd8aa6ca3a7	The rituals associated with the part of the myth where it is told how Seth cut the body of Osiris into 14 parts are not mentioned on this stele.
a0d2420fa9409a1422096cc9123d1c1d4c195974	Although, according to some papyrus texts, this episode was part of a festive ritual.
3b6bd3df43e14ed6e286872af2decbcf48a753ac	Some elements of the ceremony were held in the temple, while others were performed through a public performance of a theatrical type.
4c54f0a9f278d7303d56a80ebc4db32f2ffecb5e	The stele of Ichernofret tells about what public ceremonies were held during the five days of the celebration:
d08307be83f2663a5aafc2c5c0619928786e287c	The first day was the "March of Upuaut": the battle scenes were played out, in which victory was won over the enemies of Osiris.
f8a4b7e0fe444b4d1f9bea7c25d7e83b5a94de30	Then there was a procession led by the god Upuaut ("opening the way").
74c88d170cdde33a933f5d8eeb6ffcead2f58a7b	The second day – "The Great Procession of Osiris": the body of Osiris was transferred from the temple to the grave.
23cf001036081fd111f8ed3c06546bcae7f1db0e	The boat that transported him (Neshmet) had to be protected from enemies.
b285dc7c470513943cc43d15b867dc3fb0c4f021	The third day – " Osiris is mourned and the enemies of the country are crushed."
9d29b8ff4b4fe811652d17297e367ac8a206e794	The fourth day was the "All Night Vigil": prayers and recitations were read, funeral rites were performed.
ff691447220243bef5bef0c3a1bb8132bd056e43	The fifth day is the "Rebirth of Osiris": Osiris was reborn at dawn and crowned with the crown of the goddess of truth Maat.
2f12055a5d2eca0fd498fa6d2b9d38f1f41e324a	His statue was transferred to the temple.
06ea5278bbb1c20db3367109d693633d0afe961f	In the temples, the priests conducted much more esoteric rites, very different from those described by the stele of Ichernofret.
a95be49b74b61dc354f324608fcec2d228d83353	They were attended only by selected initiates.
75abbe8c0759b265fdc7b153df5d2acf4a754578	Plutarch mentions that two days after the beginning of the festival, " the priests ... carry a sacred chest with a golden ark inside, into which they, having scooped up, pour fresh water.
2b24d28de8eb93d107901a4111e648462c436c0e	And the cry of others rises that Osiris has been found.
dbb6713eb15a64fda6b49bfac8b1145d5a521cb5	Then the fertile earth is brought to the water and, mixing them with expensive incense and incense, a month shaped figure is sculpted.
fca39a891ef2e146e2e8b8455036e1ca675750c2	They dress and decorate it, showing that they consider these gods to be the substance of water and earth."
337dd37240526f97fe9119ab3d920a0bdd4619b8	("Isis and Osiris", 39).
a146245efb785749e142e3e6995a539bb316a09d	Plutarch's story is incomplete: he himself writes: "I am silent about the rites of cutting a tree" ("Isis and Osiris", 21), deliberately avoiding depicting this most sacred ritual.
fdbcf2eb005c52b677900a0c55eabe5106918a11	In the temple dedicated to Osiris, in Dendera, one inscription describes in detail the production of figures of all parts of the dismembered body of Osiris from wheat glue, which were sent to the cities where, according to legend, Isis found each of these parts.
0a1dbb41739da40c85e47083b31962a68274b393	In the temple of the city of Mendes, figures of Osiris made of wheat and glue were put in a trough on the day of the god's murder, water was added there for a few days, and then a "dummy" of the god was made from the resulting mixture and delivered to the temple for burial (only sacred grain grown in the temple fields could be used for this).
f9e0dcde59074b2d31442832a4fe669107062a13	With the help of "molds" of each of the dismembered parts of Osiris, made of kra they baked bread, placed it in a silver chest and placed it next to the head of the god.
de84389b4598f7d3de3f8e749e3f33dfee88c6ba	On the first day of the plowing festival, the statue of the goddess Isis was carried to the temple, stripped naked there, her bed was smeared with wheat glue and moistened with water, representing a fertile land.
9126f5a2fb0a65369206478475eb5ae10ac328bb	The crown of all these sacred rituals was the eating of images of God, which played the role of communion.
ebafb9bfb04f4e7b734ea36c5415aacf826baa18	[For more information, see the separate article The Court of Osiris.]
e9cf699a3b12f428f3d0cc99767aa87de05e157d	The idea of posthumous divine justice for sins committed in life is first encountered in the era of the Ancient Kingdom, in the inscriptions of a tomb of the VI dynasty, containing fragments of a kind of "negative confession": the sinner lists not his sins, but offenses that he did not commit.
f1342f186b48d163cdbde0be3ce0e5eca2d7ae18	Weighing the heart of the scribe Hunefer at the afterlife judgment of the god Osiris.
715501751f58872000ffefb6f54a5dc27c5e0440	"The Book of the Dead"
9460cc5dfbde0e1fbccda53970fd2ddc0ee48239	With the growing influence of the cult of Osiris during the Middle Kingdom ,the "democratized religion" began to promise even the poorest of its adherents the prospect of eternal life.
e0a3edcdc817b288e5caf2c085b97b3155f04ba0	The main measure of personality was moral purity, not nobility.
b847346e8acd0a7a3a3dcb6d904dbe8644ed6a15	The Egyptians believed that after death, a person appears before forty two divine judges.
c813d6324e0fd79f49fd36236d9813deb7cfcbc4	If he led a life according to the prescriptions of the goddess of truth Maat, he was accepted into the Kingdom of Osiris.
fbe30cd02897fa4756170603aedca29efe1e1859	If he was found guilty, he was thrown to the monster - "Devourer", and he did not participate in eternal life.
8040aad3acf7471085ad1a37279bfc555a4ea486	A person who was given to the Devourer was first subjected to terrible punishment, and then destroyed.
fbd95ae496f1626d44f824656b23d82d3002e543	Egyptian depictions of posthumous punishment through the medium of early Christian and Coptic texts may have influenced medieval ideas about hell.
11dcb54bf8136cc98f73977df27873ad46f5bef9	Those who were recognized as justified were cleansed on the "Fiery Island", triumphant over evil and reborn.
3d794dd2a308b40d161a9ffc2bd41434ffcafe6c	The damned were waiting for complete destruction and non existence.
df4c3f5f704a399abc3373baa701d394e6e07249	The ancient Egyptians had no ideas about eternal torment.
328e38869225d3ff3d8d02b23bd22e8991204f1f	The acquittal at the posthumous trial of Osiris was the main concern of the ancient Egyptians.
d3f2406cecab5926b6df6da0af0400450ac231bb	When the Greek Lagid dynasty reigned in Egypt, its rulers decided to create an artificial deity that could be worshipped by both the native inhabitants of the country and the Hellenic immigrants.
bd5571963490e6e4ff53cc68f5558506245a6299	The goal was to bring both of these groups closer to each other.
a8b681ffb226fd9b247c4cd49609379194dd6944	Osiris was visibly identified with the sacred bull Apis.
4cf82cd38d2140bb421520f05d34f5d7f1934765	On this basis, the syncretic cult of Serapis was created, in which Egyptian spiritual motives were combined with Greek appearance.
3c83f8d997c904831d00015caf0d29ea9b5a2671	The worship of Osiris continued until the VI century AD on the island of Philae (Upper Nile).
78e87c6a86092249c7ca709f54f47e934106133a	The decrees of Emperor Theodosius I issued in the 390s on the destruction of all pagan temples were not applied there.
d6b46bdb108e95bd592734af96b05d83e971cd55	The worship of Isis and Osiris was allowed on Philae until the time of Justinian I, according to the treaty of the Emperor Diocletian with the tribes of Blemmi and Nubians.
787fb3a3f098d3518c6802ac996a489e9dc67555	Every year these natives visited Elephantine and from time to time took the image of Isis up the river to the land of the Blemmies for prophecies.
c72e37a1f1fa3d4791b8e3203c429f2296d215c9	All this was put to an end when Justinian sent the famous general Narses to destroy the sanctuaries, catch the priests and seize the divine images that were brought to Constantinople.
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88ebe946189ea142eb6a57607c087aac5bef1dde	Mythology /Osiris, an ancient Egyptian god
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963ff2902268c904a0e0f9bffd040c096fdfd873	More on the topic...
1a0aee66a1b78912385ffe8b8ca5913a632a86e2	21-26 Ancient Egypt briefly
21ac94a2136a77d1d6085de1e0e0c788aca76bc3	The Gods of Ancient Egypt
d8754e0e68273a6bee7140daf99963157ebab7f0	The New Kingdom Period in Egypt
ec9768c2e2d74b16cbde5d6bb8ac00fe02f2761f	The religion of Ancient Egypt briefly
e9aafb60cc92a5af8971319adf0be9050880271e	The Art of Ancient Egypt briefly
70c004c0780368f006cf0a3b1d240b5f339c8f0e	Ra, the ancient Egyptian god briefly
127d4dff1909731a4aef462ad9be5eba0e9a7054	Ra – the ancient Egyptian god
66998d0256394c6f35057c9e1423e5433e1216e8	Osiris, God briefly
8e7ea6af6f51f36d05e11b1b0c3e443f8cbe9f2f	Isis, the goddess briefly
74f5db236164195dd09745a5f5a180d83bb375a2	The God Ptah (Ancient Egypt)
178277523cd0d76d67539e5eda689a5569b2f7cd	Hermopolskaya Ogdoada
ec74e9596be75f999403f481b3572cf0c7720e32	The God Thoth (Ancient Egypt)
c8cf000e089aefd75488fe83f7cc19c598e56ae3	The God Montu (Ancient Egypt)
8391975906845c14607f7f8406cdfe254316b251	God Amon (Ancient Egypt)
cb8be3a1d375ef2f13006809737f56ebf4c36e70	Anubis, an ancient Egyptian god briefly
42ff3707d288837c5bbfb57a569532f3aadfe4a3	God Anubis (Ancient Egypt)
a83c44b5d1c7df6e51cf0f46c214a86c62c96375	God Horus (Horus) (Ancient Egypt)
534c066a3e603a406fc7664971dd7bd5d5556a3d	God Set (Ancient Egypt)
50eda80d0b3b6b536623bbb99d33636d8699b498	God Geb (Ancient Egypt)
8f8a0c94856fc0b404f16635e717480c362c77c0	Gods of Ancient Egypt list and description
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4afa283c208a3004bc9ab309ae3d977087c260e1	The Gods of Ancient Greece list
86e97dfddce28770e03e2e328ded6864285cc92f	The Gods of Ancient Greece
248154e93d6f69141153ea2da62b9137919ec1e6	Myths about the gods of Ancient Greece
ea16dd0776d251fd7a35b5bce4b87c1e27177a9f	Myths of Ancient Greece about heroes
c57e37630899d8d7bcd41bd97689e873cfb2343a	The Trojan War summary
6f9bda415db770299540022b125b02b5accf9c34	Homer's poem " The Odyssey – - summary
4d9d076ef7678681e0e08af668fbaa0cda10c8a6	Gods of Rome list
5ac37ce70a353b52fbf382eebbb420b76283a459	Argonauts summary of the myth
c78f6de6ea05e046fe859d7ec826ef7c38c89aaf	The Myth of Prometheus
698db2dedf009b5792ed1646486d535c93c38d40	The Gods of Norse mythology
34f175d2e74d3cd49cb9b6c3a6bbf91b4f3a7c4e	Poseidon, the ancient Greek god of the seas
91b60bbaaaa2093fb542414f0d8759dbb2508041	The Myth of Perseus summary
51d88d7c42535b452c2aefe003b0393a4f3564aa	The Olympian Gods of Ancient Greece
a600c09b1610b27372de630e4fbb626467e8f41c	Myths about the origin of the gods of Ancient Greece (Theogony)
8f9c52d3104cafae00fb30573cfc4769fd37fdf2	Dionysus, an ancient Greek god
5e545e3681d0e38b047df23946ad9c644370a2de	© Russian Historical Library 2017
0b3811ecd5fb1b4902af67696f16749a50b0d983	The time has come for the already traditional predictions of astrologers, clairvoyants and psychics, which sound at the beginning of each new year.
2dbc5297e7d31398d5fa7297eef21a847aedfbb5	The God of Egypt Osiris
26b22d9045daea1cab1ac271b47c7eb4b5ef84cf	Osiris is an anthropomorphic god, that is, a god with the appearance of a person
42fd51c8f38dceb25faaf4c6a8e418bc85e5085f	The image of Osiris is extremely complex and multifaceted.
1457aacd45fdd575033ee9edb5016bd604475063	This was noted by the ancient Egyptians themselves.
619592eeb120983930c3587978fc8ca514272f03	One of the ancient Egyptian hymns dedicated to Osiris says: "Your nature, O Osiris, is darker than that of other gods."
ee792e87a521842a68da8b50e862060b203fdba5	First of all, Osiris is the patron and protector of people.
f9ea11a621500ab3d57278ba39d5307aefd4583c	He became the first king of Egypt, taught the Egyptians to cultivate the land and bake bread, grow grapes and make wine, extract ore from the ground, build cities, treat diseases, play musical instruments, worship the gods.
018fdca87be725896c8e3c2fb2a4e978422fa620	But, in addition, Osiris was revered as the god of vegetation, the productive forces of nature.
6be68b8dfd5f1596a2540937e1750e1e48ae2815	In the temples dedicated to him, a wooden frame was installed that repeated the contours of his body, covered with fertile land and sown with grain.
eef0793f9a983b91cbb8eee60bd237c66bd48778	In the spring ,the" body of Osiris " sprouted young shoots.
efdcffa5cbae4013ab3e48b5e65ccafe6dbfa4f1	Osiris was also the ruler of the afterlife, a fair and impartial judge of the dead.
b5537ec74ee24aa68e115f37996a058c8fe194e6	The myth of Osiris, his faithful wife Isis and the evil brother Seth is one of the most interesting and plot developed in Egyptian mythology.
31e7e0e52936d2e552e1af57ca3a83b315bdd4b5	The famous Russian orientalist B.
afef868b4dde403863b13be5936768b0cba59144	A. Turaev (1868-1920) called it "the main myth of the Egyptian religion, which occupies a central place in the entire culture of the Egyptians."
ae06160f0d77c2fbd9ffec4cb48673424912ae2a	Statue of the God Osiris
dcf2f02a704fab21882545b8116b90fcec6ddace	The Legend of Osiris
82ae3f702fedf30c7d9286b12a513cdc1a20a98b	Osiris had a brother, the evil and treacherous Set. who was jealous of Osiris and decided to destroy him.
b5fa638cfbb4e9bcc8aa287d0c40da70f8e70b84	.. Darkness is all around us, although Ra is in the heavens, the sky has mixed with the earth, a shadow has fallen on the earth.
c0fe1b68f8e362490c1df88872911c1942473879	My heart is burning from an evil separation, My heart is burning, because you have fenced yourself off from me with a wall...
1e4aa2ad03efd11bb08393cbf473c5086c3cd9a9	(Translated by Anna Akhmatova)
959d679639381fe818a6647e90db21fd91fce690	Osiris is the god of Salvation, so it is people who need him most of all!
e505c88455594c0130c697a0f04f9edd9c8efd33	Images of Osiris
2fb18016e4f63795d5fa819764b6cc922b3c36fa	Osiris is an anthropomorphic god, that is, a god with the appearance of a person.
86947e4c3ef597892f2298d56472fd65246c667a	In addition, the white shroud in which he is wrapped, likens him to a mummy.
08d592597cd65e1eac947174856a507c4bd9ec7a	This is a sign of the afterlife, which is ruled by Osiris.
c7e49b9ec3fbd5decfd16948a7f87484efb91c86	This god has always been depicted in a static pose: most often standing, less often sitting, and never walking.
d4eaa2fccafb4797ac3d13cce9bddf9d50d5b0de	Sometimes his sisters, Isis and Nephthys, appear next to him.
787bf685f9723f6e5f94ccd28c391a247ca016cf	Sometimes there are also images of the lying Osiris.
4d7f7a1b5d2a64ff7481dcbb0ad0b645263bf591	This is a reference to the myth of Osiris the fruit bearing, about which we will tell in more detail in the next article.
14d115a6d1b43505c4c51e002ee74b066b828c99	Often an animal sacrificed to him was depicted in front of Osiris.
90fdad85960bbeea04bbc8b67057a2826ffae7b5	Osiris is always crowned with a crown.
d31fd195a714da3ec93e703f908a50ffb8753f52	Myths say that he was the first king of Egypt.
ebff0220dbeb01cea921578fc5dd3ea6c3e11e7e	In his hands he holds the symbols of power - a whip and a scepter.
d0e02e2b0aace599d693cc19643dd6dd1ea40886	Osiris, his sister and wife Isis and his son Horus make up the main sacred family of the Egyptian pantheon: god, goddess and divine infant.
ab6c0be5529c46c7a23f1db35943ef90f6bbc775	God of Renewal
fb509df3d6c7542047039db6fb4b2fbcd86c6457	The skin of Osiris is green or black.
6961e56dbf406315392a9d62e1f7b335c4a51a1c	Black in Egypt was not considered a sign of mourning.
933054e6b072c13a032f2caae06a7a4283a398e0	This is the color of rebirth, the color of new life, just like green.
68ee9ae53b1f4adfa7c33477b9c4a89812b07003	And since death is the way to a new world, Osiris is always accompanied by plants.
0116ac745bb511b87d74abb03e6590a73e114e43	This is a lotus, a vine or a tree.
953dfd6e632edba2ffe023c8d8ef1940bbfe0ea9	The crown of Osiris is a sheaf of wheat, the rook is made of papyrus, and the jed is made of bundles of reeds.
8486c03ab24f92cec8000926eb42f7a82f60eb9c	The story of Osiris is the story of a god, but at the same time it is very human.
b841c439d76d55ae4fa5634ce2956eb816cd6734	It is full of promises for people who are doomed to death.
0f6d4cae40ce41a7eec10ccdf4c59de41b4dae11	This is also a love story, in the center of which is the wife of God, Isis.
ef6c728796d6c56ba54feeaf34847f9b1b326d9c	And although the myths about Osiris tell mainly about the afterlife, of which he is the king, this god embodies life and rebirth.
e8524686f9fbadc6344c268783f8b701e7baf6a6	The myth of Osiris begins with the story of the god Ra, who gave birth to the divine couple, Shu and Tefnut.
972452e0235b7436db6b0d940a5d3be28b9a2efb	From their union were born Geb, the embodiment of the earth, and Nut, the embodiment of heaven.
43bbc08c808a34319b35f89e1d78796ec75eeb9c	They became so attached to each other that it seemed impossible to separate them.
081156e9b34396f02e9fee9c892b07ce27e02be7	Nothing separated heaven and earth anymore, and Ra (the sun) could no longer travel across the firmament.
f4eb1861e8508ff054d5259f5c0c302db4572090	This is a revolt against the power of the god of gods!
b787e43717fef97ce304ec2d274fe237bb782d91	Shu managed to tear his daughter away from her husband, and air, water and the sun penetrated into the freed space.
618bf1d843741feb18989a5d9d68dddd7e9e36d2	But Ra decided to punish the lovers for their carelessness.
a774c84faa4b98985251429e5a4618390e088ed4	Knowing that Nut had borne five babies in her womb, Ra decreed that children could not be born in any of the twelve months of the year!
f517fee3764c759aaca0f8dadf8a9dca8c602074	Difficult birth
780176271356dba5a318c8bbebab8f0052b57890	That God rebelled against the cruel decision.
f9949ec42a4a0ef5bf4b995af7bd861abdac3553	He went to the moon and won five additional days from her, which were added to the calendar by the end of the year (these were epagomena, "additional" days).
ef6a0be23c09a9bef2ad05a1c8853cebe1af4d76	Osiris was born the very first of five babies, so the first of these days is dedicated to him.
7a6790a258609960c9d9b197cabb11fe44991fc7	Then his brothers and sisters were born: Horus, Set (the future killer of god), Nephthys and Isis (his future wife).
2def913915a9f1954ae3ae801fe56798f0789d15	Soon Osiris gained royal power over the world and the pharaohs of the first dynasties dedicated a cult to him.
fb53f9bc38f0600aa8198b06c79f5b21e5790079	"As soon as he became king of the world, he immediately brought the Egyptians out of the state of wild animals and helped them in their needs, showing them how to cultivate the land, giving them laws and teaching them to honor the gods.
0b9e92d2d88990e68ca21debc35540759d237c3a	And then he went around the whole world to introduce him to culture."
58451bfed960ac5486d0cf9e9631e041ed8b0ef7	This is how ancient texts describe the beginning of the reign of this king of God.
dd7e029e61bc27265d83eb86d30f244b95161b9f	The Family of Osiris
6b56d22b1b19c0cfd4d19a036314ab86ee2e1108	The myth of the creation of the world, spread in Heliopolis, the city of the god Ra, says that Osiris is the son of Geb (Earth) and Nut (Heaven).
ab42c6bd0ecd9a12504fcdbc8e13bcefc6930e5f	He was born through the intervention of Thoth, the god of time and counting, along with Set, Isis, Nephthys and Horus.
699f9971e58eaa0480fd78016549af6dc58c0502	But everything was not all right in the divine family.
bb0600a241e40f5fbad89ec51d416f36ad506f4d	Osiris openly feuded with his brother Seth.
4fca3c49b12e274f1a75e96346d13fa34a36020a	The relationship with Isis was also difficult: God wanted to be not only her brother, but also her husband.
eeebd386d5449434a6afd481b02c82222126151c	Seth, the jealous brother
b87c3a92c53dfcd634054dd630331eb4f201b58f	But the love and honors that people paid to Osiris for his benefits caused the envy and jealousy of other gods, and first of all his brother Seth.
70e0f7c01e3b9e96e0f31ba3cbc0766b41da9d8f	To get rid of Osiris, Seth conceived an insidious plan.
b720420f4b98579c47940895e4417037af7c5eca	Legend has it that god secretly measured his brother's height.
2318bf8a6043fd83b8be9ff43707d7c9afa689c4	Then, by these standards, he made a magnificent, richly decorated wooden chest.
75e2ab1bc75cd0936fa086690e3d038f48a0cd66	In the evening, Seth brought it to the feast and jokingly promised that he would give the chest to someone who would fit it.
779c99f59892e5524a236769fc7a0b138a677519	At first, everyone present tried... when it was Osiris ' turn, he easily lay down inside.
f0afddf03422ff58a22a25f0cd762d95e874d292	And then Seth's assistants ran up, quickly boarded up the chest and threw it into the Nile.
faab43be6b1da72141fcab3b6f1cb642acd11961	It is at this moment that Isis, the sister and wife of Osiris, comes into action.
954662a861ff7ae4870b2b123160e21c87a545bd	And the search for Osiris begins.
701cd3ff5a940cc4b6e522838962764b2507ebd1	Dismemberment of Osiris
bad62aea1f29883924caf34871ada4b1789fcc64	A variant of the myth of the murder of Osiris, committed by his brother Set, "The Dismemberment of Osiris" became the basis of the cult of this god.
6955701e249a419db0b9860c947f788048e1bb73	Seth, who discovered the hiding place where Isis hid the body of her late brother and husband, immediately cut Osiris into 14 pieces, which he scattered in 4 parts of Egypt.
e3fb8a6e54f3d76bb6ad8dc450ac64aa284c2ded	The search for Isis was long, she decided that each piece would be buried in the place where it was found.
00073903020fa55a4798918177a4f8499be72d6c	This legend explains that the relics of Osiris were kept in different temples.
380f9280cdf1a6fc50868db5003a60b214b14d38	So, in his main sanctuary, in Abydos, the head of the god was kept.
e170920773f37711a9c0d9cf829104d8f83663df	The Search for Osiris
f66f666479b603062b553d23f79b792e67be2413	The myth of the search for Osiris has several variants.
d3ba51c12e7869b1262c655ded16b0ff9564e57f	One of them says that Isis and Nephthys went to get the body of Osiris and soon found it on the bank of the Nile.
ccc75973760ca4d6ad8c11ae0a5134fe5e12a98e	In another, which is usually called the "Dismemberment of Osiris", Isis discovered the body of her husband much further away, in the Phoenician city of Byblos (in modern Lebanon).
94affc4cce3c8b0a298ec4ec76a109b1748ed02b	She brought it back to Egypt and hid it.
83922a42ee260622599c9efee3ef86e686bb1f4d	But Seth, having learned about this hiding place, dismembered the body and scattered its parts in different directions.
8b75d4fa5f9739268b45e9e509e5c28e07d4472c	Then the two sisters called out to the gods in a memorial cry, imploring Ra, Thoth and Anubis to heed their requests and revive the god.
a0a2abcb67510ee069a177e1df8c7a375866fc64	Isis miraculously conceived a son from the deceased Osiris — Horus.
30c8407eb3b1d7453ee4636ab6deed1c6bd2b14a	When little Horus was born, he did not fail to take revenge on Seth for his father.
05d52037d4ba13443dc02bc9928ec329b20a8451	And Osiris, resurrected by the boundless love of his wife, became the lord of the night and everything beyond, reigning in the afterlife.
a2399add795b15105db13f82b624e1afce7a330d	He left the power over the day and the world of the living to the god Ra.
644c4b2697c01e8ab4708b9d7b9459eda3dce99b	The Cult of Osiris
8404fd83b08a02616f3b97a50f761ee5b4b9600d	As often happens in ancient beliefs, the image of Osiris appeared as a result of the merger of the cults of local deities.
012bd3f4dd5e211afd57a7ba0672c397fb5d9477	Researchers believe that one of them was Anjeti from Busiris, and the other was Hentamentiou from Abydos.
09c0f7322f056f36ae6ee7d053647a36a65d292e	It was in these two cities that Osiris was most revered.
1507c9417ca9c40e990427d5168fb308462474e5	From Anjenti probably comes the royal power of Osiris (which he will never lose).
a6a6005a42b92d8f5cb928096795b2ad2cc65f71	And from the second deity, he received the title of "lord of the West", that is, the lord of the dead.
c0b88caf963c012e727295b463fa9d99fe848f15	Osiris, as the god of funeral rituals and the lord of the afterlife, was unanimously worshipped by all Egyptians.
c1ff153c58e4220567f1ce9b7d3ec67fbac40c90	The enthusiasm with which he was glorified is explained by the fact that it was Osiris who was presented as the last judge of people.
80d206bfb3627ab05c482123b79a943424e723a7	This new friend of god is undoubtedly worth two old ones, because it is with him that you will meet on the threshold of a new life!
c8d630222045e86a9a426cb58e261bb3959b7d16	Abydos: the City of Osiris
7d2d8bd0e9e52ba2391794d48681a108c292e243	The pharaohs of all dynasties, including the very first, favourably treated Abydos, because it was the city of Khentamentiu, the predecessor of Osiris.
6cc3f3b7105e182b280016494d4a55c194056eba	Representatives of the I and II dynasties were buried here.
2bedd7b6c1d1f7051868297b30bc85a0b6d29e97	By the reign of the V and VI dynasties, Hentamentiu was gradually identified with the Osiris of Lower Egypt.
3e8c403ba06a6bf7a4399cc1d0e12a61bc5a7d18	It was then that the cult acquired an impressive scale.
9ae85bc7bb2052f9d49099a30f4eafafedab4e84	During the Middle Kingdom, Abydos became a very popular place of worship.
7bac2868d20ae75fb87c2e99077361e910776140	Pilgrims from all over Egypt came here, and the priests announced that the head of the god was kept in the city.
72deb52e506d66b64bf725f252bcd4aa791cf0c9	Many Egyptians sought to propitiate Osiris, especially at the onset of old age.
e52ae0d70f3b1c0589575d9a880472c40ecce7c8	They erected small brick cenotaphs (funerary monuments) and stone steles between the temple of Osiris and traditional necropolises.
39672c891b18ba28a2c5ecc3b10a652185e69844	Originally this temple was dedicated to Khentamentiu, but since the XII dynasty it has become a sanctuary of Osiris.
63ec8188e8e612ee4d589fd300fb5cdb75d6a506	This ancient building is built of bricks.
beb2b59777d5b41e5c63770d918d52ed1e3fd2ca	Only the frames of the window and door openings were made of stone.
e2f196dce29db72cf494e4105730e08c63c69456	This explains the almost complete disappearance of the ruins of the sanctuary.
335d0b07074bc693db98ef6357aa2095793de831	Because of the belief in the mystical presence of God, many pharaohs built their funeral temples in Abydos.
29571dca5baf4a2e9263d64c36c1f50707bca3c6	The first of them was the temple of Sesostris III.
374d92340ecfc558c43da2c5968cc3812a53f2ef	God Osiris Painting, VIII century BC
ce339ef875275406308efb94b246a0d2b41538ab	Any burial is part of the cult of Osiris
5efae5407ae7e71283c1bab28d6f5b206f2d5a50	Isis conceived Horus, who was born after the death of Osiris and became his heir.
97d43a7db612c4e469e3bcaf09c0066d215c1252	Horus fought tirelessly against his uncle Seth to restore his rights to the throne.
e879b9ad593456d89a731753a387b9a5bcb4b4c9	But the heavenly court intervened in their struggle, and the gods accepted Horus into their circle.
3d3188efc1b61f3e88b63423d0300ba21a0f31ff	By analogy, every reigning pharaoh during his lifetime is identified with Horus.
56c92b9d2b52297283ba88fbe694a2c7cf083ec7	When he dies, he becomes Osiris.
0daa35cd8c581e38e689c884680420b360b916c8	However, ordinary mortals found hope for a new life only in the era of the Middle Kingdom, as the Egyptologist Serge Soneron (IFAO) writes: "On the eve of the Middle Kingdom, all the dead began to be considered Osiris, and thus humanity, which once could participate in the conquest of heaven only indirectly, through the deceased lord, who embodied a vague and faceless collective image of his people, was able to follow Osiris to the other world, democratically opened for everyone."
1dba718245de0a258dc45a996add92b304045a8b	What does it mean to be Osiris?
d87a3dc4e528237f29271d5599fd94036ec69c6e	His life path and the love of his wife, Isis, make this god close and understandable to every Egyptian.
513042d16406aff0b9666e67c8f05fc3628e921c	Having opened the way to a new life, Osiris gave people the key to a new kingdom - the afterlife.
cb20e2236a1674dface67a24d6e4df0741e13bf0	Therefore, Osiris is addressed during various stages of the burial ritual: during embalming, the ceremonial opening of the mouth (which returns the breath to the deceased), during the procession, etc.
f295d1a6973ae36c04fd385c1b0a92b113686a90	All the deceased and embalmed pharaohs depict Osiris: they are wrapped in a white shroud, crowned with the crown of atef, holding in their hands the divine symbols of power.
4164b6be8a534867f00f18db119689a73e19b92e	The paintings in their tombs also inform about the new role of the pharaoh.
9ddf9af61eb65e90f71b71a468add2776d8447bb	Attributes of Osiris
d835832923eb849fde235c0a23faca8202f89f51	The symbols of power that Osiris holds in his hands, first of all, remind that this god is the founder of the Egyptian kingdom, but the origin of their meaning is clear to the common people.
2e74eb4acbf4e31f33a4880bc20f24feb86a0b9f	Bent at the end of the scepter of hake, a magic wand (the word hake means "magic"), is similar in shape to a shepherd's staff.
64d9168b2554ce466687c62baac9af44cfa80198	Aflagellum (or neheh) resembles a whip used to collect incense.
241fe1df45c40033fe0a20621df806d1d9769c57	The crown of Atef symbolizes the fertility of the lands of Egypt.
1cdb881b16faba4b7fe896a01118b2d12eafe7b7	Its outlines are similar to the ears of a sheaf of wheat pulled together at the top.
cbf5daf5654cb3c79f0cba0d55b411910b6694e0	This indicates that Osiris, according to legend, taught people to cultivate the land.
130d775f84a6d32224cd198e590afcb81888e7e0	Two feathers (probably ostrich feathers) on the sides of the headdress indicate the highest rank of god.
ee446bafe5bc4083a269405edcdbabe8d9f0de75	Osiris is a deity who embodies agriculture and cattle breeding, which were the basis of the ancient Egyptian civilization.
f0304eeae79b571527dbe835315560975945299e	Memphis Festivities
ca4a4170191befeefab2f1f879b56de10ed1167a	In Memphis, a unique holiday was celebrated in honor of Osiris: "the construction of the jed column".
c1c747ae7807d09b911dc5bb526f4de7032e2a81	This ritual connected Osiris with the royal power, which he endowed with divine power.
2f4facac108e88af53682911b6eb114b1f751c21	On the eve of the coronation and on the days of anniversaries, the Pharaoh himself supervised the installation of the monumental jed column, symbolizing the constancy and longevity that Osiris embodied.
274fb2989b9b97db17d36ab82c5880c97d1fd3b2	Holidays and ceremonies
b53d13fd9c7d402256b9a9d6e906eba3b4c8c1f4	The main holidays of the cult of Osiris are celebrated in the month of khoyak (October - November), between the decline of the waters of the Nile and the beginning of sowing.
07166936b078223ea7adff3ee1fda14784985cf3	The soil, fertilized by silt brought during floods, can soon be sown.
d783e0669d64a5fcba18bd70551aa5897c834095	This earthly symbolism of rebirth, which the entire human race dreams of, is the basis of the rites of worship of Osiris.
9e6d9fe29971098c7d2367868edfd80534494dfc	The festivities begin with public rituals taking place outside the temple (closed to ordinary mortals).
605f4332bd04beea28882e5fba93d06345539038	The God is carried out to the people in the boat nekhmet, with a statue of Upuaut.
81a69da7f4606ab61d38ade6811516289f43748f	This god jackal, the" discoverer of paths", plays the role of a psychopomp (conductor of souls).
20b700b2a546364b5afdb7b2be180410832c52af	He accompanies the deceased to the grave and helps them to be reborn.
83cb2cd28dea0c901b3de31c17a3dfd0c34f53dc	The victory of Upuaut over the evil demons is also the victory of Osiris, who fights with the mummers throughout the festive procession.
7dbb4ae9f5565f827dc8a9dc64ca723e28e681cc	Then there is the "Big Exit", a realistic and sometimes somewhat cruel performance that recreates the battle between the companions and enemies of Osiris.
2d0fd5d74cc23f7f7443e6077183e80ef18cb6e7	Of course, the god comes out of the fight victorious and returns to his temple, accompanied by a cheering crowd.
e24b8999cf81519b140a9d9bdd809ed27da8c13c	The Jed Column
dc61a15c587f6c4b25fb6533fbd5685e50f9c833	The Jed column is one of the most common symbols of ancient Egypt.
318f21803b30983cc31427f9380718c4831fcc34	She was painted on the walls of tombs, her image was worn around the neck as an amulet for both living and mummies.
3d98b9f98f13b7beda98422b1408df0cef5ca511	Its outlines are reflected in hieroglyphic writing: the hieroglyph "column" means "constancy" and "longevity".
f1fa3f48047a4862db4d43f1b1108e8fc395416a	This fetish has a very ancient origin.
b68861a678c4fcd06bc64be4273c4bf0e682e43b	Some scientists believe that the jed was originally a tree.
ebea4410fd607208f03e3914bb2408fd2e0c8de3	Chapter 155 of the Book of the Dead connects it with the spine of Osiris and, therefore, with death.
22ca568fceac13d14a8b6171b41f2472efffc607	Therefore, this sign was often depicted inside sarcophagi.
96add775b80b5a41670f1dbafbd617709d3d28f8	Others see it as a nilometer, a pillar that measured the level of the Nile floods.
c0bdf0963e29b283a3cbf28070c2a7fbe038a694	Too much or too little water rise had a bad effect on crops, and the measuring column allowed you to know what to be ready for.
ddf79c7647868f9284c9f441978c3f8a1bec486f	Fruitful Osiris
016b31bb186ffc297a3a3aef4a3f7a2cda9bcfc1	Other ceremonies are performed secretly, in temples, away from crowds, in the circle of high ranking priests and sometimes in the presence of the Pharaoh himself.
04d4cc5c78e7938152bdec881240c603a01672f3	Their goal is to ensure the mystical resurrection of Osiris.
b66541a1aa8348b9fb1657dc29a49dbabb2b0181	How did this ritual take place?
ec318aa6b0193ddfecf8ce01ce49695a89d35c4f	At first, the image of Osiris was painted in the mud brought from the river.
01b1c9b07d64e3bbaf26f34e29b60aae1b5dd6bb	While it was still wet, it was sown with grain, which was watered over the next nine days.
94da18b0935924f065d9692f047766189e37d3bd	When the shoots appeared on the surface, this "fruitful Osiris" was solemnly transferred to the boat, accompanied by a procession with 365 torches.
6abb523d8d79de593b1d545a3abaf78eecd4f55f	The boat, sailing through the sacred waters of the temple lake, reached the island, symbolizing the mound where the god was buried.
2078f4dbad28bcd6d6b081d1064379ba633397ad	When it docked, the sprouted Osiris was carried out of it.
810b8b922d6cf9a2fe33c5572e9007600cdaaaf0	The dried up image of last year was removed and a green god was placed in the same place.
2b72ea88aaa2ab19be9f0ca1a51d3050fda6ce36	Thus, the annual update cycle was closed.
f12c134a88c7588cc1957c0466e9f132e2eab1ee	The life giving forces of nature were restored, and a new cycle could begin.
f55d89ab012d6396694bd401fdf2052dfb40f596	Nine days of watering, silt in which grains germinate... the connection with bearing and the birth of a new life is obvious.
c7e26be1f0c58ec3bc2c8b0b4b2c12a1d8416915	This is the life of Osiris in the other world!
5db383906a328a066a64589ec6e948796073c1e5	It is no accident that the Egyptian god was later identified with the ancient Greek Dionysus, the god of winemaking, the productive forces of nature, and Priapus, the god of fertility, fields and gardens.
3e61a3fc62a62accbc88f7ce8050360479441c9f	The Names of Osiris
fd6db13f67e91b8407c59f24193144e43606f2af	The inhabitants of ancient Egypt believed that one name was not enough for a divine being, whether it was a pharaoh or a god.
a8c971a698cfaa5eef77960f2acbda2fa2811415	So Osiris received many titles.
0313deffabffe829c081bd35995b572b782ecf42	He is the lord of the West: to the west of the Nile, the desert began, over which the sun set every evening.
95f682bc65d40a4d5f2897610676b057757c6fb4	And the sunset is a very symbolic image of death.
eaff3302ddca8e3b4cf5bb68d6620bec2925ee2e	The Egyptians believed that in the west, under the earth, there is an afterlife (duat) and the sun has to cross it every night.
d18b30b399281cc8325cfab21a49c0d272b61983	Osiris, who managed to be reborn after death, was perceived as the ruler of this world, the lord of the West, in other words, the king of the dead!
6e035d7ebf1f9bf96c4c053b5458db39dea3d830	He is the "Lord of Maat": the word Maat means "truth and justice".
f8c9d6aa99041e7130178a0d4cfa1db626759146	These virtues are embodied by the goddess Maat.
e106c84ee5d9504d2658b3b3218c4008f957c660	People who lived "according to Maat" could hope that they would be acquitted at the last trial.
a306be7c9603d21dd83fbd6f5b129553a9988826	This judgment is made by Osiris himself, and when the heart of the deceased (the receptacle of the soul) is weighed, Maat appears in the form of a weight on another scale.
d3266a40ca50c2147983c188c82d7ef754cbfbd7	If the weight of the maat outweighs, it means that the load of errors is not too great.
67dfe362b29008c5a923bf4ed16b2ab9a8311137	And then the deceased finds a new life in the kingdom of Osiris.
c68b59c2a2ebe52e76e2dc4d3fa6453831e452e0	He is the "Lord of Eternity".
2374462f5226c5d5b8818dbec1b65fa201f0cb32	This seems natural, because the power of Osiris extends over the afterlife.
33c7305f56f6c9590c9efe7f26ebdeb45e3bdf40	And eternity is promised to every deceased person admitted to it.
855dd8c91031c62123f4bfe383692137d49fc69d	Whether a person is worthy or not is, as we have already told, determined by the court of Osiris.
a9a9d818f5c88de036e0966024600cfe2eb6ec8e	He is a "Good Being" (unefer).
6f5205d523a75e6cc2f526d975da9e79b3778384	This name reminds us of the enlightenment that Osiris gave to the first people.
401dde28301c82b1f07cd8ddac90d56560672ad0	And that it was he who made the first plow and taught people agriculture and gardening.
3067282bc504e69758972050863b07534f6c77a2	The heyday under Amenhotep III The art of working with wood in Egypt The famous necropolis The Valley of the Queens Luxor Temple School and training in ancient Egypt Pepi II: the longest reign
be2e1057c2397f042da7eea8db3e29fa7e410ae4	John Christopher "Johnny" Depp II( June 9, 1963, Owensboro, Kentucky[2]) is an American actor, film director, musician, screenwriter and producer.
234d74e2fd49b354b26a1b6d6ebb696a5d308504	John Christopher Depp II was born on June 9, 1963 in Owensboro, Kentucky.
3daf0a1c3d19ad3c84fb5e1d0bc4b8496599617d	His mother, Betty Sue Palmer, worked as a waitress, his father, John Christopher Depp, was a civil engineer.
433b6c2ba77e573b77583db89538e29dd9b4bed0	Johnny has a brother, Daniel (now a writer), and sisters, Debbie and Christy (the latter works as his personal manager).
2a09271155c11840476d33b1c0a5a2b8afcf7cf2	Actor Johnny Depp was the youngest.
95be5c5fcce8093e66ed77d6487aa1ed99fe24d8	Depp's maternal great – grandmother was a Cherokee Indian, and his grandmother was German, on his father's side he inherited a piece of the blood of Irish immigrants.
c0fa898ca96e8cd02fac33ae073e75e02ce1c5eb	According to family legend, the surname "Depp" was inherited from a family of French Huguenots, with whom one of Johnny's ancestors was related, the founder of the dynasty Pierre Dieppe settled in Virginia around 1700.
75ca06a04314ab9e35d2bca71a429008cdc242e2	Johnny himself likes to joke about the German jargon "deppe" - "fool".
3721664cc1e5174ec24ebe3c39c6a89c94a0c6a3	Johnny's mother loved to constantly change the situation: the family did not have time to unpack their suitcases, as they immediately moved to a new place.
a89dba30eab00b249fda9a5b482a81061adb2701	Throughout his childhood, Johnny moved continuously, having managed to live in two dozen places.
177af38c550a8c8e192a53b70a458da8a5073418	Betty thought it was good for the children.
72c3881cbba578e7e827002af952acf2da90b328	The death of the grandfather, with whom the boy spent all his childhood, negatively affected the child's psyche.
b44640d1efbf0fbce380c6d433bebcb81a014ca6	Depp also had a hard time moving to Florida.
20f10217af36d14d7e9145c5234cb71541962faa	At the age of 12, he started smoking and drinking alcohol.
bd43dd02b253037fa4e26cb8e63673c09fffad1c	After the divorce of his parents, when he was 15 years old, he began to use drugs and soon he was expelled from school.
efdcf9404c202136f65460540311afa18ae79d18	Soon he found another hobby for himself — he took up music.
f3791614516ff84f243e6f6d14c2f36e1f12f134	His mother gave Depp a guitar, which he learned to play on his own.
d66ce16e7e3e8d6c774604eb356f1158c1197d42	Soon he joined the group "Kids" performing in Florida nightclubs.
1eb6ca2106d0728ee28f85f57fd7def0167fde26	At the age of 16, Depp dropped out of school, wanting to devote his life to music.
f239ae57bb4f2072be4627fe4eab95dd8e5a18bd	Later he played in the band "P", where Gibby Gaines, guitarist Bill Carter, former Sex Pistols musician Steve Jones, Flea from Red Hot Chilly Peppers and Sal Yenko participate with him.
97296070bed8e2c11c003101665eed24533cf26c	At the age of 20, Depp married makeup artist Lori Ann Ellison, who was five years older than him.
01c42506dae8ad00e2430f0adbf4bf971a548b1d	After marrying Lori Ann Allison in 1983, 20-year-old Johnny Depp found a permanent job selling pens, which helped to make ends meet.
121d2be2735c21a3dabcee57fb9808f48840bb4d	The prospect of doing this all his life did not please him, so after a trip to Los Angeles, Johnny Depp seriously thought about acting.
e8acf67b09f01780f4e8b086736cdfff2a98e5b7	In Hollywood, Lori introduced her husband to Nicolas Cage, who advised the guy to try his hand at cinema.
8c984d804376a40ecce097c1a809d345f0a56056	Cage persuaded Depp to meet with his agent, who arranged for him to audition for a role in the film "A Nightmare on Elm Street" (1984), which became Depp's first acting job.
d9637632716cf7562e2e0bb7c92b08fadcfb8559	However, music still remained in the first place for him.
3b8e63594462cb4be5febfd0b6c87f1f64125b31	In 1985, he and Laurie divorced, but the fate of Johnny Depp was predetermined.
b45438e389a94edad932dfc717cc77f3a19e67c8	Depp then appeared in a number of television shows, as well as in the Oliver Stone film "Platoon" (1986) as Private Lerner.
11b4e03dc75be4a734b0141856988852c2a13675	However, in the final version, almost all the scenes with his participation were cut.
76a25c2966b8052f63c528a30e3ceb2393b2ec34	In 1987, he drew attention to himself by playing in the popular television series "Jump Street, 21".
98b749e30585b7cc99ba819ab3e2d7f6cb207e58	In the 80s, Johnny Depp played in numerous teen films, but the status of an idol of teenagers did not match his creative ambitions.
f0e3507516e96676587a5630422cbe164e4a7d3e	He made this clear by starring in the military drama Oliver Stone (Oliver Stone) "Platoon".
10453857a15b080df468619d8a7ff261071933d2	In 1990, Depp met director Tim Burton (Tim Burton), their joint work gave Johnny Depp's career a completely new impetus.
7797e9ab0fd3a2726f1e1bb67dc8b6d18612791b	The eccentric protagonist in" Edward Scissorhands " became the first in a whole gallery of dark, tragic, unusual characters that the actor embodied on the screen.
c932900aa579512c21c09b0e8e091da5f97131ff	Depp received his first Golden Globe nomination for the main role in Tim Burton's film "Edward-Scissorhands" (1990).
f87afefa8005f392726b3a623a8134497b89ef4d	Johnny Depp and Tim Burton have made seven films together, the last of them are "Sweeney Todd, the demon barber of Fleet Street" (2007) and "Alice in Wonderland" (2010).
c0dacadfbea597e2b47dd1b9f80804ff6d5bcf05	Roles in Barton's films played perhaps the most significant role in the formation of the actor's popularity.
fe3742b8652288dd9b9fa0194bdcf9b28678214b	Their style is unique and unique, it has one hundred percent recognition – it turned out that it was Depp who managed to embody the image of the melancholic protagonist, so beloved by Tim Burton, with maximum accuracy.
ce9cd215f64ce8cd2556b58234b05a6178bdc6a0	On the set of "Edward", Johnny met Winona Ryder, whom he later married, having made himself a tattoo "Winona forever".
4f014fa21f3fa0e4c478a8bd386acc16ca389bd5	It was "Edward-Scissorhands" that made Johnny Depp a star of the first magnitude – the box office success and the undoubted numerous advantages of the picture were recognized even by the most inveterate skeptics, and Johnny himself was talked about as one of the most talented young actors of the American Dream Factory.
341fcd32ab2f2b974e051c75447184d3ef920860	Johnny Depp became the godfather of Burton's son Billy Ray (Billy Ray Burton).
4f7ff6b515aa14d6e1d5a35b5ca7b26598ffb481	An interesting fact is that the actor Johnny Depp always wanted to act not in those projects that promised the greatest benefits, but in those that were most interesting to him personally.
116a66207011fcf9eaf9f6376ac536dd20236e1d	There were many projects in Depp's career that went directly against the principles of pop culture, but he sincerely wanted to work on them, because they allowed him to reveal himself on the screen the way he wanted.
a848250b99facf244562ae028e9c8b4a5e6df8f4	In 1993, Johnny Depp played the main role in Emir Kusturica's film "The Arizona Dream", which won a prize at the Berlin Film Festival and was a great success in France.
3aa18a1d9a6e92f32dbc5ceeba92538a113e4fb0	In the same year, Depp opened the Viper Room club, which he co-owned for almost 10 years.
0e38c09c043f7dc106f080ecbb5a525d49874d8e	The second film with Burton - "Ed Wood" (1994), about "the worst director of all time", also failed at the box office.
98344c606cae389349f1d234f813250e61704200	But nevertheless, the purely aesthetic picture received very good reviews from critics and two "Oscars" - many appreciated the refined spectacle.
612b209c5f2755113d4a26a3ad5245f31ec0b188	For Depp himself, the film meant a lot in personal terms.
b17cf364af287717cf8c629a436b4cdae1126daa	It was at that moment in his life that he had a severe personal crisis – he was going through a breakup with Winona (he changed the tattoo to "Wine forever"), plunged into alcohol and drugs, his friend, the most talented young actor River Phoenix, died of an overdose in his own nightclub "The Viper Room", the prospects were vague and unclear – and all this against the background of rumors about the imminent end of his career.
f263cfda472ab4e81a22f033afb380a490c08b03	Then, in the mid-90s, Depp met supermodel Kate Moss, and they were together for four years.
1b9589d3fe7fbedba517f6fbba2ef0257b76b5dc	He and Kate constantly quarreled terribly and made up violently, more than once committed rather strange acts, amazed with their antics.
4c902a3ba42dbd71a4651884f074ddc9f4a468f8	The paparazzi were constantly running after them, which infuriated Johnny.
4c05e0d522b2c1dee908ca7fb71eb8ef403fff5f	One day they caught the couple in the cemetery singing songs.
ddf0596750752f120e13ef4dd36565ec2830f18c	Johnny still had problems with alcohol.
5c2b876f0b1c7e39282d08fc4549e422973c4df4	Then Depp left Kate - she flatly refused to give birth to children, so Johnny did not see a future with her...
17fa2b393d30f47b64d4177ce65b864696a5e7ab	In the 90s, Johnny Depp had problems with the law more than once.
0f0768cde03e204d60fb27351d9e896f0c25bbf7	In 1993, he was suspected of selling drugs through the nightclub "The Viper Room" that belonged to him, after a young talented actor River Phoenix died of an overdose there.
990aa49f93b96caa4f9e9a8a86e25ac6e4e90b6b	An official charge, however, was not brought.
3f359d85a85efb101607a7415b03f52cbbb6ce76	A year later, Johnny Depp was arrested for trashing a suite in a New York hotel.
aee016d2186c58ef109db16e6df16abad7748882	In 1999, he was arrested in London for a confrontation with paparazzi on the way out of a restaurant.
14fee1678978f48b9b2023ea6c9d8398229c19d5	"Don Juan De Marco" (1995) became a long-awaited commercial success - a romantic melodrama about the relationship between an aging psychiatrist and his young patient, who sincerely considers himself Don Juan, was played brilliantly by the actors, and the audience finally appreciated Depp's acting talent for the first time since "Edward". - especially the female audience, which has never remained indifferent to Johnny at all.
a06bcadc5764b781629073966c7286f00f520393	If we talk about the truly iconic roles of Johnny Depp, most fans come to mind exactly this picture.
c0a86703eadb3af285ae7ae5caacac921646863a	The film adaptation of the novel of the same name by the infamous writer Hunter Thompson may not have found commercial success, but it has forever fallen into the annals of the history of cinema.
6ca42affa06edcbe17b33cd6e335d91c5a0de065	The actor read this book at the age of 15 – along with the works of Jack Kerouac, it made an indelible impression on the teenager.
b37e338cc60da7d8ba7a51c53bdfca9a51c0f892	Johnny met the author himself in 1994 and was instantly smitten by his openness and extravagance, bordering on madness.
157f5e752a5139c6fe45c85b74a53f03ab3de2d8	The hallucinogenic adventures of Johnny Depp and Benicio del Toro were nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival, but the jury members, including Depp's ex-girlfriend, Winona Ryder, awarded the prize to the work of the Greek independent director Theo Angelopoulos.
923c2d8dcd57be139589d4b306875ced81d8b49b	To prepare for the role, Johnny Depp lived in Hunter's house for several months.
61b0650d503ebf3560084f6a2b679afea6460e28	During this time, the joint work on the project has developed into a strong male friendship.
404a9fe2956826cc98c00e276969944c04a93f94	So strong that after the death of the writer, Johnny Depp paid for the expensive funeral of a friend (Hunter wanted his ashes to be fired from a giant cannon), paid off all his debts and became the producer of the film" Rum Diary " based on Thompson's novel of the same name, in which he himself played the main role.
79cc146809045435ece45f521d73189f493976b2	In 1995, Depp played the main role in the Jim Jarmusch film "The Dead Man".
0207c881dfb2ea94d2d78f848a4eb08dc966df1b	It was a bit strange, in many ways an avant-garde film about a young accountant who, after the death of his parents, in the hope of finding a job, comes to the Wild West, where, by the evil will of chance, a reward of $ 500 is appointed for his head.
b09d8ddb0b39bd4b5779dc2aab5434fe426d1397	The next film with Johnny Depp – "At the last moment" (1995), again tells about a modest accountant with a difficult fate, but this time it was a dynamic thriller.
cf37fb254339ec69a057d2294a6cea6f4df31b7f	An ordinary man, Gene Watson, has a six-year-old daughter kidnapped, and they threaten to kill her if the main character does not shoot a female senator.
d86ca00677c6e97ea1ad0fa50fcfc53c34bb9899	Suddenly, a modest accountant is transformed into a brave and desperate hero who will stop at nothing to save his daughter.
f9e8d18424f95a38b5d41451147a34006756d429	The picture was very coldly received by the audience, but critics noted the plausibility with which Depp conveyed the strongest experiences of his character.
9d5231fcfc86683dc3584dc564e2ed4b3dd48eef	Once again, Johnny confirmed the fame of a truly talented artist who knows how to perfectly convey the whole range of feelings from despair to anger, so much so that the viewer does not have a shadow of doubt about the truthfulness of the spectacle unfolding before his eyes – brilliant persuasiveness, complete dedication.
f04699471249826c5f44464bb68511b2719b866e	In 1995, Depp was recognized as the "Sexiest actor in the history of cinema" according to a survey of readers of Empire magazine.
a67ce81723463190b9d37feea2a73a25bfa48825	In 1996 and 2001, the American magazine People included him in the list of "The 50 most beautiful people in the world", and in 2003 - in the list of" The sexiest men alive", in 2009 he topped this list.
66d337ff2b69608fed9025d955823a3d9beb162e	In 1997, he got the role of an undercover FBI agent in the film "Donnie Brasco", based on a true story, where his partner was Al Pacino (Al Pacino).
fa0fca6b14cdfe8d596c946338fde717c8379693	FBI agent Joe Pistone receives a new task: to infiltrate one of the criminal groups in Brooklyn in order to obtain full-fledged information about the activities of gangster gangs.
f7ea9fe4aac4af6878d21e4cde8e181f6eef2707	The excellent performance of the acting duo, combined with a twisted plot, allowed the film to collect more than a hundred million dollars at the world box office.
51dbb8d90855121be4f5df42cc42a21f83c54db3	In 1998, the independent film "Fear and Hatred in Las Vegas" directed by Terry Gilliam was released.
c8e4d56cd1a71a3c0e772fc2382f2de797fff5e2	The film, which clearly demonstrates Depp's phenomenal acting abilities, did not meet with understanding from a wide audience, but it acquired the status of a cult among moviegoers.
a6de248056c67bab0443a405d2169bd000ade1a4	In 1999, Depp starred in two dark films at once: Roman Polanski in the thriller "The Ninth Gate", as well as in the successful Tim Burton horror film"Sleepy Hollow".
75c3df0099b78515aa4ceed216670ab755dcd57c	During the filming in France, Johnny met the famous singer Vanessa Paradis, who charmed him once and for all, and to this day is his common-law wife.
21176c90acbb849f4c014e9d9f4fc5be5386eb0e	Johnny fell in love with Vanessa with all his heart, without a memory.
166c7fb6930cd588e641530f1f51c346cd252cfc	He even shot video clips for her as a director.
0d44909c1c1675325ad2c934abceb6b1fb162fc6	For more than ten years, Johnny Depp has been living with Vanessa in France, flying to the States only to shoot films.
acd6046c699d8da91ab70c55e3cd4113e20166d2	They have two children-a daughter, Lily Rose, and a son, John Christopher Depp III.
89f6af9c0607f83e1e9c05e514f853a5578848e4	By the way, during the time spent in France, Depp became a winemaker, and together with Sean Penn and John Malkovich, he opened a restaurant "Man Ray" in Paris near the Champs-Elysees.
dc59fc0454b9157f4a43c5a391fc19fc9f6c03a7	Johnny Depp's piggy bank also featured mainstream films, such as" The Astronaut's Wife "(1999), but it was strange characters, for example, Ichabod Crane in Burton's next Gothic film"Sleepy Hollow", that caused the delight of critics and viewers.
352a0a0580df6cefc92c3cbcedfbe3f504ed18be	And finally, a real success, again paired with Burton – "Sleepy Hollow" (1999).
0054dc934330316df8816ac08cea9ab03d5e29c2	The phantasmagoria about Ichabod Crane, a young constable who is sent to the town of Sleepy Hollow to investigate mysterious murders at the hands of a Headless Horseman, struck the audience to the heart.
64f7aec3709c963c3b1b2616969f52aea115f168	The stunningly stylish video sequence and rapid action did not leave anyone indifferent – more than two hundred million dollars of revenue spoke for themselves, and the creative duo Burton Depp worked perfectly.
7b5c03cefec1f80f3313085c117af14f85288216	The storyteller Burton turned an infernal story into a "children's horror story", which, of course, should tickle the nerves, but most importantly, it is simply obliged to give great pleasure to both the audience and the audience, and the narrator, especially pleased that he managed to really captivate and produce an indelible effect on the audience – and so it turned out.
e736cfc8e27644c4796a08946dc780a537477a83	It is noteworthy that Christopher Walken, who played the "Headless Horseman", was filmed for free, just for the sake of working with Burton.
87523f9678708772f208cb5118e14364810ed999	It was after the filming of "Sleepy Hollow" that a scandal broke out around a fight that Depp caused by pouncing with his fists on annoying paparazzi who were photographing his pregnant wife Vanessa Paradis.
060c30fc52b3691fcd5b3ddc1d6c4e628f999a5d	The police handcuffed him and took him to the police station, but Depp himself did not regret his trick for a second.
2c80540b7a6db34a258b3e0eb50debeb94fd0095	Depp's artistic nature does not tolerate interference in his personal life, in addition, he has always been subject to mood swings and he regularly has outbursts of anger.
669ebf947e669bbe7dda231d6bb92fc293914ba3	But lately he has been behaving calmly, and has learned to manage his anger.
a630406ce2b58c2afd4fb208b3043f9fa25180be	The two thousandth year brought several unsuccessful projects at once: the melodrama "The Man Who Cried", "Until the Night Comes", the documentary short "Lovell's Blues", followed by a new box office breakthrough:"Chocolate".
ba5b35e121ddcbda430e71d2d91d22212fe5ac0a	This melodramatic story collected more than one hundred and fifty million dollars at the world box office, although its advantages were not indisputable for everyone.
e409c86994f98a40b394c06a6fe2a8e76873deb5	In 2001, Depp, along with Penelope Cruz, starred in the crime drama "Cocaine" based on real events - about an ordinary guy from the suburbs who realized the "American dream" in his own way, becoming a major drug importer.
3f6d720a0d621890b7f765cf293bd873c1d65944	This epic narrative, although it became secondary to Soderbergh's film "Traffic", which appeared a year earlier, became an event in world cinema, forcing millions of people to think about the problem of drugs in modern society.
75bf450c650e88e694aea5707c8172f409e54ab7	In the same year, a thriller about the legendary Jack the Ripper is released- "From hell".
82d3136aaebd11e2df9f0fe27101a2da49941406	Not the strongest picture, but it collected a good box office, and had a number of obvious advantages, and Depp himself was again on top, brilliantly playing Inspector Abberline, following in the footsteps of the killer
114c3bf6eb0354c63c161c9123546ba91e55140e	In 2003, Johnny Depp first worked with Robert Rodriguez in the next series of the trilogy about the "musician" - "Once upon a Time in Mexico".
4faa510fe1ab5398fe820c18c5377eaa58db0d3b	In the same year, unexpectedly, the actor agreed to play the main role in the Disney entertainment movie "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl".
2cd7ab5acc7af580f3bc58bc55a34486f6659e9f	The film became a blockbuster, and the charming rogue, Captain Jack Sparrow, made Johnny Depp a global star.
586bbdf5ae88cbe65cbbd8884031d95d8960e5ff	Initially, he was not supposed to become the main character of the tape – he was introduced into the script to set off the cruel temper of Captain Barbossa (Geoffrey Rush).
11f799d5d40ada8828fbfb9ca7fb03a2870650f3	However, when Johnny was approved for this role, bypassing other serious contenders (Christopher Walken and Michael Keaton), the storyline of the joker and drunkard Jack turned from a minor into a central one.
5a043d18a25c05d6b784f8b5bbe3898b85252896	Almost all of this is the merit of Johnny Depp, who very subtly felt what his hero should become.
a65547b1143915559324b505decbb5f53fddfeb7	He worked for a long time on the character of Sparrow, borrowing a considerable part of the habits and elements of the image of Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards.
b06f15595ee552f5daf30ef3570546fa82cd305d	Moreover, each bead in dreadlocks and marks on the skin had its own story!
e8ad6e06587d988ec55b6f9860da06ecacb2f660	Captain Jack Sparrow alone cost the Disney studio $10 million, while $140 million was spent on filming, and another 40 million on advertising.
0bf4c62196b8e649a1d3cb49f5d60c964a53c3ae	However, the success of the pirate blockbuster more than tripled the costs.
ab147233aa90163104a797d301d964c99ccb4c45	According to the actor, he agreed to participate in this project so that he would have something to show his young children.
96528b5c172f909e13981b4f21453d81daaf55e9	In 2004, Johnny Depp played an unexpected image for himself: the romantic and devoted writer James Barrie, the author of the legendary fairy tale "Peter Pan", in the melodrama "Fairyland".
dc25293ee7cc1580df26d673b24a11498f551ca7	This role earned him several awards.
5300ee2d470bd13b51599be9a7dd083e400d1522	He continued his collaboration with Burton, starring in his film adaptation of the novel "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" by Roald Dahl in 2005.
3fecd81bc97ae3089b082fa5b1d4119316141d73	In 2006, having collected more than a billion dollars at the box office, the second part of the franchise thundered, and a year later the audience saw the third and, as planned, the final episode.
32bcdb8a9252e213075ecef9e30c579d696576a7	However, in 2011, "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Strange Shores" was released, without the participation of Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley-the actors said that they had grown out of these characters.
0b1f06c7e83acdde3e42b433475ecc43fe831510	But Johnny Depp agreed to shoot before the script was written.
ee7703ac925fc3e4abbb5f308f6e2f7b3ca5a0f4	In between the filming of "Pirates", Depp was busy in other pictures.
5204e63ecea922e9f13ecfe7ffe81a5ce81568e8	First, this is Terry Gilliam's fantasy picture "The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus" – the last acting work of Heath Ledger.
12a73d39cafc9035012e57252c4d44f71261b593	Johnny Depp gave his fee for shooting the daughter of the late actor.
97d5ecfedc7badfe6cde8d8be7ff43cd83846abf	In 2009, Depp played the legendary robber John Dillinger in the Michael Mann drama "Johnny D.".
914b0ec3a7d4913be18b599474e48a7a3d085636	By the way, it was Depp who invited the charming Frenchwoman Marion Cotillard to the film.
846912a86dfd37edb736775009ad183dbc9821e4	In 2011, Johnny could be seen in the thriller "Tourist" together with Angelina Jolie (Angelina Jolie), as well as in the film "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Strange Shores".
2586e2be2521d29b464448a25e24b0bb4d59299d	In 2012, the actor starred in the film "Dark Shadows", and also began working on the film "The Lone Ranger".
56e3ee0504f11380b29cc4366f857a8bc500454c	Johnny Depp, along with Sean Penn and John Malkovich, is the co-owner of the club's restaurant with Tibetan cuisine Man Ray (named after the avant-garde artist Man Ray).
dd4bc648ec701105ee2f0ea52b51eed2d31150d6	In 2011, Gore Verbinski, the director of the first three parts of "Pirates of the Caribbean", presented the animated film "Rango".
26463a8b76bdc215b5bce5b62a1f11b27fdc738d	Johnny Depp voiced the main character – a domestic chameleon, who by coincidence got into the desert.
e8f6f88c8656b53d1cef3e9fac1ecd888625c8fe	In 2013, Johnny Depp reincarnated as an Indian for the film "The Lone Ranger".
b148c3b9e4e7d310fe6bdaf9c1c02c68718de4f0	His colorful character was nominated for the Golden Raspberry anti-award along with the heroes of Adam Sandler and Sylvester Stallone, a well-deserved "veteran" of this award.
151c612eb5a0ebe372379bba007ac7bd93caa5b6	From that moment on, films with Johnny Depp's participation began to be met with coolness.
4c0119fbaa2de4a9525e61ce7604e4c4e47ee4bc	Such a fate awaited the film "Excellence" released in 2014 – the audience, fed up with the "cyberpunk" genre, did not appreciate the visual experiment of director Wally Pfister, former cameraman Christopher Nolan.
c24351fc5d095d5a9f8509dafb837ae5c88668cc	Supporters of the opinion that after" Pirates of the Caribbean " Depp lost some of his individuality, once again confirmed this after the premiere of "Mordecai", the main characters of which were a resourceful crook and art dealer and his wife performed by Gwyneth Paltrow.
2e9ac8c11c3bfbe258fff3497686aa04bd68cf9b	This film brought Johnny Depp two more nominations for the Golden Raspberry – "Worst Actor" and "Worst Screen Tandem" ("Johnny Depp and his glued Mustache").
7450712a1fcbef09b58490cbdf6475b31232a273	The failure was followed by the first "serious" role in the biographical drama "Black Mass" for a long time – the gangster Whitey Bulger, whose name has not yet been forgotten by the residents of Boston.
90b312ff767f8b9239e4e3896ee9e0342cde0d32	The film did not receive high ratings from critics, but we can say that Johnny Depp "rehabilitated" – he and the star of the British TV series "Sherlock" Benedict Cumberbatch, who played Bulger's brother, distracted the audience's attention from the frankly raw script.
7527619a0533008ce9d8e63322c57b6115e47b5d	In total, Depp was nominated three times for an Oscar and eight times for a Golden Globe.
0be4ac86147c34534a921b3bed63b229da34e76c	In 1999, he received the "Honorary César" award in France.
2bfa5bc595a722477b597b9c696ed239e6ef2f3f	In 2007, Depp was awarded a Golden Globe for his leading role in the film "Sweeney Todd, the demon barber of Fleet Street", but the awards ceremony was canceled due to a strike of screenwriters in Hollywood.
e7795bb993f7bb0b61be300c9b9653c1995504ca	On June 2, 2008, at the MTV Movie Awards, Depp received two awards in the categories "Best Screen Villain" for his performance as Sweeney in the film "Sweeney Todd" and "Best Comedy Role" for his performance as Captain Jack Sparrow in the film "Pirates of the Caribbean: At the End of the World".
dd1a7c29121adaba63785e8b08f5f068bf4c59d5	Johnny Depp has three films that have earned over a billion dollars: "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Strange Shores" (2011) — 1.039 billion dollars; "Alice in Wonderland" (2010) — $ 1.017 billion[14]; "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest" (2006) — 1.066 billion dollars[15].
3417a1949d4b1f86ad7ae2d891eb2023dee4cd6b	The reason for the breakup was Depp's relationship with his partner in the film "Rum Diary" Amber Heard, which began in 2011.
2278594132673d1bd4515df9b1256103ad0d9059	In January 2014, he proposed to her.
d79436259528e19468918d1ce49ec4d1eafd053e	On February 3, 2015, Depp and Heard got married, but in May of the following year, Amber filed for divorce, a few days after the death of Depp's mother[17]
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ce6cd272aa9bfa665befd155a74a0260232c92c7	Filmography
30990df0328ab76dca26d736a459c5020c0cc39b	Date of birth: June 09, 1963 1963-06-09
ebde23ff5a1e98802963d69ef134e30743108c67	American actor, producer, director, screenwriter and musician.
a463c9ba3dc8d922d73709cf32608c9a629f70b1	Born in Owensboro, Kentucky, USA.
d5e5f1e69816f0a797bd74811188faaef2587d60	His full name is John Christopher" Johnny " Depp II.
c18c8bab0ed60e5bff94fc96e87e0afa854e7e5b	His father, John Christopher Depp Sr., worked as a civil engineer, and his mother, Betty Sue Palmer — was a waitress.
63918904fff601addfbce3123fffb20ab25d78ac	He has two sisters, Debbie and Christy, and a brother, Daniel.
0be62c107a71f446546389bd740ba6a32cbe2a61	Johnny was very close to his mother since childhood.
4761ed9df4cf2d9535a507c9eaa169207f20be3f	She introduced Johnny to Nicolas Cage.
d044e8563fbc1ec5fe076e9bcd857d62927a95be	He hoped that the film would be a good help to his work, but, contrary to Depp's hopes, the group broke up.
aae35156235468b19a0caa23eb29ba49a584c60f	The TV series "Jump Street, 21" (1987-1990) gave Johnny Depp the status of an idol of teenage girls, which he could not stand and tried his best to get rid of it.
69e0fb953d02775a5c88d428dea6e831ce2a2ba4	Depp received his first Golden Globe nomination for the main role in Tim Burton's film "Edward Scissorhands" (1990).
e0df5d3fd3c09949e4acc1e33713267ef2daf9dc	With this film, the constant collaboration of Depp and Barton began.
eecfc914c5226183ea474d8d465df6edb09839f6	In the same year, Depp opened the Viper Room club, which he co owned for almost 10 years.
4439fcb3a0efd58d8e1c009253801593f911ff61	In 1997, Depp made his directorial debut (except for the film Stuff, shot for Johnny Depp's friend John Frusciante): he made the film "The Brave Man", in which he also played the main role.
bda87ab1790e4c5c86d06d7c4d2987e857792474	The film was received extremely coldly and was not a success.
22ca665af18664668b1873ef186168b89c832073	In 1998, Terry Gilliam's film "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas" was released, in which Depp played together with Benicio del Toro.
280b316b45636e789079f1336fbc04ee485462c8	The latter became the first blockbuster film in Depp's career.
f8a454755e18712beeca61fececcba881a3d5736	In 2000, Depp took part in an independent film project — the film by Julian Schnabel "Until the Night Comes", based on the memoirs of the Cuban poet Reinaldo Arenas.
94d1acf9882004aa731e07d897d7cbe5375200de	Depp performed two supporting roles in the film at once: the prison transvestite Bon Bon and the sadistic jailer, Lieutenant Victor.
f6c9b99067975996014956d9727b0e5dba32762b	The Spaniard Javier Bardem starred in the role of Arenas himself.
39b54c237c4a6f8ecbd7057ea21745b4a1705da5	The film was released in December 2000 and was warmly received by critics.
519f640295dd42bbca5357a85431b042c5767d5c	In the same year, Depp took part in Lass Hallstrom's film "Chocolate", where he partnered with French actress Juliette Binoche.
ae0b34e7c0d444aebb7dcfcdc2d66623d382f779	Another Depp project was the film directed by Sally Potter "The Man who cried".
24dc0feaea6599b02ca703143ca763d09a62da34	In 2001, Depp also starred in the film "Cocaine" with Ted Demme.
46efa128dea15d5d82ae71093600d6703f16f9ba	This film is based on the true story of drug dealer George Jung, whom Depp, preparing for the role, even visited in prison.
f9cb3dccb1df2d281eaf862ab630be79d01df9ff	In 2004, Johnny was nominated for an Oscar for his role as Captain Jack Sparrow in the blockbuster Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl.
5137b6346f8b303f0aa0486ec29b04724ffc4f66	He received a second nomination in 2005 for the main role in the film "Fairyland" (2004), and a third nomination for the film "Sweeney Todd: the demon barber of Fleet Street" in 2008.
2a691968b0f7adbd15b071bc19b23f0ceb4612b8	In addition to three Oscar nominations, Depp has received eight Golden Globe Award nominations, but at the moment he has won only one in 2008 for his role in the film"Sweeney Tod".
3eae0a5d61cbaa03b7a26de227c38f11c3f6a800	He starred in such films as "What's eating Gilbert Grape?" (1993), "Ed Wood" (1994, Golden Globe nomination), "Don Juan de Marco" (1995), "Donnie Brasco" (1997), "From Hell" (2001), "Once upon a Time in Mexico" (2003), "The Secret Window" (2004), "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" (2005, Golden Globe nomination), "The Imaginarium of Dr. Parnassus" (2009), "Johnny D." (2009), "Alice in Wonderland" (2010), a Golden Globe nomination, "The Tourist" (2010, a Golden Globe nomination), "Rum Diary" (2011), a series of adventure films "Pirates of the Caribbean" and many others.
7878a4487ea80e8c04141be2e5ab9e3a37c17afb	Johnny Depp received a named star on the Walk of Fame in Hollywood in 1999.
e6acad974b5305ca8aa272e73c12682f1cdf13c4	In 1998, during the filming of the film "The Ninth Gate", he met the French actress and singer Vanessa Paradis, with whom he began dating.
55d4caed64e2bdb05eb45f037da60c352dffb871	She gave birth to two children a daughter, Lily Rose, in May 1999 and a son, John Christopher, in April 2002.
75226d73db5b6dee213a72b35c48e69757473009	Awards
879e32326c5217968ac8e3a14e4a8a5214957264	Year
ca6076746a56636d2b623c7215237537eab5d215	Reward / Nomination
339b519d23b5326aab4b5c3b0928da56a42178a3	The movie Magic Country
23a0538f53ccbf131a1f79874d3805ac4ed108fc	2005
a1beba6c4afeee8ad3352f66c18eae94c1cfe25b	Oscar Best Actor
54b64fdd965a35c693d51b7fbf6ae98ffbd1cf9a	Golden Globe Best Actor (Drama)
ed46df5d393991996c7083f73c7e8b95cbf540f9	BAFTA British Academy Film Award Best Actor
cb334e6f2790bc44e29d1ff875dc3a58dc186e48	Person's Rating | Your rating: —
87c82a1169f5ae5038b6fb70f6fdb5b7579e145e	9.5 / 10 Votes: 112
fcd669199bdaf4bb8c0b8b90184fcdd8664c545d	March 01, 2017
8eb7a0d6cb42c6091923c77084d3d09ebb9cb2db	Your comment
782b9cc9d3ff60de58b14be8f15ad81bb00256a5	What kind of water?
ef926a85211da9af3ba5a2a40a60fb7a729d63c2	dry
67805069b9d0f7161a6d0b0cda48eba8af532e0b	loose
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5d5133dbfa351d1ab7e5a29e3f8210faacbc6e93	Subscribe to reviews
77cd42ca04ca23000a34643512d885280f90f7a5	Johnny Depp's lover 03 March 2015 08: 58
4b9ed7c4d4eca6cb47fe2b5fdcff1702ed2fe388	I love Johnny Depp!!!!!
9fc454cf1acda48fe3b055ffd7c05161c1a5f26f	Message Rating: 0
24f7e3a70c38befbf2075b16144c271357fdf8d8	[QUOTE date= "03 March 2015 08: 58" author= "Johnny Depp lover"]I love Johnny Depp!!!!![/QUOTE]
35abefe198ca8369d747185e5847b7726b325289	Guest from the past 15 January 2015 08: 50
aa52391de598355be87dc700ba8261abe43cea29	Guest 29 kvitnya 2014 09: 40 It's just perfect, it's a pity that it's not mine......................
52566e356b239f592db50e4bfbcc36f4562658e7	Aahahaha, they made me laugh, however
2138fe53cd5b0c4cdcc216d90af7d4dee6a7c916	Johnny is an unattainable star for ordinary women.
71fbdb4df16cb0b9f390a9e4a5ff614261aa8282	And in general, I agree with the rest of the reviews.
dbfd581e3648cf189a1ba9e0fe5b813247429642	An actor of a wide range, a master of reincarnation, an excellent professional in his field, well, just a talent.
728fcfe4a27484e62f0ed4ab3891f458917529c8	The bright contrast of his filmography is impressive (and all the films in which he starred are not some kind of consumer goods), I especially like his work in Tim's films, paired with Helena.
afc7d88110ff7c3660cd614d5b79fd8d3e423b8d	And of course, a very attractive appearance, with such a devilish charm, well, just drives all the ladies crazy.
6648e2425f41edf11dace80b96ca758dc2325ed3	I just donot understand why, with such a number of nominations, he has half as many awards(
439cbdde6161d18ec4d60f403ff0c0335bdeb767	[QUOTE date= "January 15, 2015 08: 50 "author=" Guest from the past"][QUOTE date= "January 29, 2014 09:40 "author= "Guest"]It's just perfect, it's a pity that it's not mine......................[/QUOTE] Aahahaha, they made me laugh, however :D Johnny is an unattainable star for ordinary women.
b96a125378e4528dfdd655a6bc75913d34188d5b	I just donot understand why, with such a number of nominations, he has half as many awards
700f2c04e33bffa3443a891e3d1cc1bb08689e73	([/QUOTE]
203cb45991a44bcc4ecb4acfb3188c274bfa698f	[QUOTE date= "29 kvitnya 2014 09: 40" author= "Guest"]It's just perfect, it's a pity that it's not mine......................[/QUOTE] Aahahaha, they made me laugh, however :D Johnny is an unattainable star for ordinary women.
22541cf14ae44cb06802bfab22bf83ed5c7aa466	Ivanna 12 June 2014 17: 07
f9429aa08b973b2df62a1fe615d0e582d9ee079b	Johnny Depp is a genial actor, who can easily be caught in all genres of cinema.
a9aded8a45ef3f781a848d6a83ec4c72417eecb2	Zvichaino, Johnn is a romantic a new role for nyogo.
0f13f4abaec6869f32c379c1f7d46cd05d423730	If I marvel at yogo filmi, I forget about everything!
db877db28847dbbc1cbda36db266331d416b11c9	Naikraschi, on my mind, tse taki filmi yak "Pokhmuri tini", "Rozputnik", "Sleepy Hollow", "Astronaut's Squad", Chocolate"!All filmi z Johnni naikraschi, I'm yogo lyulyu!
17c1ac4a51e76628931b8b89fa61cf447cbb4cd8	[QUOTE date= "June 12, 2014 17: 07 "author= "Ivanna"]Johnny Depp is a genial actor, who can easily be caught in all genres of cinema.
8cb2613825eb03d25cad737a0d597dac705f5505	Naikraschi, on my mind, tse taki filmi yak "Pokhmuri tini", "Rozputnik", "Sleepy Hollow", "Astronaut's Squad", Chocolate"!All filmi z Johnni naikraschi, I'm yogo lyulyu![/QUOTE]
e1ae2eda32a13ddcbc540aaf9169b0bc464e0d3a	bitch 03 june 2014 20: 28
2cb9b9e0dee36e4783c9b81e1e925730dd56faa8	fools and idiots are those who write that Depp looks like a woman \ he has male facial features \ and those who write that he is not beautiful are just complex gray mice
0f83d578c0fdefcf0b83b7a56d70b81ed92cb347	[QUOTE date= "June 03, 2014 20: 28 "author= "bitch"]fools and idiots are those who write that depp looks like a woman \ he has male facial features \ and those who write that he is not beautiful are just complex gray mice [b] [/b]
01967dd6825c87a01f7e49650673a7866ec04c5d	[/QUOTE]
5b64b6528ef76c84ddf09bc7ddd639ac97f31576	fools and idiots are those who write that Depp looks like a woman \ he has male facial features \ and those who write that he is not beautiful are just complex gray mice [b][/b]
c8a7e265afde45e6fea33ef1ab61d94651f30b15	Guest 01 June 2014 08: 34
ec9ee0a9d1864354419a0b931a8075368dd960c4	a very good actor!! he is multi faceted and knows how to decorate any film. it is a pity that we do not have such actors in Russia!!
0982a1d05bac2c8fee4690349436687d537b24a1	[QUOTE date= "June 01, 2014 08: 34 "author= "Guest"] very good actor!! he is multi faceted and knows how to decorate any film. it is a pity that we do not have such actors in Russia!![/QUOTE]
167f2abeb65bf71cbfe4999c0fc848d4b4361ad9	eugene Depp May 26, 2014 17: 47
4b2685943fd94bfa66d5ebf21c6660ee74b6b51d	Johnny is just a fucking actor!!!
8e0134816cdedaedfa01887a59c450dabf0ddbe8	The best and most talented, there are no such people!!!
e63fafdd6c5f6ac5fc7e321c2e9f2a56a1e7ea9e	He is an example for everyone,he is the best!!!
5dcad14317a70f9ecc2b004b8e016aecd974252d	I love it,'m madly in love!!!
2455bef7ba1877386bfa103dcd33a01e34b3fcba	I found in the man himself,our opinions and views are similar!!!
7df3c117af0f71ee8e1d599521382a1a8b9df9d5	For me it number1 and always will be!!!
18fb44f0cd2eb335ffb610e806c3d35ac454f722	It is well done and you're good!!!
d7c1d9b7cf863445fcd54de8a13f2ac406c9afad	No, you'll never look at 50 as he is!!!
333aaed4021a8a28f6a0baf53c44b01101539069	I'm his crazy fan!!!
55b6a6b00ec9e84dc90d89b041739e208d9b9ffa	My Johnny is just super!!!
c882aaeb05d1d812fc5061712f483e7ab092bff2	[QUOTE date= "May 26, 2014 17: 47 "author= " eugene depp"] Johnny is just a fucking actor!!!
9a2b737c217cae2bef404ec8733a4bda8a946ef4	My Johnny is just super!!![/QUOTE]
b627df524e2654f655c03095cee3026d7d348e46	I adore him,I am proud of him and I love him madly!!!
1508e0317393e7a5205dcdde5565e5affa74022c	I found myself in this person,our opinions and views are similar !!! For me, this is number 1 and always will be!!!
997fec86de1a18b120320a0ebd5e1aa34d924fc7	He is a good fellow and just a smart guy!!!
88b8a6831a1a97bf919db62526d9a51cdf4f5bc9	No one will look like him at 50!!!
394e7943f4eb46694112da01b37bd14638051845	I am his crazy fan!!!
6f34fec98deead851215486cc35309fb30525d00	The best and most talented, there are no such people and there will not be!!!
aede99e7b59e106888e0f5e621241c5dc4d503c6	OKSI 24 May 2014 17: 46
5ca642183d463e12cb8417ba07386d291c1db0d2	JOHNNY DEPP IS THE BEST OF HOLLYWOOD MILLIONAIRE ACTORS!
337087441b12209738162c9dce479a56cf88c56d	I HAVE WATCHED ALMOST ALL THE FILMS WITH HIS PARTICIPATION, AND HE PLAYS WONDERFULLY IN ALL OF THEM.
12adaa8fee500693da4529afeda98e496392f423	AND OF COURSE A VERY BEAUTIFUL ACTOR!
905a4dfa4ada49cdaeaa500b249486c13da74fbe	[QUOTE date= "May 24, 2014 17: 46 "author= "OKSI"] JOHNNY DEPP IS THE BEST OF HOLLYWOOD MILLIONAIRE ACTORS!
93aba625fc62d76a39055eff4ab6c3f40503281f	AND OF COURSE A VERY BEAUTIFUL ACTOR![/QUOTE]
4a9c2227991619fd72f6710f229c700ac58166aa	Guest 29 April 2014 09: 40
3524761374ac3c24561dc1b902623fcd7c708764	It's just perfect, it's a pity that it's not mine......................
04610297cfb93a2d186d34fc6ada321063d3b243	[QUOTE date= "April 29, 2014 09: 40 "author= "Guest"]It's just perfect, it's a pity that it's not mine......................[/QUOTE]
489fa6dc361db94ccad16c723403c07ba2cd0015	tatiana 30 March 2014 12: 42
99b03c966290a3533b2ce540c1e000b4ed2eefda	looking at depp you understand that there are perfect beauties and let the tasteless fools write that he is not beautiful girls with excellent tastes know that he is a handsome man
baecb4f4deca7f4c6d88a49a31c8c89a271777e6	[QUOTE date= "March 30, 2014 12: 42 "author= "tatiana"]looking at Depp, you understand that perfect beauties happen and let tasteless fools write that he is not beautiful girls with excellent tastes know that he is a beautiful man [/QUOTE]
65e9d53484d28eef5447bc06fe2d754d1090975a	1 2 3
604d0bdc4871fef55473abfc61434483d9c41b80	New trailers
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6ceb80de4dec74150556d2aa5fd9d9ff55ab64f8	American Night
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85f5955f4b27a9a4c2aab6ffe5d7189fc298b92c	Spark
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2eba6e4f12ffb5adbcb5f3755acdcc08a6bd9047	8.
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5c72da08f13e3df6d60f53d6513dd6552e66c36a	9.
3d8f8505253ab69768c0fe669ccc3f28e23b4d57	Making history
33755f833ed7008a6fc7c67f477ff57d26a935b5	American Gods
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7e86eb098b45ba906b05b7fa738af94d68ed2a32	Date and place of birth: June 9, 1963, Owensboro, Kentucky, USA
85204402ec18ba822d3e0787c4680bd05add4c27	Height: 175
1fbb3c11467c55fa92a1f88634661f9b82596df4	Weight: 69-74
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d7ad146be33cb1ab3ff3291a2bd7b8d0cb79bd59	Do you know where I participated?
80903ad688885d8caaf25aab3cc9603e6f3a4922	The Invisible Man
214fe2c9bf3ae6669f9914e4ec197969d0f677bc	Pirates of the Caribbean 5: Dead Men Tell No Tales
5d96471c9a02350fa5aedeecff1488f317d42694	Fantastic creatures and where they live
2e1fd8ee766081b4dd1dfcdb22ab75c9be08c2ea	Yoganutye
074c1fc3adf619d95362c125016bf329cc0389ee	Alice through the Looking Glass
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bf3df20b3d8e0e6917717727286f59ef6d9f1575	Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas
6279652ace0fde4aa7cea329f2ed92cefe952a60	A nightmare on Elm Street
11c86b3b0793fbe1c90bc5cbfe765ce97f3e80ad	Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the "Black Pearl"
814bfdf8f7a927b3ef9e92f0b6e304acfdcbe5a9	Pirates of the Caribbean: At the End of the World
8d422bea1debff6a47aa483ea2bf20f78fd6f3bf	Johnny D.
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18d3f3446159ec72d43353de9be09d88a57994ea	Jack Davenport
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e9b503b2153e6d785c2a55a0f7b73e6a7095983a	Photo by Johnny Depp (60)
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91aaa6f7c86611752490f43c71b8889993142098	Johnny Depp Video (7)
a69fc67543eb03e237f6cc7d8b8e0a26f8728d29	"Alice through the Looking Glass": teaser of the new trailer for the film
0a574aa82e6168af240d6b73f750ece9d96906bc	Trailer for the Disney movie "Alice through the Looking Glass"
060f1c3abf4953f52410981c4222371748f122f8	Johnny Depp is a popular American actor, director and producer, the star of the films "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas", "Pirates of the Caribbean".
b16cb42579de7a5a0cd763fdb19e6020d9d712d6	A recognized sex symbol of Hollywood, a multiple nominee for" Oscar "and"Golden Globe".
96de30118311c010601300844f9492d372af5efe	Biography of Johnny Depp / Johnny Depp
2833121a1dc9f2c277973d236bb1ea0bd1ffa827	John Christopher Depp II (John Christopher Depp II), better known as Johnny Depp, was born on June 9, 1963 in the town of Owensboro, Kentucky, in the family of John Christopher Depp (John Christopher Depp) and Elizabeth Sue Wells (Elizabeth Sue Wells).
3a3437434d4b82d216fe1bb981acde207b1212cd	Johnny has the blood of Cherokee and Navajo Indians, Irish, Germans.
3e4f03975487ca471c35b6cca2f029d1000c823f	At the age of seven, Johnny Depp and his siblings were moved to Florida by their parents.
3bb1c8153d421e6383735ccab415260b33908e4b	The youth of the rebel Johnny Depp was spent in experiments with drugs and music.
f781caaf156f1bde35462c70ee74629c5aa10d33	When he was 15 years old, his parents divorced.
554f7606671dfb9e02965ff3ad1db2be7a680096	Depp dropped out of school to become a rock musician.
b4f53e60eb7dae8364f307b56023a31593c2d192	He played in several bands, one of them- "The Kids" - even performed as an opening act for Iggy Pop (Iggy Pop).
80081e4b83f5db943cbb2048f58bd7d0649d47e5	Johnny Depp about his teenage period: "At the age of 12 I started smoking, at 13 I lost my virginity.
97f6c3f9e40ed65989ab90839d96eb5f72d2ae29	By the age of 14, I had tried almost all known drugs.
a3617b5d32a48f8193f193cad2f6ee5122dbf66a	I wouldnot call myself a bully, I was just curious."
01ad299cb451969ac0f014bc59d3802caab341a9	After marrying Lori Ann Allison in 1983, 20 year old Johnny Depp found a permanent job selling pens, which helped to make ends meet.
e11cb4fb6f98a36dca8fa108db260cf8b8e16660	Already in 1984, Johnny Depp got his first small role in the cult horror film "A Nightmare on Elm Street".
806c9f94ca0bb8016fd06b98ccac2e9b4d5efc51	The beginning of Johnny Depp's career / Johnny Depp
63a6c066d1fc6dd323df6f41bd0e046b17853de5	Johnny Depp on Tim Burton: "He's like a brother to me, he's my friend, my godfather.
12cd2604c9051d27245abe8c51c33f35c6009c76	I will go to the ends of the earth for him, and I know for sure that he will do the same for me.
c96d292cd0df2bb88a4e88d34b7cd7dd9ff51413	He can ask me anything.
fc442c63d3088bbd361023be882e2d28d7626594	If he wants me to have sex with an anteater in his new film, I will do it."
2edc6781d9538b9d067eb8bb1f78e7eb21d2c238	The popularity of Johnny Depp / Johnny Depp
a1c6f991ffe62071d604b4034363c1fcad8d3e3f	In 1995, Johnny Depp played one of his best roles in the cult film Jim Jarmusch (Jim Jarmusch) "The Dead Man".
5d1a8b2a2e0138d33bf157f5f98c589a53ff5918	During the preparation for the shooting, Johnny became friends with the cult writer Hunter S. Thompson, their communication continued until the writer's death.
24b56aeb65608fd151c9ae7d795a67011620ca1b	Depp was even listed in his will as one of the executors.
7b26f5d53dfed0df5c6633cecb15211578c50541	After filming in "Sleepy Hollow", Johnny kept a one eyed horse named Golden Eye, who played Ichabod Crane's horse in the film.
71ab7a139289e782d2a0cd51d65d6c1e45a09979	Interesting facts about Johnny Depp / Johnny Depp
231dbbd71f4756700c24a0d6f7b93b4dfaada40b	Depp was friends with Marlon Brand (Marlon Brando), a big fan of whom he was.
eaf316acb8028be7bf0a544b72c7658589a2028d	In turn, Brando once called Johnny the best actor of his generation.
7fe5a77bb6dc1267d0064100e3bc64b256c9436c	Johnny Depp on life in America and Europe: "France and the whole of Europe have a great culture and an amazing history.
5d77414ee6a508f684db301965d4368bcb6d1cb4	But the most important thing is that people here know how to live!
301d0194e1afc5608d028fcb0655048fb778319e	In America, this has long been forgotten.
b74f2ca71957cd4b01557b220369db54672b1f23	I'm afraid that American cuisine is just a disaster."
8d15c524f714c9b90457b5b48954e1f856d1ff86	Johnny Depp, along with Sean Penn and John Malkovich, is the co owner of the club's restaurant with Tibetan cuisine Man Ray (named after the avant garde artist Man Ray).
09b3066e6cc26b57724a45fbc158638853375008	At one time, Johnny chose an acting career, but he does not forget about the guitar.
3510d8ae29fe61340ddd371e27e1cfb9daade9e1	Depp recorded twice with the British band Oasis: he played the lead guitar part on the track "Fade In Out" from the 1997 album "Be Here Now", as Noel Gallagher was too drunk to record his part.
5e46e1b155243d62754e9754b36d6584adc05e42	At the Belgrade Film Festival in 1992, Johnny Depp played on stage together with Jim Jarmusch, Emir Kusturica and the Serbian rock and roll band Partybreakers.
d46db5e19e569d60f988aea9b562ae0a38cdb905	On November 19, 1999, Johnny Depp's star was unveiled on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
52282f277455be2e953e7261b8a5a2d71c2b87b7	Speeches in honor of Johnny were made by Tim Burton and actor Martin Landau (Martin Landau).
6560c6236a87160561acb3c7ecab5066b479c99a	Johnny Depp on fame: "I'm a shy paranoid.
5cd607f783e08205fa0a0a8ba82fc96047af39c0	I hate fame.
cf83cdd61af454bdeff19dd75cfb2535eb5b3073	I'm doing everything I can to avoid her."
6c08c11829513bdb172ea9c05f55bed1995f84d4	Johnny Depp was nominated three times for an Oscar (for "Sweeney Todd", "Fairyland" and "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl"), four times for the Screen Actors Guild Award, eight times for the Golden Globe.
1cfcbf3a2efe9283eb1bacc7dc9cf2febf457e6a	He won a Globe for his role as Sweeney Todd and a Screen Actors Guild Award for his role in the first film about "Pirates of the Caribbean".
8abdfd428c1f7d0977633e2375b62ecf110deda2	In 2000, he won the Blockbuster Award for Best Actor in a Horror film for his role in Sleepy Hollow.
568da3638ce3fc6ff71a2e4e87ea4f0498a6be79	In 1997, he was nominated for the Palme d'Or for directing the film "The Brave Man".
ea73c2faec1dd8c4322150545817db986a1a2413	In 1999, he received the honorary "Cesar", the main cinematic award of France.
aadf731a44a4e5c971b67213cd1f25f06ac65311	In 1997, Depp received $ 5 million for his role in Donnie Brasco.
c2a317a399e5ea97b00d8c72890ef92dbd9fb616	The first part of "Pirates of the Caribbean" brought him 10 million, the second – already 20.
d62e9143d59401994fc8edd30198face619824b4	For his role in the" Rum Diary", he received 15 million.
60b9d5b4201ad54c4f21514ebddb3c8a5c545658	According to Forbes magazine, Johnny Depp earned $ 92 million in 2006.
8faad99f1aa5c7fe790e287789512caee332327b	Films with his participation have collected almost $ 6 billion at the global box office.
3c1f3601e4ee0182ced2b4d1dee8fdde9bf8bec2	There are vineyards and a winery on the territory of Johnny Depp's villa north of Saint Tropez.
b90173967ce84181a39ac3ec5b5f8d3e6c44d1d1	The actor also has homes in Los Angeles, Somerset, New York and an island in the Bahamas archipelago.
bc9d52d8d6a811453ebe4c4d9a817e1d13e21beb	The beaches on this island are named after Vanessa Paradis, their children and Depp's friends, for example, Hunter Thompson and Marlon Brando.
d0ea45bb0fd7ceb601338ba03e685841dc70555d	There is also a bay named after Heath Ledger.
eae03631760a087d5c0f14e2abd66c92644ce30e	The personal life of Johnny Depp / Johnny Depp
e9fb71ae2127c7c3e30821b1d14752fc788337a9	In 1985, he met on the set with actress Sherelyn Fenn (Sherilyn Fenn), they broke up after three and a half years.
ed9e9b9e32ca5f8e126f21fc42430cb0d2433942	After Jennifer Grey, he had a long term affair with Winona Ryder, but they broke up in 1993.
5bebf829be637724f492458c5be1d40a828d3bd9	He spent the next four years, until 1998, with supermodel Kate Moss.
a2124dd164fdcbeeace1ca271efe23b3008ad451	Depp was engaged to Winona Ryder and even got a tattoo of "Winona Forever" on his arm.
451c59f2e27497ab07ecf4615f5ee1c7c7e72a56	When they broke up, Johnny tried to erase the tattoo, the inscription "Wine forever" turned out.
14eb972ad494f2e8b3ed3d75bae08f29f67b970a	He also has a "Betty Sue" tattoo in honor of his mother, tattooed in 1988, and his son's name is "Jack".
7bec2b47d3ba343a611b538f828350e0b57f0cf9	Since 1999, Johnny Depp has lived in France with singer and actress Vanessa Paradis, the couple has two children: daughter Lily Rose Melody (born in 1999) and son Jack (Jack, born in 2002).
488a83db60bfdcf998d418ed7224521799d4cdb2	Johnny learned French to communicate with Vanessa's parents.
83e5a34a78850c31986bfa5a4da4fe51fde825df	In March 2007, his daughter contracted E. coli, which led to liver failure.
48f0944707049784afc1c1989387cd238e535b7c	The baby was operated on at the hospital on Great Ormond Street in London.
beeec24ab97374fbf16289665eb3248179a3db1b	In gratitude for saving the child, Depp donated two million dollars to the hospital.
736229c1780b5f54c19adc11d02f2e882f42c05a	Johnny Depp on children: "Everything I did before May 27, 1999, was an illusion, an existence, but not a life.
b34314cc9a89ae6a88a91d9e3d1a850f0bd30d80	On this day, my daughter was born, and I began to live for real."
4503556a2afbb68bb9c86e4991b441e9d61c743f	Johnny Depp and Vanessa Paradis were considered one of the most stable couples among celebrities.
542ff1d293ed51931e1331ce6926601daf54f114	However, in June 2012, the actor's publicist made a statement that after fourteen years of living together, the parents of two children broke up.
e569919615870f2821e84b8cd083ff71ba16ec99	The reason for the quiet collapse of the most promising show business couple was twenty six year old actress Amber Heard.
08695fa379ac41f8f530b9428561b51cee2a765d	Their romance began during the filming of the film "Rum Diary" (Rum Diary) in Puerto Rico.
08dc2066dee55c153fe065e249fe431ee636a88d	The little known Hollywood starlet suddenly appeared on the pages of numerous publications.
2ea0ac48685461aee6049a646c3bb5aa90b059bc	The relationship between Johnny Depp and Amber Heard was by no means cloudless: while the legendary actor shared his jointly acquired property with Vanessa Paradis, his new passion met with his ex girlfriend Marie de Villepin, the daughter of the French ex prime minister.
5fe86d74bbc7989e5c6ed55333198498951681a3	Johnny Depp has an unusual taste – all his girls have either a very unusual appearance or an unconventional sexual orientation.
513926e601d10c08c20a33c5d73244e7bc1a50c4	In the spring of 2013, Johnny Depp made a marriage proposal to Amber Heard: he introduced her to his children, gave her a white Arabian horse and a private beach in the Bahamas for Christmas, and even named one of the bays of the island belonging to him in honor of the girl.
70c04c7cf208836c3462e78cf9a75e91cc576b6b	According to Johnny Depp, this bay on the map reminded him of the outlines of the feminine figure of Amber Heard.
961422e6aa77d51e9bed583a1de0c464c26466ee	Johnny Depp Filmography:
161cbf094aca72f0c3d5ef0e6b594edc94e64dca	Pirates of the Caribbean 5 / Pirates of the Caribbean 5 (2015), role: Jack Sparrow Lone Ranger / The Lone Ranger (2013), role: Tonto Dark Shadows / Dark Shadows (2011), role: Barnaba Collins, also producer Pirates of the Caribbean: On Strange Shores / Pirates of the Caribbean 4: On Stranger Tides (2011), role: Jack Sparrow Rango / rango (2011), role: voiced by Rango Rum The Rum Diary (2011), role: Paul Kemp, also producer of The Tourist / The Tourist (2010), role: Frank Taylor Alice in Wonderland / Alice in Wonderland (2010), role: The Mad Hatter Taste of Hollywood / Taste of Hollywood (2009), role: Hayes Johnny D. / Public Enemies (2009), role: Johnny Dillinger Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus / The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus (2009), role: one of the Tonys When You're strange / When You're Strange (2009), role: voice of the narrator Sweeney Todd, the demon barber of Fleet Street / Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007), role: Sweeney Todd Pirates of the Caribbean: At the End of the world / Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007), role: Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest / Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006), role: Jack Sparrow Secrets of the underwater world 3D / Deep Sea (2006), role: the voice of the narrator of the Corpse Bride / Corpse Bride (2005), role: voiced by Victor Van Dort Charlie and the chocolate Factory / Charlie and the chocolate Factory (2005), role: Willy Wonka The Libertine / The Libertine (2004), role: Rochester Fairyland / Finding Neverland (2004), role: Sir James Barry They got married and they had many children / Ils se marièrent et eurent beaucoup d'enfants (2004) Secret Window / Secret Window (2004), role: Mort Rainey Once upon a Time in Mexico: Desperate 2 / Once Upon a Time in Mexico (2003), role: Sands, also the author of the musical composition Pirates The Caribbean Sea: The Curse of the "Black Pearl" / of the Caribbean: The Curse of The Black Pearl (2003) Pirates, role: Jack Sparrow From hell / From Hell (2001), role: inspector Abberline Cocaine / Blow (2001), the role of George Jung Chocolate / chocolat (2000), role: Ru Blues Lowell: the words of Jack Kerouac / Lowell Blues: The Words of Jack Kerouac (2000) Until the night / Before Night Falls (2000), role: Victor the Man who cried The Man Who Cried (2000) the role: Caesar Sleepy hollow / Sleepy Hollow (1999), the role of Ichabod crane the astronaut's Wife / The Astronaut''s Wife (1999), role: Armacost the Ninth gate The Ninth Gate (1999), role: Dean Corso spongebob Squarepants / SpongeBob SquarePants (TV series) (1999-2009), the role, the voice of Jack Kahuna Laguna Source / The Source (1999), role: Jack Kerouac Fear and loathing in Las Vegas / Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998), the role: Raoul Duke Brave / The Brave (1997), role: Raphael is also a film Director and screenwriter of the film Donnie Brasco / Donnie Brasco (1997), role: brasko king of the hill / King of the Hill (TV series) (1997-2008), role: as the voices of Victor At the last moment / Nick of Time (1995), role: gene Watson Dead man / Dead Man (1995), role: William Blake, the don Juan DeMarco / Don Juan DeMarco (1995), a role: Don Giovanni ed wood / Ed Wood (1994), role: ed wood What's eating Gilbert Grape?
6ec60de3618741b0e5e8765b5bf3828ba119b1de	/ What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), role: grape, benny and Joon / Benny & Joon (1993), role: Sam Arizona dream / Arizona Dream (1993), role: Axel Blackmar a Nightmare on elm street – 6: Freddy's dead / Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare (1991) Edward Scissorhands (1990), role: Edward The Crybaby / Cry Baby (1990) Jump Street, 21 / 21 Jump Street (TV series) (1987-1991), role: Officer Tom Hanson Platoon / Platoon (1986), role: Lerner Heat / Slow Burn (1986), role: Donnie Lady in Blue / Lady Blue (TV series) (1985-1986), role: Lionel Private Resort (1985), role: Jack A Nightmare on Elm Street / A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984), role: Glen Hotel / Hotel (TV series) (1983-1988), role: Rob Cameron
58945fdcd124b70972ce7cc19115b8a06cd8f9f3	Interesting news
4bf08c128b234911b36cd243be49f1351019e075	Johnny Depp Publications (153)
1bb8b54199e40a66e51d669271f4bc87fa9a2b40	1 25 most anticipated foreign films of 2017
49297a8d7350c1c5345b9b0d40e6bdbe8cfa6ca4	06.01.2017
0b60f95646a3fff720bc6877f566c8fe56ff3119	About important premieres and why they should not be missed in our review.
94e691edb9698d1055ac5c81246e0ce6637114de	Author: observer19
4cc1abe04d75824ac26345f7904493618d237c66	On the air of "Evening Urgant" they will cut it under Trump
9d8bdec7874bbaa7c3ea359c206bf8f9a5d10333	01.12.2016
17d3fb5b393f93c51cf9e39023e3942b25fb2e8e	The program is looking for a viewer who has long dreamed of cutting off his red hair.
61023cdb58d3f8b04c4c0877b2cbbec2acb12f21	Author: LouLou
b9735c95eb75316f55f57e3fb7c2989c8b1c2863	"Fantastic Beasts and where they live": what was the world of J. K. Rowling 80 years before Harry Potter
cb0aa7a65317b09c888e1c4f31145ec5a2022783	Our film reviewer looked at the menagerie from the magic suitcase of the hero Eddie Redmayne and shares his impressions.
e90c906ddd3304633f31bef11301fc6d1267b97c	All publications
348731f2e5f9583323fafb6d7898b71536e9d271	Best Comments / All Comments (26)
4d00b79aa00492fd80b24b7762ff8366c66e99d3	fanfan 2014-0 9-12 09:26:35 #
0b95b89d6e4b95f7c26cc0571a6e5d719b8c1334	For my taste, he is more interesting than Brad Pitt, the image, I mean what kind of people they are, we do not know.
35340d539c389edbbb75c647540dd23f30639e13	Your name:
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b78130c92f32f1f8cb1fb62f901a00ef8fcae69f	Attention!
f22031ee9c7509c9bd241c23964dd91f77e52c36	Before sending your message, read the statement of responsibility for the left comment
0adce30ace1eccbcbff49d6746a38efa182337c7	February 21
46ee55904282993cb4d2c7099c4c5492c8e758dd	What happened to the "Russian Lotto"
5c836284992b5c869a968dc4edf38cb04c295d8a	February 22
9ac6b8089f2eb87ddaa1b64388751cec0545a675	You're super!
8f634fc75cce730c111e48fce33c456e9c5db662	Details of the children's vocal competition
6e582ddeb55459c4d8a6b474fc4b597760f92ec8	Dmitry Nagiyev
85ed4f1bbdb16a807e2d397b6ae4449559ce6d5b	"I grew up and grew stronger in the 90s — there were a lot of incidents"
5bbe3ddff5d188e8a248228bc2152ed147d1b379	Behind the scenes
c709b60a70aa9e14a1c73010057d647c499c0e66	February 27
7a8fb0497dcbc64ce15e194625de8ce6be9a3e83	"Ekaterina.
63f3ca38574a186b0b76fb955c3960d6e0390a0d	Takeoff": how the shooting of the series took place
deb3ab2df4987a58494862e4ddff36ce52e78c01	February 7
4ef4f270409bcaaab3386ec65f47703a4a0f7002	"Fifty Shades darker": the creators and actors talked about working on the film
3305772330577df49ce76bfe3c308203c547e8d4	January 23
119c42a2a3de55a8d44152a078358e25ac1c8d7b	Mikhail Porechenkov about filming in the TV series "One against all", friendship with the police and the way of life in his family
ecf727ea048d0b4ba81d0cdc94bdc4802f1eb166	•
471e31cf3fe1ef3ba25d76908d21c3026458dce7	Encyclopedia: New cards
0feb425c3525b5d72f07dcbe8db6d8d38420dba6	By Friends Season 2
fb30bb832ad4859d9194236c3e4da06a04296ca1	The sequel to the comedy series about a New York comedian.
7e1e863c271feae27da33fc702d797697314a93b	Gifted
e16fcf54cdf60cbfd61aea1ea67c7811b166880a	An American drama film directed by Mark Webb and starring Chris Evans.
f194970520f1a5523db471b90d27dba801538f65	Nicholas Gonzalez
f5b5645987d4cc4c63806f0787523ed4302b0134	Nicholas Gonzalez (Nicholas Gonzalez) is an American actor.
5381f40d4ce3e5cec4bf61dec0053b2363362353	movies about children movies about tigers movies about exorcism TV series about cops
2abea8feca15a392f91b0e929f119a9893590e39	Home Movies TV Series Programs Personalities For Children Cartoons
c667bcbdcacbcd0660b9fed3804f33846bd60ba3	About the project To Advertisers Partners Vacancies Terms of use Contacts
bdaef21c2ac4e6800f7fa1e2684a5b6fbee55d8d	OOO "Around TV", 2009-2016.
d481a70025c526b56951de031b9fc62bca6a9ce8	For children over 16 years old.
178487bcdb22b1147a74e1093dc97e220e11ec94	Certificate of registration of the mass media El N FS 77-35917 of 31.03.2009
c9578c8799387f07758bc0d54298668862f692ba	Any reproduction, copying, processing or subsequent distribution of materials from the site www.vokrug.tv without the written permission of LLC "Around TV" is prohibited.
8fa194e96af4e72806e984eb15e4a098f08f8c54	List of people from the movie
e23431555165dd840b039e9aa5fe29f2d6befaa9	Depp, Johnny
d9a69d01879172530982daefa1b9527c211c2dd5	This is the stable version, released on February 25, 2017.
4854246960fd38c3d87c548d98bad3c4fd1316fd	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Depp.
34aa8019aa4e6533d19ce1124f3237c438331591	Johnny Depp Johnny Depp
c8529491b19ad78e0f72c43c3542a31325cf12a4	Johnny Depp at the ceremony of awarding a personal Star to Jerry Bruckheimer on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, June 2013 Birth name: John Christopher Depp II
6852e138b2ac5c8fb094acc06aac478fd7cd0225	Date of birth: June 9, 1963(1963-06-09) [1]
c6c985cbe05cb64c5dce17e53366d0d0359b9773	(53 years old)
9e415b2280d942eec41028cb18a72a306daa54d8	Place of birth: Owensboro (English)Russian, Kentucky, USA
3fbc7c9a9a912fa634380c1bacc62d9d60c2760d	Citizenship: USA
c92f171c00b4ecc562522e523b72b263c6973a64	Profession: actor, film director, film producer, musician
513be79d7747ee72b1c73b58a1d932dda5ead7c2	Career: 1984 present
87a739d2b4af21def428e4e77414842071b4d419	Direction: rock
5f0902a51d48a374946ad53848f9b5c588b439a3	Golden Globe Awards (2008)
e7adcaaf8c54906981dca5f8c325065ddce86e76	"Cesar" (1999)
457bc3e23d670a85396fc89b6e0a7d75f91bdf79	IMDb: ID 0000136
8c75356c1b44133bfc0779452e4ac01f936ff3f8	johnnydepp.com Johnny Depp on Wikimedia Commons
11223319e60420d4beb02109694dbfffe3dcec40	Johnny was most famous for his roles in Tim Burton's films, in such famous films as "Edward Scissorhands", "Ed Wood", "Sleepy Hollow", "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory", the cartoon "The Corpse of the Bride", "Sweeney Todd, the demon barber from Fleet Street" and "Alice in Wonderland", as well as the image of Captain Jack Sparrow in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, the most significant films were recognized as such pictures as "What's Eating Gilbert Grape", "Benny and June", "The Dead Man", "Donnie Brasco", "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas", "Cocaine", "Fairyland", "Tourist".
b89b46898cd03ac1314354e16bd9a45eae9c352c	In 2012, he was recorded in the Guinness Book of Records as the highest paid actor, earning $ 75 million for the year[3].
8941341f9d7c6736b1b5253c0b57e363579a4cb0	Depp's films have grossed more than $ 3 billion in the United States and more than $ 7.6 billion at the global box office.
c39855eca0e9c1b41ca77fc3c7dd6ec9865bb587	The most successful commercial projects with the participation of the actor are the series "Pirates of the Caribbean" (more than $3.7 billion, for the role of Jack Sparrow), "Alice in Wonderland" (more than $1 billion), "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" ($474 million) and "Tourist" ($278 million)[4][5][6].
133a183a557356e06e315efa221033c38b821f35	Johnny Depp is the owner and nominee of numerous film awards and awards, including the Golden Globe Award[7] in the category "Best Actor Comedy or Musical" for the role of the barber killer Sweeney Todd in Tim Burton's film "Sweeney Todd, the demon barber of Fleet Street" and the Screen Actors Guild Award for his performance as Jack Sparrow in the film "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl".
3a1e3e6beb746851da76e9a204713d722282d32d	Three time nominee for the Academy Award, nine time nominee for the Golden Globe Award, two time nominee for the BAFTA Award, nominee for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.
fcd5f4c1b3f24624ec900e00073e473eb5b44755	Also, the actor's track record includes two nominations for the Golden Raspberry anti award.
179425647b7a5b082e397e3eb053757136d265de	1 Biography 1.1 Childhood and youth
94bf7a50839e09b0fb74599e7d01dbd04525c49e	2 Career 2.1 Beginning of career 2.2 1990s 2.3 2000s 2.4 2010s
55eac032931707605201401d59658a2647c7b2ee	3 Personal life 3.1 Problems with the law
4625a1659603571afa9b1e84f598870e753732fc	4 Filmography 5 Awards and nominations 5.1 Awards 5.2 Nominations
942f1da12abafca7cecbd71c42cde526dd1b366f	6 Notes 7 References 8 References
dda5f5d021a750bd79da8a43031ddbcdfccc5932	For the first thirty five years of my life, I was confused: I didnot know what I wanted, and who I was.
a32bed538490b30bb215762f8068e43ff408504c	I suffered from loneliness and drove myself to the grave: I drank, ate all sorts of nasty things, slept little, smoked like a steam locomotive.
56fa5175d7b9551e0cb940b8587c4ef35eb07597	When my family tried to stop me, I didnot understand, I thought it was all nonsense.
275eff7bb7ef3a4863b0e4564ceb0f744cc8d8a9	But their words stuck in my head.
718a28bb7eb7300f9b0a470e293ba825cae25bbb	If I continued in the same spirit, I would definitely stretch my legs.
b0d4c5200b6c5045b11ec7e11be18614ab94ce43	Childhood and youth[edit / edit wiki text]
c1b539fa3d49e3df4e3bcbfde141bf4df8eae0f0	John Christopher Depp II was born on June 9, 1963 in Owensboro (USA, Kentucky).
89e27b51558cb21a592d4a0d8261bddfa5a1733f	[8] He has two sisters, Debbie and Christy, and a brother, Daniel.
5f93d88a941259ef8612a00348b078c8b1365593	The family was not prosperous — there were regular conflicts and quarrels between the parents, the children had to endure the bullying of their father all the time, and when Johnny turned fifteen, his parents divorced.
adb6ec0c091b08dfd947b2d2f2943c6f754f172e	Later, Depp expressed about his childhood, so:
124f1c6d3e7d3d20355d947d932e38630a17cf71	In the life of each of us, there were difficult moments, harsh times, we had to go through them.
8922e8f7dbd95b53103dc4d5fa3f6b03c7af0ab1	But compared to what children have to go through at the present time, my childhood was blessed, so it's a sin for me to complain.
db3c83acb58cbd5ecfeae6a29bad73b39ed371cf	My mother married for the second time, to the writer Robert Palmer (died in 2000), whom Johnny later called "his inspiration"[9].
f51e82a0cbbab9f229e3d27c5a8aa4cbf5cea063	Johnny Depp's grandfather comes from the Cherokee Indian tribe, and his great grandmother is from the Creek tribe[10].
ca7f239bca3aa98369953685f8b37a22c1fc72f3	From the age of 12, he began to smoke, drink alcohol, and at the age of 13 he began to lead a sexual life.
f61f5a16fa134030e7380f540936d56dc54c9a40	After his parents ' divorce, he started using drugs, and soon he was expelled from school.
90a14b003c7c265fe873d8396f08cd8633cc4885	Soon he joined the group " Kids "(eng. The Kids), who performed in Florida nightclubs.
f2a0df67379e71657d3bbe9da9991350233a4054	Depp used to play in the band "P".
781af3b5a8f1085d3bc63b03869acd425d746e69	Another hobby of Johnny is drawing, he was the author of the album cover of the band.
fa33bb6367eaa42074d486d6fd1333f06275403c	Depp is also fond of literature, and one of his favorite authors is Jack Kerouac, whose work greatly influenced Johnny's perception of the world as a teenager.
a587eb51153a87b8e5bbce6365abe2018fe556e8	Career[edit / edit wiki text]
b453d08f88061ab0bb295bcfc5d1a7d83945c62e	The beginning of a career[edit / edit wiki text]
f56fd52fb63617d71b6686adba9fefd2fbe6f0f3	At the age of 20, Depp married makeup artist Lori Ann Allison, who was five years older than him.
14f15be5646bdf3fd1a9ec7cd5704b746f876661	Cage persuaded Depp to meet with his agent, who arranged for him to audition for a role in the film "A Nightmare on Elm Street", which became Depp's first acting job.
53f5d0eb395ea8fed86f97911f8d8a624ebb4355	Depp then appeared in a number of television shows, as well as in the Oliver Stone film "Platoon" as Private Lerner.
e99e0f0d5cac56bbf43e349ce3106fd8be8d88ca	The TV series "Jump Street, 21" gave Johnny Depp the status of an idol of teenage girls, which he could not stand and tried with all his might to get rid of it.
94d68e026310ee6d29032ba2658618f5bddce1cf	Depp received his first Golden Globe nomination for the main role in Tim Burton's film "Edward Scissorhands".
92e10108ea8c00f13f062cec26c0abe7e933faba	With this film, the regular collaboration of Depp and Burton begins.
668fe5c568c2a80934d9bbe62e9c3d54a9178c86	Roles in Burton's films played perhaps the most significant role in the formation of the actor's popularity.
7e4984ae9afd5f26ce4d2487e5b1bf0afadc3767	1990s[edit / edit wiki text]
a0a6e8cb25d9ae03c13ba3243a42d5ef164edfe0	In 1990, Depp played the main role in the film of the infamous film director John Waters "Crybaby".
82c8cf36de14ae91c4ddf51e138d1e06b458c881	In 1993, Johnny Depp played the main role in Emir Kusturica's film "The Arizona Dream", which won a prize at the Berlin Film Festival and was a great success in France (unlike the United States, where it was not released in any of the cinemas).
75624554555e2ace958cadc6c511a9c5916351dd	In 1994, Depp began an affair with fashion model Kate Moss.
016702a17442e42f59b4164654574d85cf0f1de7	Depp's film career was going uphill.
524e444c2e2861e31ee97826d617aeadca65ba27	After parting with Moss in 1998, Depp meets the French singer and actress Vanessa Paradis and moves to France.
458b06b1b416f98b6487ce3502ddc8dca1d8f8b5	The couple has two children daughter Lily Rose Melody (May 27, 1999) and son Jack John Christopher III (April 9, 2002).
0783f4590bde0f4bfb2a5705d04d73741da36f51	He has a villa in the South of France near Saint Tropez, a house in Los Angeles and a small mansion near Bath.
95cd30729144101176c283aace0d96b5bcac1909	In 1995, the film "Don Juan DeMarco" (Don Juan DeMarco) is a romantic drama with Johnny Depp in the title role.
3496cf04cc8dea00209c7aafa0f5f5fd97193a39	In 1997, Depp made his directorial debut (except for the film "Stuff", shot for Johnny Depp's friend John Frusciante): he made the film "The Brave Man", in which he also played the main role.
e998e96e921a373765f8ba57638ad719995b8fd3	Also in 1997, he starred in Michael Newell's crime drama "Donnie Brasco", based on the true story of an FBI employee Joseph D. Pistone, who was introduced into the Bonanno family mafia group in the 70s of the last century.
3671898068f306512c83dd4e3c024b53a0ac73ac	Johnny Depp has a named star on the Walk of Fame in Hollywood No. 7018 opened on November 16, 1999.
892a955ce3f88c86f0a29f8460d0002019e4b191	2000th [edit / edit wiki text]
ccd11a721bd5c1e6e944304a4b76a9165539b31f	Johnny Depp at the premiere of the film "Johnny D.", Paris, July 2009
39edda11213fa507d08ea0e756bee183808850d0	The film "Until the Night Comes" was shot for sixty days in Mexico.
eb7b519d51ed8e88bff49dfd78c9e6ce87d0ce3d	Johnny Depp worked all these days just like that, without payment.
bbd4da322823adb20edcfb0c956026a6d5112da3	In the same year, Depp took part in Lasse Hallstrom's film "Chocolate", where he partnered with French actress Juliette Binoche.
e4040315ecd15cdc483880e2a33d912d17e0872d	In this film, Depp played a gypsy.
c23f66db4a2d7cc3fb46f2d38248a9152231894f	Another Depp project at the end of the millennium was the film directed by Sally Potter "The Man who Cried".
f3e8e2262674ce1e45658bfdb7f90627b74a4fc5	In this film, Depp starred for the third time together with actress Christina Ricci (Depp and Ricci's previous collaborations were the films "Fear and Hatred in Las Vegas" and "Sleepy Hollow").
66d0678d996b1fde1412879e7716e8619071a39f	In" The Man Who Cried", Depp again has a minor role: he plays the gypsy horse thief Cesar, who is in love with the heroine Ricci.
f30e66bd63a688328c9e4a2327ecb5f9d6b783f4	The film was released at an unfortunate time, on May 25, 2001, simultaneously with such box office hits as" Lara Croft: Tomb Raider "and" The Mummy Returns", collecting only one million dollars as a result.
d091d65c0f1178b7efdb890e9c5db10820ea3617	In 2001, Depp also starred in the film "Cocaine" with Ted Demme, the nephew of the famous Oscar winning director Jonathan Demme.
6fee4a3d8046d398e0e332ca6fff7cff565eae2a	This film is based on the true story of drug dealer George Jung, who was epp, preparing for the role, even visited in prison.
0ce723125582483de4d9346bf8f3de9d8f27d3d8	In 2004, for the role of Captain Jack Sparrow in the blockbuster "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl", Depp was nominated for an Oscar.
e428b6c56c22c9c09ab19855377e99d0caa61eca	He received the second nomination in 2005 for the main role in the film"Magic Country".
05a2122a8e0f7b20b68e3b7edfd238f565ad407a	He received a third nomination for the film "Sweeney Todd, the demon barber of Fleet Street" in 2008.
bb45c942ac9a9ff3ba7ccc9a27e3e8df97dcf7e4	In 2005, Depp played the role of the owner of the Willy Wonka chocolate factory in the film "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory", for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award the following year (it is noteworthy that Johnny suffered from a chocolate allergy as a child[11][12]).
df0de05219a63d4cad769ec69f4780562620267e	Johnny Depp in April 2011
f4144a4a1d4c044a8993f7c76a0bd832b49506a2	2010 [edit / edit wiki text]
d99707789ef3c8b978f2edf0018c6e8555401e01	In 2010, Depp, along with Angelina Jolie, starred in the film" The Tourist", directed by the" Oscar winning " director Florian Henkel von Donnersmark.
a27127bba22f0a33675d0ce8d293250273fdc298	For this role, the actor received the Teen Choice Awards and People's Choice Awards, and was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award, which, together with the significant commercial success of the film (the tape collected 278 million US dollars), confirmed Depp's status as one of the most successful actors on the planet.
b4b67513005a5540d21394c312ecedf8a5b994c4	On May 11, 2011, together with Penelope Cruz and Jerry Bruckheimer, he presented the fourth part of the pirate saga "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Strange Shores"in Moscow[13].
e9cc763b7e66da7a9df7b2e01f7574473644b1d3	In 2011, Depp played in the film "Rum Diary", based on the book of the same name by Hunter Stockton Thompson, a close friend of Johnny.
c84430035d2b864c3a3291334e5b2af5a22b945e	In 2012, he participated in the creation of Paul McCartney's studio album Kisses on the Bottom.
d49cf1971f5900e61a55c3b78ce4c75a120e52b0	Together with Natalie Portman, he starred in the video for the song "My Valentine".
0ae834e5df848cedb7893d1b339b88cf70120f78	Johnny Depp has three films that have earned over a billion dollars: "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Strange Shores" (2011) — 1.039 billion dollars;
8ee6395c9fb846a6451944cf0fb4535cb9772761	"Alice in Wonderland" (2010) — $ 1.017 billion[14];
df06f862edb0b5060275ee82d80653d893516fe8	"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest" (2006) — 1.066 billion dollars[15].
0328ca1d2b709f256075234d6ccf0b9eb7e7125e	In 2015, Depp, along with Alice Cooper and Joe Perry, formed the band Hollywood Vampires.
ea4ad9952b8ad9ff18f53ceea0eab72a73c12233	In the same year, the crime drama "Black Mass" is released, the film tells the story of the famous Boston gangster James "Whitey" Bulger.
1ca3e75886abc136dca965daf09531205547150d	The film received positive reviews from critics, and Depp's reincarnation was marked by a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award.
5c526064ab2769187b268404cad1d20901ed8eb8	Personal life[edit / edit wiki text]
090e47e51f1dc002ecf929d0193b207ce4fbf4b4	Depp's father is a Greek by nationality.
f4dbf4ef262f711692f43988425021c3f984e3de	In 1983, Johnny Depp began dating artist Lori Ann Ellison, they got married on Christmas Eve of the same year.
41c3ce37c073f66d2508e6ca2c23c238653f18f4	This marriage ended in 1985.
affdca3325f37f0b1679b3c6c26c3a8cb309c863	The next passion of Johnny Depp was the actress Jennifer Grey.
c2315b77444365520ede4d0c060ce4ad116b0c30	Their relationship began in 1989.
9444552f2ee9937ca5cf6a51e8f30c91f71eef7e	Little is known about this novel.
830ec81afa1d06c8d44dad2f75efb2459fa0871c	Perhaps because it didnot last very long.
5a8b6a65bd4f5444aee56ccda88238a61cda0a66	Johnny was together with Winona Ryder from 1989 to 1993.
85db2ac7632d5fb2c06da4a997f279c5e1bfaa0c	They lived together for five months, and five months later a ring appeared on her ring finger.
591488f6e41d0ab05dc97e7c443855980bbdd7d4	But their relationship ended before they could get married.
aa3fd4f7bbedb447657e4fc0580b7d5b9f01e3b4	In 1994, he began dating British supermodel Kate Moss.
84863c50f4c4f48d12ebfaeb744d1b9c915d781d	In 1998, his new love was Vanessa Paradis, a French actress and singer.
9b47dd3b8db270e31f4bfcd9085a106cadc3145a	They had two children a daughter Lily Rose Melody in May 1999 and a son John Christopher (Jack) Depp III in April 2002.
e8f4c7d460bf6910b5e00ea07a387e2616446621	On June 19, 2012, Depp's publicist made a statement that Depp and Paradis had broken up,[16] in the last two years, Depp and Paradis have not attended public events together.
241d67298da96189d0e792d9043b320672db7fd7	Later, both actors confirmed the breakup, calling it voluntary, and said that they remained friends.
6c731db635fdf736c493fc9c164ed4aff9801421	In January 2017, the divorce was officially formalized.
a04ad3d8d000e12feed9cdddd864b45dcf59db9a	Johnny Depp bought the island of Little Halls Pond Cay in the Bahamas archipelago[18].
579159b14bb81de0b10afbb6e9db47fe168b7306	Once, CNN reported on the death of an actor in a car accident[19].
6c4882ca866bf57f74b7315850e7f5b21dcf4024	But in the end it turned out that the" news " was the work of hackers who hacked the channel's website.
13ca99572643d4f29dd00b4e5fc4c0785613b615	Depp has poor eyesight — he has not seen well with his left eye since childhood, and he is short sighted in his right eye, so he constantly has to wear glasses[20].
eed479140988122bcbfe34785d59f61c821d595c	Problems with the law[edit / edit wiki text]
cfda08860c6b740a52740fe90182623efc01f82b	In 1994, Depp was arrested in connection with the alleged intentional damage to furniture in a New York hotel[21].
4a9b19c0a7be94cd86bb34906cdfef15ef25ff78	He was arrested again in 1999 for fighting with paparazzi during dinner outside a London restaurant[22].
9b61fa44e843cd5a1b908b7056ad1cad3c4100fe	Filmography[edit / edit wiki text]
191362c5bd3ca0d3ae299acbc2909d372228b2e4	Year Title Role Notes, Nominations and Awards 1984 A Nightmare on Elm Street Glen Lantz 1985 Private Resort Jack Marshall 1986 Platoon Private Gator Lerner 1986 The Heat Donnie Fleischer TV Movie 1987-1991 Jump Street, 21 Officer Thomas " Tom "Hanson Jr.
4db2258a222c21409b0015225060dad416bff594	TV series 1990 Crybaby Wade "Crybaby" Walker 1990 Edward Scissorhands Edward Scissorhands Nomination Golden Globe Award for Best Actor Comedy or Musical 1991 Freddie is Dead.
9314c4c64d4b929ed2d31d667a61ec4c91546644	The Last Nightmare of a Teenager on Television 1993 What's Eating Gilbert Grape Gilbert Grape 1993 Benny and June Sam Nomination — Golden Globe Award for Best Actor — Comedy or Musical 1993 The Arizona Dream Axel Blackmar 1994 Ed Wood Edward Wood Nomination — Golden Globe Award for Best Actor — Comedy or Musical 1995 At the Last Moment Gene Watson 1995 The Dead Man William Blake 1995 Don Juan de Marco Don Joao / John R.
6be2712f161b6fbe7f213989e5770ede84ebac02	De Marco 1997 Donnie Brasco Joseph Dominic Pistone Nomination — Chlotrudis Society for Independent Film Award for Best Actor 1997 Brave Raphael also director and screenwriter
a6ffb96b1d106cdf0bd174d24b812c49dbd32c0e	Nomination Prize for Best Actor at the Cannes Film Festival 1998 Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas Raoul Duke 1998 Los Angeles without a Card cameo 1999 Sleepy Hollow Ichabod Crane Nomination Sputnik Award for Best Actor motion Picture
498fd98b19f22176b5c575beaaa8e10ef3ab2e01	Nomination — Saturn Award for the best film actor 1999 The Astronaut's Wife Spencer Armacost 1999 The Ninth Gate Dean Corso 2000 <url> Nomination — Screen Actors Guild Award for the Best Cast in a Feature Film 2000 Until the Night Comes Lieutenant Victor, Bon Bon 2000 The Man Who Cried Cesar 2001 From Hell Inspector Frederick Abberline Nomination — Saturn Award for the best film actor 2001 Cocaine George Jung 2003 Once upon a Time in Mexico Sheldon Sands Nomination Satellite Awards for Best Supporting Actor 2003 Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl Captain Jack Sparrow Empire Awards for Best Actor
053363f72890d4c518e2505a4518206e1d8bbcb3	Irish Film and Television Awards for the best International Actor
548e770fc0529f2cfdc8c443167b1ffa3192c096	Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor
5174f85cf30531674ee653c611dc45d3fe7bb572	Nomination Academy Award for Best Actor
beb977e35fa5daa39312fa30a528474c5afa0982	Nomination BAFTA Award for Best Actor
99395ae582c84bb67a92d43dc8c3b76e674fc135	Nomination US Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor
05018dce81d309c9e8d9aefe9bbe001abc3debe9	Nomination Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Comedy or Musical
27891dd859d5fee409cd85edf6e14c8f8a59cb2f	Nomination US Online Film Critics Award for Best Actor
f57ae2e7cc45f5f9220223080dd4dcd41ffb9bb5	Nomination Saturn Award for the best film actor
9f2e2b568e4dfef672688451a9ace2f806e87396	Nomination Sputnik Award for Best Actor Motion Picture 2004 They Got Married and They Had Many Children Stranger 2004 Magic Land James Matthew Barry Nomination Academy Award for Best Actor
66f8361f66802201ac05a6681c221b36b8375e9d	Nomination Golden Globe Award for Best Actor Drama
d5aebd34cca2c8fab518b588d8b10eab78261f6e	Nomination — Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor
da2f0559efb064783b4c717ee9deec8e774c150b	Nomination — Screen Actors Guild Award for the best cast in a Feature film
e1e5fd8ec6a30cf4358694e52b8723080b37171b	Nomination Empire Awards for Best Actor
3ce19a4fe648a8ec8a5263ab467100929673b362	Nomination Satellite Awards for Best Actor Drama 2004 The Secret Window Mort Rainey 2004 The Libertine John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester Nomination British Independent Film Award for Best Actor 2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Willy Wonka Empire Awards for Best Actor
060f120d9a325bc14d63992f49b643241f252957	Nomination Irish Film Award for Best International Actor 2005 The Corpse of the Bride Victor Van Dort dubbing 2006 Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest Captain Jack Sparrow Empire Award for Best Actor
9d7dfb716d077c959ca59420a2042474903666c7	Nomination National Movie Awards for Best Actor 2007 Pirates of the Caribbean: At the End of the World Captain Jack Sparrow Kids ' Choice Awards for Favorite Actor
ff6bbcd071d96f3d6d47bbe866d8a3311071fcce	MTV Movie Awards for Best Comedy Performance
66b494002730713d19b3fdad66b332a06fbec453	Rembrandt Award for the best International Actor
b515f0f24dd3d062f4efac07a980191eba542ac9	Nomination — National Movie Awards for Best Actor
6405fc32a88b7068bf21ef964e096105b4968746	Nomination Teen Choice Awards Best Action Actor 2007 Sweeney Todd, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Sweeney Todd / Benjamin Barker Golden Globe Award for Best Actor Comedy or Musical
9bf39c2ec406b021d6329f90d4021871a0ba2396	National Movie Awards for Best Actor
23f465f1922594257ac8578e40e39c4c0d910a58	Nomination Saturn Award for Best Actor 2009 Johnny D. John Dillinger Nomination Satellite Awards for Best Actor Drama 2009 Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus Tony Played instead of the actor Heath Ledger, who died suddenly on January 22, 2008 2010 Alice in Wonderland The Mad Hatter Nomination Golden Globe Award for Best Actor Comedy or Musical
7570012f08e964d61b99cb945d52903bb9c2f27e	Nomination — MTV Movie Awards for a Global Superstar
8947ccc67b2782040740d8ed4d126843298f0570	Nomination Teen Choice Award for Best Performance of a Fantastic Character 2010 Tourist Frank Tapelo Nomination Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Comedy or Musical
332574521bc345e71a6ba2cff9965621d8640702	Nomination — Teen Choice Award for Best Action Actor 2011 Rango Rango Nomination — Teen Choice Award for Best Voice Actor 2011 Pirates of the Caribbean: On Strange Shores Captain Jack Sparrow Nomination — Teen Choice Awards for Best Performance of a Fantastic character 2011 Rum Diary Paul Camp also producer 2011 Such different twins cameo in the credits is not specified 2012 Macho and nerd Tom Hanson, cameo in the credits is not specified 2012 Dark Shadows Barnabas Collins is also a producer 2013 The Lone Ranger Tonto Nomination — Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor 2014 Excellence Will Custer 2014 The Further Into the Woods The Wolf 2014 The Tusk Guy Lapointe 2015 Mordecai Charles Mordecai is also a producer
53b1f375b9660dab10082e226e321f29198852c1	Nomination Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor 2015 London Fields Cameo 2015 Black Mass Whitey Bulger People's Choice Awards Best Dramatic Actor
dec9f9b62b46a1ff3e1bf3a4e2326bc3105f0c02	Nomination Critics ' Choice Movie Awards for Best Actor
5e49001979b91463914992bb344a8b1bdd56f3f6	Nomination Sputnik Award for Best Actor - motion picture
8c9e3f01bee7db47fa32161d83aec2f13299ee58	Nomination Washington Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor 2015 (~1987)[23][24].
a0df8ff4f92327dbb080f2e37b5b5419b6bb9ca8	The Business Art of Donald Trump Donald Trump 2016 Yoga Lovers Guy Lapointe 2016 Alice Through the Looking Glass The Mad Hatter 2016 Fantastic Beasts and Where They Live Gellert Green de Wald 2017 Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales Captain Jack Sparrow 2018 Gnomeo and Juliet 2 Sherlock Gnomes 2018 Fantastic Beasts and Where They Live 2 Gellert Green de Wald TBA[25][26][27] Labyrinth Detective Russell Poll
a3b58da58e1f7bb1f932b841bd85acdf1dd05c5e	Awards and nominations[edit / edit wiki text]
d0a220fdc8a0ed084679de0449cf6638456e8df2	Golden Globe Award
64231636ffc8fc9a3a7ff57648dc24e9473aaf8c	2008 Best Actor (Comedy or musical), for the film "Sweeney Todd, the demon barber of Fleet Street"
6421a8a19a328ee507ddcec530360e294784154e	1999 - Honorary Award "Cesar"
61678411859e53d08e41cd4ad03b85b8af48e089	Nominations[edit / edit wiki text]
a5b3098f8654dc2571ee5b36e3ed14a52ea21dbf	Depp's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
533758060c880fe78ad53ca0e2b79088eff5d883	Academy Award 2008 Best Actor, for the film "Sweeney Todd, the demon barber of Fleet Street" 2005 Best actor, for the film "Fairyland" 2004 Best actor, for the film "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl"
613d3b82e325cef9cbbef5c5792b80a9a8e1751d	Golden Globe Award 2011 — Best Actor (comedy or musical), for the film "Alice in Wonderland" 2011 — Best Actor (comedy or musical), for the film "Tourist" 2007 — Best Actor (comedy or musical), for the film "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest" 2006 — Best Actor (comedy or musical), for the film "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" 2005 — Best Actor (drama), for the film "Magic Country" 2004 — Best Actor (comedy or musical), for the film "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl" 1995 — Best Actor (comedy or musical), for the film "Ed Wood" 1994 — Best Actor (comedy or musical), for the film "Benny and June" 1991 — Best actor (comedy or musical), for the film "Edward Scissorhands"
51d1972785f3f6d3235f80ae8eb11d09e246cab9	BAFTA Award 2005 Best Actor, for the film "Fairyland" 2004 Best actor, for the film "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl"
01118def25f2ef29d809dc1033d89756b11eaa6c	Cannes Film Festival 1997 - "Palme d'Or", for the film "The Brave Man"
6fdfd753d0faf70704a06e6fdcd028dcc7502ac4	Golden Raspberry Award 2016 Worst Male role, for the film "Mordecai" 2014 Worst male role, for the film "The Lone Ranger"
0e72235967e3d82f2b2020be2e3a0d6099c3d3da	Немец The German National Library, the Berlin State Library, the Bavarian State Library and др.
6b6fde102e55232b88724c5b15dd6192a85a76a1	Record #119151537 // Общий нормативный контроль — 2012—2016.
d209d4e09f57dbb452060c228099aa2b0f4a6134	↑ Биография Джона (Джонни) Деппа (рус.).
1ddfabefc737944f5489bd48704a383214dfa623	РИА Новости (9 июня 2013).
0693aadbead4838f5031fa02d383278c09b08eab	Архивировано из первоисточника 10 июня 2013.
6e80108bf9f064e7df1853481f4172f349a77df3	↑ Jen Erenza.
6d32e715269da50de33af1db3fa3cb8f9c2e1e85	Justin Bieber, Miranda Cosgrove, & Lady Gaga Are Welcomed Into 2012 Guinness World Records (англ.).
45c21b5d1e69dde19251c6ab82c669af671d4806	Ryan Seacrest (14 September 2012).
febe6af3687b6402576e642b8b33c92392ae3bad	Проверено 11 марта 2015.
187a59b63419962bb7fe71b82556abf9ebd3c022	Архивировано из первоисточника 28 декабря 2012.
cab49e4602a0923c4f90bab3abc508433995e2b7	↑ Alice in Wonderland.
d0aeaffd76cd177cef1cd7c71d55be246e2be569	Box Office Mojo.
ad41d491293d55f4088581b67c42c1289149849b	Проверено 21 августа 2013.
51701ba0eb0ea6008bd32e1e73d1fd18baf2ea25	↑ Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.
39ba66d481e08a014893731ccf619f57cdacf53b	↑ The Tourist.
cb8e7617f172e18a98538b56c58577e38767e131	↑ В Лос Анджелесе объявлены победители премии "Золотой Глобус" (рус.) (14 января 2008). Проверено 29 декабря 2009.
5929ba6781821853c3e0cd93df1d57677e8cd9e8	↑ Family Tree of Johnny Depp ↑ Johnny Depp interview for Public Enemies ↑ Джонни Депп в Москве: «Я индеец из племени чероки» ↑ Уэйнтал, Фабьен У. Джонни Депп: «Я порву за детей» // Metro Москва.
8057be2c0a0ad5d4263443fd49aae880a45a0b50	— 2015.
5928db3179d563135bb83b472d56caf4bcd75180	— № 57 за 25 сентября.
82d29fbd954c0899b44abd925a2f389434ef33c3	— С. 14.
0724329421f482610f115a31d4d1d7224530590d	(Проверено 12 ноября 2015) ↑ Charlie And The Chocolate Factory.
624e5b90c465233f0b93e17eb598ef25b6243802	// Website The Golden Globus.
f1658d41830b27f35c6ca6c36c0ef2dfc91a65ce	Проверено 12 ноября 2015.
2494879c22db95f2e9a7f3a532ccd9fa7dbe1802	↑ «Джек Воробей пошёл на абордаж столицы» «Новый Взгляд» ↑ Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011) — Box Office Mojo ↑ Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest (2006) — Box Office Mojo ↑ Эрин Карлсон.
4befbeedf9254629c449d9bb2e251d7fd4fc36d2	Johnny Depp, Vanessa Paradis Call it Quits After 14 Years.
41883b649bb5cbd0054c5e13d7404fc773bed204	The Hollywood Reporterlang=en (19 июня 2012).
59a7b3b9a1b556f3ba1f85ec5236714a54c8232c	Проверено 24 июня 2013.
147c4fe204624d5f502c1ce678063b58559bb97f	Архивировано из первоисточника 29 июня 2013.
c5e0e873e02231dc8f8849edbe23b7d9f383fdf4	↑ Amber Heard Files for Divorce From Johnny Depp After 1 Year of Marriage.
762f0b05846c2d7f1bb1c7d40a50eec1b2ebe144	Проверено 26 мая 2016.
1e57d5893b0afc000bf338450b5142651fa100dd	↑ Новость на сайте продажи островов ↑ СМИ сообщили, что Джонни Депп погиб в автомобильной катастрофе (21): Яндекс.
11726cf10529915a44709e318c23529d84f10c24	Новости ↑ 'I’m blind as a bat in my left eye': Johnny Depp reveals the real reason behind his famous tinted glasses | DailyMail ↑ Moser Margaret.
d6e03c71af30f94fd6a097c072dbc39a742b62c7	Звезда кино вытворяет непристойности.
56d54e2c422160e36e0120e1a6f17b166b7842ef	— 1st.
5b35ed8bd0d1737717a5838888698337ced9a9d5	— Renaissance Books.
c5f51ce6023036ed737502e68766328f87af6b70	— ISBN 158063107X.
56ad2d047b6509f67b0c7a8c46e6cd91eb4afea2	↑ Депп арестован после драки, BBC News (January 31, 1999).
d4d675c5fea656f8ad6db489a451267b43f461c6	Проверено 28 июля 2010.
936d10ecad4462aa684641e9136093e15937d9bb	↑ Джонни Депп сыграл Трампа в секретном фильме.
8d28728984868768e4dce216aa094517602f40e1	Видео ↑ Funny Or Die Presents Donald Trump’s The Art Of The Deal: The Movie Trailer ↑ Джонни Депп раскроет убийство Тупака Шакура в фильме «Лабиринт» | Новости | Канобу ↑ Фильм Про — Журнал / Новости / Джонни Депп сыграет в триллере «Лабиринт» о противостоянии рэперов Тупака и Notorious B.I.G ↑ Johnny Depp’s ‘Labyrinth’ Acquired by Open Road Pictures | Variety
c53b071cfe1e717ed50ef8aace5798dbdc01c9e6	Литература[править | править вики текст]
4ec9e58579068c1c3f02c9bc18927c3c659cd658	Гудол Н. Что ест на завтрак Джонни Депп?
daf7e8119211bf44034902b68136ed2057ead637	Откровенная биография / пер. с англ.
787e87cb9fef8eef494d3767269cfbbf7a90a4f6	В. В. Иванова.
6410db6282366251d227f884497da288c22548f0	— Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2006.
f9724b727eb5d7311eae66f1580824eb2a6db5ed	— 318 с.
5e91d17f397ff57d178122d1c6803bf5400a30a4	— ISBN 5-222-09497-9.
83d9b9031b05f868e5040adf9f2e8f8a24363270	Робб Б. Джонни Депп.
b214ef4a2c675a12646041aef5665e8bc4458c04	Пират Голливудского моря.
6d474650accef7bbaee1f88590316feada91f9bb	— Екатеринбург: У Фактория, 2007.
be2b1345415e6ac6bb780e67b51c628b503e1455	— 304 с.
a503a0869af1c06e81a5f85ba0d4b3a7a41675ec	— ISBN 978-5-9757-0090-2.
691dfb43c332c8925272c3ecb36ca5545ddf9363	Ссылки[править | править вики текст]
d897d17fe74073ab7a36d27b9fabecbfec838472	Джонни Депп в Викицитатнике Джонни Депп на Викискладе Джонни Депп в Викиновостях
dad38ed1f63896fa351bd49249e24d059fbeabdf	Джонни Депп (англ.) на сайте Internet Movie Database Депп, Джонни — статья в Лентапедии. 2012 год.
9c7bb6536d500fd64a133f2c5ed5f447d49e2a99	Федоров А. В. Джонни Депп: тот, кто рискует
3bad358cecc327e7ad99e9bf8005aa44e18d10ac	Депп, Джонни в каталоге ссылок Open Directory Project (dmoz).
a8265456fcdfa83489fa371fdc1164b7532c07d0	Премия «Золотой глобус» за лучшую мужскую роль — комедия или мюзикл (2001 — настоящее время)
75315131942a20e9b61c502f46707a183bae2327	Джин Хэкмен (2001) • Ричард Гир (2002) • Билл Мюррей (2003) • Джейми Фокс (2004) • Хоакин Феникс (2005) • Саша Барон Коэн (2006) • Джонни Депп (2007) • Колин Фаррелл (2008) • Роберт Дауни младший (2009) • Пол Джаматти (2010) • Жан Дюжарден (2011) • Хью Джекман (2012) • Леонардо Ди Каприо (2013) • Майкл Китон (2014) • Мэтт Деймон (2015) • Райан Гослинг (2016)
a3132de8894d46a69d75ee1bc74385c6c2597d24	Полный список · (1950—1960) · (1961—1980) · (1981—2000) · (2001 — настоящее время)
28d5a7016c25b8b38de1d185d265b27b20386140	Премия Гильдии киноактёров США за лучшую мужскую роль (2001 — настоящее время)
28c1f507c01dece9617b396f21b751b9a172e488	Рассел Кроу (2001) • Дэниел Дэй Льюис (2002) • Джонни Депп (2003) • Джейми Фокс (2004) • Филип Сеймур Хоффман (2005) • Форест Уитакер (2006) • Дэниел Дэй Льюис (2007) • Шон Пенн (2008) • Джефф Бриджес (2009) • Колин Ферт (2010) • Жан Дюжарден (2011) • Дэниел Дэй Льюис (2012) • Мэттью Макконахи (2013) • Эдди Редмэйн (2014) • Леонардо Ди Каприо (2015)
ba8c72f692c26b6724223d51dc4be3d777f207fe	Полный список · (1994—2000) · (2001 — настоящее время)
5fabb4d0f4afd72c3fb412c983dad7d80c079269	В социальных сетях
74fb41e1cf4d918f612d13118b4a12722c567e3e	Тематические сайты Notable Names Database · AllMovie · AllMusic · AlloCiné · ČSFD · Discogs · Internet Movie Database · MusicBrainz
effca19a79a3f0469eb6d2d7b24a8ef29220dd53	Словари и энциклопедии Большая каталонская · Лентапедия · Britannica (онлайн)
a71240e481345f4ac7f4977a4f663f38929a3958	Нормативный контроль BNC: a10073449 · BNE: XX1122134 · BNF: 137518050 · GND: 119151537 · ICCU: IT\ICCU\RAVV\093063 · ISNI: 0000 0001 2142 0862 · LCCN: n92021949 · NDL: 00650307 · NKC: xx0012079 · NLR: RUNLRAUTH7746210 · NTA: 083208704 · NUKAT: n2006124314 · LIBRIS: 352139 · SUDOC: 066909597 · VIAF: 85378128
aee341c4b52611d3a22bf102a4d8bb91d5afa7f4	Источник — «https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Депп,_Джонни&oldid=83900065»
68c53cb2ac546a9b930744e6d6d55f95b48b10ec	Категории: Персоналии по алфавиту Родившиеся 9 июня Родившиеся в 1963 году Родившиеся в Оуэнсборо Актёры по алфавиту Актёры США Актёры телевидения США Актёры XX века Актёры XXI века Кинорежиссёры по алфавиту Кинорежиссёры США Кинопродюсеры по алфавиту Кинопродюсеры США Музыканты по алфавиту Лауреаты премии «Золотой глобус» Лауреаты премии «Сезар» Лауреаты премии Гильдии киноактёров США Голливудская аллея славы
c4e765a192590b0581ba84e221e13b5b6ac3c915	Скрытые категории: Страницы, использующие волшебные ссылки ISBN Википедия:Статьи с переопределением значения из Викиданных Википедия:Статьи с источниками из Викиданных Википедия:Биографии современников Статьи со ссылками на Викицитатник Статьи со ссылками на Викиновости
e37824987d64ee7d9c32af618da9f4421debb7cd	Навигация
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393b99dec4427ca2297311a6d7f867831633ed2f	Варианты
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19f25d5784022f8a626f07fcb768b5f72c28ae32	Ещё
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7bf46716b5e61c06e930e0e4437a0d735e6789e0	Править ссылки
1d455865f5cecadecd96438986d02c407475f8d5	Последнее изменение этой страницы: 23:54, 25 февраля 2017.
63a502dbf5ebb5683fe287d9d68a6185222e9245	Текст доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия.
1619fb129b203815c9bd2c3bf78bf6ace6c05f48	Подробнее см. Условия использования.
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547c9926f43b3341ccaf8fcbd08fc9aecce54f36	the 10 worst movies in history
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bbc82416feac41114e6283514baf52bc5e148246	10 films that destroyed the careers of popular actors
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bb122f0080405fa60a5df8674d2d65e68926fd16	Review of the film "The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies"
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830c5cf8b7169bb50f47fa0edfd31dce5b8e15c6	Based on the materials: After the match: Sekou Olise.
932c1e76f52b1b811332818514829461648191b1	Johnny Depp (filmography, awards)
8b829d528bdab3f3c0b8e928210613b73b3cc036	"Twenty something years ago, someone threw a ball into my hands and said:" Well, boy, here's your chance.
c03d570d312310ea3a5ff5cb0db6e30954c76f0c	Donot miss it."
96cac0de985ad960e37847a0f940bfc942dd48dc	And I tried not to miss this very chance, until I heard: "You've lost.
c20ca090df60826cb1a192780547a74d70c33e56	Get out of here."
fc946f3ccd3ba12bea507bb1bfbe59ed14618a40	When Depp was 15, his parents divorced.
9529d0b0666d4a4ec38dfb2c4902fc1395f39faa	Johnny developed adolescent depression due to feelings of insecurity and instability, and he visited a psychiatrist several times – he had a mania for scratching his hands until they bled.
2c7ed6b0fce14164886344e78d8ee9d0885303e3	It's no secret that Depp's parents could not get along with each other, which is why there was always an oppressive atmosphere in the house.
bd2e7dd48cc6327676fa128b6f3b8013f4e23d5d	"I thought that in every house there is the same tension, violence, sharpness.
208f810c4f225ae0307d767e23474251cb1e2159	Everything was very ... rude, cruel to all the children.
b53a5a73cd6143b15ea040b89d3f916b97f1f86f	We grew up with the feeling that something was going to explode near us.
234000844e51fd401285a0776f315261d0c542e5	So, in a sense, the divorce of parents can be called a deliverance.
21d52e04b0738d476584b629c3566130a8740dfb	And at the same time, we were all acutely aware of the loss.
ed680946eef93590ef4697f6e5c1aeb3ab7fdc55	Innocence or childhood or... everything like that.
3547e99a6bf93b62f0e12d33ab793c15af2f8785	I grew up early."
25ac7b1fc5be4b7e2047753264282d40c283e01b	The craving for self flagellation has not passed without a trace: Johnny Depp still puts scars on his body in memory of important events for him… Hence the love of tattoos.
2135bf089ed2d0ff5aed437f48f8853695b45141	"My body for me is like a ship's log for sailors.
5a0a0c28d3f3862e621c3bd78c398dc098407743	I make marks, each of which means something to me, and it doesnot matter whether I do it myself or with the help of a professional.
692fe361e0143b844e6fc43a0146a968cbcc7447	I need this memory."
11e12d0264de4bd4c22366925c187a7bdf5d3007	Johnny Depp wanted to be a professional musician.
c3c535c1f64873501dc2ce961f1600f142b05130	His room was hung from floor to ceiling with posters of his favorite bands, and he spent hours posing in front of the mirror to music with an imaginary guitar in his hands.
fdd1e5b917dc67ffb324f111124046ca4a42933d	On his 12th birthday, his mother gave him a real guitar, and Johnny immediately began playing it in various garage teenage bands, and then organized his own he named it "Meredith", after one of his girlfriends.
df0cb7ad135b3731d85cef9a6ab1147268e67e3b	She must have been flattered.
139a8bce48fe5557fb10504b170406ee62376b49	A year after his parents ' divorce, Johnny dropped out of school, where he still, to put it mildly, did not shine with success – he firmly decided to become a rock musician.
00de54f187091f60f9efc4939c35276624fb0fea	Much later, he admitted that after a couple of weeks he tried to return to school, but the director was completely sure that "this scamp would only jump on the stage", and did not accept him.
3d95f673c7d1811667fd04fc0ae181ebc0aeb4bc	Johnny tried alcohol and marijuana early (thanks to his brother), he was not one of those who are called "good boys" - an unbridled young type with artistic habits – that's what he was.
ae1b507439146263e1ef7704acfb39c58bf03f6e	The neighbors were absolutely sure about his future - if he did not die from an overdose, he would go to jail.
3251e989a59aba3afbd1ac71a37a382fcc78a2ae	Johnny played in the punk band "Kids", which even achieved some success with the local unassuming audience.
774eb0b49a8dbab8b85db24a311725a8f2955ba2	The guys went to Los Angeles to sign a contract with a record company, but the band fell apart before the contract was signed - there were so many people there who wanted quick fame.
4d78abb0d2ad03dd37feae618016843c724cba8c	After that, Johnny Depp played a little with "Rock City Angels", participated in the writing of the song "Mary", which was included on the band's debut album, recorded at the Geffen Studio.
0da9c664c2cf16f349bc15fc43ec94bc661cdc3f	Johnny didnot have any money at all then.
4e35c6a8ed443a7a3861606d6a362152d5573aa6	"My life was much simpler.
9871a693726b5e29423077a81f247d761e47c295	However, sometimes I couldnot pay the rent, and then I had to live either in someone's pickup truck or in someone's closet."
11b4f19ec9eaae4b51f9320eb4be01022a2c02f5	In 1983, Johnny married Lori Ann Ellison, the sister of the lead singer of the band.
0f5654e0ca223c790f6f987d5e8f2feefc1480ad	However, he soon left the group, and for some time he was doing odd jobs, even selling fountain pens.
ed7ae6ddf6273e177214a71e862b2fa3428b9a1f	Then Lori left Depp, and began dating ...
a7f9bef65bfc7ff509f5db020e676a8185e4812b	Nicolas Cage, the nephew of the great director Coppola.
a15b6a02e2ba13276e12819aa95d3595304377d2	It was Lori who introduced Johnny to Cage, who advised the guy to try his hand at cinema, saying a prophetic phrase: "You're an actor, you just donot know it yet."
1f325f1a7e3c66fe3e315def5d34706ca390cec9	"Why not?"
9e2ceb6124d350124b6975a5a33ca3689ba6da67	- the future actor Johnny Depp thought, and a short time later he already took part in the auditions, which ended with the approval of a young handsome man for a role in the TV series "Hotel".
e51a2815b9768ebaa8c21346f4d1ece461c4aefa	That's how, without any acting education, by chance, Johnny Depp got on the screen – first on television, and then on the big one.
5bb2ce784fb2f8d41e205d2a5fcd15804cf62cfd	Later, Johnny had a close relationship with Sherilyn Fenn, an actress whom he met on the set of the short film "Dummies".
ba1f8bff7fc236346c4f46cb4ca99e715dfba5f9	While acting in the series, Johnny continued to go to screen tests.
a0efa29a608f44de140163fcfe2ceb8443cf1f8f	One day, he and his friend Jackie Earl Haley came to see candidates for a new horror film by Wes Craven – just for company.
dfecb9c9f1597f773813204dc42bbe2786374e48	What was his surprise when the director himself approached him and handed him the script!
6b0d8d0ddde762798b256a55f9125761b60963d1	Johnny got the role of one of the teenagers, although not the main one, but not at all episodic, and he took part in the filming of one of the cult films of Hollywood – "A Nightmare on Elm Street"(1984).
40e21fb0bab73aae4f5ededaef228c5f39f7480d	So the films with Johnny Depp began to appear.
2f77873d78cc513b6b38687fcc631964facc5cc5	"I'm the guy who was eaten by the bed at the beginning of the movie."
1d02962401d56ba3ced39af70a071dc9f58aba9e	It so happened that the film became a great success for all its creators, giving rise to a lot of sequel films, and the first series of the film series became an unconditional classic of the genre.
0dafb96836210f8117f721ec054e9be2b09e14e3	And although the role did not require any special dramatic talent from Johnny, it must be admitted that the performance was very convincing for the debut.
46a963177151f284a18aab276f32b77b4e38656c	Anyway, the producers began to pay attention to him, and in 1986, the legendary Oliver Stone cast Depp in a minor role in his famous film about the Vietnam War - "Platoon".
1415f14bddcf0ed414306fe306598a0282d51a9c	Johnny played a private who can speak Vietnamese he honestly worked on his pronunciation, and in general, he impressed everyone as a hardworking and promising actor.
cd719a4e36457e535e6634b0d8073afd1ed56c6f	Alas: almost all the scenes with Depp Stone eventually threw out of the picture, leaving only a short episode in which Depp's character translates the words of a Vietnamese, and a few seconds when Johnny is carrying a Vietnamese boy in his arms.
56cfc8651344f1ea80613714a0d182bc8475717d	And that's it!
afa2f45c29c11e98f5ba1ff589f5184d179579b8	In general, the role is less than episodic.
f6cdadd0d79e275d414b521fae67534ddfb8bf59	But by that time he was already a star – but not a movie, but television.
f3668e65bae2732e5f0d552cf843b17bdb77eef3	A number of roles in popular television series, where he played a typical young handsome man who breaks girls ' hearts, made him the object of adoration of hundreds of thousands of American girls, and even then many rooms of teenage girls were covered with posters with his image.
a896759a0075457191628d55a1702186748cdddb	Johnny himself was furious about this: he felt that his personality was disappearing under the characteristic mask of a TV "heartthrob hero", and he felt terrible in this situation.
6a00441edc12c6fee1e4fa9f4d97e86f63aa8709	The young man did everything to get kicked out: he was wildly rude to everyone around, made scandals, once even burned his suit.
88cf43318480aa9d960aaeff672804bf0b2711f0	Despite the huge success of the series, he promised himself that as soon as the contract for the most successful of them, 21 Jump Street, expired, he would never return to this environment again, and devote himself to the big cinema – only there he could truly show his acting talent, which he discovered more and more in himself with each new hour spent under the spotlight.
146560a6d700b8d018210eac4c9c7162c6555bbf	Tim Burton's film "Edward - Scissorhands" (1990) - a Gothic story about a strange young man with blades instead of hands, who, despite his ridiculous and scary appearance, is very talented and kind, helped to finally get away from the image of a teenage idol Johnny.
c4c1ff9ec06561a6edecff2efd491429b680797c	The meeting of Johnny Depp and Tim Burton became a landmark for both and marked the beginning of their long term cooperation – it was Depp who embodied on the screen the fantastic images that originated in the imagination of this brilliant master of cinema, it was with him that Burton had the best mutual understanding on the set, it was this director who released great films with Johnny Depp in the main roles.
d55d54364c88b4f46734f07399329fdf7c2fb761	Burton worked with Depp again and again – after "Edward" they created six more films, each of which was magnificent in its own way, and earned themselves the fame of one of the best creative tandems in Hollywood.
e6359a9625dd4a333525d8ea4a68e2e62f818303	It was "Edward Scissorhands" that made Johnny Depp a star of the first magnitude – the box office success and the undoubted numerous advantages of the picture were recognized even by the most inveterate skeptics, and Johnny himself was talked about as one of the most talented young actors of the American Dream Factory.
171e68a7e5327fe8c4dde40a9bfac0fa797dc6d4	He always emphasized his desire for self expression and rejection of cliches and cliches, he refused the title of pop idol with all his might and never aspired to it.
2f6ef35abc10e00fee038393615946caa38e605d	Kusturica's film "The Arizona Dream" (1993) failed at the box office with a bang.
9bda7fe81bf289debffd122f26b75d8bf088ff34	Released in the same year, "Benny and June" almost followed him, as well as" What's Eating Gilbert Grape " - Johnny just broke up with Winona Ryder and drank a lot.
e49f357221abe7dcaa0ce17319f78fc5fb767f27	Critics have defined the image of Depp as a "cult loser", Depp himself assures that the reason for the failures is the inability of the producers to dispose of the pictures properly and in the wrong organization of the rental.
e2629bee1a12a7470364a04b9bb7878b5997d9cc	Depp was interested in lyrical stories with deep psychologism, and perhaps this was not at all what the general audience was interested in.
d18e82dcf2c20f20a1de77718d7f2ca754fd9b79	In any case, choosing between personal preferences and the expectations of the audience, Depp invariably chose the first, it was his style.
ce08d197cc3babd80f16fac860923215c786e30a	"It was a losing streak.
67e00e49aa1d93d220102acd3d35c24cc57b66db	Inside, I felt lousy, very lousy.
b6ce3f6cbc412d40f74c951b6c976bbf621d4a64	"Ed Wood" has become something of an exorcism from me.
ab08a7cbb6a97d78e79f72dc882a4b15eedde4cf	It was a time when I felt all the pain I had to go through: I wanted to run, I wanted to relive my scene on the set and go crazy… It was the end of an old life and the beginning of a new one.
62cff714fd3e2b909d6ace5357ab5495a9d25b76	It seems to me that I have had many different lives.
c2a486ac54e14a0f475617e7d854acc20e492fa3	And although I donot remember the end of any of them, or the subsequent rebirth, I have a feeling that a new person has appeared as a result of what I experienced then."
99ae92fe66f8dd3eab35bec2383cdac5bd0e324c	Then, in the mid 90s, Depp met supermodel Kate Moss, and they were together for four years.
d6f497f237bef953f6ed4197fd58d6b6304b1ca9	Alas, Johnny continued to rowdy - he just couldnot seem to live a quiet life.
14fb1a49d5df58d817a0f4926ac24a58668b48c2	"Don Juan De Marco" (1995) became a long awaited commercial success - a romantic melodrama about the relationship between an aging psychiatrist and his young patient, who sincerely considers himself Don Juan, was played brilliantly by the actors, and the audience finally appreciated Depp's acting talent for the first time since "Edward".
de24bdd69cf90f3d58da910f04463edacef68466	- especially the female audience, which has never remained indifferent to Johnny at all.
0c929634254c43ce7d58d5d028ee1df32534bf3f	"The Dead Man" (1995) by Jim Jarmusch vividly demonstrated to the world the desire of Johnny Depp not to follow the generally accepted canons.
89139a6439cb41f5dae1aeaf3c8d2f08c8e523f8	It was a bit strange, in many ways an avant garde film about a young accountant who, after the death of his parents, in the hope of finding a job, comes to the Wild West, where, by the evil will of chance, a reward of $ 500 is appointed for his head.
4fb39778a1943f9773dcc7f6afb907c3e42a5583	Excellent critical reviews, prestigious awards and a complete fiasco at the box office – an old story that Depp was no stranger to.
d050e17adc7fe85b1320cf7b8e3b77940de3718f	An ordinary man, Gene Watson, has a six year old daughter kidnapped, and they threaten to kill her if the main character does not shoot a female senator.
9188dfd1c28f56a8f428bb2a2d91a7e51557989a	A great success was "Donnie Brasco" (1997), where the actor Johnny Depp played in a pair with the brilliant Pacino.
e2f04c92a7dcba1eff4cd5d6e9e7e2f552697bab	FBI agent Joe Pistone receives a new task: to infiltrate one of the criminal groups in Brooklyn in order to obtain full fledged information about the activities of gangster gangs.
24cd03176ada4e9206738c4360aae24271e650e9	"The Brave Man "(1997), which Johnny shot as a director (and left this occupation) and "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas", according to tradition, were more appreciated by professional film critics than by the audience.
c9df056c8df468b76613ba27a8ee226712318278	In 1999, Depp starred in the film of the great Roman Polanski "The Ninth Gate" about a specialist in the search, evaluation and purchase of rare publications, who accepts an unusual but extremely profitable order from the owner of the world's largest library of occult books: to determine the authenticity of the crown of the collection, a 17th century folio called "Nine Gates to the realm of Ghosts", with which, according to legend, you can summon Lucifer himself.
2714c17a6796c56927ec59f905680e5c6c0af75e	Satan, however, did not appear, but until the last moment the viewer is waiting in suspense that this will still happen… The success, compared to the costs, was very moderate.
a9c0fa8908899aa8fa510ff0722ad92b4ad33b31	During the filming in France, Johnny met the famous singer Vanessa Paradis, who charmed him once and for all, and to this day is his common law wife.
57ac3ede5a6db62a0f65aeac0d2ad829bf3fc9fe	"I was drinking coffee in the lobby of the hotel, and suddenly I saw an amazing woman.
d1303f2679e40ae1bebffd5fe5fabd6b211e21db	She had the most amazing back I've ever seen in my life - she was wearing a dress with an open back.
73920b53a32d44f59b307e63400da0b661ad1b7a	She came up to me and said: "Hello, do you remember me?
91598831e0b8adca80e2763f0ba4192c9377c22b	We met at the premiere."
23e31c6a0318a2d061df41b37b870e731576a4c6	I sat there, stunned, unable to say a word.
28235b529c2b1115d32102048a9ca7cfe35e4507	A miracle happened: an angel came into my life."
610517ee45344c219aae6ad7a09a267478fa9ba1	They have two children a daughter, Lily Rose, and a son, John Christopher Depp III. By the way, during the time spent in France, Depp became a winemaker, and together with Sean Penn and John Malkovich, he opened a restaurant "Man Ray" in Paris near the Champs Elysees.
a62155424513cf49eef16a874a6ee197d7efddf3	After the "Gate" there was the film "The Astronaut's Wife" (1999) – the directorial debut of screenwriter Rand Ravich, which ended in a complete financial collapse Charlize Theron and Johnny Depp received solid royalties as big stars, the film itself cost 75 million, but it did not collect twenty at the box office, and the criticism was not at all favorable to him, and she had reason for this.
927982db7350e03cb15198a0bd43b9d7259e9736	Interestingly, Depp received $ 8 million instead of the five previously agreed upon, for cutting off his curls, and what was left was painted in mustard color.
fa4bd6b40dfab6ce15dbd82f4a643985bb9b2097	"None of them dared to take a picture of me, not one of these six men.
7160f2702ceb89e21879b8094611c30a9887cc12	I was rewarded by seeing the fear in the eyes of these vile people.
3e5459f19e0b187a677728cc63be68ae85f7ae08	After this incident, I went to the police station quite calmly: five or six hours behind bars for the sake of such pleasure that I got it's nonsense!"
4ed1212ec13183ea715148cfdb21aa6754208fff	In 97, during a terrible quarrel with Kate Moss, he trashed an extra class hotel room in New York – he left no stone unturned there, destroying unique antiques worth tens of thousands of dollars.
b2d65f280b0717c20894c29d72269b6cffcaa38e	"Today I fight with photographers only when they try to take pictures of my children.
38c9d4e488df4ce093ea0c73973ca131c392f884	I donot care if they take a picture of me or not.
01f1d6ab25271ce13233f8df89dff7cc2ea94ef4	Vanessa says she doesnot care either.
144a1e8785a8cfa132eb9f105a5fb5152dabfdc0	But they have no right to touch children!"
60c3d7620dd259229c20c44146d729c4114b65e1	"I like to break the comedy.
0ffc4c345c1a0c463009e15b8653e27e7f80ee72	If I see even the slightest loophole in the direction of comedy, I try to use it with maximum efficiency.
1e976af5b24d701d1e1965b0150497a5d5ab06d3	Even in "Cocaine", which was by no means a comedy, I tried to find a humorous background in some scenes.
0d09abb472c2285a9cd15e1c79bc0a3b0354f02b	Maybe I shouldnot have done it, but those scenes turned out well, and that's the main thing.
8dbaf79bf9ac26ce374e74834822cb0fd78cfa4f	Sometimes we would laugh our heads off."
0ea6d516698c5af04a798f1417a8a504c49f3c0b	And finally, in 2003, a real blockbuster was released, which became a breakthrough for Depp to the top of the box office - "Pirates of the Caribbean".
ab717beaca51acd101b7f6e3c3d8216689d87e02	"I read the script, and I felt like a 9 year old boy.
1575cc0687fbb8dc0773451269bb24dc7122eb0b	I realized that I just had to act in this film!"
cd529cf7041714899a91b2965203a9cfec1ff515	The Disney picture became super successful, and the image of the charming pirate Jack Sparrow became a landmark for Depp.
218024ae849d422b9b08df0296c5cab42bc30a6a	This film was not only the first in the history of the Walt Disney studio, which earned an age rating of PG 13 (that is, "children under 13 are prohibited from viewing") - it was able to remove a kind of curse and rehabilitate the "pirate theme" that was considered almost a failure in cinema — until now, Hollywood can not forget the deafening fiasco at the box office in 1995 of Renny Harlin's film "Island of Thugs" - almost a hundred million picture, on which great hopes were pinned, eventually did not collect ten, becoming one of the black pages in the history of Hollywood.
366e9ba5c9abb4206685cb71aa3ead30ba84b7a1	Producer Jerry Bruckheimer decided to make a movie about pirates under the impression of ... an attraction at Disneyland.
60bb83b612db60e618b387ccdbb112b1c9785ff0	No one imagined that the film would be such a success with the audience, but many are sure that the secret lies in the performer of the main role.
980ca306cc616a2e848c1188e04af3b914befaff	Johnny Depp has been friends with Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards for a long time.
c210590accdd7715eda7527d1dbd982ab56d9d7f	And when he read the script of "Pirates", he came up with the idea of giving his character the features of a legendary rocker.
5ffbdbcc6a2988c6a67bd72fda9a9f7b83e2aa58	"I thought that the pirates were the rock stars of the XVIII century.
a79a7a736c5132d902027e7f930cbdb0a92ab9f6	They led a free life, defied social conventions, men envied them, and women fell in love with them.
49973ba645ab81999172e0c975b7b4231204015d	I decided that Jack should be given the features of one of the famous rock stars.
c3f7fe80e42b0e68751097c6a5f0d9389799135d	And who do I know better than Keith?"
c4721f647d7887c517bfc495c32de03691c85d31	Depp himself came up with a unique walk of Jack.
855a4f746c67a344db1b84398db48c72693cfd1c	"I have been thinking for a long time about how a person who spends much more time at sea than on land should walk.
78b3451f3e8c750ddb730bc46928d37ddd0eac3a	Over the years, Jack has become accustomed to the constant pitching and other features of life on the water.
68965ba6d676371a9ec65718f981b049f2717e99	Perhaps he has spent too much time in the sun, which has slightly fried his brain, and therefore acts more intuitively than meaningfully.
32053f8b394872fc73580d6c38da4695b12b14b7	Anyway, he is much more comfortable on the deck than on the ground.
1909d127a764c85619cec896b7dc9c0016323ca2	He is used to the rhythms of the ocean, without them he lacks something.
de5eeb2b9fdf04eb09a27a7b0dc1112ca0aeefd6	He needs constant movement, back and forth.
7e3af66d13d4b594879fe9559d5af80fb4155b53	I decided that he did not fully understand his condition, but instinctively tried to use it to his advantage.
240cae67c0400679c4652dece44e1ffd457547b2	He moves like a cobra all the time, hypnotizing his opponent.
828f1240cd925352a32b9785e799720c6203e7d6	This is a moving target that is difficult to hit.
6bcad0ae97fb91dac9dd50b07931fbce3fc4cc50	But he does not have a well thought out strategy, he is guided by instinct."
838363e6f0e85b3527c0a682de05e558c8c6cee3	Surprisingly, Bruckheimer was against the image invented by Depp, considering it ridiculous and far fetched Jerry himself represented the main character of the film as a kind of sea wolf, salted with ocean spray, and here he was offered some kind of clown with painted eyes, thickly hung with trinkets and talking nonsense.
19ada99b670ff4d0c0c38f7baaf0c80f2758115b	But Depp held firm, and as a result, Jack Sparrow became the way millions of viewers around the world remembered him – remembered and loved with all their heart. 650 million box office receipts and two super profitable sequels made this project one of the most successful in the history of Hollywood.
0cbf7bd6e6bb18c7369a9b8563f47917c9612f11	As soon as the decision was made to shoot the trilogy (even before the premiere), "The Curse of the Black Pearl"was added to the title of the film.
0d057d53843ecb46bc58851e8bf8e96473a88625	Then there was a sequel to "Desperado" by Rodriguez called "Once upon a Time in Mexico" (2003), the film adaptation of Stephen King's "Secret Window" (2004), the French film "They got married and they had many children" and the family drama "Fairyland", in which his partner on the set was the star of "Titanic" Kate Winslet.
2063aea184fe5a8369a4f8614f51a3d889e505c7	This time not a single box office failure, all the pictures were warmly received by the audience and found numerous fans.
2edc32bf626f00132bdc931d934eba189fc35cff	After the historical drama "The Libertine" (2004), actor Johnny Depp is starring in his next joint project with Tim Burton - "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" (2005).
289788ed22bfcf9d062796e6d82aba0d7b3980cc	Once again, a fabulous atmosphere, unique style and humor, but the main thing is originality: Burton's films have never bloomed with so many colors before!
d24d2190810231a2a5386bcd4aad871659c3cd8a	The dark black and gray scale gave way to all the colors of the rainbow, and the magnificent musical numbers made the new creation of the Master completely complete.
0dd33c6ba475ea24f10aaeed88eb0959084866a6	Half a billion box office receipts!
0c7582fd783bf8df76eec0a8163e4a2f9300dbe9	Immediately after the filming of "Charlie", Depp again joins Burton's team, working on the voice acting of the character in the luxurious puppet cartoon "The Corpse of the Bride" (2005).
f223eacd6d9d0398ddc2745d8f9be78fbadb8541	The cartoon for forty million dollars brought more than a hundred, and it was not at all childish…
2c60a5f8d34b757a9fe09f2752da34cfd07253fb	2006 and 2007 were filled with work on new series of "Pirates of the Caribbean" - "Dead Man's Chest" and "At the end of the world".
270c797e1281777ef0f5c04f0538820359705cfc	The success exceeded the wildest expectations – a billion dollars for each!
7e7173d84f488a7e90902bd2b65f0347b4e9a062	It seems that even those who could not stand pirates all their lives went to the cinema.
bc69a4379d669ebd59c86296217e24ac4d2e56ca	And Johnny Depp did not disappoint the expectations of his fans.
6097e37856f56468775fdfae282d0aa00e0fb044	The unique plasticity, verbal improvisations, charm – everything was in place, and even seemed to have increased since the first part.
af07ed394bd37fadd34e60710cb0db720d5f4f32	That's how it turned out that despite all the previous roles, among which there were very strong ones, Johnny Depp will remain in the world's memory first of all as an eternally grimacing crook with golden teeth… And he likes it!
35564fabe602481a958bed19b55ab51f0b513938	"I remember Gore and I stared at each other, and literally read the thoughts that we had the same – God, are we really making a movie about pirates, and we get paid for it?"
a3fa4b9c52f8f02c17893530073e4bc76b11e0bb	As soon as the work on "Pirates" was finished, Tim Burton again invited Johnny to take part in a joint project – the dark musical drama "Sweeney Todd: The Demon barber of Fleet Street" (2007).
0fdfbaaf97a51d6a887b59539a3c216260065ddd	And Johnny didnot refuse!
d0f525b7ede088f4bde9ed2f4939f4a0dc8cd157	It was a sad story about a barber obsessed with revenge, Benjamin Barker.
593b9f12ba21df4338af2936ec1a6740a7c10965	The barber seeks revenge on the judge who sent him to hard labor in order to take possession of his young wife...
18ac6008f9ee0bd6220847073cfae3fd9ab486c5	Under the name of Sweeney Todd, Barker, who escaped from hard labor, became a barber again in the hope of someday getting a judge into his institution and killing him.
23b69a702de57d6bc4030a774bd668a9beeb949f	The public accepted the picture, which collected more than one hundred and fifty million.
f66bd593eb7c8af9595f4ff57bc25c2e7ba1feb6	The film was a musical – but almost nowhere in the promotional materials was this mentioned.
744c2b835d58d8a73db2904d94f0f4b9942e8d8c	Johnny Depp himself sang.
8ec7953df32deec086df980a69b5ccbd91365cc7	It was originally planned to record Depp's voice on tape, and then launch it during the filming process, but then it was decided that Johnny would sing right during the filming.
836129a42b0cf47146434c481f09f860dd1dbe8c	He was paired with Helena Bonham Carter.
ea8685871a451b2ad4aea8ca07cc2ab2b738f624	The bloody story about a morally devastated cruel avenger terrified Johnny himself.
607c8020bb56d34417ad92060f0da187794f2fa7	"I'm terribly afraid of the sight of blood.
478cb0e69fa94798c2b10e2cb6ad80c10f8ee2a4	Tim had to order fake orange blood so that I wouldnot pass out right in the frame.
fb34ad9eebc79f75aef417a7b4b74a64eedb29b2	To be honest, I myself have not watched the film from beginning to end: it is so scary that during some scenes I had to close my eyes."
ee840ad9fa7786dfc6f61deaf619ae77ae7814cc	In 2009, Johnny Depp starred in" The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus " - a phantasmagoric tape of the famous Terry Gilliam.
1ffa0152c2db290b97ecdc6bd7bd04ae58f88acd	Traveling around the world with his troupe, Dr. Parnassus gives the audience of the show the opportunity to pass through a magic mirror into a fantastic world.
cab43c0d8dd59a7f3ea68a39a39c60c4033e3236	However, the magical gift of Parnassus has its price: for many centuries, he has been gambling with the devil himself, who is going to come and take his prize the daughter of Parnassus, Valentina.
96c8f229886804fdf3837c4e187cb4a860752bdb	Johnny Depp played one of the hypostases of the main character named Tony.
3836f27066c01ea8bd532b79669fbfdd259287bc	It was originally planned that the talented Heath Ledger would play the entire main role, but it so happened that he died right in the middle of filming, leaving most of the scenes unfinished.
d567cc40078bb46fdf1ec09978ee93cb7d55423c	Then the director decided to use other actors (in addition to Johnny Depp, Jude Law was also invited) to play in those scenes that the Hit did not have time to complete…
fa4c2a7476d55d3ea1d73f118fefca7cfd7286d7	The tape turned out to be strange and ambiguous, collecting only about 60 million.
e7758c6ea8285138272396e0b7cf36f71dad6f4c	In 2009, Michael Mann, the author of the famous "Fight", shoots Johnny in the drama "Johnny D." about John Dillinger, the legendary bank robber of the early 20th century.
590fdcce586ec697aa310cf414beae000c02a82a	The daring attacks made the bandit an outstanding hero for all the oppressed and the main target for the best FBI agent Melvin Purvis and bureau director John Edgar Hoover.
4cb5fcb0cb22396805375ef186a6316c7ea03eb4	No one could stop the Dillinger gang.
551c30e6919dd21b62b3f768aec5031b502a4341	No prison could hold him.
30e7b52b76091b30da6db0bb385e562942294234	Charm and desperate escapes glorified the criminal in a society that considered banks the main cause of the Great Depression.
ebbd3d180136dbab220e926ba5e2594580d586ac	The shootings were still beyond praise, but historians note strange deviations from historical reality that did not benefit the film.
4c4f1759e21963c11f3a2901181053427331b428	Anyway, more than two hundred million at the box office meant an undoubted success.
a2e8addf0d32628a93988e8798e80444c00282f4	And at the beginning of 2010, a megahit, shot by the same Tim Burton, and collected an unthinkable billion dollars in less than a year, "Alice in Wonderland", was released on the screens of the world.
2fbb392405bfd7e84546913e9e300748c1717d13	Based on the famous Carroll fairy tale, the film retained the main characters, but passing through the prism of Burton's exuberant fantasy, it was filled with completely new content.
234f9db7a7c8a9651c1d6eccb3f9e6b28248256b	Johnny Depp played an incredibly colorful Mad Hatter here.
82e2c190d218e1cc5dcbdb8e8696b1db4e1a071e	As in "Sweeney Todd", Depp's partner in the film was Helena Bonham Carter, who played the Queen.
b7c96dd0a8e46fcb3158c0526746043b8462a2f2	The picture became a triumph of new technologies – computer three dimensional animation of the latest generation allowed to do without decorations at all (they were all drawn).
7acf6b7ad802e3d5a08a26274771366e85609967	Johnny Depp joked in an interview that he could play "all the roles in this cartoon".
0ddd3dd7f27a27c99636f0549dde14f0b866042f	So far, this is the most successful creation of the Burton Depp tandem.
c09d0419d385d2b3d8ca70dd1b014efb2f8a76a0	Johnny Depp's career is at its highest point.
afb53024450f6863f9a1b4b39eef1f54f7fb58a6	He is the highest paid actor in Hollywood, and super successful projects with his participation are an endless series.
7d68648f8646ce063a810fac12650dbb434e9a56	The expensive animation project "Rango" by the author of the first three films about Jack Sparrow, Gore Verbinsky, was not without the participation of Depp in the main role.
4166db92cadc63613a86e3f0f8bf6939c9e550f2	The fourth part of "Pirates of the Caribbean" - "On strange shores" (2011) - it became one of the most successful films of world cinema in its entire history, collecting more than a billion dollars in cinemas around the world - and this despite the fact that Gore left the director's chair...
dbf5c480086f7f47c84ddebf517d3b9a2dae86ca	But Depp was still on top, and did not disappoint the audience.
09999fb4e611b260aa12e2479f754cac6e320fc9	The last project of Johnny was the picture "Rum Diary" (2011).
ed4f99c6278ccd853bf1e6fbbc1d7c8bd3a05ebc	"Many years ago, at some party, I met an amazing woman.
2389caf3c0c7bfcd775cb41f1ece94fa16898a59	She was an elderly, very aristocratic Englishwoman.
eab5f054b2bc61ec5a2b09eced7a8f1f647cafba	She was standing with a glass of gin martini in her hand, someone spoke to her, complaining about something, and then she uttered, in my opinion, a brilliant phrase.
70e3116c3cda4abd9b19c9212e614c9f04efb062	She said “ " My dear, you just need to bend your line, no matter what!"Bend your line, no matter what!
9f86e8993cd7cfc86b3003c26280efface052b2c	It's great, isnot it?
6cd8c2cb24842df3787ad6bed2608313856e11ff	That's the whole point."
a5856a9e23a5f747b3090e8df0ae52315629ce6c	Push the buttons!
a7a07d6e6e36a9cc739f37e4a202da46b9e6a6a2	Save the world from boredom
c56a6063d6750057ae07b76e1b896cfdf22ff292	Vkontakte Extensions
9a527add8072f84592aa5fef59dfc6092829249a	+36
2525f7d89ed62abdbeb0001c3a5b3eb7313116bf	#1 Marina 29.10.2011 19: 39 Just a great site!
13ab740d03a3d515807c6569229354b3156ec19c	I love cinema, I will definitely carefully read your new articles.
ea9f811ed0c7346284253fa064905a4768969e5a	Blog added to favorites
52636d1714b96bc24f4788ad3f5347e78d57fe66	#2 Novikova Elena 22.11.2011 15: 22 I really love this actor.
66d0a27ae055bab0afe38ba14abe08a505294233	Such diverse roles.
25994553a914c3ec16648266bce237addd43ba9f	A wonderful website!
455198689d7d77008876d339f5f930427e2e0c1d	-33
3ac154c499d10e1fa6cc0e42698916d0f9313709	#3 Arina 22.11.2011 21: 00 And what, among the best Russian actors, there was no one?
a0de0b69bd50c2d4b31e764c07811f5760ecdba1	Sadly.
90c1903a25bb44343c93ae3d4fbab561a4448441	+24
7d7d3a777ab3eee6fae75115ee67b209eb24ea1e	#4 Ruslan 28.10.2012 09: 09 Cool
373b133cc78120cb935d633440d93470a888a1aa	+31
89f4883f883e71ace7e401b9b397524b8ae43adb	#5 Natasha 16.01.2013 20: 49 Wonderful actor, wonderful films, very interesting...:-)
ed33bab00c961d498d322143c6c91f4ff7da5dd8	+30
60e7bf7d87c9e58fe4d5a3125a3d970a071d4650	#6 Ksyu 10.02.2013 09: 15 The best,the most!!!!!!!!!!
b4613f8681b1e26686a2e88299525a4dc89c46d5	!!
561f9730bed0971db6c7d659c5f7eec583320285	+28
99bfafb82c71c4002d2ec4364da3493a759cd29d	#7 Angela 10.02.2013 09: 16 Objectively the most talented guy of all those present.
00631fdc73e32ed782bae2e030055c256ca177e0	+23
e1e3443a30b258f9e48a78e1cb0792693cccb7b0	#8 Alexey 10.02.2013 09: 16 Johnny, johnny, johnny!!!!!!!!!
c1d84174d54b7aa41c9c76d18d7652af497d2349	+25
69b1d145bf43641a189f58fddf9afdcc2faeffe1	#9 nastya 12.02.2013 15: 31 he's just a sweetheart
4c40f1dcdfbf512fb2645c02509cd76c07bbd15d	# 10 Svetka 14.02.2013 10: 45 Handsome, and just a talented guy :-)
ab8a9fcd460458ea3eb6dad1d3ec04a7cad6123c	+27
1f15e81d7297702f279670c14e42881770fd9cbc	#11 Arshavin ya 14.02.2013 19: 07 Captain Jack Sparrow!)
31ab74a33a428aabd1225c0b7adea39bb11f7210	+26
e7eb6c21e188ea72ad0a0ccfdf58fa8388edd164	#12 I am 26.03.2013 09: 30 A very beautiful man!
29388f4dd41611379ea162496cd9f91c7e1b55e5	With such well defined facial features and masculine cheekbones, correct proportions, a good metabolism, plus all this is due to proper care...
364320e3ef6fef8638d473fc16a269a645909a8b	I already do not dare to voice his brilliant artistry, charisma and ... then Ostap suffered!)
a3f0610b232acecfe2c642a1626664f1891233db	+12
f100cd2ee63314744bebddb65dd11c2cf4a1edf3	#13 Karolinka 01.04.2013 18: 51 Oh, my God, what a man I want a son from him 8)And I want a daughter from him, and period, and period!!!
4a9d00561e1794b1223ba2575dfaa4953b1304f8	+17
fb8f90c3801d28cfd0cdb12a686dea99161b6f29	#14 Johnny Depp 18.04.2013 13: 08 dadada, Joonni
00741a03074f0be0a2a70bfc41752fdaf5983c0f	+10
4e0f79f739cd4b5ddb6b8cecb4af2592ca2b1f82	#15 orlando bloom 27.04.2013 14: 12 Lapulechka!!
6dab8eb0d912ee5b391973ab9d8ecc76b53aa939	Update the list of comments
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6ac9a42e196fe2639a7b5f339382b4be545f39ae	Johnny Depp, biography, news, photos find out everything!
b8e956fb6e9b3f04d4474f550b58d680d6f50b84	Name: Johnny Depp
ff95745324f579b8192831fde1a57c24587316d5	Birthday: June 9, 1963 (53 years old)
e7ba60780499e40be2b53f0787232548d1fa8b62	Place of birth: Owensboro, Kentucky, USA
4719ca8c5fdc4d084b726113fbef7bc80e519af0	Weight: 78 kg
828d795bb8a106693aa920109de53258ee7d583b	Height: 178 cm
1b527b5e85df51190ffe135fffd3d60ce4cabdfd	Zodiac Sign: Gemini
77123f03a0d655a53dc85071ad0e663342ae9e82	Eastern Horoscope: Rabbit
fee7e0c4a224d3f137b54225d4798b13f9e07184	Activity: Actor
6eb39a03b173120d2ec983ef7223147a0ac03368	Do you like Johnny Depp?
a858dc75a0a9385f8ecd07ca616401000ddacf76	Rating: [49]
69734ef7650b9d07e76d5731c3c244265fcffb8c	Photo: Johnny Depp
c1b13e5a11248aa360e85be7631c88ab465897dc	Biography of Johnny Depp
0d0981b0d3166cc6cd01e89d320d8ba16c3a5ddf	Johnny Depp is an actor whose name has become a recognized symbol of eccentricity and madness.
a7e9e25fa6de1df9f3dc09f2875027ea6c4e57df	Having made his debut in the horror film "A Nightmare on Elm Street", he did not even intend to become a professional actor.
5aed333a00d05a0dc2e1f35d034d69a8a56849c8	However, fate decided otherwise – today Johnny Depp is confidently included in a limited number of the most original and recognizable actors.
ee4653abfc33686da96d111a97118c8dac46d8dd	2016: Johnny Depp at the premiere of "Alice through the Looking Glass"
e7fa93c58aeaf9f6f26bcc3df7b5d0cafa40eae9	Johnny Depp's childhood and family
c694739887bbaafa26c6725984b8a3c39d95dbd3	John Christopher Depp II's father, the full namesake of his son, was a civil engineer, and his mother, Betty Sue Wills Palmer, worked as a waitress from the age of 14.
7854059c00cac9111239298377eb3908d351ebdd	Before meeting Johnny's father, she was already married, which brought her two offspring, Debbie and Daniel.
54299afee0c74bacac9778b7bcd4665453da64d7	Johnny Depp has one half sister – her name is Christy.
8c43c2a8e8f3ad217b990fde3b5e80ab37bd5450	Johnny Depp's baby photos
017ece140890b7cd2bcd98486ee199d834afda50	Johnny Depp's mother was half Indian; her father belonged to the Cherokee tribe.
cf2858d5490a52dce4a3d3d7f2da0f0ba1a0e72d	Jim, the boy's other grandfather, with whom little Johnny became very close, was a full blooded Irishman.
2c8f8b499b5be7bee91229c8c43f7458bb2ae129	In addition, there are German roots in the actor's pedigree.
43444dc8280e22ceb533ed3607eb91e0dd3ca22d	Johnny Depp with his parents
d1036c318437b3e7cce03aa153d40327f5638fe4	Johnny Depp's hometown is Owensboro, Kentucky, but the boy's parents were constantly moving, so by the age of fifteen, the guy had changed several cities and more than a dozen houses.
3a6af09f8c64e10f5b04a3597ae3ede5cdd77aaa	As the actor said, one day the family moved to a neighboring house down the street – the parents simply could not sit in one place.
296ee495859cf1b8aac2dc29b4dc05a0b9c37de4	Johnny Depp's childhood can hardly be called happy.
da8a59b35bf3f052bb951abd0260e019c1c0ace3	His mother, who worked from morning to night in a roadside cafe to feed the children, was quite a special person: "My mother swore like a sailor, played cards and smoked," Johnny said.
1587aff5eca9dc1162bdff0364b5fc05aaa221f6	My father drank a lot in his spare time and, being drunk, was not ashamed to beat his wife and children.
77fee9ce43098286832ef5260b6986fb621282f6	To top it off, when Johnny was 9 years old, Grandpa Jim passed away.
68872c2d6ea01f745ed8969e757b55a9859a113f	The loss of a loved one finally knocked the boy out of the rut: he began to swear with his parents, at the age of 12 he began to smoke and abuse alcohol, and at the age of 13 he began to lead a sexual life.
8a7a7d3c09eb8fd0dc0002d96f1ee83876084dea	In his youth, Johnny Depp was still a bully
1311a182e32c786069c555e8fa5521b7c92c55a1	In 1978, Johnny Depp's parents divorced, which only worsened the situation.
80ad7ce60fb81dc60ac2f73d85dfd2f2d4cff8ee	A fifteen year old boy began experimenting with drugs, because of which he was expelled from school.
96f4bc068dbcc1d411757cd34fa72702a8115229	However, this did not upset him – he gave up on education and began to live his own life.
e09aacecbe60f6750b58e967e23ce21b592ae384	Johnny Depp's youth.
ba222447cc28cb7a8f8e5f9a90c033824cb75211	Musical career and first film roles
15621c8f98f50a387938e27813b934ccd450b405	At the age of 12, Johnny became the owner of a cheap $ 25 electric guitar a gift from his mother.
6fa63d0fbf8b9540401c92e7bfe210595ece80aa	He independently mastered the instrument, and when his parents divorced, the guy moved into the car of his friend Sal in protest and began performing as part of the garage group "Kids", interrupting with fees for performances in nightclubs.
ec82e786d23e5ec148b25e8d6f94e8d9eac9b7d0	Over the next four years, he changed about 14 such amateur groups and, in addition, worked as a handyman on construction sites.
16fcb6e9d7adfa8e6f6344ab1b71849c4909359c	Johnny Depp and The Kids
3a5702bac7aa6156252dd4dcdb5081ea84eb02f5	At the age of 20, he became the guitarist of the well known in narrow circles punk band "The Kids".
6801a34d432e3be454d3b5b539fa59b43468396a	One day, Iggy Pop himself heard their performance, after which he invited the guys to perform at his concert, as they say, "opening up".
d6400ad3c92a1b50c94588eb3b437df1d17830ef	Even on a local scale, Johnny Depp gained popularity, and soon he began a close relationship with 25 year old make up artist Lori Ann Alison, who introduced her new husband to Nicolas Cage.
286300f5f938d47c4e3b1b905106587cf0d2e182	He was three years younger than Depp, but he had already managed to star in Francis Ford Coppola's" Fighting Fish " and a number of other films, so he had some experience behind him, which allowed him to recognize the acting inclinations in the rebel and rowdy Johnny.
69616610bb3715d3cedc06120e4c504bfd0f8df3	Johnny Depp and Nicolas Cage (right) are old friends
8c4cb1e27f1a6caf12cb34e43f01b421d1c4b1f4	Cage introduced Depp to his agent, who took the musician to audition for the film "A Nightmare on Elm Street".
bb535152d0228efe5779dc006b1c2bb36f220c22	Johnny expected a maximum of a cameo role, but the directors decided otherwise.
acb85b92032343bbc30b120736e0e76e802a91db	They were touched by the naturalness with which the guy behaved in front of the cameras, and the small details of his image, down to the yellow nicotine spots on his fingers, which made him "real".
7bd9beee7d727ddec8d91a462bbc7517381762d5	Johnny Depp's first role – "A Nightmare on Elm Street"
51051f5bb4d610afc54d27b8568d1f8cbef86bc1	As a result, Johnny got the role of Glen, one of the main actors in the plot.
fd32a17174078f221ced3b79e69a26f15e8f72a5	However, the guy did not even think about becoming a professional actor; he believed that a horror film would be a "springboard" for his musical career.
b5efb241066141675ae98c413997ca5a289a0d67	Released in 1984, "A Nightmare on Elm Street" became a breakthrough, and other Hollywood figures drew attention to Johnny Depp.
7232b02abe0109e3665a76e88d02ba7124c70b2f	Without much thought, he accepted an invitation to the youth comedy "Private Resort", where he had to shoot naked for the first time.
0ce6f824566932f53c0b0065647bbd231880df34	Johnny Depp: interview with Channel One
0ddc1c23480a7e2e82c86c92aefa38a7c4f2648d	Wanting to save enough money to produce his own album, he starred in episodes of the TV series "Hotel" and "Lady in Blue", and also played the supporting role of Donnie Fisher in the film "Heat" with Eric Roberts.
01d188eafc617a55ad14a730830aaec63df24934	Acting drew the guy deeper and deeper, and he spent the money he earned on acting courses.
980a28468836e4fad1ca55d33a8f82780a3cdca6	Perhaps thanks to this act, he got into the cast of Oliver Stone's military drama "Platoon".
0bd2b2392bc2956db5deb9bebdd39c50ab85b520	He was eager to play the main role, but the director decided that the newcomer was not yet ready to take on such a responsibility, so he gave it to Charlie Sheen.
5f62a048ce459cefb3c8d9e8fbf2f3df5882b2f0	Depp had to settle for the secondary role of private Lerner.
4684361bfd97d15858032839db66ef1aaff714f8	Alas, almost all the scenes with his participation were cut out during the final editing.
67abbc3a91bbc0debb1d34db1048a1f47298eb1a	According to the law of meanness, in 1987, "Platoon" received eight Oscar nominations at once, of which exactly half was transformed into the coveted golden statuette.
cbd0b7a0aeeffde27b155e6440876b33391948b8	The role of Johnny Depp in the movie" Platoon " came out episodic
eb10fd9f7ef985489028f3be77b696bdedcccd41	After returning from the filming of "Platoon" in the Philippines back to Florida, Depp heard about casting in the new youth series "Jump Street 21".
565bba45a233b7ca4f96a5639329269f2f7dbafc	Having successfully passed the audition, Johnny became one of four police officers who solved crimes among schoolchildren.
647ddf4399d56e0d43b4c100164d4fb308d9c6db	The series made a splash, and a few months after the premiere, Depp was forced to literally run away from the fans chasing him.
eb57a9d137e6525019e8533bf90fc0bf3ba0e7c1	However, the thought of the fame of the "teen idol" disgusted him.
9ec3bff39a9790089243ac24863310a4c4a0815a	"Jump 21 street": the first series starring Johnny Depp
4ea7a480ad6630750f871f8304f58f46de840049	Therefore, he gladly accepted the invitation of the infamous director John Waters, whom he met just on the set of Jump Street.
f30644b7f5e3dbe2163d542c5af7410e6cc4d7b1	Waters approved Depp for the main role in the grotesque musical "Crybaby", where, according to the plot, his hero, a handsome rebel named Crybaby, appeared as the complete opposite of his "serial" role.
07ff54a237b1d8ad475eb90cc775abc83fb47221	A well groomed rebel named Crybaby performed by Johnny Depp
fb256415970c83c6c40b601616815f445ad1649e	In 1989, Johnny Depp was incredibly lucky Tim Burton chose him for the main role in the film "Edward Scissorhands", although there were more than enough talented applicants: Tom Cruise, Robert Downey Jr., Jim Carrey...
78699e9dbeb9ad33c23c3a2f8abb9cf8b6506139	A fantasy fairy tale for adults not only instantly lifted Johnny Depp to the Hollywood Olympus; thanks to this film, Winona Ryder appeared in his life, with whom the actor met for more than four years.
cb61f1e7a484a30daf738fe0bf2a300bfbc35a7b	Johnny Depp as Edward (1990)
1f127960ca807a09b9f295e26c2dec820412b3d0	In addition, this picture began the friendship of Tim Burton and Johnny Depp, which later gave the world "Sleepy Hollow", "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory", "Sweeney Todd", "Dark Shadows" and other outstanding works of the tandem.
95c77c6cff0a63d541ae8f4c6f9f832559ead8fc	More precisely, the trio Helena Bonham Carter always appeared in Burton's films, who quickly became a good friend of Depp.
0d0e39c937d3a2960d98af8723eff05fe664328f	The inseparable trio: Johnny Depp, Tim Burton and Helena Bonham Carter
c5b619a484f4e2dbe98ea0c02048ebd8ef1e8fd7	The rise of Johnny Depp's career
7becee4b7f26640f6e767b081d0dbaeac9de1a49	After the premiere of "Edward", Johnny Depp immediately increased his "acting rank": he was no longer considered a star of "soap" series, famous directors became interested in him.
d3cae8e590347f79c970e8fb24ac1f0d3dbd2381	Among them was Emir Kusturica, who took Johnny to the main role in his new film "The Arizona Dream".
63f6c2f221b82dd6cb6a136710bd9a05de36b5b4	Johnny Depp is visiting the Emir of Kusturica
6d160b64a3f321d05c432481769466fc5e622529	Then there was a tandem with Mary Masterson in the touching melodrama "Benny and June", the experience of playing together with Leonardo DiCaprio, then a very young teenager, in "What's eating Gilbert Grape", participation in another Tim Burton picture – the biographical picture "Ed Wood", and shooting in a Jim Jarmusch western called "The Dead Man".
87c9f55df78a8a24cbab68f7c8011d4169d6d20b	Also in the filmography of Johnny Depp of that period there are two works with the great Marlon Brando - "Don Juan de Marco" and "The Brave Man".
a0ff2e8f07b199deeb06fbb3cef653508ec3b6eb	The latter film was also the directorial debut of Johnny Depp.
0d92e6c5bec39f8f33d1ce195eec54905c26af91	Young Johnny Depp and Leonardo DiCaprio ("What's Eating Gilbert Grape?")
c795a4df06306d644c71d5d89313ca25d9a4091f	After that, a kind of "criminal" period began in Johnny Depp's career.
5313999d5177db973cc456c17ce82fedac5eafc9	In the action movie "At the last moment" he had to portray a modest cowardly accountant who was forced to take up arms, and in "Donnie Brasco" he had to play a young FBI agent under the guise of an assistant to an elderly gangster, who was masterfully performed by Al Pacino.
0522b92e7d3e80ff3e6f10effbca9f8f93892bb2	Johnny Depp in the movie "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas"
4029a92af4210166da273bb7450cc41e442e1785	And when Terry Gilliam decided to film the acclaimed book about the adventures of Dr. Gonzo and Raoul Duke, the writer himself called Depp: "Maybe you'll play me in a movie about Las Vegas?
bf364aa5c8f2619de9d9f0dc58abeb2ef5d694b1	That's not a bad thing."
df830f8b14e95bef23e77e4248ba88c1c3fa6872	Depp and Hunter quickly became friends
501bd038b8947ac6b9cdb1d2935b2bd8fc0dc50b	The hallucinogenic adventures of Johnny Depp and Benicio del Toro were nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival, but the jury members, including Depp's ex girlfriend, Winona Ryder, awarded the prize to the work of the Greek independent director Theo Angelopoulos.
0ad5a8746923de5cfb42d08c9436894de4056f1f	Johnny Depp and Hunter Thompson are getting ready for filming
da272cf4d57d389b838531764a38fcd2b40844a7	At the turn of the new millennium, several very dark films with the participation of Johnny Depp were released at once.
c8d8346acd8ef5e196150fe6b9510042a7a16fe6	First, the actor appeared in the mystical thriller by Roman Polanski "The Ninth Gate", then in the above mentioned "Sleepy Hollow" by Burton, and in 2001 the world saw the horror film "From Hell", where Johnny appeared in the image of Inspector Frederick Abberline, a brilliant detective who is always under the influence of opium fumes.
0984c83501a46c18a374ea7e2322cced50ccb6cf	Johnny Depp as Ichabod Crane ("Sleepy Hollow")
0a79a3d54364d70926bde5ab028ca4cbb8aec7e7	In 2000, Johnny Depp took part in the independent film project of Julian Schnabel "Until the Night Comes".
db8623b5d33f91a4bc2e81af8d2e836045a9ff95	The film was made based on the memoirs of the Cuban poet Reinaldo Arenas.
d40d86e1c719cafd436f10c311ec5a05b74b4003	Depp got two minor roles at once: he played a transvestite prisoner and a sadistic jailer.
5010df4b864cd87dda4427a09909dc17e4db1a36	Arenas itself was the Spanish actor Javier Bardem.
2d1358a695662e9b622b24d3751c1d354f49d418	The film was shot for two months under the scorching Mexican sun, but out of respect for Arenas, Depp did not take a cent for the work, as did Sean Penn, who was also engaged in the project.
b11896dda9198f537c7f0895a1ab26edebb499ca	"Until the night comes" is one of the most scandalous roles of Johnny Depp
c8092c9a0c3c81a0235f4ef0adaf6f09ee9bab0d	In 2001, one of the most successful, according to many critics, works of Johnny Depp was released on the screens – the drama "Cocaine"based on real events.
0ce42756eca8eae2a6820d425cf1579d632f517b	In these two hours, director Ted Deme has contained the entire life path of drug lord George Young, an associate of the great Pablo Escobar.
0aa5c05a910c9fafe6abe46215eae9dcc4af3dd1	Depp took this role so seriously that before filming began, he personally paid a visit to George Young's prison cell and spent several days tete a tete with him.
5a3e747e4f82346f2bcab85b06f29eb4b140b030	Captain Jack Sparrow
3db9f169a07c54addf389dbf2a0f432ad225b1bf	Despite the fact that by the beginning of the 2000s Johnny Depp had starred in more than thirty films, and none of them was defeated by critics, in Hollywood the actor was assigned the unspoken title of "iconic loner".
41428d6bc71ef33051e4fe6a4e1129eaa645c119	Major studios were outraged by the fact that Depp literally spat on the commercial expectations of the film, choosing those roles that he personally liked and the actor's interest was mainly caused by independent projects.
21f20220ee3c7d8b52bced6d98d15ab80fd6363a	A typical Jack Sparrow!
10d5aaef1c3b68cba481b7b2a7ba912e47e202bc	But the new large scale idea of the Disney studio, in particular, the character named Jack Sparrow, aroused the actor's genuine curiosity.
b77c17c6248d336dcc7926ad3336854ebb5a7a72	Johnny Depp as Jack Sparrow: the best moments
842b69bc93dcfd8a90896025023357862423fea2	Johnny Depp on the set of "Pirates of the Caribbean"
2b0894045b2b9eca57fe3cc6132317a4ad1bf052	In 2004, the film received five Oscar nominations, including the Best Actor category, in which, of course, Johnny Depp was presented.
91bd638731e58edfa76f0c032a40297a335db330	However, in 2011, "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Strange Shores" was released, without the participation of Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley the actors said that they had grown out of these characters.
ed58ff02aee4baafa26e41013122949340956a2a	A shot from the "Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus"
654e543859a21c4736fbddbc4a5c0ec163c0fcc4	The next film was radically different from the Gilliam mystery a crime biopic about the legendary robber John Dillinger ("Johnny D.") and his confrontation with FBI agent Melvin Purvis (Christian Bale).
0ff7160a37c931214dedd6758798c750a7db4de5	And in December 2010, the audience was able to enjoy the brilliant duet of Johnny Depp and Angelina Jolie in the action movie "Tourist".
5e3fd49c13a87286916b980b8da9500a1485d186	The further career of Johnny Depp
7710e2441f870d5ee185f83ce9317dfd0f781413	Johnny Depp gave facial expressions, plastic and voice to the chameleon Rango
4466f7034c2d13542185ad84f6dcf41d1364bfbe	His colorful character was nominated for the Golden Raspberry anti award along with the heroes of Adam Sandler and Sylvester Stallone, a well deserved "veteran" of this award.
d865c4035c92316adb2e93f32c24c96fd048e8a6	Most of all, the audience of the comedy western was tormented by the question : "Why does Johnny Depp wear a crow on his head?".
a9f0699215aab5a6917a75f3193b322cc99ebc2f	"The Lone Ranger": Johnny Depp with a crow on his head made a splash
2d5e7f768539d5c0c293380c9cea5a2de84d3ac5	Trailer for the movie "Mordecai" starring Johnny Depp
4ca91faa0960c543bcb3048bcd57c804cd359188	Johnny Depp's personal life
3191a2900036fe865492454a1be67ae5b55d5824	There are legends about the number of women in the biography of Johnny Depp.
4bcfe810a32e627d191558b149a88d92adf96da6	Over the years of his life, his charisma and bright appearance have conquered dozens of women, but none of them has ever connected their lives with the actor.
be475a3ec101c16967b5c176870585497e5e30f2	Johnny Depp got married for the first time at the age of 20 – his chosen one was the make up artist Lori En Alison, who was 5 years older than the young man.
a5defab48bfce9fcbe3e26a5743fae59d0f3f396	They lived together for two years, until they broke up in 1985.
722e06fe662ecef0192379de4e806b42f953dc50	In the photo: Johnny Depp's first wife, Lori En Alison
a935eae96abaef28fe349cde3cb91a46a7f3152c	Some time later, Depp had a new passion actress Jennifer Grey, but the novel ended before it really began; the same fate awaited Sherilyn Fenn, Depp's colleague on "Jump Street 21".
d1159e2611b4f9b90a5f01b537c83756156954ea	In 1989, the actor met 16 year old Winona Ryder, who charmed him with a delicate baby face of Lolita.
92730850345f7fa1d9964d6d9df8c0693d1b5841	Their relationship was cloudless, Depp even got a tattoo of "Winona forever" on his forearm.
c49434a52e7c63565bcd8ac91b18efb5ccc7fa76	The idyll was spoiled by representatives of the yellow press, who constantly attributed novels to Depp and Ryder on the side.
d24fb0440a58bbd49ecb085a2571582e9d931ee2	The young actress could not close her eyes to the dirty gossip familiar to Hollywood residents, and in May 1993 the couple broke up, and Depp's tattoo was transformed into"Wine Forever".
92198301c4975540532396891d30a17b29507916	Johnny Depp met Winona Ryder on the set
896d6b5ad0d8b94e4c5bef84dd63a974a9a7aef8	A year later, Depp stopped by the cafe for a cup of coffee, and she was sitting at the table with friends – a top model with a world name, the infamous Kate Moss.
a2264465c59a4e634004c0b87ba95835d744774a	A week after they met, they went out together already as a couple.
feca22cc43a27f757078b56f9c9ef4ab34cec85e	The relationship between Johnny Depp and Kate Moss has become a real gift for the paparazzi and tabloids.
d9be5c52de74fa237404ef9ada2bea368ec49b5c	Both actors were famous for their heavy temper, love of bizarre antics and addiction to alcohol and drugs.
77d27652d5ed1a3c636f9c6045eaa8f1511010a6	Their passionate temperaments found each other – the shocking couple constantly got into the lenses of photographers and looked very happy at the same time.
bdd53659eee4304debbd81134340a70070b02eb1	A scandalous couple: Johnny Depp and Kate Moss
0e83474eb5a91eb491920fda45347f72f43dc7b6	In September 1994, residents of the Mark Hotel in New York witnessed a noisy pogrom with shouts, banging and stools flying out of the windows.
d8333ea765f244d5522785181f17bab72f33b1f6	The scandal ended when the police brought a depressed Johnny Depp out of the hotel door in handcuffs.
94e7e65ad60e9c98db833725bf2bb8eb4831e318	The reason for the arrest was a quarrel with Kate Moss – the first in a long series of quarrels.
6d2c129dc8498a6b4ef93cdaf7308d4b3684dfa4	In 1998, Kate and Johnny finally broke up.
8e2a5f3f6316bc2133b1c631d9d46dab2386473b	The official reasons for the breakup were not named, but Depp has repeatedly noted that he is grateful to the girl for the four years spent together.
627e63cc9a14d89eb7381f5e17a06a2e0ff77577	In the same year, on the set of the film "The Ninth Gate", Depp met the French actress Vanessa Paradis.
2b8da0f785c8baac1c6fe230788d7d5a871946cc	For her sake, the actor moved to an apartment in the suburbs of Paris, bought a mansion in Saint Tropez and pulled himself together.
7493a76de861e7050e410b7d42477ce159a94fde	It seemed that Depp had turned into an exemplary family man, putting all his fervor into raising children the firstborn of Lily Rose Melody Depp and son Jack.
e158e5d97a735c369d33db9ae7592855278e8b9d	Johnny Depp and Vanessa Paradis have two children
ba4475038aff0710f58779a69baaaa93aa5ac349	By the way, Depp's daughter followed in her parents 'footsteps; she inherited her mother's beauty and her father's acting talent, made her debut in Kevin Smith's film "The Tusk" and together with Johnny starred in another film directed by "Yoga Lovers".
ee5db9eff77f1125cef787f502fd7a12671f4b9b	Johnny Depp's daughter, Lilly Rose Malody – is a real beauty
2d1b693757d254186e00da6e8b4f11ea0a2b8173	However, after 14 years of marriage, Depp left Vanessa for an affair with actress Amber Heard, whom he met on the set of the film"Rum Diary".
369ec9983253456d0dc8bfa00275369fcf99ae08	He was conquered first of all not by the appearance of a young beauty – he was amazed by her erudition and education.
fa7f85673fef6807ccf20d4711ead68b93e785ad	In addition, it turned out that Amber passionately loves the blues.
791726900cbbafa5e994cb97835c99d728b21c26	In February 2015, they exchanged wedding vows.
3ca28b1663ee8b09d0f4728db5abe59d27ca1517	Johnny Depp and Amber Heard broke up in May 2016
cd0ece0a45bc2e50918d10b1ba40e28570b5b68c	However, in May 2016, after a year of marriage, Amber Heard filed for divorce.
2c29152a65bbd9ca6bfcae95a40684a84d0eb5fc	The reason for the quarrel was "insoluble contradictions".
2d9c2d702f707be593f466c7619cd4db2a7fa7f3	The documents were filed on May 26 three days after the death of Depp's mother.
b945880213eec602013da731051eb97ea0af79a3	A little later, the actress accused her ex husband of "domestic violence", but the accusations turned out to be groundless.
95a5fb42d509e6021ae96a3b926ad4e44742abe5	Johnny Depp now
a01cfa567d88124464f6eaa69af5dd5bed652834	In 2016, Johnny Depp was engaged in a new comedy from Kevin Smith, "Yoga Lovers".
8628e534db4809a08445ef8e0c0ca9004013e04a	"Yoga Lovers": trailer
11f039f889587932c9c513394fe280d2a350b55a	In May of the same year, the sequel to Alice in Wonderland, Alice through the Looking Glass, starring Mia Wasikowski, was released on the screens.
79bd60bb9fc134de3b8e02116a96e25b8dab6faf	As in the last part, Depp was reincarnated as a Mad Hatter.
b69e86f2c0b695436c881a2108c44c33d1bf980c	Johnny Depp played a prank on visitors to an amusement park
953f6f772e50d0327913690c725c0c801723b25a	In 2017, the premiere of the fifth part of the "Pirates of the Karbisk Sea" with the working title "Dead men do not tell fairy tales"is planned.
3915bb7e964d164d8de3c9e1dc65b330bb086f2c	[49]
155b81fc24dd772c1b6f683b037662f3791ff6f7	Johnny Depp latest news and articles 2017
c3b11a90e0271ac033d3020f15543b31bd901a2f	Johnny Depp is on the verge of bankruptcy
e0426d748a8004ad997a390aef2892e3e24ad97e	10 sexiest Hollywood stars with small breasts
88cd85e11dcf8fc6457223860444bd902c419418	Depp returned to the Parade
b2f232a0b170cae39e920a120349cfde44334a2c	The trial against Johnny Depp took an unexpected turn
0f5e56dc1683f969f074ad4f9a239cf3c0a7156a	After the divorce, Johnny Depp radically changed his appearance
04884a71c32e7250b8f2549a249f154a74e8054a	Sherilyn Fenn showed archive photos with Johnny Depp
db8090f3e16a45f04187026c0576520150a9547e	The 20 best male duets in Hollywood
d99f3a616a512f766e5574f380d3a78b73187d74	Alexander Morozov
5170650faef8b76d1cf35bba90918a4512067e7c	Ivan Zhidkov
59d173be2cfab6f2fd325b90beaff5c3c09c4233	Mikhail Grushevsky
4e39eb740a09eb47e3e301cb862e8bb1b217f4d9	Jennifer Lopez
cece7106db24c075264671de2e5ef6048f7bf4a3	Svetlana Rozhkova
61a92f62c9022d52f7d3725d1f3091629a968cf3	Vlad Sokolovsky
52a16e4ebec1443626a1f49def9cefae3f061439	Adidas AG (German :[adadiˌdas], Russian "adidas", on behalf of Adi (Adolf) Dassler) is a German industrial concern specializing in the production of sports shoes, clothing and equipment.
1e8a982f0c78696f4b9d55881abab4b7d036605e	The CEO of the company is Herbert Heiner.
ef6c7eab80bbce54fe90bc54ccb7d2b3c3a1483d	Currently, the company is responsible for the distribution of products from Adidas, Reebok, Y 3, RBK & CCM Hockey, as well as Taylor Made Golf[2].
36634e881a5a8b5160399100fd03a131aa0c4c48	On the official website of the adidas Group, the date of the company's foundation is stated to be August 18, 1949, but in fact the story began much earlier.
ccca95a4e4ae71a4958d8f5deb0371cc886b3b54	The history of the adidas company begins in the distant 1920.
026dfcb915c1c2000b84604413c449ea6340c7bc	The word itself, which became the name of the company, came from the name of Adolf Dassler, its founder, it absorbed the initial syllables of the first and last name.
38f86558103e7ac8f9f7a452defe7add58344043	Adolf Dassler was born on November 3, 1900 in the small Bavarian town of Herzogenaurach.
1fe1498ce0dbce83c1f307fb6e3d1772e787b397	His mother was a laundress, and his father was a baker.
b3654b2f71e3239b93ec59480255e86d29cfd5f5	Adi, as Adolf was called in the family circle, grew up a quiet boy.
1258079ec9e790456e588f06491fbbbe907efcd7	When he was 14 years old, Germany started the First World War, but Adi did not get to the front because of his youth.
7191c94b60a9c08559a3cb2a55c6817908fd11d1	He did not rush there.
9cd6cb64b4e4c952bbbb5584fe48c2e8e87bc4ac	Dassler's passion was football, which was gaining popularity in Europe.
d3e29cd0eb66ffba92642c2c59b5c6805539e2a7	With the defeat of Germany in 1918, the war ends.
39e292826a9a89cb9dbb7b45b1473c40f0e8c9ee	There is a lot of inflation and devastation in the country, and millions of soldiers are returning from the front, they join the ranks of the unemployed, unable to find work.
21d51f23b29d71000b88cecfb9bfef0cbcc11b1e	Members of the Dassler family, having worked on various part-time jobs, at the beginning of 1920 decided to open their own business - sewing shoes.
bb45d71c30c9e6c27780c6e74aa38639f6c75fae	The Dassler family approached the implementation of the idea thoroughly.
4233bd0e2aa205a8e259eb502914d9936cb0d847	The mother's laundry was used as a shoe workshop.
4d4eeed2fa42b7fce6bc643d444b71a8075ea436	Adolf Dassler showed ingenuity by making a bicycle into a skinning machine.
bb75b94533d8f2b68aa150ad5f683611a4079f2c	Adolf, his older brother Rudolf and his father cut shoes, and his mother and sister made a pattern out of canvas.
96898359b2dd77476966c85baae12b3d62bc9428	The first shoes released were sleeping slippers, which were made from military uniforms, and the soles were cut out of old car tires.
b8a7ea61a693d8a5c45dbf24886508612535e90a	Adolf was engaged in the creation of new models and the organization of production, and Rudy was engaged in the sale of products.
91dbd3d322a569b1cee645af18bd85ebdeba2a4f	After four years, twelve employees, including family members, produce 50 pairs of shoes a day.
73f7d32c8fa10ae3579ddad19ed1243933fc0c06	And in 1924, the company "Shoe Factory of the Dassler brothers" appeared.
eeb7a9be04e5686a609e87f144a66cf310204f73	In 1925, Adi, being an avid football player, created football boots with spikes, which were forged for him by the blacksmiths of Tselein.
f29e169b51535294cea187a1a8318f141c377604	So the studded sports shoes were born.
b08fdd673364a65f8135e6ce48796dbd18ce66e9	And together with the already familiar canvas, it became the main product of the Dasslers, whose business was going so well that, a couple of years later, the brothers rented an entire building for their factory, expanded the staff and doubled the output.
d567415476cc72797a9b30d4a2eb86b1d790ef55	Soon the Dasslers bought out the rented factory, and the whole family moved to a small mansion standing nearby.
c8c74eb023c37c850d21b4f2842c1cca76a93e9e	The success of the studded football boots "Dassler" was the first step in the development of shoes specifically for athletes.
18399d52be8ad792290c6210cd16ad3062e4835c	The spikes created with Joseph Weitzer received a patent from the German bureau.
85ebb6deaff35212ed26d2ac07ec9d4c6e013612	In 1927, Dassler registered spikes for short-distance races with the German Patent Office (D. R. P.).
70979afc2324905378525c7251861bf2c8a1ac87	This model was developed together with Joe Weitzer (senior coach of the German team) specifically for the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam.
768ab5a9f89be9dfe7724d5c90d6b9722071f049	In 1928, the Summer Olympic Games were held in Amsterdam.
e9bc6dfd6724f9ee145cfa632940016556f668cc	At this Olympics, athletes performed for the first time in sports shoes "Dassler", and from that moment "Dassler" became the standard of sports shoes.
c03269cdd0fe04a04b3e3a55535e677ec9df1f3a	In 1929, Adi Dassler produces his first football boots on a leather sole with spikes, "decorated with rivets".
6243f23b04de790072e1a1432c04128423b581b3	Despite the growing economic crisis, the company is developing rapidly.
db851dc96a7bce592f21a8e9d11464a2acf4e1c1	At the same time, Adi Dassler produces his first tennis shoes.
22d83ca5414699094867bde457b2adc1e770eabd	The further development of the brand's fame is directly related to the" victories " of Dassler sports shoes at the Olympic Games.
b2e8e09a9826eafe8ab170856fce0ed3a4aebb02	Already in 1932, at the Olympics in Los Angeles, the German Arthur Jonat became the third in the 100-meter race in this shoe, and at the Berlin Olympics in 1936, the American runner Jesse Owen won four gold medals and set five world records in dasslers.
18ec24cc3a9c4ea460f8d475b03ea1e3e9867fa5	Such an advertising campaign brought good results, and sales of the" Dassler Brothers Factory " exceeded 400,000 German marks.
614fdb94eb9bff27f6b637968eba7d26f06b0ce8	They opened a second factory, and increased production volumes to 1,000 pairs per day
a3bd9b328410df3d0eac0b6c459502b4f3c3c6cc	Most German athletes train in Dassler shoes.
b8f7fe6cb7f2815201a653977ef35df3cefce6ff	In 1937, together with the Olympic Committee, Adi Dassler developed specialized sports shoes, trying to take into account the specifics of each sport.
1d18f88d9b688097a8cae3b15ecac522299a84cc	Dassler's product range includes 30 models of shoes for eleven sports, including 4 models of roller skates.
0e39ac8fb21692d5c532eafd5e77ae0368570df9	In 1948, the Dassler brothers separated.
ce4488be4f26234793a1093d827c866e6951df21	Each brother gets one of the factories in the city of Herzogenaurach.
0da58f2c12d05dbd2041c4967b95d6e2254957d9	They conclude an agreement according to which none of them should use the family name in the name of their company.
5c55a7cb9e2ee9ee354e7c8ad21f921919c6e548	Adi's company gets the name adidas, - abbreviated from Adi Dassler, Rudy's company-Puma.
b143ecf3fcb084fd725c444079acf0518f68c811	The world-famous Dassler brand ceases to exist, and newly created companies become tough competitors.
eb2091ed3976be9595b7af3fb2e58e879c2d04a0	At the same time, the legendary Three Stripes appear on the shoes that Adi produces.
3c9bf7ad940a7e80937c566a8905b6c46a0732a8	This circumstance increases the hostility between the brothers, since the Three Stripes arose due to the fact that Adi used the Dassler company sign, adding another stripe to it.
1a7c6bac62428461d1a9f968769686f09b29d176	After this turn of events, the brothers no longer spoke, and their Puma and Adidas became vicious competitors.
1fa9dbde4f136fca5ddfd12146494ad05eb96fe1	Moreover, the enmity of the founders of "Puma" and "Adidas" spread to their hometown of Herzogenaurach.
97d17a6afb132ae0b3ab64993d65bb87510f6b23	Each company maintained its own football team in the city, their employees demonstratively drank different beers, and even the children of the employees attended different schools.
38ab6d08da83a00ec617eefa4a57c8fcfdf6f381	The headquarters of both companies are still located in Herzogenaurach, the tension between the companies is no longer the same, but, as one of the employees of Adidas says, " Now we certainly talk to each other, but you will never see me in their shoes."
c241bf4ec806c7571a15f57c396332d46fa821a6	In order not to let his brother bypass him, Adi takes up his favorite business – invention.
472a98b48769fe6c060d6507ba882c29d64be181	In 1949, Adolf invents and produces cleats with removable spikes, and a year later-cleats for playing in the most unsuitable weather conditions.
bc9631bafa78d48c700909b8faf7d77604566632	At the Olympic Games in Helsinki in 1952, most athletes no longer wear shoes in Dassler but in Adidas.
5c40b97d4cc5620fb51f52d9ae9187d3fb2caace	At the same Olympics, Adi comes up with the idea of offering athletes other products under the Adidas brand.
bdb97f719519b721a63be6b32db3cb5daa9560cb	The first test of diversification was the production of sports bags, which began a few months later.
bd785d83e8d6748cdc2be36a7f01ebd5cf1a7ad8	And although sneakers remain the main production, Adi is looking for a partner who will take over the production of clothing.
e89f77b2825b43d4560b8fe5abe8ddb38fd4bb3f	By chance, at some party, Adi met the owner of a textile factory, Willy Seltenreich.
99dd1a16af0959a3fc746d2171f9ac60f1b9b462	After drinking together, Adi ordered him a thousand tracksuits with three stripes along the sleeves.
860c0f46f7b1fd49d2b0ffe0779863a43ccf13d8	The goods went well, and the partners liked each other so much that soon Seltenreich began to sew only for Adidas.
4055de1685b0d7dd9f362851c59658805953fad9	From year to year, Adi Dassler's shoes became more and more technically and technologically complex.
f2fe8004f0fc400acef651ae44bd54ef816cf18d	But in 1952, at the Olympic Games in Helsinki, Emil Zatopek in Adidas sports shoes wins three gold medals within a week.
f8e39f2e9736c0a201a4b5831b54251963b811ba	He wins at distances of 5000 meters, 10000 meters and in the marathon.
166d0c1e9e6d6acd11229cf877ef54817c0bebad	An achievement that has not been surpassed to this day.
494905e2eed44dbf522c9c745368f07e8a348eee	And in 1954, the innovative Adidas shoes turned out to be out of contention at the World Cup-the German national team shod in Adidas became the world football champion for the first time.
f5ee1171e231ee8edd11927194fed50f5cbeedb3	The nation was delighted – the Germans became the winners for the first time since the Second World War.
e894d3619613ae3cd9133d12333f0d5eb930f78c	Adi personally attended the decisive matches in Bern.
4d4698036ca557c152b9646b2e6524623d432940	Under his leadership, before each game, the football players ' boots were adapted to the ground and weather conditions with the help of a new technology of removable spikes.
121a72b9e1525975e6fa78682f9f8a6bc0ef28fc	This victory led Adi to the idea of advertising directly at stadiums.
93499f26f5c6c77695c2821fe584be4e855124b3	In 1956, he signed an agreement with the IOC to advertise "Adidas" at the Olympic Games in Melbourne.
7c011d75b2547caab2a508c74686b5ff26ad64cd	At the same time, Adidas began its international expansion in production – Adi signed the first license agreement with the Norwegian factory in Gjorvik, and soon Adidas began to be produced in France.
a22ecc049b1d4f7d392558c91ea5c0e5f3dead28	The "golden age" of Adidas is coming – at the 1960 Rome Olympics, most athletes rely on Adidas sports shoes.
8ff36117cf3dd1b4f714c5fae807672fc6a3462b	Wilma Rudolph wins three gold medals in the sprint, despite suffering from polio in childhood, about the same thing happens four years later in Tokyo, and in 1968 in Mexico City, athletes equipped with "Adidas" won 37 gold, 35 silver and 35 bronze medals.
8f13370e50c04176d9b03df1fd4893fe73b7f0e0	In 1972, Adidas became the title sponsor of the Olympic Games in Munich, and the German national team became the European Football Champion.
6114e6d858e17d630caa4864f25e329bbc6b6509	Two years later, German football players become world champions for the second time – and again at Adidas.
79b505a819a67f6d06c674bfcc9ca8ec2871eadc	Adolf Dassler himself was afraid of his workers, because he could see from a whole huge conveyor one single defective shoe (a poorly sealed insole or a forgotten bracket inside).
921e21eeb265e113138e1166acf53425d2c8da45	The method of punishment was very interesting.
a3b295e75c3d9c33fa4c2ce0e1183c31fd901103	Dassler forced the worker to put on these shoes and walk in them.
d476b251c23531d8ca4d6e344610191612e190ee	Of course, it was unpleasant and uncomfortable to walk in such shoes, and sometimes even painful.
cf9218eef16bec7d6aafe51e27c789b89f421592	Despite this, the other employees were more attentive to the work being done.
ae2818902371fc2a5065bf0ae61bd901d697d4ae	From the beginning of its existence to today, the company has had both crazy success and profit, as well as periods of crisis and loss.
0fa616fbfd207a2c864c32b93644d48dc398f1c8	In 1968, adidas was the first in the world of sports shoes to produce a molded polyurethane sole with a one-year warranty on it.
d21d4c7ae66a0a1a8910d3e1fe432eaae692488d	Subsequently, this technology has gained worldwide popularity and is currently used everywhere.
9754783bc7c417f05af3fd2aa431b58fcefb0ed5	In 1970, the adidas Telstar ball became the official ball of the FIFA World Cup in Mexico.
653bbdfaaa1f7b957086c44ebd273dd6a83d4adf	Adolf Dassler also comes up with the idea of depicting the famous three stripes on his shoes and creates a symbolism in the form of a shamrock, as a symbol of fame and success on three continents.
c3fcb520f7c76d4e718fde2f27307e89fe67041d	In 1975, Adi Dassler became an honorary member of the" American Sporting Goods Association " – the first among non-Americans.
a88bb8f01d368305536728feff3c80e357dec9ce	In 1976, the head of Adidas watched on TV the competition in the 400 meters at the Olympic Games in Montreal.
7b55e1c0d9fa7a0637c12f69ec23d55610640053	Suddenly, a slight inaccuracy in the movements of the Cuban runner Alberto Juantorena caught his attention.
c3d6c3aeeaae46df03e5f4e24d1ff8d3071604ba	While running, he barely noticeably bent his foot in the direction of its outer edge.
1ff8787793d41e4e2b36da6b022ff635e4860d1f	The athlete ran in Adidas "Spike" sneakers specially designed for this Olympics with adjustable removable spikes.
814621df8e84235ef9edc75ab9b90eb10fb1545e	Dassler immediately called his assistant, who was busy at the Olympics, and ordered him to check the athlete's shoes.
867dc75fb92c39bb225a19e060781861d8f7794c	It turned out that the Cuban on his own initiative replaced the spikes with longer ones.
f6ac50b5af6cca32d1f58410b3bcacd34dc5f5f2	The position of the spikes was immediately corrected, and Juantorena won gold in the finals of the 400 and 800 meters running competitions.
2f2a22aae0b65124c2ecb641b907cef78e70bfc6	In total, at these Games, athletes equipped with "Adidas" won 75 gold, 86 silver and 88 bronze medals.
b16e8cc6983b220a7a509699c8a2def856f5b67d	The record has not been broken so far.
3a5caae2e9cac04bbe735bc0c3cab71d774d75ff	In 1978, Adolf Dassler died and the management of the company passed to his widow, Katarina.
e42d8d5c97f8c2c527e7cf7cf95c61ba4f0cc0df	She quite successfully copes with this burden until her own death in 1984.
d59a97a7ee1426858dd7d21d429fdf32391bc118	I must say that she was generally an outstanding woman, even during the formation of the company, while her husband was creating and understanding the general concepts of production, she performed essentially all administrative work.
0ecbdfae891edc0533e5be15b6dfb32ecaed94d5	After her, the company goes to Horst Dassler-the son of Adi and Katarina.
a19ceb3126b0bb7dc5aa9aa5ff98469a5997c6c9	He established strong relations with the International Olympic Committee and the International Football Federation and tried to make the first reforms at the enterprise.
3eb96ae48397bcab7eb6998a4ee7a83baecec4c2	However, the early death of 51-year-old Horst made his own edits to the case.
79dbf2b6c7792aa4bcea22788cd392a743417953	The sisters tried to run the company, but quickly realized that they did not have the appropriate scope and competence, so in 1989 they sold 80% of their shares for only 440 million German marks to the French entrepreneur Bernard Tapie, the then owner of the French football club Olympique Marseille.
c872f4b403c0dbb67b56da93ef26ae31298e9509	By the 1990s, the situation of Adidas was simply catastrophic: losses reached the figure of $100 million.
847a378c411d10b02a80010f24a4fb8bfb4db408	Aggressive competitors breathed in the back: the American Nike and the British Reebok.
87c20ef166952bdcd0d18ec3c7987fb30a039fe7	They were younger, more creative, more interesting.
863b27d35079c6a238f47845cd61674ffad2fff9	However, the brand of the company itself represented an interesting potential for people who know that brands can be revived, and such a legacy as Adidas does not lie on the road.
b76f9ae66c656e1aa60865ac84ef92b72df48bf8	Since 1993, a new team of specialists began to write a new history of Adidas.
2d29a1693c3702fb53e9883469ed22c7fbc07983	The first thing that the new management did was to lure a fair number of managers and designers from Nike and Reebok.
46c75caf100a9972d4962e3948e897224e172c2f	Secondly, he gradually moved the production outside of Germany – now the company, like its main competitors, produces shoes at enterprises in Indonesia, China, Thailand: saving on cheap labor from third world countries has again made the products competitive on the world market.
d50337a32bc1f4de61825d52e4015176ae41b05d	A whole army of "Adidas" specialists decided to attack not only the professional sports market, but also the mass market involved in the world of real sports.
8f9cb4e687d97c3386add08be25c97459f4d79dd	Adidas refused to work with retail chains and began to form a network of branded stores in order to avoid mass production and overstocking the markets of its products.
b4d32c67e3783824fb41d8e0c294f1c6d6f4d945	The results of efforts to create innovative products and a network of branded stores began to affect already in 1996, when Adidas once acted as the general sponsor of the Olympic Games – this stimulated an unprecedented sales growth: +50% per year.
54125e1223574b73181dc3bfa8523644c08f2511	The growth continues to this day, but the most important thing is that we managed to establish ourselves in the American market, where Adidas "bit off" a share of 12% of the sportswear market and 10% of the sports shoes market.
03c82ab3027b5eb1f7956d4f857d799af67bd814	In order to be in the stream of time and find their consumers, Adidas managers showed close attention to new sports, for example, they brought streetball to Europe, actively began to work with new youth trends and trends, thanks to which they managed to win the sympathy of American and European hip hop and rap culture.
fb5f5a6b82bc208e1fb115f855e2ee46461547d0	Today, Adidas is represented on the market with the widest range of products, starting with basketball sneakers and football boots and ending with sportswear and shoes for tourism.
df485dc1578ed9ed50d6104c9ea2ddb26cb187ab	And in 1997, Adidas bought the French company Salomon, a leading manufacturer of winter sports goods, and now the concern is called Adidas Salomon Joint Stock Company.
9372f10e1168313add0dc33877acdeb902fb17cc	This step allowed the company to become the second largest global manufacturer of sporting goods after Nike.
ebfa32a89d02e37d9eea9e7579f73c9a4a27aec6	The third millennium begins for adidas with new achievements.
419fdac1a654bd3172f2b74347c75f4a7bb5c852	In 2000, the company became the official supplier and licensee of the European Football Championship in the Netherlands and Belgium, equips the European Champion-the French national team.
5cf2a54ed684ec00e736aff4ddaa943e102e775a	At the Olympic Games in Sydney, adidas proved to be a real Olympic brand: it was represented in 26 out of 28 sports and equipped more than 3000 athletes.
ae17733ee3c4d5a10895b8dd0021c10c1ddbcf2d	In 2001, Herbert Heiner was officially appointed CEO and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the company.
62e1606a96dfa16332f6abab0b88a31c217df99c	In July 2002, adidas Salomon completes the formation of its revolutionary new structure of dividing the main adidas brand into three parts, and positions its third part as follows: "adidas Sport Style is the future of sportswear".
32433b59d9bf398a1307c4b3a9fd2bc33de834a2	The other two previously existing departments were renamed adidas Sport Performance and adidas Sport Heritage.
98ea898452d8a85048249ce95f670c2a52baec06	The world-famous Japanese designer Yoji Yamamoto becomes the creative director of the new branch of adidas — Sport Style.
5ac21cef8cd741db2d1605ad249f23632beb9007	In 2004, the sensational victory of the Greek national team at the European Championship contributed to the popularization of adidas products in this country, since the company was the general sponsor of the national team.
d631348be7aacbf00ad633ef64fa5a71a170b8c1	The Olympic Games in Athens are becoming a new platform that adidas uses as a showcase for its brand products.
66dd0b30b57d82997504bfa7e004f00d23f16e62	A very important event in recent years for adidas was the purchase of Reebok in 2005.
a71e322c510b2318a75dd396b341352ed6bf7f30	At the same time, there were no drastic changes to the purchased brand.
ae37f643f8302fae047feb1de9829d5aa2047a32	It continues to develop as a separate, independent brand.
6b59f193895177bf7da8280f31b0442f84d34d7f	At the moment, the adidas Group is one of the world leaders in the sports goods industry and offers a wide range of products of key brands: adidas, Reebok, TaylorMade, Rockport and Reebok CCM Hockey.
d7df1aec6e68ab5eb0e1e2d4265224fafb88162a	Today, the adidas brand is one of the most famous and best-selling sports equipment in the world.
b100f7647c43c52b072af3a71cac1f02e9fa3000	Today, it is associated not only with shoes.
97bcd7698bad0b868a7c99950f138969e7e33c40	Adidas represents, perhaps, everything that is possible in the world of sports, this is clearly reflected in the entire variety of brand commercials.
e9705ce69ab236d0b1168f02c545bf42b2d90dbf	Lead a healthy lifestyle I'm talking about a healthy lifestyle and self development as a norm of existence
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cf532b47b6b42d6510b46ec43c9c734ec6ced640	Home " Active life The history of the famous Adidas brand and interesting facts about the company 04.05.2015 04 May 2015 Author: Denis Statsenko Without advertising or exaggerating, today we can safely say that such a manufacturer of sportswear, accessories, equipment and shoes as Adidas is unknown only to infants.
8002278e02a6f7ee5b0f17db771d12fb48250f20	The symbolism of this German company, the name and even the font of the inscription are easily recognized, and well known world class athletes advertise the product.
4d1f627b92569429dda81729af2f8bde48a9a88c	The history of the Adidas brand and its success do not lie in one five year plan.
a192a207d26ad604fdbc642526fb37f948abaa04	How did it all start?
bdc881fdd4e56e71e2432adad082cedc227f87e1	Who was at the very source of the birth of the company, whose clothes are so revealing to wear in the 21st century?
2b3d0767b69b8c3411181e8b7c50d089dedc240e	The content of the article 1 The history of the Adidas brand: the birth of the company 1.1 The active growth of the Adidas company 1.2 The birth of the Adidas name and symbolism
ce6e700527b46436b6abe3438ce6b515b0cc220b	The history of the Adidas brand: the birth of the company Imagine the beginning of the 1920s.
eae8ee0bbff79172462c6b2988c655733199a870	In Germany, there is devastation after the end of the First World War.
c840d9494dfc09785d92cbc70204f06a79e54a9c	In order to somehow start earning a living, the family of Adolf Dassler, living in Herzogenaurach, starts sewing home slippers and orthopedic shoes for the rehabilitation of disabled athletes.
dc7146c505fc30c9e4fadcf84083f2d982b435c0	Of course, there were a lot of such people in the post war period. the year is 1924.
cb43fe532c0082cf889ff3875cfbc5088a03b2a0	Rudolf, Adolf's own brother, joins the cause, founding the Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory together.
48c01d7567e335cce7ad98ca5458141a60259847	By connecting workers, they managed to sew 50 pairs of shoes a day.
5bbdf4efc346a13f93f28acc168fbbea3c93eab1	A considerable figure for non automated production.
44869b77152d3ae18425665a0d68484272084df0	Thus, the brothers formed a wonderful tandem Adolf was a conscientious manufacturer, and Rudolf was a skilled and sociable seller. the year is 1925.
21f64b578f07e417e9b049c18bbf8e25f0abe441	Adolf invented and sewed boots with spikes, and the spikes were made for him by an ordinary local blacksmith.
3e5d4612cdceb47b781b50663d13f489128b4902	Such shoes were immediately appreciated and they became the main products at the brothers ' factory. 1928.
264f813c086e55b715cc985df38b9b5cb2011aae	Obtaining a patent for studded cleats.
c9e91885cb947c276ebdda6a89d5906e7d466fec	Some athletes show their achievements for the first time at the Summer Olympic Games in Amsterdam in such shoes. the year is 1929.
bc8ae13eeda17f2629297b542376c95483341688	The appearance of football boots on the market.
7c7fa9920dc9b9d3213c65c1386dd197abc19848	Active growth of the Adidas company in 1931.
523463bead30e571e777ea277a58a02fd14e7887	Despite the fact that the German economy is suffering a crisis, the Dasslers continue to work hard.
b366b6190897653c804d8ecd975348dc849b2ba3	They manage to buy out the premises that they had only rented before. 1932.
4e63feda9508a12711780f8a156d3a232c4601f1	An athlete in Dassler shoes takes a prize in the 100 meter run at the Olympic Games.
7cf42c7bcbc36b44ef1d9a67e44842ecf09e7ce5	It is worth noting that this was a successful advertising move.
ce49c685cd023b178b4182a983c4966865ef8c4b	Since that time, the company has been cooperating with athletes, which brings even more popularity to the brothers ' shoes. 1936.
e2f71048ed7f91e50073ae1974864dc4263187a1	The next Olympic Games in Berlin.
7988b7a1e8386e38ca24ccfb6b11c91052fe1814	An American runner in Dassler shoes sets 5 world records and receives 4 gold medals.
93c7222e073103c6649dc82ce7058a7c2576d248	The factory's sales exceed 400 thousand German marks.
3dde09b931afcde6f27dc4f477f556411af0e23f	Over time, the company expanded, another factory was bought out in his hometown.
b03cdba6dcb3ed740283cab65d494fe29caaf6b9	However, the Second World War leads to the fact that the brothers ' case was confiscated by the Nazis.
16ae8df4f6ccea612bee0f11391bef352c51129b	And the brothers themselves go to the front, being the same convinced Nazis.
40ec559cc72e62a05151c0b074f0e7f818c5f237	But no one managed to organize military production at the Dassler factory in their absence, so Adolf is soon brought back to business.
e131b25ead086ec437d6fd0df3dbe9822f753b42	After the fall of Germany in 1945, for a whole year there was a supply of sports shoes to the United States on an indemnity (that is, as compensation).
c5c1a2847ba0904e8e533c3dbb416aa6c9411b2a	The birth of the name and symbolism of Adidas In 1948, the brothers divided their business among themselves.
374f37fa38055eb5e9e0df16c7b0a8ddfddfb27b	Firstly, their father died, and secondly, there is a version that Rudolf could not forgive his brother for not helping him free himself from military captivity, having such opportunities.
1cac4029a4c44d9092fa88a800433e86a1d636c4	Rudolf, after the breakup of the family business, founded his part as the Puma concern.
c20b68e278f7b57c9687e2955b9814423a479d87	Naturally, Adolf had to somehow identify and highlight his products on the market.
e1d0e5c9823161f8ecbd0ef7d67d61dae160bc64	At first, he called his company Addas, and later Adidas (the first letters of the first and last name).
0ab423f1a38ffea0cde3c411fa385efecf2a4192	Around the same time, the famous Adidas symbolism appeared.
97af6958dbbb2ef997a54f61ae68ed5d5d6bc0f1	In 1949, Adolf invents and produces cleats with removable spikes, and a year later cleats for playing in the most unsuitable weather conditions.
230a5b711ac70bddc0e362e117f166cca461be57	Such shoes were out of competition.
6b58df545be98ffb104a714783efadbba0645b20	Especially when the German national team, shod in such "innovations", becomes the world football champion.
72902d9e343d1865e57b9a6cc91cbef6d28f7722	The 1960s and 1970s are becoming a golden period for Adidas.
7c73b13ae66eb2c53f0d661c3592e32fd48ab31e	Adolf comes up with the idea of using sports grounds and stadiums to advertise his products.
fe18f7a7f74cf9f8b76cbb85613579704a1a197e	An interesting fact.
0c6ecdd34b2d354a91cf4690b92a0ffc59b90ec2	In 1972, the Politburo of the Soviet Union decided to equip their national team in Adidas.
e9795d290041c2e7c15afcaca768fdb21c1742a7	And in Poland, previously, any sneakers were called "adidas", because the first sneakers in the country were Adidas.
bae81793ababc9979a65ac8ab20942199ed23679	I think this is a great compliment to the company.
27dbf3805a11f71edf8a823824336183d93c6215	One French investor said: "It is impossible to bury such a trademark as Adidas!
a3244f2fdfe65c46f6744a212661c4dd1fc26a75	She just needs to be woken up..."
769b181aea0066c4afaffd529f276d0eb0018595	Since the beginning of 1993, Adidas branded stores have been opening to avoid overstocking the markets with their products.
c29596e5f54421c62a0573f394b7821bc2ca9128	Since 1996, Adidas has been approved, expanded, cooperates with many stars, champions, athletes and becomes the general sponsor of the Olympic Games.
ca50d833ff26e616a520c55da0f6460b97871151	In short, as they say, it went As you can see, the history of the Adidas brand began almost 100 years ago.
c8afaab773ce52f6a5d4782ebf5e7ca886f3fc22	In order to become a powerful company with worldwide recognition, it had to go an incredible way from the simplest shoe tailoring to earn a living, to a serious competitor to any other companies.
afb65d6faabf38196bc7d1e274f7a3006b1e87a7	How do you feel about this brand?
677a9802d3bf1279a014f49981b1cccbccbcf407	Do you often buy products from this company?
f41c0ea0fa8e9fb813e28e1c63d56462d2072eea	Did you like the article?
e28f866d97cd3b85d2a6ec1680f9036328ecbbee	Leave a like, share the article with your friends, subscribe to the newsletter.
7461099e6c3983f2a37ae5abe12874bbb5f7eaca	Denis Statsenko was with you.
43708e126df4c73a0a4039c44b5f7e56a4febae3	See you soon
f3b4ca4409a14c49922768f56bb80ec33d4fc818	Active life 836 Share the article with your friends
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8851673a991e9d4f51b181db9365c422cb0cc3bd	How to get rid of crepature? 1086
eb4e2aa2078d0b9b528e26f7a44534551f3e37a4	How to wake up in the morning and make the day productive? 432
1821acada825f24a3d8e2b4457ea1d11127167ff	How to fall correctly to avoid injury 710
9b7ec7285b44e83f14bebec6c80e4233af10a504	Training program at home 1122
0c4704a2af952d928926b0ea8ccacf1b5622914e	Ice skating.
56bfad756928e6fb04e3548a70e06290d109a19e	Benefits and recommendations 1029
c4d3b07b21b702672fffb77df1bce1f7cf5af1ca	Gymnastics for the eyes.
7003ec794316494d69fd0a9ebce5fefe879015ae	How not to ruin your eyesight while working at a computer? 1140
e5b5405e3d6e746219aa3c7b7d7901cd75c729c3	Pull ups on the horizontal bar: the correct technique 814
7a15e08ea3d572fc0fb5c25aa82a589f61bcecca	SHOW MORE ARTICLES Comments on the article 4
4939425d2d7ef7933e0b0a9e9d7f1c70234f6149	Elena 10.05.2015 18: 37 Answer I remember earlier in school the fashion for adidas went, and then all sorts of children came up with name calling, like who wears this company, that one and that one...
a0ad15b529891b9cb46ec5a5c22b060c1a1235d3	These are the memories.
e640c4dfb8ca69dc55fe52bcde553e3bda81a53c	Now, of course, there are a lot of fakes, so you need to carefully choose the product.
7ef367cdbd3f2337d54d5f17a162b11f99b80b1b	Dmitry 14.05.2015 21: 05 Answer, I remember earlier at school, Adidas was cool.
cbcdd09240e8144941740bc1e31b8b297e4243fd	Natalia 21.05.2015 08: 20 Answer, Adidas has proven itself well in the market at the time.
429ab4bf9933a559d3323b29aff1e29d496eacca	It is a pity that now almost all products (with the exception of some premium lines, I donot know how many of them, I wonot lie) are not sewn at the best Chinese factories.
c084f2f3ca9ac0424357bdd343bcdea67b6bb1a8	I used to often buy clothes and sports shoes of this brand.
7d276306fd132f9be63a1ec1581037958ce53836	Now I think that their pricing policy is completely out of step with the quality (and it has deteriorated very much).
4ed6e4e1400dff3a037697933eb41286ed57048f	Only the "brand" and "show offs" remained, unfortunately.
4bee2c8f38720aafbecbd2f85e7c289252b18405	Lyubov 22.05.2015 03:02 I remember that during the period of stagnation, my dad brought me cool Adidas sneakers from a business trip abroad.
05e556ac927d26eecdf743410efdca2b086b4134	It was the subject of my pride then, it was fashionable and no one has such.
82e7474260e37330ea4a1d2898a5c215377f465d	Now, thank God, these times of total shortage have passed and everything can be easily bought.
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49a743c1c73d559129ff564db8dbc709414fffa0	The recommendations given on the blog should be used only after consultation with the attending physician.
4536d2f5d4211006c98462ab5061da2148a49bfa	Running miCoach Workout Recipes
e140558459273081fb4b849b58b6f292a300883f	The history of the creation of the adidas company
b6f02b6cd737028e16be4c92ba4ab3b355c50a6d	Now adidas is one of the leaders of the sports market.
e63eb162d53c4a11db06f6a3931d7984feae5326	Among its products, you can choose equipment for any sport.
e618adadbda7cde134e40c416b2bcd05c74ee382	Today, these are stylish and comfortable things created on the basis of the latest technologies in cooperation with designers and world class stars.
9aa8ac3a962d4bfb57d178bc0d0bcb5e5b146310	And what was the situation before?
fecd952f6b0362049802f21e8e8d93dc84a257ed	How was adidas born?
2d74d55344eb0e59a0b35745083fd53cfc1253b6	Today we decided to tell you the story of the creation and development of adidas.
3e42c019980b0e0e17ab85ea83751d29a9dc5416	In 1924, two brothers lived in the small Bavarian town of Herzogenaurach — Rudolf (Rudy) and Adolf (Adi) Dassler.
8ae65366cf7a7e08e058c93fec3285d6b23ed497	Their father worked in a shoe factory, their mother worked as a laundress.
ff3c316a05aa7da9958ed121ceff547347575ea7	Both brothers had just returned from the war, the younger Adi started making shoes in the back room of his mother's house.
13a43cbb27c975092df8f4c663ed705580120567	Then his older brother Rudolf joined him — this was the beginning of the history of the iconic brand.
55313e070f4cb4ebb02ea44ce019890ae4d1febf	Soon the brothers opened a small factory and called it the" Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory " (Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory).
26a063d90e8479db0ff20a91892044e02dac1516	The company was engaged in sewing slippers and sports orthopedic shoes for disabled athletes, of which there were quite a lot after the war.
def127c13629e9460f39e86c1cb45f4e668d9ce9	Their non standard handmade shoes began to enjoy popularity and 4 years later, in 1928, the shoes of the Dassler brothers could be seen on the feet of athletes in Amsterdam during the 1928 Olympic Games.
fd158420c104f61e31c06269dd2f6e82ca0694f6	In the same year, the first ever football boots with spikes, which were created by the brothers, received a patent from the German bureau.
f87f11198dc7b3fd3e5cd13b22a52be0a5d75ca3	However, the real success came to them in 1936, when they went to Berlin to present a pair of sneakers to Jesse Owens, who won 4 gold medals in the same year.
e82f0e50131f2c8652e3ea7b04c630158bbcab57	After that, the world sports community turned its attention to the"Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory".
0ad7b426b516a3705d42f73b8600b7ef5ed8c653	However, closer to the forties of the 20th century, when Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, disagreements appeared between the brothers, which reached their peak in the mid 40s of the 20th century.
0ef7e97c4bee1660efdf2e3e3944ab954cb9f9b6	In 1947, Rudy left the company in order to create his own brand — Ruda (Rudolf + Dassler), which was later renamed Puma.
4f53375bac007cbf377931cceb150cd77c0bc778	And this event takes us straight to August 1949 — the official date of the foundation of the adidas company (the younger brother was more lucky with the connection of the first parts of his first and last name: Adi + Dass).
487cb8f951d420d3ec3578de527660ae8e7bed39	After the brothers separated, she agreed among themselves not to use the symbols of their factory, but Adi violated the contract and developed the first official logo of the newborn adidas company three stripes, simply adding another one to the two stripes of the "Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory".
fdfa06f79af364a89af4440606202b6f8ef31f1e	In the same decades, a fierce competition began between the two brothers and, accordingly, between the two sports companies.
500588d9dfa9ee6f163f3d2f2da1c561e08cabcc	In the same year, Adolf creates the first cleats with removable rubber spikes.
6c44e38ab743515c69a6b487cd5e78481dee0c97	The younger brother got the final victory over his older brother in the 1954 FIFA World Cup, when Adi agreed with a German coach and adidas sponsored the German football team that won the World Cup.
da038b1ffcc5b22cbf128eb74d4613831030e8ef	Since that very moment, Adi has become one of the world's leading sports brands, and sneakers have become not only an attribute of sports uniforms, but also everyday clothing.
2777ea640e2338eb785f0824fa7d321819ef505d	The first test of diversification was the production of sports bags.
baa61ab6ae6dbf0afdbc032807e16b874ec6e64c	And although sneakers remain the main production, Adolf is looking for a partner who will take over the production of clothing.
7e6b8fda849994b106f6702969aa7b2028bccbea	By chance, at some party, he meets the owner of a textile factory, Willy Seltenreich, and orders him a thousand tracksuits with three stripes along the sleeves.
105552fe1d8fa08389043a74590e560d8c9b9701	In 1968, adidas was the first in the world of sports shoes to produce a molded polyurethane sole with a one year warranty on it.
39d4a81344d126eb9970fc1bb1f09f942c583518	In 1972, adidas became the title sponsor of the Olympic Games in Munich, and the German national team became the European Football Champion.
c2bb25bcdc629501a42e7055f72d60571e69dc6a	The appearance of the famous "shamrock" of the company.
2d0ee2baf593fcc6d53ff5fc76fd745789001ee6	Three sheets indicate the company's presence on three continents of the world.
a42c25603bae0d2597896f2386d60f19fa525a35	In 1978, Adolf Dassler died and the management of the company passed to his widow Katarina.
ec180dcfac04739011322961fdc7c287e94a66c0	Thanks to the actions taken by Adolf Dassler in the distant past, at the moment adidas sports and casual clothing, shoes and sports accessories are loved and worn all over the world.
b1e5f028b91735db19db15a53a228542df2ea850	The company's headquarters are located in the city of Herzogenaurach (Germany), the company employs more than 46 thousand employees worldwide, and total sales in 2012 amounted to 14.9 billion euros.
6470f15fa65682da58e17c0a1556f58b99d68621	">Tweet
ad48d7319a020cfe3b6df89666e9c9e0a11d1f13	Кисл Fermented milk products: "For" and "Against"3rd Kiev Half Marathon 2013: impressions of participants →
8184b5f79fe33725cf83d120d86ec7d2355be0c5	Lifehacker, run with adidas
d87a9e2313be70fc8b00eaf19b7867a5fce1d060	Adidas Running in social networks. networks
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ad7a622083ece64974c5a74249ed0062fd5d2281	About the blog "Lifehacker, run with adidas" is a new running project that will help those who could not do it to start running and support those who find it difficult.
48a035423ccf455279c10faa63c5afd5ae50f744	We love to talk about running and help you get yourself out of bed every morning for a jog.
ca2bac24ffede172967595c93d19c80b12e99d72	We rely on the wisdom of professionals and are charged with the enthusiasm of those who are at the very beginning of the running path.
a968db3c7aca825be0db62b852731b58f0215e20	Adidas
e88bb92a4cb1209dde0fd75eaf712da7eeeaffff	This is the stable version, tested on October 31, 2016.
8cfcf51cb7ee7a6b544284d1eb0fdf449fcae4b1	14 edits are waiting to be checked.
3b95896b3f99f7415a22e48f6304a1174043e885	This term has other meanings, see Adidas (values).
745494d7f398a8b65d9082a45e99ae1d82924192	Adidas AG
07c5c7666a912f9d4c017715ddba514514035014	Type Public company
ac6f97a26499adab0c1a1d49f978a400429c99bb	Listing on the FWB exchange: ADS
b821d6dce03ca84ca379d7a5908317323b9ce431	Founded July 1924 (as Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik)
43848649f184cb20bdbecd35082cccd58337d9b2	August 18, 1949 (as Adidas)
87ff70827d37440a9c2e93e4c5937261270fc279	The founders are Adolf Dassler
a9c185a6af17eabe1bca94344c0fc9f8ab784730	Location Germany Germany: Herzogenaurach
c0e232a87085d424426b77f1975c6f0f6e2ac1b1	Key figures Herbert Heiner (General Manager)
4365d6276824eabd51a995566cf9d4f39aca4826	Industry Production of sporting goods
bf248a7f1acc825d647225ac59cc98782c822f6b	Products Sports goods
6c04b5451a3318d399d1046fc75df01e8c6275ac	Turnover :€ 10.799 billion[1] (2008)
c01e57d09a54c1a778f2313ef8192444673730d7	Operating profit : €1.070 billion[1] (2008)
3651a0e750c8c413936b30ecf336fee2a6e97d63	Net profit : €1.79 billion[1] (2010)
8339afebff31351219271a2a148dfcaa0e009d5b	Number of employees 38,982 (2008)
2513279a1ae3dbf3b534da7fdc14c43ee097a3a8	Subsidiaries of Reebok, Runtastic[d], TaylorMade Adidas[d] and Ashworth[d]
72fd8c1dadc2a0f32059b67c2c50fc8976e07adc	Website adidas.com
e50af05a594f1742ee70bc531d939d8fe565011d	1 Manual 2 Structure 2.1 Adidas Sport Performance (Performance) 2.1.1 Some divisions and collections of the direction 2.1.1.1 Predator 2.1.1.2 Clima365
95aeef2ea3c8b8f6f7f55a9b8c87accc97e545c4	2.2 Adidas Sport Heritage (Originals) 2.2.1 Divisions of the direction 2.2.2 Individual lines of clothing of the direction
3c203b59bab559f26ef0ff723f3dca2936d6f642	2.3 Adidas Sport Style (Adidas Style)
0e0c3ed2feaadfbc583b6fdb1cfff32122d4e2e9	3 History 3.1 History of the company before the Second World War 3.1.1 1920s.
0adfcc41905a5ce45c2f38e11244fe6952ee722e	Birth 3.1.2 1930s.
88610dce87b2b96e77dd34bee8e7eccb01fabeba	Company growth
4a02466cc140ac266ec8d67e7bd802446de3819d	3.2 History of the company after the Second World War 3.2.1 1940s 3.2.2 1950s Development, high profile results of athletes in the company's shoes 3.2.3 the 1960s.
dca7fdeb02b10194a0ef46d9817e2c4c3da77480	Strengthening of positions 3.2.4 the 1970s.
9be09c81d2c59edaa123c1a38ad3f716d537366c	Universal recognition.
f36f87138c9c3244cbd1006559379cfcc1559fd8	The death of Adolf Dassler 3.2.5 1980s.
909a42732e750ae6beea47fbe1a5fa05ba7ef799	Further change of owners and managers.
b03bb7b99011052e121869361708bd20cc133a0f	Crisis 3.2.6 1990s The Return of Adidas 3.2.7 The beginning of the XXI century
39d6e48f6b11f35866403946d8b8b054baa50fc1	4 Activities 4.1 Advertising and sponsorship activities
9ed65c8abbfea39489ad714609b366792043fa5a	5 Criticism 6 Interesting facts 7 Photos and illustrations 8 Notes 9 Literature 9.1 The company's own issue
2415249fd8a361f4231edfe33cfac0650fb4dc62	10 Links
7e612ca8be18598ac454ef1954c6c668e36b1612	Manual[edit / edit wiki text]
9523cb5775a2b5ff9ec17fbc3acea2bf3a17030f	Adidas Group logo
79fb4eac6b9bad2dc71cc26224e8840b46fc43a0	Adidas Group CEO: Herbert Heiner Adidas Group CFO: Robin J. Stalker (English: Robin J. Stalker) Adidas Group Brand Director: Erich Stamminger Global Operations Adidas Group: Glenn S. Bennett CEO of Adidas Group in Russia: Martin Shankland CEO of Adidas Group in Ukraine: Cherevko Rostislav
6d4f4faeeca8d04d31aa61bfdcae3bd715173fb2	Structure[edit / edit wiki text]
d984504370d97878ba737f263f0cd2a95271d3d7	Adidas Group
ca6e97f002630e72edde9da97a60e1d2e71a8033	Reebok International Ltd.
d5c92a7a7e189cd812ce11d9d6bd1e8035835271	TaylorMade Adidas Golf
791bcff4298a7d03710ad44312d1225c02a46dc4	Adidas Performance
b5132df1de75e1a2febb35a81f65e93e19b0cb7d	Adidas Originals
2fe89a21956fb1165357080e8753ad99c1d50ebf	Adidas Style
c038576a40e596a0b1ed6b9b536b7057bdb70672	TaylorMade
f243f0f3aac55486fee934255b020579f6299e18	Adidas Golf
0e350af1744945ffd53ac692cc3772e7048e36a9	Ashworth
1f74bbfa4eaabade0ad0e256afdac37a05645ea6	Adidas Sport Performance (Performance)[edit / edit wiki text]
503c6140946859a579ca2606649d20261c13c988	The logo of the Adidas Performance direction.
4bd493d2331432b5f174d5c36ac9a60d202adafe	Sports style direction
810330b308f591ec2743b44e89eb3f37a5016f65	Adidas Performance[3] is a direction of the company that combines modern technologies that facilitate training for athletes, and is characterized by such integral indicators as the modernity of sports equipment, innovations, revolutionary technologies, "smart products".
89270fc5ce54353aa4989a5f7fb59c6a9fc1bd36	Some divisions and collections of the direction[edit / edit wiki text]
0374785d434f91a9624f8407eb434fd587b9a1c6	Adidas Purah
5c71a0e5bf5fdf7654d71667cc83f0474a2f8e90	Adidas Adilibria women's collection of clothing and shoes for fitness Adidas Techfit Adidas Bounce Adidas Trail a series for outdoor activities in rough terrain Adidas Terrex a series for tourism Adidas Top Ten — a series of several models of basketball sneakers, which feature the logos of NBA teams.
f2b641761cff704361e50fdaa2124bfcec76e679	Adidas Competition a collection of tennis shoes.
6ff38dad30aeffe6d36e60c49e162cdb3ec4ee96	Predator[edit / edit wiki text]
c69c75e4593b83788c1899616c0ed661ef004303	Predator is a collection of football equipment and uniforms dating back to 1994.
6002882f3f8687f3677c883f756ab03f9a3dac9a	The very idea to start producing sneakers with rubber pads for improved ball control came from Craig Johnston, a retired Australian, a former Liverpool player.
14e79698057bb9f15324369ad31028dc0e7b285e	Clima365[edit / edit wiki text]
cde329872a0959c6fd463ac0ab2cf1b97e9409f4	This is a concept that combines a variety of technologies that provide comfort and convenience 365 days a year.
2aecaffe1d87ef62d6bd610d9396fc7fce43a933	This concept, in turn, consists of another concept ClimaProof and several technologies — ClimaLite, ClimaCool and ClimaWarm.
3b694c36844fbad5f553d97741a8bdb82dfc89e7	ClimaProof consists of three technologies ClimaProof Wind, ClimaProof Rain and ClimaProof Storm.
6b94f4817d615fdabe7abf28fd62447e537e6f93	The ClimaProof concept was created so that the wearer of the company's products using this technology could train in cool and cold weather, at any time of the year, in any weather conditions.
00a430f6b90401e97224fa732a9766a893e41729	ClimaLite is a lightweight, breathable fabric that directly contacts the surface of the skin.
8586371fbe86b44c6374829e04cb079361d85d84	They ensure the removal of moisture from the skin (through a combination of specially developed materials, fibers and methods of fabric processing), give a feeling of dryness and coolness in hot weather, help to maintain an optimal body temperature.
2501e55c076f45d76cd77a6826ba0260f1d11552	ClimaCool (ClimaChill) is a technology that actively removes moisture and excess heat from the skin surface, provides comfort and a feeling of coolness during physical exertion, even in the most intense heat.
2b4defc59f474cacd74d8429467c1d0d81ee7a00	Specially designed ventilation ducts and materials with a three dimensional structure provide micro ventilation, and heat and moisture wicking materials absorb sweat and bring it to the surface of the fabric for further rapid evaporation.
d1db0938bf90af1c6414ddbfb500278df6bba1b5	ClimaWarm lightweight breathable fabrics that provide thermal insulation, allow you to keep dry and comfortable in cold weather thanks to dense synthetic materials.
9460cb5862ba9d8e6e32803c224e1e2dc744b415	These materials are so dense that they do not pass air, however, at the same time they help to remove excess moisture from the body.
147a4133f6727916b6a9721e81959b348355d7a3	Adidas Sport Heritage (Originals)[edit / edit wiki text]
556f2084fdfdb79a84263f77305efd9d9823cb71	The logo of the Adidas Sport Heritage (Originals) direction.
2d50b3d50b29816799c4e4ff5635da0301e6556f	Casual style
f663888725b13b7fb98c18e76373efa6242b2cd4	The I love Tokyo sports jacket, which is a typical example of Adidas Originals products
479b2b73ecaeb5f7af770c0364d809d4ded5b34f	The direction of the adidas Sport Heritage company (better known as Originals[3]) was founded in its existing form only in 2001, however, before that, all the prerequisites and features of this direction existed in the company in an "unformed" form.
611660672b85e6520b2eedd237149f3d05454971	Originals is a trend that has absorbed all the most fashionable and stylish trends from the world of sportswear that exist at the time of the collection's release.
dcd56ca680798750f1a679f54b42ddd9e71c836f	As a rule, there are no or very few sports developments of Adidas in Originals, since the direction is intended for everyday wear, and not for sports and fitness classes.
8f7c68dc70453476063122f83a77453ca6a6fe4b	Divisions of the direction[edit / edit wiki text]
aea1df148ece3ad50bb56b32c793329369b8fdf8	Inline (from English — "permanent")
cf3069f0b9c681ceffe5761ca887145aa47eaad7	— collections presented in all Adidas stores where there are Originals departments.
9cae025a39a78f7a29a8b81f09ad1ff560033fad	Select (Fashion)
db087dca8fd9a57ef41c94b02e2c726e3e2e776d	(from English — "fashion") - these collections are presented in individual Originals stores and in a limited number of large stores where there are Originals departments.
4b2b713c4319e86e87ffb1b3a3c8144df189e0b8	Trend (from English — "direction, trend") is a collection that is specially developed exclusively for Originals stores, taking into account the latest fashion trends.
9dc0dd84df301ccaddc166aa58f1f8df28378e10	As a rule, it sets the "tone" of the general collection of the next season.
435431256cc52e0c47fa45f1f6fe6eb7aec3749f	Individual clothing lines of the direction[edit / edit wiki text]
470acd26738202db2a479e66cac7d490d03511ec	On April 13, 2004, it was announced that Adidas, in close cooperation with the famous hip hop artist Missy Elliot, was launching a new women's clothing line, shoes and accessories.
4f2cd7a12385b25c3fc3863bcc00ba5192226033	The Respect M. E. collection (from English — "respect me") is, first of all, respect, as Missy Elliot herself formulated.
66dc0c0d692b5f15b0d6cd11581645fbde4a331f	The name of the collection is not accidental — the initials of Missy Elliot — in the English version of M. E.-allow her to declare her respect and at the same time demand respect for herself.
dbe72f20b249aed2123fa505a208ac3123b15240	The Ali by Adidas line represents Muhammad Ali as a style icon, both in the ring and outside it.
3c3eed823e21e5f529494c06ad5f435a31f64444	The Ali line of textiles and shoes, designed for buyers of different ages, will help to take a fresh look at this great boxer, a man who became a style icon of his time and continues to inspire modernity.
03fe11c941ba42e7b31c346b1241f8fb88aa6f3d	Adidas Sport Style (Adidas Style)[edit / edit wiki text]
68e72bd0b4208b2df9ded49c96de9fff00631dcc	The logo of the Adidas Style direction.
13b99563b09e90fbbd0fced27ca7b711072d391a	The design direction of the style
722020ca4d7c6d63f4a33f9f4e875cbc3233f3f5	The direction was created in 2002, and collects the author's design works, the fruits of the company's cooperation with famous designers of the fashion world.
352b25795abf14cfedbf0dd242fc50354296e374	The products of this direction combine the convenience and practicality of sportswear and the stylishness of casual clothing[4].
b688cbe09854142a3fb41bdb51ed67d587d03f57	These are models for active, athletic people, at the same time preferring to always look beautiful and fashionable[4].
82d0bd60ae58b5c47eb49559c2f6a64417632183	Adidas itself officially declares that the Style direction is the future of sports equipment and clothing[5].
a4d280d33069048858b5363d1d5c4ace08937bdf	By attracting designers such as Yoji Yamamoto, Adidas has achieved penetration into previously inaccessible consumer pools[5].
a8a22f0c792478ebc7d3ddf3aa630ed2f153eb7e	In 2007, sport Style and sport Heritage merged into a single sport Style direction, but the logos of the two directions are still present on the company's products[5].
932c78dc1d7e78b604ae5439088b5b7365c7c7bc	The Adidas SLVR collection (read as adidas silver) is a fashionable sports and casual trend.
29f5e315f2b6641275f1a8376f3af8abf3e0c28e	The collection includes men's and women's clothing, shoes and accessories.
52625b3585d5ea92027578f34ebfdd4106393f7f	History[edit / edit wiki text]
77f8c8353d8b4c1084326d827847daf5b0e678d8	The history of the company before the Second World War[edit / edit wiki text]
d57e72ed7874f1cf1c1ca093409dbb5a2a7483c9	the 1920s.
a5ddb9abaf70d4972374c8b72cdb0818b6509b1d	Birth[edit / edit wiki text]
b181f4af0a8dfa913fadef25d5c0f79e725ff25e	one thousand nine hundred twenty
f3662ad06e2c268ef0945b846c696bc7b62bc226	Shortly after the First World War, at the beginning of 1920, the Dasslers decided to organize a family business — sewing shoes at a family council.
e9166eb51e1ee8b8a4f487ebea38cf1cf73d9860	The first products of the Dassler family were home slippers and orthopedic shoes for training disabled athletes (of which there were many after the war).
de73a9b7fd950abbf86268225e9480df6d39dfd0	The material for them was decommissioned military uniforms, and the soles were cut out of old car tires.
5b68c10b9321b8e486748acc259fc9f64d812f29	one thousand nine hundred twenty four
78b72dc9cc65cd42e418b240be6d3779dd636aa0	Adolf's older brother, Rudolf, also joined the production.
fa75c1e2fa6977d8a0d3327ee902eef306c82ae2	On July 1, 1924, the Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory was founded.
a353e011624f9f02341217a93ae662e7fa3ab951	Two brothers with opposite characters complement each other Adolf is a calm and balanced producer, while Rudolf is an active and sociable seller.
95d7e8d842b8d2a470335c06a5d027aac3997247	one thousand nine hundred twenty five
ec64f2ee68f65a3d7237a16df0304880a4031629	Adolf invented and sewed the world's first football boots with spikes, which were forged by the blacksmiths the Tselein brothers.
5d181eed3b438b7f464a45f5a66de4a8b227a74a	The football model turned out to be comfortable and, together with gymnastic slippers, became the main product of the Dasslers.
c7c9749963d03645584d506aac50c061295f55b1	one thousand nine hundred twenty seven
0c0574f5e2e404b88027ea4b6cbb1332800d5abf	The Dasslers rented an entire building for their factory, increased the staff to 25 people, and production to 100 pairs of shoes per day.
0daf07af5e9be08693a716cd8ef13b232a0571fe	Later, the Dasslers bought out this factory.
4dbeb8965a71a80f690a6afa6b8c946c61bdaa86	one thousand nine hundred twenty eight
f8f967de0f2547fabdb3b63f8d0a1a4ab24d5fcf	The brothers ' spikes, developed together with Joseph Weitzer, receive a patent from the German bureau.
494ca9e921bafc7bcd9d86d54217f7cea83247f3	The 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam were the first appearance of the brothers ' shoes at such a large competition.
847a6413a819efc95cc99f19723af3655611b989	Several athletes perform in Dassler shoes.
b83c7bb277e4c14ed5f2358ca86c7c09e8784392	one thousand nine hundred twenty nine
98cd47769a1c28025e9ebd35a83c934c92a8891d	For the first time in the assortment those brothers ' factories appear football boots.
bccb721011933339426e5bd7931c1c58f412e491	the 1930s.
47ae5dfa0154a1c0f563bc5aa14a6e804724d753	The growth of the company[edit / edit wiki text]
fa306535ce7523fbe38641a0e1e1f5ab2cf20529	one thousand nine hundred thirty one
24169be4cfae5b1529ba93f821025be326801a8b	The German economy is being hit by a crisis.
9b24da58244a1be6b7baeaa546c1515d7afbfb84	The factory of the Dassler brothers is not much affected by this problem, the brothers are buying out the building, which until then they only rented.
ac07d77bf81770fdd892c7d014d7b7d468d7b03b	The company starts the construction of a 3 storey building, later called "Villa".
0978da02054f22bac3f5db9a09169906441ca073	one thousand nine hundred thirty two
13d0d55179c367c9c3644266bbf7e60046ff42dd	At the 1932 Olympics, the German Artur Jonat, performing in Dassler shoes, became the third in the 100 meter race.
a5de5ce6abcb45d8412707da883b91ca1ed7b3eb	This is the first serious success of an advertising campaign based on cooperation with athletes.
cbbf08baf178f28bca836f8bffc01396dc5a5129	one thousand nine hundred thirty four
510cba67aac8244e7ae09afbe2f7c2c46fc9a4ec	The event of the year for Adolf is a wedding.
99c72d7f2e030a9b7565b1a5773f7278931798f7	On March 17, Katrina Meritz, the daughter of shoe designer Franz Meritz, becomes his wife.
1c5e3d79d82b908032bcc3951126cfb83b26ffae	Within a few years, future heirs are born — Horst, Inge and Katrin.
2f47dad7d177662285f73ec18b7e21f0ed52eeaf	one thousand nine hundred thirty six
82e3da0c0ad7b2d810da318ed9e204ee70f2c96f	At the Olympic Games — 36 in Berlin, American runner Jesse Owens in Dassler shoes won four gold medals and set five world records.
2e3c8c1837c2e757b88d5eb82688077181f81195	Sales of the "Dassler Brothers Factory" exceeded 400,000 German marks.
51d52bc42642680bb8628075638ea6da021e40ba	one thousand nine hundred thirty eight
bc4360314f4f2a738dc4d89da06696c4586f6c54	The second Dassler factory opens in Herzogenaurach.
fa5c74f9aa3f05d62a1d03ed3fa8d913f6357588	In total, their company produces 1000 pairs of shoes every day.
36a07563c0a3b130c7dc4ac30dec698c6cbad23c	one thousand nine hundred thirty nine
4dc4137974794a052d87868c999cb9345ad6cb88	After the outbreak of World War II, despite the fact that both Dassler brothers were staunch members of the Nazi Party, the Dassler factories were confiscated by the Nazis, and the brothers themselves went to the front.
9993c0f187a02f65384aa7203bc0f1c7b43a4eda	At one of the factories, the Nazis tried to establish the production of hand held anti tank grenade launchers, but the factory equipment was not adapted for such production, so Adolf was returned from the army a year later to produce training shoes for German soldiers.
60611cd3abc1eb19c465bde692e95c522b06a6c0	The history of the company after the Second World War[edit / edit wiki text]
235d8f081d4aa4e1dfddf83652b60be911f9ab68	1940s [edit / edit wiki text]
ddc0cd10028081dc4062bef88e301e2134962395	one thousand nine hundred forty five
59750a71b7ecf24794459418305e69527c6dc946	The town of Herzogenaurach fell into the American occupation zone.
e78aa7feec1f38e715b23ece5851d6b27ccdfc30	Rudolf ended up in a prisoner of war camp, the Dassler factory supplies 1000 hockey skates to the United States under the terms of the indemnity.
818bae7457a48594673bd14d3b1e631eb8359081	As compensation for the skates, she receives decommissioned US Army ammunition tents, old baseball gloves, etc.
7ad3d6095ade3157bd763cffce391b3a08f6a6ba	one thousand nine hundred forty six
072927f2370a48b16c08135a1ab772faaf8a3503	The occupation is over.
ad6fe080af8f9c723749c2d836a58eb2460756ee	Rudolf returns from a prison camp.
89c5fa35a2f366e7166d42904f19b0363ec3d295	The brothers had to raise the family business almost from scratch.
e38284e6137ee74315e4f23d71be5c4e11469eef	Dassler shoes were again made from the remnants of military ammunition, and 47 employees were paid with goods (firewood, yarn, etc.).
02d832dfd9f201a019b39a7efc69d7339aa9fc6c	Emil Zatopek's running boots.
5216f9b006e097149930a755d282dae70642b544	Adidas, 1948.
e437dd01721a232ea7693920ffa0b4027d3df53f	one thousand nine hundred forty eight
c8633b0eace46909e3a4f52e66d3c924857e2336	In the spring, shortly after the death of their father, the brothers part due to a quarrel.
b54d749c1f2db5c9f0d78263a941d7fe538b2ae9	Rudolf took one factory for himself, and Adolf took another.
03a08d282e4ab6e517e75357c0a2269911929be1	They agreed not to use the name and symbols of the family business.
ce82fc50629ec4cc78a51d5466ede7e65272212c	Adi named his company Addas, and Rudy named his company Ruda.
e9cd7f1539efb380bc4273b3de1364f085db65b3	But after a few months, Addas turns into Adidas (an abbreviation of Adi Dassler), and Ruda turns into Puma.
8283706600aded4e2d44232f50367b09add51389	So the world famous brand Dassler ceased to exist at that time.
d3f8cfb5cb9ea7a0bb04fdb1af9acb50492b60db	The brothers themselves remained silent about the reasons for the quarrel until the end of their days.
f9a9cede4aed3508b5c8faaf9aae1c2265436a24	Perhaps Rudy could never forgive Adi for not trying to rescue him from a prisoner of war camp after the war, using his acquaintance with American officers.
34b99b459a449e62b52ac1c2a10a778c2b22e096	Or maybe they just couldnot share their father's inheritance.
8a84efac4e8de1ad21a06f082c5ecb757aa10fe4	In any case, after the collapse of the family business, the brothers did not talk to each other, and Puma and Adidas became the fiercest competitors.
88e94a7f3e88cc2af196eb97c668cd7a12869df3	one thousand nine hundred forty nine
53c0f60f545fef6e2754b12c60b935782d36169e	Adolf violated the agreement on the non use of the symbols of the"Dassler Factory".
821ef59c59576f341dfa77ba518300fada8c49b8	He took two stripes from the Dassler logo, added a third to them and patented the resulting ones as the Adidas symbol.
ab03c1c6467fce97fe636dd16f1b827c80f6c721	This happened on August 18, 1949.
2e946107c5e3e241f4ddc14284967c05857758fa	Adolf creates the first cleats with removable rubber spikes.
170710874dd5b45087c05d29eac8030959dea518	the 1950s Development, high profile results of athletes in the company's shoes[edit / edit wiki text]
902055214fb2bab01d38a2889f470e2738dc7fa5	one thousand nine hundred fifty
4186978e88ea6405c957e5db65cf229d63a4f841	The company creates football boots adapted for playing football in adverse weather conditions: on the snow and on the frozen ground.
adef3093b242daa10f52a6980f40573024c6f0af	one thousand nine hundred fifty two
3e3f882654ee6514958799e2a47da6118035b692	Adidas begins to produce other products under the Adidas brand.
4b65aba9560accbf790d8caa9a9eb7163e35b390	At the Olympic Games — 52, Emil Zatopek in Adidas sports shoes wins gold medals within three weeks.
31e9508559d9ae244e782576c038503a4676d496	He wins at distances of 5,000 meters, 10,000 meters and in the marathon (This is an achievement that has not been surpassed to this day).
55d25270b08ab2019fc36af36dac61de0c451c68	Meanwhile, Zatopek's wife wins the javelin throwing competition.
1b1c3c7cc2ac68407e098bd2fd86a4f253976db3	one thousand nine hundred fifty four
ff7bbd494f0bd9f0522fdf71fc677173cb910345	At the FIFA World Cup — 54 — the Adidas clad German national football team became the world champion for the first time.
7e3f3749450e3a42a6b3f4542279790dded0cce5	one thousand nine hundred fifty six
e689e24683b7a0644fa0972a449b4ecc5342c28d	Adidas signs an agreement with the IOC on advertising Adidas at the 1956 Olympic Games.
00b6e46d05a8ab86f341bb1709ccbcec964396ba	Adidas signs the first license agreement with the Norwegian factory in Gjorvik, soon Adidas will begin to produce in France.
845fd85b438c28d6123425ff222351d1293ba512	the 1960s.
e7d6da6e89dca5e76c7a42310a5e552e9bcccf7b	Strengthening positions[edit / edit wiki text]
c613e62d1c48e2af109430feb4f763313d08cbf3	one thousand nine hundred sixty
55035f2d0b1065cc21342faedccd9019d9bd8f44	At the Olympic Games — 60, most athletes perform in Adidas sports shoes.
84594e991b4b3fbc4b174a43258c4cf9fa5c3c3d	Wilma Rudolph wins three gold medals in the sprint, despite suffering from polio as a child.
5edde4748ca7f8171e3334cb9ea94b9fd105dbbe	one thousand nine hundred sixty one
8fb7b6e8e4f4d36b30a69683b4e7aa5f8a2ac9c4	The process of textile production and marketing has been finally established.
0f04c4fbcfd77e587415338fd9873951401c98bf	The primary process of diversification is almost complete.
d013f5cd56e9229bc172f519cd8a1d98de3a7dca	one thousand nine hundred sixty three
663d3a0d95842c5e739c6293e65370b31c6666a3	The diversification towards the production of balls has been completed.
66a2d519c0519ea8204a8fdef21ee1b69e8db640	one thousand nine hundred sixty eight
1fa9c1b7c8a54146a7b9cc09f9bd49bd0e42a4dc	At the Olympic Games — 68 athletes equipped with "Adidas" win 37 gold, 35 silver and 35 bronze medals.
a4bd73553e03fc0cdf427134880dd73f1330f03d	Adidas is the first in the world of sports shoes to produce a molded polyurethane sole with a one year warranty on it.
55c4e67cbd91051bb91966d9dc20165f5b262679	the 1970s.
bf98f52b3caab2dd92f20cc898afb8ab150d6c0a	The death of Adolf Dassler[edit / edit wiki text]
bf5376189bb8078ea9c6e43a74780067ce80cf25	"Shamrock", one of the three symbols of the company.
903d77c44a847f8b1a488dbcde4f3f42613448bc	Created in 1972, at the moment it is a symbol of the Adidas Originals trade direction (more stylish than the athletic direction).
17e0e86f27a442e6cb37d36c983da4dff6df7d12	one thousand nine hundred seventy
1c87252c83b789f109c13180828350ff836c00ac	The Adidas Telstar ball becomes the official ball of the FIFA World Cup held in Mexico.
2510fe7bb4dc020aa67d5b90fe7cf651f77e7eff	one thousand nine hundred seventy two
4247688659ea71870e9c6a24a2d0eef35ca19d44	Adidas becomes the title sponsor of the Olympic Games in Munich, and the German national team becomes the European Football Champion.
e3c2a75c363d9c6c5973237ee2d93428ab83da50	one thousand nine hundred seventy four
0637b4a6b13c6c6d76714b5b713a3b4abcd810cc	German football players become world champions for the second time.
4de38f2dc073fe1e4bf8822ec017aaff25a3653c	The team puts on Adidas boots, the official ball of the World Championship is the Adidas Telstar II model.
d6b25ec28fa8fe9741707802c6bd3046cbe644e7	one thousand nine hundred seventy five
8b22b2c5cc66ead357f85e99ec3a07e659dd9f76	Adolf Dassler becomes an honorary member of the" American Sporting Goods Association " — the first among non Americans.
efd6d88694bc996db0e995e96abcdfaa1c6df26c	one thousand nine hundred seventy six
adb3b1ac452f4527c37163e3e9eb433f74e8010a	At the Olympic Games, athletes equipped with Adidas won 75 gold, 86 silver and 88 bronze medals (this record has not been broken so far).
9a131c708596673378edeaeaae898bc4b2b0ee47	one thousand nine hundred seventy eight
952b490d871e7f9bc393d94cae35d9eb11155b4a	Adolf Dassler dies and the management of the company passes to his widow Katarina.
c20133ad68e59e898af8c65d3f9f0351e68b71ae	The World Cup is being held in Argentina.
10ab465c083437e3d5e81b6839bb5d12f3a237fa	The official ball of the Championship becomes the Adidas Tango.
ea6f9beb1d3c83fa9a393220bcc9ab6dfb2491f5	the 1980s.
c98d91800c1d35d80853a6bb7970518f7e847a3a	Crisis[edit / edit wiki text]
1d908aa6e03c7fed6243fc68894e5cbc7905b451	one thousand nine hundred eighty two
962129c7cd72dbf106b6dce2d03d1acce947bf2a	The FIFA World Cup is being held in Spain.
7f7cdf67345505257ba5f1ff6b8b77e8e12df061	The official ball of the Championship becomes Adidas Tango España.
8fac83948cee9bb50d1666b57dd01c1e0d8fc218	Copa Mundial boots are produced, which are successfully sold all over the world, including Russian Adidas stores.
5b10c260dae5748946b2cdc0a37b51ec69de79eb	one thousand nine hundred eighty four
fb5ee83fc434d022cdbf64925fb0ced3ce177639	Katarina dies and the management of the company passes to Horst Dassler the son of Adolf and Katarina.
0eb8376ad178f713ef4aa0fb32cd573efbabdc05	one thousand nine hundred eighty six
6a379794ca645033ac8a1d240c219010dff20f57	The 1986 FIFA World Cup is being held in Mexico, this is the second time that this country hosts the World Championship.
8a7e52b486bd814994df8a4bce0eab6a5dd75bed	The official ball of the Championship is Adidas Azteca.
2206e822c2a22f2644da097fb3ebc45a70935e65	one thousand nine hundred eighty nine
a30cfd1bc504850508630413bdf6eda4826218ba	51 year old Horst died, his sisters tried to run the company, but quickly realized that they did not have the appropriate scope and competence, so they sold 80% of their shares for just 440 million German marks to French entrepreneur Bernard Tapie, the then owner of the French football club Olympique Marseille.
f081e94717a79b515108a16126342f9e7f537489	Top managers Rob Strasser and Peter Moore come to the company as development consultants, it is according to their idea that a specialized Performance direction is being developed under the motto "Back to the Roots".
0bc44e7f5720ef91dd1294ee0bc20aff7d385d9e	the 1990s The Return of Adidas[edit / edit wiki text]
28f88f9ca4533eabe10da351128d7330491c5b02	one thousand nine hundred ninety
f3873672c6a0dd2fd6cc189f2049eba02d8bba1e	The situation of Adidas is becoming catastrophic: losses have reached the amount of $ 100 million.
3332aea4202f95551968af3cfb41588e90a3309e	French investor Bernard Tapie acquires 80 % of the company's shares.
4d9a62b709f40b0559089290ddc7369e86e205bf	Thus, Adidas ceases to be a family business of the Dasslers.
4a8dcc94d5ae45847b4e6744a212df9eb610e97c	one thousand nine hundred ninety one
e95fff52896bd3bbb1e295e7c332a5033194dfc0	The company's profit is falling by half compared to the previous year.
aa79f082fe32e19e2d639748c950d1dad1d2a4a0	one thousand nine hundred ninety three
cc18a283d20003ebf349dea25de1fb5e78e98ed4	A group of French investors led by Robert Louis Dreyfus is buying a controlling stake in the company.
2ba9f8509dba0ebb961958535cebf944f0df2f50	Mr. Dreyfus himself utters his famous phrase:
1cbd92f26f83e05ec5f07ef92f5fbbd1b01ce8d5	It is impossible to bury such a trademark as Adidas!
d5f4496f789df73b7e656fda182d0f23741a1918	You just need to wake her up…
234be13cd720cbbb208b8e281833ed060b9db197	Dreyfus lured a fair number of managers and designers from Nike and Reebok and gradually began to move production outside of Germany to Indonesia, China, and Thailand.
6fe3884c59c85862fe4c41f3b3e0bf7487370931	Saving on cheap labor from third world countries has once again made products competitive on the world market.
e90f777206fe4f111ad572c098bf154fa2844e69	Adidas from he refuses to work with retail chains and begins to form a network of branded stores in order to avoid mass production and overstocking of the markets of his products.
19ebe7fe78b24f7df4d973a3676138f1d85b554e	one thousand nine hundred ninety four
865677ae9ca90e492ec4ff564f078f538b917647	The 1994 FIFA World Cup is being held in the USA.
2ef8698ebb853f521d76bed4b86bffce01a65602	The official ball of the Championship becomes Adidas Questra.
2fdb3d397ea3175f469b692afa67166eead6391a	one thousand nine hundred ninety six
7c345d1a4640eea786f5d18d3292766b7f309ddc	The company is once again the general sponsor of the Olympic Games, which stimulated an unprecedented sales growth: +50% per year.
5209f596d862d4c695c578ced3ff749f8f5792b5	The growth continues to this day, but the most important thing is that we managed to establish ourselves in the American market, where Adidas "bit off" a share of 12 % of the sportswear market and 10 % of the sports shoes market.
5b5d659655e0285dcb4ca9b15b51331cd9423321	one thousand nine hundred ninety seven
53f44743aaa820c8c6b2d6d08ae766d3d42a39ba	Adidas acquires the French company Salomon Sports, a leading manufacturer of winter sports products, and until 2005 the concern was called Adidas Salomon.
92fc29b6a5a3725b70ee8fd833ed424081d67c27	The beginning of the XXI century[edit / edit wiki text]
f25df6d3dc2f6a2d45232be2693844cb01ac5c88	two thousand one
cff7297a56b191e7d9325b9937ee94332c854aab	Herbert Heiner has been officially appointed Chairman of the company's Board of Directors.
8f4626b404c215106db37bf752f2147f6e9978ba	There is an official division into Performance and Originals this year the first store of the Originals direction opens.
2c71ae75666ca767d2cedcc6d65569381cd7baf2	two thousand four
6b6d5ca3aa44c347856b91b6d5318a8cd9e71a62	The company provides equipment and shoes for 26 of the 28 Olympic sports represented, including official soccer and handball balls.
c6ce7fc4380dc859b49aaf01fbf2d24d090cdc95	European Football Championship 2004.
be845d319f690dc151ac60fe033aa7ec39368266	The official ball of the Championship is Adidas Roteiro.
19e0102d4f82f13552b0978b2931cb04288adac4	The collection "Respect M. E." (translated from English — respect me) is "first of all, respect", as Missy Elliot herself put it.
ad6751a9593741720187e054ae6436129300f7bd	On September 8, 2004, Adidas and designer Stella McCartney (daughter of ex beatle Sir Paul McCartney) announced a long term collaboration to develop a collection of feminine clothing for tennis, running, swimming and fitness "adidas by Stella McCartney".
80dd302f7967ea1fd2214763b57227e4f59ac03f	In Russia, the first collection of the spring Summer'05 season is presented in February at the Adidas Olymp store on Krasnaya Presnya.
f0a2393e8209d653658145d6617fd22b18bd812d	two thousand five
d3b51108be935f5cb60fe74b5f71b2baeb9c08b7	On May 2, Amer Sports Group buys Salomon Sports from Adidas.
d9da7ca2c00eedc5197d868863f28f90fbee961f	For another three years (until 2009), Salomon will sell its products through the Adidas retail network, at the end of this period, it is expected that Salomon departments will be completely withdrawn from the Adidas structure.
b7495767cea6ae91d752f50612e340cc46f5b8b9	In August, Adidas Salomon AG bought 100 % of the shares of its competitor Reebok International Ltd for $3.8 billion.
919e5fea77a038be934b167b890980a3b1127ea7	The takeover of Reebok allowed Adidas to increase its share in the most important American sporting goods market for the company to 20 % and get as close as possible to the market leader — Nike, which controls 35 %.
3e451254a58986b0dd5f1199391d3a57b89476ca	two thousand six
ebb0a3af4b8cd7d1424deb2abacf59b1d838c520	The 2006 FIFA World Cup.
186526e56bc7c2a43f7b36de7a4ad306670a8d58	The official ball of the Championship is Adidas +Teamgeist.
6e1d0444db7ae23215b93754b3c218c2335a5da1	The collaboration with Stella McCartney is extended until 2010.
6da11885f7293751180a577e85fae89a0b5051fd	two thousand eight
cba67e0b3fbfd6a6cba6965731bcfe4d96808e45	The adidas brand is the official partner of the 2008 African Cup of Nations[6].
1f1f592db3a3aab2114776b18e11500fd08d74d3	Adidas Wawa Aba — the official ball of the Cup.
334abef37065a76dc23fb5aaad23d10f6701a2c4	Athletes of 9 national teams (out of 15-16 usually represented in the competition) are equipped in Adidas uniforms.
c16322bd2de4b68e3059496657e9ef444d1c0065	The Champions League final in Moscow.
547fa784ab072f6161be9de7d45388a71c502f71	The official ball is Adidas Finale Moscow.
8a8de02354579201ad0c88acba54509e2188a839	The European Football Championship 2008.
0cdc34641f2c1d22536999dc705935c6859262a2	The official ball of the Championship is Adidas Europass.
da5578d493501937b1a93083728f41f863a77abd	two thousand nine
d78e6475c183bd28a690d8d87bd40f746c08faf5	Women's European Football Championship 2009.
dd1f99ec71fcb34649d294d07114f744cad3a9ca	Official Ball Champion
48811ae6052f6cdfb020c24c227b7697234b1fe4	ALL ABOUT RETAIL
6faeb8b504e1ab498f839203bf572f860ed2f535	Home Analytical materials News on the topic Dictionary of terms
08b5f84d195e3c039c03a8218ff6458f3d2c58cf	Real Estate Interview Management of the store Opening of the store Actual loyalty of the mark.
dafa8b3f48ce5ed9dc3a2426f6698b13819ae5e2	Brand.
86855f4046b065de8002a874d82dc3dcfa89a132	Private Label Merchandising Types of retail firms Formation and research Operational management Accounting and inventory control Price formation in retail Retail companymage International trade Store location Consumers and societyregional trade Goods and segmentassortment policy Personnel management Marketing and advertising Trade practices
c6a47d2f05e5fa8e480fa8a70ce0abe7afb690ed	20.04.2011 08:47
468809aeae77ef08cb95880781f04dac1367f27d	Bulgarian pepper is more expensive than meat
f3fa6facea63725432e53cf026e0f0cbdf29204e	Komsomolka continues to monitor how prices for the most popular goods change in a regular store, in a network discounter and...
f62bf51ae03db40b7958114f8e7384713461fa43	18.04.2011 18:01
888e8a3f02531f2ae0df89514aae34b7ad67e426	Khasis looks at the "Tape"
95fd3b4f712671dca87b0cd164b10aaa11db8fb6	Lev Khasis recently left X5 Retail Group and is already looking at Lenta...
dc0870b03f954bae481a0d873da9b5e08fb3cffd	12.04.2011 15:46
526f8c1a4d1539429cc5f6614eb55b7f3a0edff1	Leroy Merlin makes plans for Ukraine
dcbd4e52807dc5142c16a7ea66ce4e4d22d13649	The international chain of DIY hypermarkets Leroy Merlin considers Ukraine a market with an extremely intensive sales growth rate...
270a8247cb29fce9ad3885e3fe3988db0ab39140	12.04.2011 12:34
cf57b7a08d257caedde010d09e1ac5566de2a759	AXIS store of a new format opened in the Business Center EUROPE
bd1509430059bed000fef8c2da1606c105e02f2a	We invite you to go shopping in the Business Center "Europe" on Surganova Street 57 b...
94ab141a75f22681f72a85ed60cd9a9a190c1ef4	11.04.2011 17:57
aa42ca4845d3b844e3bb36a7cc469c3356ccbdbb	The Mothercare chain of stores invites you for spring shopping!
22b6ca1d8b688b0228e9083dc73ceb265b7106ff	From April 5 to May 5, in the entire network of Mothercare stores, you can choose any products for your beloved baby and get them...
4b346d1fb7baa296a307d36ac80c2d2ebdb2963b	08.04.2011 14:17
6dbbb0f70e5a577b999be08254059f2024a34d93	India has abandoned Japanese products
fab5a98dde3bc2d114d1a8b5cb7b9704c00335bf	On April 6, the Indian government completely banned the import of food products from Japan...
c5dc66e1e8ee2e460d40569ca60a9a19201c37e9	08.04.2011 12:46
ff178496d1f094ad358dc5720551788b9ea40dec	Sela conducts restyling
4b3ebe9a818410e4011402a10e49b6793ecd80f1	Sela has started restyling its stores.
628df5dad01a98b334685c1ddcc0c02351410f63	The changes affected not only the collections and brand positioning, but also the design of stores...
1f4848aa078785692a1416fabbfaecd819ce8299	07.04.2011 16:23
0de2d301d34363c84154e78dfc18d22f6f3ea798	Three hypermarkets will appear in Soligorsk within two years
622336907e9c0774291ef1e8404a1d628eccc798	In the next two years, at least three hypermarkets will appear in the capital of miners.
a6bc182ab5c7cdbf7c0b065063a9a38a675857fa	This information was announced by the Soligorsky television channel...
40dd07bb46bd7439861978ca2e1b3e13eee79106	The history of the company.
492da87cc15e02e1d37b1e9948c7b56fca21ec60	Adidas main analytical materialsinterviewhistory of the company.
0da2a4c8e5baaada9f95f27a76d6f12979fbbc07	Shortly after the First World War, in the early 20s, in the small Bavarian town of Herzogenaurach, the Dassler family decided to organize their own business sewing shoes.
06884be3a9a7d748c9e286917187d1ad84a7b484	My mother's laundry was given over to a shoe workshop.
1a4541b412e22019e5067bd772504d86f6e78bc8	Adolf Dassler (Adi) converted a bicycle into a skinning machine.
5ef5a77a5db099bba7672ac055ac0b7e81e2d607	My sisters and mother made patterns out of canvas, and Adi, my older brother Rudolf and my father cut shoes.
172e2d8b9e4a72c9ad9e76a4abbe45e35fc7f9b1	The first product of the family enterprise was canvas shoes for training athletes runners.
9afc17f239ffaaba40e7fd3d52eb3d3c53bc08c7	Rudy was engaged in its sale, and Adi organized production and developed new models.
52e41f027319bfd48bba9b57af12be8c6c122d24	After four years, twelve employees, including family members, were producing 50 pairs of shoes a day.
8326953011ad67af21d92b4be353a2260cf84572	And on July 1, 1924, the Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory was officially established.
0da1c7bf0b48baaadcfcbf4d194d84621f46d97d	Already in 1932, at the Olympics in Los Angeles, the German Arthur Jonat became the third in the 100 meter race in this shoe, and at the Berlin Olympics in 1936, the American runner Jesse Owen won four gold medals and set five world records in dasslers.
2b005b517b2ffdd4ac5ec0b89c37db9fde191856	With the beginning of the Second World War, hard times came for the brand.
5622029c1261cc1e49efeb771fd7cbc57172c58e	The factories of the Dassler brothers were confiscated, and the brothers themselves went to the front.
5fcb73e7f2cb346043f52b4e4a6ffa82b41390a5	At one of the Dassler factories, they tried to establish the production of hand held anti tank grenade launchers.
585624b929f183417dbc31c2a80c6e0a89a8087a	However, the factory equipment was not adapted for such production, and a year later Adi Dassler was returned from the army to produce training shoes for German soldiers.
e19b3ccd69df42a24f09dcc8d2e9dbb65a0f73df	In 1945, Herzogenaurach fell into the American occupation zone.
76b39d6245fd88a81518bbaf5b532a0707938d56	Rudolf ended up in a prisoner of war camp, and the Dassler factory began working for the United States on an indemnity.
75b485cf2d55188b85be84e653ff997884846d76	She produced hockey skates, and in return received decommissioned US Army ammunition and old baseball gloves.
5e0735ee4cae6418858e692991223f6493314e49	When Rudolf returned from the camp, the family business had to be raised almost from scratch.
8e36ac51c57d24d96fa76e57a69ba50dfa767b34	Dassler shoes were again made from the remnants of military ammunition, and 47 employees were paid with firewood and yarn.
9cddb7ddcf6c6daee90065148ac8e2d63b316e28	The brothers began to work together again, but the former understanding between them was no longer there.
e91884a9f96b5c2a11e04a11f03a77863fc1207a	In the spring of 1948, shortly after the death of their father, the Dassler brothers decided to split the company.
9eb108b88ca8a8e36ddfcf55928ec2c3ad45ff33	Rudolf took one factory for himself, and Adi took another.
a63944f7e04b866f7e70b7b9db7f6666b976a415	In addition, the brothers agreed not to use the name and symbols of the family enterprise.
f227d4d4c8e84c052b4bc0df3d2ab244abf99a78	So the Dassler brand, already well known at that time, died.
44144ea27963ec869d69564784d8e9a9f429dc48	Adi named his company Addas, and Rudy Ruda.
95e0ea56483c45c362d8ccf966b8781b5a65c678	The brothers remained silent about the reasons for the quarrel until the end of their days, they did not talk to each other, and Puma and Adidas became the fiercest competitors.
d5bf32cce983f6538859aae41ff44c9316230aa1	A year later, Adi violated the agreement on the inviolability of the former common symbols.
24485fbbbd5ea3b4baa7102a2303253846bfd36c	He took two stripes from the Dassler logo, added a third to them and patented the resulting ones as a symbol of the new brand — adidas.
ee03cfadc7a7ae7dea8768ce497dc26d0a163544	In the same year, the first adidas boots with removable rubber spikes appeared, a year later football boots adapted for playing football in adverse weather conditions — on snow and frozen ground, and Adidas updated its ties with the National Olympic Committees.
2d82508f4b3c47869c9dc6e1f3c4bb8d61612405	At the Helsinki Olympics in 1952, most athletes no longer wear Dassler, but adidas.
3c33961f379d7d6d16eadc4ccf99be7b83829b35	Emil Zatopek in adidas sports shoes wins three gold medals during the week.
2d96bb411305ac32c762d55596bdef2627c0637f	He wins at distances of 5,000 meters, 10,000 meters and in the marathon an achievement that has not been surpassed so far.
b7b460a72502577d67408e31c6df5c167ee9df4c	And in 1954, adidas shoes were distinguished at the World Cup the German national team equipped in adidas became the World Champion for the first time.
37103d8b28bce0db19fe43199b0a3565b85cb14e	Adolf Dassler was present at the decisive matches in Bern.
3bfdc87da97e25e3f625109fc1544bfda290cde6	And the spectacle itself led him to the idea of the possibility of advertising at stadiums during sports competitions.
b337814b041905dfeb521a8c2b401cf82ea38460	In the same year, in addition to the usual sports shoes, the company began to produce other products under the adidas brand.
7389ff985dbcb7a8d587978c271be4c0a4d1f1ad	At first, sports bags appeared, and then adidas tracksuits with three stripes on the sleeve.
0ff74a58733d85958d0afa78c46f995a9aa4c25a	The first batch of adidas suits was produced in the amount of thousands of pieces at the textile factory of Willy Seltenreich, whose cooperation lasted for many years.
79d6055f128a6fdf65970b0660ab49c6d818da0f	Adidas signs an agreement with the International Olympic Committee to advertise the adidas brand at the 56 Olympic Games in Melbourne.
6c6d4b5cfe0889cbe8308c17d410f1ff0f3eec6b	This year, the company began the development of international production of goods under the adidas brand — first, a license agreement was signed with the Norwegian factory in Gjorvik, and later adidas production began in France.
edfdbb7712ea4d5c0a773bfd5660bc4bf37624ab	No one had any doubts about the" Olympic purpose " of adidas sports shoes.
3a558d8bc931bfe9715c220067e66b420b570751	At the Olympic Games in Rome in 1960, most athletes use this brand, the same thing happens four years later in Tokyo (a special running model weighing 96 grams was developed for the competition), and in 1968 , 37 gold, 35 silver and 35 bronze medals were found in the "adidas piggy bank".
07362ffb8eb4eac5c2796b2fe493a1e23f31b6e2	The first first adidas shoes for jogging have been released.
9f276aee8050c1db18dcddf8a81e98c228f13ed4	And in the fight of the century between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, both perform in adidas shoes.
4e51ed5f705370dcc69d97cbc4fb272a664b213b	On October 19, 2007, Adidas presented the wawa ABA the official ball of the African Cup of Nations 2008( Africa Cup of Nations), the continent's main football competition, which has been held every two years since 1957.
33c351f0daaab2be7457d60a98e74970329f2b15	For the 2008 model (fig.), Adidas specialists used African motifs and beliefs.
384f2b5779a79f0d1b60f2d4a336568e5135f4b1	That is why it is painted in the official colors of Ghana red, yellow and green, each of which has its own meaning, and the name wawa aba ball was named after the ritual wawa tree.
0d4db8ed1b08fd0d822ea9f9840defa32af8ca4d	It is the hardest type of wood in Africa, and wawa is considered a symbol of perseverance in achieving this goal.
f38ebebc273c0e1b31610deb15cbd1c6dcbcf6f5	"In recent years, the African Cup of Nations has become a very important sports competition, so we are especially pleased that in 2008 the championship players will play with the Adidas ball," said Erich Stamminger, President of Adidas.
5d30c0e028174aef54c933e6a32a6174db12f457	"This fact underlines our leadership as a football brand of all continents."
aa217ed30d196e465dfc71e9e330a7ab4fd65a60	In addition to the fact that the Adidas brand became the official partner of the Cup, athletes from 9 national teams (out of 15-16 usually represented in the competition) were equipped in a uniform created by Adidas.
053b20601f8c5539f87c098a96767479d668f4de	Source: http://liveretail.ru/
e2b5625c197094ea24fd7e8acf76ab81ca465bc3	It will be interesting
b032d1a6d1ae2ab67db79279d8c61559c2c8d708	Development of branch networks Regional plagiarism
566a054c1c1c2fec6e4281164e3023f7133110fb	View other analytical materials
4e8515e4155a4530680d496913898bd953e5f377	New materials
01dcbaee088d37c6e9d15adb02c1d05359f4fd08	Why do we need Loyalty Programs?
128d6a19525c2d2a21b89b9073d73d3d376df443	Today, loyalty itself is becoming an important advantage in almost all situations.
54fbffe5cfdce3bff31132f9c501beccb65441ac	In conditions when many similar products are offered on the market...
5f4ba36af3de3b10e2300ab6cf683f0c156b6c1f	Bank loyalty, or love for money
1727a738942d8d7fcb4474415d435c674c8c531b	How to create a loyal attitude to the organization for the client?
69a58ff3e1bd0e642d9be774cac0f27d36933d85	How to get the client to want to work with only one...
cdaa56eabd026bcf1cbba4a922016c5f256fe3bb	Loyalty, or new ways of loving the customer
1f0f187c74f55d706e81570c5809918c67e99397	Let's get rid of illusions — it is at least too early to talk about the existence of love between buyers and sellers in our country...
d7eda9d4284545c26fb9ff100136c4b9ed77c5cb	Loyalty programs and discounts
d400d9c524b3e976fcb6bfc0eb4482163f3f52ad	A loyalty program built only on the provision of discounts will sooner or later lead to losses.
37e6bd162578a32821fd38d404a7591a309c1e77	It's very simple – there is always a seller who...
f4cb0a089d9e3de04e1ad6cb4477c01910ea0645	What are customers thinking about?
e46a0507f3c7359af5d4c5cc6db48d1d92581c23	To understand HOW to sell something, you first need to understand whether people are ready to buy SOMETHING, and for this you need to select and analyze key criteria...
6ec873b2de25d2ad5f847d363a51db8d2b9255ce	Loyalty or personal motives?
0f1d4d5c33d6b29ca043bc0727fa6c0a7c5e5630	"Take care of the loyalty of ordinary employees, my top managers have such a salary that I am one hundred percent sure of their loyalty," the head of one company formulated the task.
ea9048fa2017fda7076098b71d1ef5073a0f6e89	He sincerely believed that loyalty was being bought.
da66bf6e98906ba495d62c67d588084d640df635	How often does a manager see what he wants to see!
c28f3f987bb2237314077ffe38df0ee4016d4c39	At the same time, reality is replaced by a pleasant illusion for the time being.
3d6d0903556149f6519de99fe2234319ab00d48d	A touch of luxury
47bea764faadd4c764b0eef3d2a177f0b314bb30	A regular customer who has been using the services of one company for several years, who regularly recommends it to all his friends and zealously defends the advantages of this brand in a dispute with his best friend…
534d4975824d472a2cb03cb8cebb6716c6763a01	Do you need it?
62653a6ded2d0fde945d168e478eeb46cdd5824f	In this article, we will talk about the basics of loyalty programs.
d6eeba5bc9edea99093ee6cef7c921963305250f	The article does not pretend to be encyclopedic – I see my task only in informing those who are planning to create a loyalty program and preventing some of the most common mistakes.
2613cc5754b0f3946d8cc0733becf6b0d1cd44f3	Let's start from the opposite.
af6753cee2a0db8f9d6e33dd892e0b469f10450a	Who doesnot need a loyalty program?
08687e457ffc0027792df6c61b652a24cc8ee558	Finding the culprit
4b5258ef5f16ed974e09ca2465d4adda706e86ca	It's nice to write about the high and heroic.
26e648b203b89171ef70c4aa7e832c73b1a85323	But life, like a coin, has a downside.
547e915cf6edb7c91a36fdde2be6e75965d4bb67	Any company has to deal with manifestations of disloyalty and even unreliability of its employees...
2ba0110833dd62af62dc1a2f8993add05b52bc81	Planned loyalty
5abcb179e818fae0fd9bf6b6aa51eb4db4cee123	Autumn.
358bc5e6a89ee597b5e239097512e86dbb08952c	I really want to get comfortable in front of the fireplace and talk about the development of loyalty programs for a retail trading company.
393756573dd59ca9a69d3a6864356f4ff8b41959	The topic is not easy, and therefore the conversation promises to be long, but informative and interesting.
8aa3dcb9cd30c5c8edef8e692d4958952ca98555	Just what you need at this time of year.
33d51985bbdbf1d6359cffa6ca8302d4ef31f9ca	Three mistakes of loyalty programs
3303a395172750624941c86e478b45770f258707	The main mistakes in the implementation or development of loyalty programs can be divided into three categories: strategic, methodological, technological.
ad48c4917a951c8755fde667c19b41681ce355f2	Let's consider them separately.
4f03e22df9bbe43834f25d09b3b10b19ca346199	The Moment of Truth
f1036ff5b2cded0479b6e11156d21a1d21325751	Today, any business, in order to be successful, must be built around the client, and not around the product.
a7701e50c9b90cb48b1360c6a64aff5f8f1064ba	It does not matter what you sell: household appliances, clothing or medicines – it is already impossible to stand out from the general mass solely due to the assortment or its location in the store...
b7f118fd284778613e5f6dfb8e1da0459b008d70	To loyalty on the road in the opposite direction
21379d9e81ba5580272e7039b63546ed067dd7f1	They offered to talk about discounts… My attitude to them can be summed up in one phrase full of despair and hope: "say NO to discounts"!
02f8f51d90f6c443e2ffba1fe5abb80b0821cb6c	It is difficult to even imagine a phenomenon more harmful to business than a discount.
7d90afa37a388f372986130b59bc2d3df2e728bc	But look around, who is doing without them now?!
1468d4a70e9d82c806ffc8a4b578772d06a20ae2	Units.
5ca63a9211226d4c74aeca366e548572f68d03c4	Discounts have captured everyone, even luxury goods, for which some time ago "discount" meant "shame".
0903ca03be8386815d8f005e4790a604fbc6efa0	Imspm.spb.ru © 2011-2012.
2e35dd92e7d0ae2736328ed2eb0197e14eb8203b	For all questions, please contact info@Imspm.spb.ru
74ca1a4d1eda309b37082f0fbee9dc2827e86c4f	Creative advertising Advertising History Advertising Theory PR History PR Theory Scientific articles Blog about advertising
ed8f8f075c5aa6ebd090aba98d9af5870cf607be	Related articles: The world's most hairy advertising font The biggest Adidas advertising campaign ever created Adidas Animated commercials Advertising helped Nike steal Adidas football glory Legendary football players in Adidas advertising The history of the Durex brand
36a00bb07577424e31cae5e10072d7a1a909b841	Read us where it is convenient
7ee2cd354dd48d14226efd299bac099194ae2cba	Rss Widget for Yandex Twitter Facebook Vkontakte
4857a5d91b75877a9b57df60d9fdd71f454b967f	Name :
06f62efca4df991252a676bd69288a239193e6b5	E mail * :
b39f49304f99430b787cccfd9b260d380dfe3bb7	Mailing lists : Main
5baa9196514899ef17ad9a7d5c7e33a01518c890	Mailing List 2
2e00b1fd18668c6174f25c8e4e4e94893024d8e4	History of the Adidas brand
92939309e7750bb76ee7062af5ce816eb515804f	Adidas founder Adolf Dassler was born on November 3, 1900 in the German city of Herzogenaurach (Bavaria).
0995b801b0a239a1abe96ca652e616a4a755d188	The Dassler family was not rich, his father worked as a baker, and his mother worked in a laundry.
fe4379e985f1d1fb56cf81ced10f7c4a7cb25d59	After the end of the First World War, the Dassler family found itself in an even more difficult situation.
3a3d181d9ee4f4febe0bca4d02a6148bb7f22eff	In 1920, the Dasslers began to make shoes in order to somehow earn money in the difficult post war period.
0ed6b74fa71c1e61f6935474f69c33ff30218400	The women in the Dassler family were engaged in a pattern made of canvas, the men (Adolf, who was called Adi, his brother Rudolf (Rudy) and their father) were engaged in cutting shoes.
7bccdec9e5892e84550d807fcc44d0d54d0086cd	It all started with sleeping slippers, which were designed by Adi Dassler, and which were sewn from decommissioned military uniforms.
683977cbd69eb3ba506dd5cb8fb063d856fda7ce	The shoes were in good demand, including because Adi's brother Rudolf had the talent of a salesman and was an excellent marketer.
0afe06d717b9c0892798118ac4ee9364ec252b49	The first logo of the Dassler brothers joint venture
dd7b055c14f52c723794be534f540e14edeeac90	At the age of 23, Adi convinces his brother Rudolf to start a joint business.
5f51f25ac1ee402ec5faa9b7e1c1c4182bd2e39a	On the first of July, 1924, they registered a small company called the Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory in Herzogenauerach.
c4e9c1e911fd544f0a45d69efe9c0ac758c6a8af	The brothers with their different characters complement each other well: Adi is a calm, thoughtful designer, and Rudolf is a sociable salesman.
4c4cbb25c91ac2391ba091412b3af07d83f5ce7e	In 1925, an important event happened that determined the fate of the Dassler business.
4c49fc8129f03277f3a8b4251c05e15449070809	Adi, who is passionate about football, created the world's first cleats with spikes.
2a985d433ff36976d12da445399b3372f5578673	The blacksmith who forged these spikes helped him in his work.
acb6cdecc40816742bfd4766d1634a93dc480cd5	Very soon, football boots, along with gymnastic slippers, became the main products of the company.
094c2b50c05260463236a3d145412a5928c59de0	Professional football players quickly realized the advantage of new shoes, and therefore the Dassler factory began to expand rapidly.
5864e9224668c7606fb5f5c13bf89973a19ec198	In 1927, the brothers rented their first production premises and expanded the staff to 25 people.
1aeaaf3b1a6d43ebb7fbc418b109258fab0e177d	Production has grown to 100 pairs of shoes per day.
ec58d24f857464803891a2abe7fb521ee680febe	Passionate about sports and the production of shoes, Adi Dassler is guided by three main principles in his technological developments: to produce shoes that would be as suitable as possible for sports, protect the athlete from injuries and would be as wear resistant as possible.
abb1e215524be7b72e4ac8e25d88589ca67b9f05	In 1927, Dassler registered spikes for short distance races with the German Patent Office (D. R. P.).
85f816c70273cdb0bffedf71c6d7096979889e8a	At the same time, in 1928, the Dassler brand gained real fame, since at the Amsterdam Olympics many athletes performed in shoes from the Dassler brothers.
d0136ca935171ff8097813ca73f2ca03a2eb17a0	In 1931, the brothers get the opportunity to buy out the factory, which they have been renting until now.
3e5e1e5ab064a28be295174e69c1ede0d7349853	For example, in 1932, the German runner Artur Jonat took third place in the 100 meter race at the Olympic Games in the United States.
8557fbc6192aae27bc64bbbe1f82d158413a10b0	Four years later, the famous American runner Jesse Owen, who competed in Dassler shoes, wins 4 gold medals and sets 5 world records at the Berlin Olympics.
70c6e41e23512aebf4d62df3ee108f6c5121c241	This Olympiad is gaining worldwide fame for the brand.
ec6de01ea42c2782b5254166a4887ad9d4633e98	In 1935, the company's revenues exceed 400,000 Reichsmarks.
d8a64edd89abe8b5f4c658935b9ad56a47d448ec	Every year, Adi Dassler organizes sports competitions between employees of friendly companies.
8e36d2ea3bc366dd6c6e8f7a5ce14186463756ab	Next year, the Dassler brothers will buy a second factory in the center of Herzogenauerach.
3368f44708f87c0289825e4c9801715bec6018df	By that time, the production volume reaches 1,000 pairs of shoes per day.
3de6b160f7a750a868f41f32f4f64ab7bbacf9f3	The Second World War makes significant adjustments to a successfully developing business.
6e1a613147c1fdbd59cee1be5fcce048b1cb6e6b	After the defeat of Nazi Germany, Dassler's possessions find themselves in the zone of occupation of American troops.
79ed8ae89daa6bfbd9d29e72783a8d471ab7305c	Officers are located in their house, and the factory is obliged to supply 1,000 pairs of hockey skates per month on an indemnity.
af58e90bd28321ab8c5550cc0b23b68697ddd095	The factory remained under American control until 1947.
fac8913c5e86a9b676fb10db26ee687f53e991f4	As compensation, she receives army ammunition, such as tents, old baseball gloves, etc.
0cfec870dee4386fa5e49dbcde344a8aee8fbf3c	As in the early 1920s, this material goes into business and is used for the production of shoes, which, thanks to Adi's beautiful imagination, retains its high quality.
35cc66583c2e68cb7e986fca9d86f55c19189186	Adi's company gets the name adidas, - abbreviated from Adi Dassler, Rudy's company Puma.
d29d4db38859033d795b724eaf8aff3d65864ce5	The world famous Dassler brand ceases to exist, and newly created companies become tough competitors.
3a8407c36381f18e4b5aaf6c0e32adb53a59fdcb	The first logo of the company Puma owned by Rudy Dasler
0f6281bb526d6d234daca5c62ff81cc63f312239	The modern logo of the PUMA company
7e1af091b6b73112997b3f2671b26eac692df423	In 1949, The three Stripes become an officially registered trademark of adidas.
b8e7dad013b6b312eab26e634d39d04b0246a6f3	Adi Dassler's efforts are focused on creating new football boots.
6ac986d27dcc6278d7d84fbc463e5c1a6e156256	He is setting up the production of his first cleats with adjustable cast rubber spikes.
66e890bb2017382f621d342de1324aff00231974	Official logos of Adidas
19511456acf1f3ae0a90b3c75489952947f70e1b	In 1949, adidas came out ahead in competition with Puma thanks to the invention of Adi Dassler.
3607f3f1b32e639766e9e1041c36f3556b246ef6	He creates the first cleats with removable spikes.
26bc08209c51a5fbbf4e2c5fb60bb89c4af23195	Soon there are new models of all kinds of boots that take into account the features of various surfaces.
3f42f7987a9670a1d5c51c3ddb88c96e73655c18	The Olympics in Helsinki, held in 1952, also marked the victory of adidas, since most athletes preferred shoes of this brand.
f3570bc1ab171a7373f2ff9e03f86de443987c8c	After the Olympics, adidas started expanding its product range.
1b6ff988e329ab2918e9c86a5759f50552b9a2e3	Bags and sports jackets under the adidas brand began to appear.
997359df797356a4a3c2e99e5e780be3fabf5e4d	They were manufactured by a textile factory owned by Willy Seltenreich.
e78fc3623c6043dfb4c0800f94841d74faed6383	Sales were so high that soon Seltenreich was working only with adidas.
fb79437514a20bcac1c5efe1487e5272587df49a	The triumph for the company is the victory of the German national team in the World Cup in 1954, which performed in adidas shoes.
fd885b45e323c68d8679b3725563768c9a4da50d	It was at this time that Adi Dassler decided to place adidas ads on signs located around the football field.
85c84ea4ca3b05aa36afeb7191f7028aa1334bd5	In addition to the fans who were present at the stadium, these signs can also be seen by TV viewers.
b84920e4bf898fc07d5c4af85315d0a0bc9e50e6	In 1956, Adi's son, Horst Dassler, organizes an adidas advertising campaign at the Olympic Games in Melbourne.
3ee48d17e831a2dfb0caa8e60040df9a9ca83bd5	A new era of sports advertising is beginning.
4dcb2c943d9fa858b34aeca3e84bd32cff6bff10	Three quarters of all Olympic medalists in Melbourne wear shoes with Three Stripes.
006af2e0f260f7630e9cf35694cd4ef9e2117ef1	This marks the beginning of Horst's diplomatic career in sports.
0c013e3a32de9e3e29d90d1e7f37d49e65da4d29	In 1957, Adi Dassler is developing a new revolutionary idea of a polyamide sole for football boots; he uses kangaroo leather for the upper part.
5d9b190f629fff8578471ec8a7bf49524682ddb9	He creates the first ever "air cushion sole" and the first polyamide sole for running shoes.
07048897350479ca351b75503b0840e101039ad4	The 1960s were extremely successful for adidas.
aec6964b6afbdf875f87bf01f3ed749882a64886	He leads at the Olympic Games in Rome in 1960, then at the FIFA World Cup in Chile in 1962, and in 1964 - at the Olympic Games in Tokyo.
25b046953f5582ff6643bf3db3edd8277d73de88	In 1968, adidas became the first company in the world to produce shoes with a raised polyurethane sole, which is guaranteed for a period of one year.
0c7a531476fbb4c66dfa53c5e4b43e1007ac6877	"Achilles" jogging shoes are on sale.
fc14f790c20b2054369322dcd95728dcf64dedc0	In the same year, at the Olympic Games in Mexico City, 85% of athletes perform in adidas shoes.
b653e480d7244641256023e0e9e5c9ec783e2461	High jumper Dick Fosbury wins gold, having conquered a height of 2.24 m.
2e6b5a00375a35f3605f13ffc764d718f070b6e3	For the first time, he uses a new jumping technique, later called the "Fosbury flop", which radically changed this sport.
dae3d4b77de3a3cab9aaaf074d94acb08fe98057	Long jumper Bob Beamon breaks the world record, exceeding it by 61 cm.
549e541d976f4545cc589bbadc05852fb016a33e	Athletes in adidas equipment win 37 gold, 35 silver and 35 bronze medals.
e33e86f8199b88232df45a660ae4aa6c76a8ca72	Especially for the 1972 European Championship, ultralight and soft football boots are being developed for Franz Beckenbauer.
fb96423e94e4f3eb1f2b06d825c24be7b3ed4adf	Very stylish shoes made of patent leather "serve until complete abrasion".
159cb623537cfc85105e15208f7c699cd71b388b	The German national football team wins first the European Football Championship (1971), and then the World Cup (1974). adidas is becoming the standard in the world of football.
16f261fbe74b883c3124e5b53f4ec66f00d28348	The Olympic Games in Munich in 1972 are becoming a new milestone in the company's history.
1b710e95482e157b8d9a4ab65ca71b8464e903b4	For the first time, adidas is an official sponsor of the Olympic Games.
e0d1d6505dcbd1b54850b49269ef7d91217d23c5	78% of athletes compete in adidas shoes and win 35 gold, 37 silver and 35 bronze medals.
59d589f801dd40fefe843bd96b803f494d8986aa	In 1978, Adi Dassler died.
2ca041283a0118e68ee6729b1ad2690191b29a6e	The company passes to his wife and son Horst.
d03386b6075d77c3354ff04c914ec5369e81a0ec	In 1983, Horst founded the world's first marketing company "International Sports, Culture & Leisure (ISL)" (international sports, culture and leisure), designed for sports events.
17a3e0b9a5b377ee14f743bdc8b60a7e515516b4	After the death of his mother in 1985, the company passed to Horst Dassler.
a986e1e0cfcb6846a5e3f99f884c77cdae7cd0c8	By that time, he was already becoming the most influential figure in the world of sports.
1df8cf4f8732f8d74aed4cabacff749800172c20	Realizing that the company needs radical changes, he orders a study of one of the most famous management consulting firms.
81b81adb659bf8eee9088be4e12e737f49850e48	Based on the results obtained, Horst begins to transform the company.
4613b1e62d9f387f02c49b61740ae86daaf3f1e9	He places increasing responsibility on the company's main headquarters in Herzogenauer.
8fcaa2948747de2357fd010f3d862f2f011769f4	Horst quickly realizes that adidas will withstand increasing competition only by radically changing its structure.
ddff0dbaaa0b9d84e0225f87dca261a317014e59	Production at factories in Germany owned by adidas, as a result of the rapid increase in cost, is becoming less profitable.
b5129238cee966ee480c1e0b6cc3fdd90f249838	Now adidas must turn from a manufacturing company into a trading company.
375757c39f0c1d6e97ca5e1684c548d8ffc5ce0c	In 1986, Horst Dassler unexpectedly dies at the age of 51.
e5c4311f49fce14b126c46cca5c02054cd0d79b7	The reorganization of the company could not be completed, and difficult times are coming for adidas.
16ea76f1f2d74bc24fc3c15f7d47e4b47874256a	In 1990, adidas ' losses were already $ 100 million.
9a9c86f6eef38a722a9b0d4a77e16ea75487b9bd	At the same time, young people preferred new brands, such as Nike and Reebok.
f898a9090e28b003fae52d5650930322aa019cb5	In addition, at that time, most of the adidas products were manufactured in Germany, which required high costs, while Nike and Reebok organized production at factories in Thailand and China.
afa4435012113c6f7ae23dc3c9dadc034509b2cf	It was necessary to correct the situation: adidas was still a very well known brand, and it would be unwise to just let it die.
46f173ca676aebf28cac2846cb1678f13ae35b6f	In the same year, Bernard Tapie acquired a controlling stake in adidas (80% of the shares), and adidas ceased to be a family enterprise.
80a51ad56ef8b45818b70822bfa91059b937093e	Since 1993, a new team of specialists has been writing a new history of Adidas.
3b456213c21809b025f9f83285b60f1c89a0f877	Talented managers from Nike and Reebok, the company's main competitors, come to the company.
422a09197e33df7a28fe9231bec89fc069fd5496	Production is gradually being transferred to countries where wages are significantly lower than in Europe.
88b1d5d70a605365269b423a8c369c7abdf2e98a	Then adidas products almost completely disappeared from retail, after which the company's branded stores opened all over the world.
16f22fb560c0cfc867a4b96e62812a429f3d0da2	In 1996, adidas became the main sponsor of the Olympic Games.
1d8d320bf18ea667dab4fd3ed9ed0bc83655aa23	After this event, sales of products under the adidas brand increased by 50%.
11976c081cff2608d47d7bb9e86bdbdfdb1c3320	Although the main audience of adidas was in Europe, after the Olympics, the company's share in the US market increased to 12%.
546b3c56bded5cf312bc73671c656a52e5ef064f	Despite all the changes, adidas still defended its position as a company that sponsors football events in the fight against such a large competitor as Nike.
caf94fe0203caeadd7cb1f4a594df88749242164	He was the main sponsor of the 1998 FIFA World Cup, sponsored the future champion, the French national team.
fa0c9f8e3d5d60084323331d694648d0e0052700	Athletes of the new generation are the messengers of the latest technologies and modern design of adidas products.
40d96ebf210e0824b42b1fe54aa6bd5f9899ae7b	In 1997, basketball superstar Kobe Bryan, tennis player Anna Kournikova and David Beckham participated in a large scale adidas advertising campaign.
3717aaf167731ded3cc1aab437d12ed8e025f9f5	In the same year, adidas buys the French company Salomon, a leading manufacturer of winter sports goods.
7a2195d1b3288a286ebf707baa95711f35ebc1e5	The new concern, after the sale of an unprecedented number of shares, is renamed "adidas Salomon Joint Stock Company".
b36838ad71265f6f62d56248530ff2516b2ba9ec	The magazine "Manager" calls the head of adidas Robert Louis Dreyfus "Manager of the year".
35434b770945efc9df1b125693c6972910fa5f92	In 2000, the company became the official supplier and licensee of the European Football Championship in the Netherlands and Belgium, equips the European Champion the French national team.
f0ffca1de1423805120e2797f240097f11ced0f0	The world famous Japanese designer Yoji Yamamoto becomes the creative director of the new branch of adidas — Sport Style.
c039e8ab73216899b3a788fb65d39b0b0f47feea	In October, the first collection he designed was presented at the Stade de Charlety in Paris.
ab70874ab5978d277aa0470ab3615ebefdfe58b5	Despite the difficult market conditions, 2003 is a record year for adidas Salomon.
1a7735decce516097f5e538b3b0969b35e72d3ef	Sales volumes reach the level of 6.3 billion euros, which is 5% better than previous indicators (taking into account inflation).
65481d24a7f2a9d8f1d6452852ccbc46fa6d92d2	Net income increased by 14% and reached the amount of 260 million euros.
6c0891eda6b0662b17d81a77f503f6ace4b6add9	In the same year, adidas launches a legendary advertising campaign, with the slogan "Impossible is nothing" (the impossible is possible):
613ebd84a4a872d173463ae890b334324f296f65	"Impossible is just a big word that little people hide behind.
3097e210a8b8652b2c0ea1a06d876031d8dd784c	It is easier for them to live in a familiar world than to find the strength to change something.
6fc6d5bbc03f9c4043d1b6d8a7e7ad56b2f69701	The impossible is not a fact.
fa66fc829294d92627295e0a9c7fc1afb5e36439	This is just an opinion.
ec194d0eea900be0c3d310703c0e964104da56d9	The impossible is not a sentence.
ec3588096e32a2ee08bf8bfcc586132a28d75d6c	This is a challenge.
4807b3abd01a6d52bb91b019f320f57ee8739687	The impossible is a chance to manifest yourself.
0d6ad2d1ed0b7dcd97aa5594a4a36dae744bf913	Impossible is not forever.
b6e0ff1287f5d530008b3828d967f7a08218f4ab	The impossible is possible."
7881dcfd39c840cb8fe1c2d9e8ca4bccd00bb280	This campaign was liked by a lot of people on the planet, becoming a real slogan for them in life.
866f02881ccf49eb8767cc0b5e188618133682a9	In addition, such sports stars as Muhammad Ali, David Beckham and others took part in the campaign.
d834cdb7d784da05ae583fe4b411b31536a5b656	Commercials with Beckham have become iconic.
bfded2e81a6e9d51f4978b605cb3a445fcbe6630	Perhaps, this adidas campaign is one of the best examples of emotional advertising (Beckham now produces his own clothing collection together with adidas).
8fe187cdcde13ef79e4a56c0005e01599bc3ab3d	The Olympic Games in Athens are becoming a new platform that adidas uses as a showcase for its brand products. adidas is the official supplier of equipment for 21 National Olympic Committees, including the host country Greece, as well as the United States, Germany, Great Britain, France and Cuba.
f9b0611de505baec63be58e20878acea237bdf14	In total, more than 4,000 athletes from 45 countries compete in equipment with three stripes; adidas supplies products for 26 of the 28 Olympic sports.
db2656945e391296c21766e9f3306cd0280f353a	Athletes wearing shoes and clothing from adidas win 101 gold, 73 silver and 93 bronze medals.
ba3ce4c2fb91ab9042396f5e7251eb325409e003	Adi Dassler was the first entrepreneur who began to attract world famous athletes to advertise their products.
7fd42fe5316eb06707bda61fd30bd1767eda93fc	Active advertising has become one of the cornerstones of Adi's corporate policy.
a9796300a500dcb185f5b5997be3ecc64cfd5831	For every major sporting event, he created new technologies and each time proved the superiority of adidas shoes.
b15cc9eba8f8aea86775b39baf2ff7964ad31bd0	Active cooperation with athletes helped Adi to create optimal shoes for almost every sports discipline.
a6658fb44adefc58fd9ef8d9a66b498f638db1e8	Together with his son Horst, Adi Dassler created an international company that was represented and remains prominent at all world sporting events to this day.
5139e71a78448bbd492e0b1963a8ee8aa4905d25	Today, the adidas brand is one of the most famous and best selling sports equipment in the world.
5e28a82963773ffee03ad8d85d93acc9b5e432d9	The adidas sign, the shamrock, symbolizes the Olympic spirit on three continents.
9e8767a4a1872bdc8839f7468c308e77033f04fe	The brand is very popular among young people and professional athletes and has a strong position in the football world, not letting its main competitor, Nike, go there.
2216cffcc6d8024c311ec46da3db84802a62b32f	Dassler
cd5e341799c7b454b879343afcda8f7ffad78c72	Adidas, the history of the brand
360748d9915c5fad93463a0286aa939a9f3108ce	author: Anna Arzumanyan
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693418fa8e929650d1bb9ba0016560d573e11fa5	History of Adidas
7483538f53ea58b0de6bca003ae556e202a2ca19	His passion was football, which was just then becoming the most popular game in Europe.
b86dc303bce067de086d38a36241e7cec400ca4b	In 1918, the war ended with the defeat of Germany.
fe1fe1b4c8abcda482364ce8b5eebf7b98475e29	There was devastation and inflation in the country, and millions of soldiers returning from the front joined the army of the unemployed.
98c08947acb9390448e518f6e9ee41342e0217df	Bad times have come for the Dassler family.
f3100dd251dcc4c4b8f02bc9365edb9961a09b1e	Having lost their chance earnings, at the beginning of 1920, the Dasslers decided to organize a family business – sewing shoes at the family council.
b5de5c97cf7ed4ef8d69b311349dc4a63a8aaee9	The Dasslers approached the implementation of the idea with German thoroughness.
1befb861f88f3f188e56629808781c6e3f66cc9f	The inventive Adi converted a bicycle into a skinning machine.
396bdd3d2f0645aba3245e02db1ac6cb83b7b0e0	His sisters and mother made patterns out of canvas.
13327fd1f8075965923fd2edc69519f509710c0d	Adi, his older brother Rudolf (or Rudy in the family name) and his father cut shoes.
adb5b8c574d142d86302a409d86d93372498cbc5	The first products of the Dassler family were sleeping slippers.
ac78473febe47eb884a3d951689e0369c18f903d	Rudy took over the marketing of this conversion product.
9b0392757ade00ecf6204d4960f339cf4a8fba98	Adi was engaged in the organization of production and the invention of new models.
1b028826f30316d54b256fe5142b4a0c9e028155	And in July 1924, they founded the Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory company.
689c966e6f17bad780582a8301ac1ccc42fa4979	Both brothers with their opposite characters complement each other well.
71babdfe0106d50537ac61aee68b8615bfbb5857	If Adi was an inventive and timid intellectual and played football, then Rudy had an explosive character and preferred jazz, sex and boxing to everything else.
fd8a0fa5a10eb5df74752992496455bc414fb128	Adolf Dassler founder of Adidas
38e5a7fe156539e64be755a25cf21283a0a2ba1f	By 1925, the company's business was going so well that Adi was able to afford a little fantasy.
e4645717c638e93de1981951f7537deb37701ee6	As an avid football player, he invented and sewed football boots with spikes, which were forged for him by a local blacksmith.
422ef28c061264376bf7554a5a6ea34f6be6535d	Soon the production could no longer fit in the courtyard of their house.
f4001a8f72efd090d97951dd1e3c2318fe57faab	In 1927, the Dasslers rented an entire building for their factory.
c412020a243b60d0924b0d53d17ae940f6732080	Now the staff has been increased to 25 people, and production – up to 100 pairs of shoes per day.
32bcbe74fa20bceda9f7c48408cea36cb6726345	Adi no longer remembered that a few years ago he was going to become a baker.
107a00972f3fb89ca9c0c83fdc95b6ba05123cdf	Now he was completely captured by the opportunity to make sports shoes, and then test them in sports games with his friends.
895fd143455fe61336deec45a694b9e3fdd43150	The success of studded football boots prompted Adi to make shoes specifically for the strongest participants of the Olympics.
7f39a5302659bd7fb27e6b6f8bcb542aea402cec	For the first time, athletes performed in studded shoes "Dassler" at the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam.
778a2d0b950002703e2105d9d055e0fcd0128233	At the next Olympics in 1932 in Los Angeles, the German Artur Jonat became the third in the 100 meter race.
d0528f40e6026d3c0c0c8b053f0ddb943a5c5d47	But the most successful year for Adi was 1936.
20aad25ddddc6084e9eee5180cae952c5f62c865	His first child was born, and at the Berlin Olympics, the black American runner Jesse Owen in Dassler shoes won four gold medals and set five world records.
8c0078ca19f44d081d04812ea30378c3f770ba31	Since that moment, "Dassler" has become an unrecognized standard of sports shoes.
de15173fbbb95bd4c712fc63054261a3265ca54d	The success of Adi's marketing was obvious.
85d0d709330b7bf6a0e17e22ba9694c597e61bce	In the year of the Olympic Games in Berlin, the sales of the "Dassler Brothers Factory" exceeded 400,000 German marks.
21f2589fb6914bd6424315988e16daa589a38e7a	In 1938, the second Dassler factory was opened in Herzogenaurach.
4d12c5eef18b738364523c56a6393d1cf0415f8e	By this time, both Dassler brothers were committed members of the Nazi Party.
59a747095d3fed37c087675c911aeb73a9a325b9	However, despite this, when the Second World War began in 1939, the Dassler factories were confiscated by the Nazis and the brothers themselves went to the front.
bb41ee801b93150c1580a3c63deb307b37ac040b	At one of the factories, the Nazis tried to establish the production of hand held anti tank grenade launchers.
2855d0373cf93a098cef9949777ac5c67028db74	However, the factory equipment was not adapted for such production, so Adi was returned from the army a year later – to produce training shoes for German soldiers.
4f1bed15bbdea966fc932730b7a30df1fe4d3679	When Germany lost this war, too, Adi got her share of a national catastrophe.
93033a2cbaf04ed243d5fb7450f989fe7ead4162	And while the Dassler factory supplied hockey skates to the United States on a contribution, the Yankees were comfortably located in the family mansion.
b7689d132fb00123c33e813252a625d6d62dc53c	And Adi's wife, in order to feed the family, dug up the beds herself and took care of the cattle.
44f41a96e20aa764110785e53a3a2a5e9bfc5d46	But it didnot last long.
70085ffacc4f7e01e45b7ea7185a5c3ac9d83bd3	A year later, the Americans left, and Rudy's brother returned from a prison camp.
b80ce541116e2d9039328ee2f4016575a0a10302	The first factory of the Dassler brothers
3395859cfc088e8a7965592ad37f4e3f8287051c	Dassler shoes were again made from the remnants of military ammunition, and 47 employees were paid in kind – firewood and yarn.
d2a42c178dc0349c327e48a152e8f942050651f9	However, the former understanding between the brothers was no longer there.
884bfd39d636f7939c74f510233e76ba775bf614	And in the spring of 1948, shortly after the death of his father, they finally quarreled and decided to divide the company.
4458851ee0c6d3388112f9ef636e7ec038a99a10	Rudy took one factory for himself, and Adi took another.
255db02688db2f1a04abb6101d7f6962c43fad30	The brothers also agreed not to use the name and symbols of the family enterprise.
2db69e4966a92266aa089899e12965df105f7f47	After parting with his brother, Adi became the sole owner of his own company.
da9e86d34ca930b6a566b3250ff332e224e4e6f3	Now he didnot have to consult anyone.
568703c40033493b38b4ef4354668d088b6a22a7	Taking advantage of this "permissiveness", a year later he" slightly "violated the contract with his brother – not to use the symbols of the"Dassler Factory".
762e79953f30f840683ac630700356422aaa7084	Adi took two stripes from the Dassler logo, added a third to them and patented the resulting ones as the "Adidas" symbol.
71775b126cdbee0a18f13aa9ce9840f840a47f73	In 1949, he created the first cleats with removable rubber spikes.
676f8595b23dbe90c74c83997ae5e53ffca40058	In 1950 football boots adapted for playing football in adverse weather conditions: on the snow and on the frozen ground.
5450263cb002bb045a8aac07cba51ba9bd529242	At the same time, he recalls all the old ties with the National Olympic Committees.
835fe68c7917f84bc5fffb5f6a1b8f021942749c	Some competitors have even begun to focus in their advertising on the simplicity of their models and their time tested quality.
c11d9cedaf2f7c17c427b060d39e1fce2e1cb7fc	And in 1954, the innovative Adidas shoes turned out to be out of contention at the World Cup the German national team shod in Adidas became the world football champion for the first time.
bdc7f6bfb0204d949de6d792c3eef77c2fc72b75	In 1975, Adi Dassler became an honorary member of the" American Sporting Goods Association " – the first among non Americans.
541dd04f2f05494b921c4257d2065124680af503	Except for 76 year old Adolf Dassler, who was sitting in front of a TV screen thousands of kilometers from Montreal, no one noticed this.
7613dc8b54e650957fee4ba4969fc383d4081a84	After her, the company goes to Horst Dassler the son of Adi and Katarina.
f5c35b43b5d84aabe368b38426647d9a9adc2a05	However, the early death of 51 year old Horst made his own edits to the case.
53835fa261f365b3da144ef27d4e58913e37f2a1	And they sold it, apparently, on time.
502c7c63942b3983830ffcee7b9f376845039c13	"Suddenly Adidas has aged ahead of time.
5707d57c45705d886df51394839bc4f2be217aca	It began to be perceived as something boring, utilitarian, yesterday's, that dad wears when he washes the car in front of the entrance on Sunday morning, " writes Thomas Gad, author of the book 4D Branding.
7679d543ce1231314cfcc952e5009519605d485b	But the main thing is that the world was changing, and with it the market.
8c86a88ef253745a0770b5b7bfc789e1d52ce50e	Modern Adidas store, Israel, Tel Aviv
63e9ea1cd88730a48b2095c8e20f1911a66801ea	That's how, since the end of the last century, giant concerns have been fighting with varying success for their buyer.
8fca31d27d8dcec8b8ca06ee8d93324cbe11460f	Adidas is inextricably linked with such legendary names (in addition to those mentioned) like Muhammad Ali and Joe Fraser, Steffi Graf and Stefan Edberg, Bob Beamon and Gunde Svan, Lev Yashin and Valery Borzov, Michel Platini and Eisebio, finally Zenedin Zidane and David Beckham.
79cdbdd2671de72df1190c77b9729e507769d66a	So, Adidas Salomon AG directly employs about 14,000 employees.
1f607c902822e17bd49624ca597a9c139093b641	The company's sales amount to 6267 billion. euro, profit – 260 million euros.
de6497665fdf2fe72de1cfbb9fab47b73effde83	The concern unites such brands as Adidas, Salomon, Mavic, Bonfire, Arc'teryx, Taylor Made and Maxfli.
63bf2dc6dcd59989d726ff129eab615ea172157c	The headquarters is still located in the birthplace of Adi Dassler, in the Bavarian town of Herzogenaurach.
5677b2e33e8a265b6263d8e9f49a9011af6dfa6c	The American headquarters is located in Portland (Oregon).
40c45a0459a9b77e282c5d8a17fdac65cf1690a5	In general, "Adidas" is fine, however this is a completely different Adidas.
f77896efdd95bbc06aa8c576eccbf3ea8e1c13f2	Source: www.allfaces.ru
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249ee9c47cac1457be8cfcdc137a698a31562a8d	The formation of a global sportswear brand Adidas
830d0d856d3072429a0cbbb079f45f87d9e2b241	The Adidas company's motto is as follows: The impossible is possible!
c47e0ddc9a699e707465c6e2475a93c997da8f8c	We need to move forward, overcome obstacles, open new horizons for ourselves.
f6bd64e2f9dd75da154c756017453192af576778	It is these values that this brand promotes.
f04c335d59ca69a1b6ed53ba2976609cc2a44408	Today, this brand is world famous, it is known and respected by many famous athletes, because it is one of the leaders of the modern market.
2109bf89dc8d6f35d919926508a3253841886450	Its products are extensive, so you can easily choose equipment for any sport.
30c86af5f96578ee918c2fef4c6ff35da371939b	At the moment, these are comfortable and stylish things created on the basis of the most modern technologies in cooperation with world class stars and designers.
a689415d475afc33a6dcf624222358f206180b4d	But when no one has heard about this brand.
848c246b17afb42d5e5245457f6ec7fd102947ca	So where did it all start?
2940e460a5f37f9e611f8c45efdc441ee93071fa	Where did this popular and well known brand come from?
7c84c2b96a9abb86fd5bd59df160a6ca66ce88b8	The content of the article:
41f16d44bae050790090a0a5baa6f673e9668a8b	1. The foundation of the brand 2.
248103f40ee306a26ec01ebe78d3e8dcfcd6dbf1	Key events in the company by year 3.
da06c4e745d757a7ba84366d7133e0a778d3ec2e	Interesting facts 4.
7bb987c0c75bce418d8fc6cfdbcccefe7092a295	Video: The whole story in 3 videos from Discovery
38707f73baabec0fc38ae28860cdc2ac94d3c8a5	The birth of the company
b0da494e05ff2cbafb2b42e8516e85196cd6df4a	Nike vs. Adidas the popularity of brands in the countries of the world
a126744f55ac9fcf56ec3c0f2db9d7cc6933dc21	The Dassler family is also affected by all the consequences of the war, as a result of which they are experiencing difficult times.
5adfe5948254324cd999640cb1d520465e9c07e2	Members of the Dassler family, having worked on various part time jobs, at the beginning of 1920 decided to open their own business - sewing shoes.
78e8b760f488c237734ffa5df42685c2473f506c	By the way, if you want to find out which sneakers have become the most expensive in the world, and which company produced them read the article at this link.
d97b9d5f957ec50996f58241c49f4385e7019668	The main milestones in the dates of the famous company
220e91525e7a8dae5eac9a22b89e7a37f25d5758	The first football boots were sewn, which became unique not only for Germany, but also for the world community!
d6d0145a2fec008bda4aa40d6fed9ff62c8b26ce	Especially for this shoe, the Tselein brothers forge metal spikes.
b8b5d36acd74df42ed560bab24e75e976cf87c64	Thus, the world saw amazing sports "spikes".
9f0840cedb7f9b2a8ed505bbf6440c71517dfc0e	Humor and the Adidas logo
4ab0694278a00c6009184f2d42918297c1f4e22a	The company since the appearance of "spikes" begins to develop intensively.
856221690feda531b7a605fbe2d0ca39046d709c	It has already grown into a small factory.
84679baa8a1001a5613faf608f023d499035450a	A building was rented for the factory, and 25 employees were hired.
882fb554cf25ca4e75e3249bd224a45c6129cf78	Up to 100 pairs of shoes are already produced per day.
2a7681356224cfc3510511b42cb1267f54d630b0	The company's breakthrough.
4455ca1a30c5099f37e5a1f0a2b4339ab3de6646	Significant events are taking place: a patent for "spikes" has been issued, Dassler products "enter the big arena" — some athletes perform in Adidas shoes at the Olympic Games in Amsterdam.
c3cc336ceb85fccfab06c55ce87d9eb580fbe646	The range of the factory is expanding with football boots.
ddc83ecc321bfbd3418fb2eb3c18ee14ccc3cbdf	The factory, despite the crisis in Germany, is thriving – the leased building has been purchased, a new three story production building is being laid.
ae1067977a125dd48adab493c9864707bae51f0a	1932-1936
0408fc351be066573c1538502ed4033a47537a2a	Unusual sneakers from Adidas
0d909b82133e8ba4b143ff1ff408cf2e987971a3	During the Olympic Games, the triumphal procession of the company's products around the world begins.
f99023c056f676e888dd353645fbcfc7378f2526	Olympic medals are won and world records are set in the shoes of the German factory.
a0d09c9a33cdcc2309f3e2e504a8be92674cb165	Another factory opens in Herzogenaurach, which begins to produce a thousand pairs of shoes per day.
6176c6f996d6cdec551f5cfd8f07e479155c59f3	The Second World War brought problems to the company.
dce940333c02311115f3028b8c9cf423095497ae	The factories tried to organize the production of hand held anti tank grenade launchers, but due to the failure, it was decided to produce training shoes for Germans who serve in the military.
2a79d7146c865b6386b370184239161c834d1ac5	The Dassler brothers factory is increasing its assortment: according to the terms of the indemnity, it is ordered to produce hockey skates for the United States, receiving in return baseball bats, gloves, tents and other decommissioned materials.
3f5ed70fe540879e077ed8527adf6899c406b255	Rudolf ends up in a prisoner of war camp.
3da69097caa25829a15f56ea6af797b0cf0c38a1	The company tries to support many athletes, and also pays them all the clothes, and even pay a salary so that they perform in it.
41c7acaf0927259d5a4c70c9177a9eebb765a17f	And which athlete earns the most in the world?
e948dbb63c640f36194ce5ba7dc79b91854f3485	The case has to start from scratch.
6ae1a0ed305e53cc37a14d30604d0a2f77344769	Rudolf is released, but a crack appears in the brothers ' relationship.
8f693e78f237bf66efe490406204f45755e26500	After a few years, the business is split.
d9c5b22592d60cdc0fa61d53e56878f281747639	Facts about Adidas
b4fbbc4132d9230aa4f214e1b05d7030e42e4f3d	After the split, Adolf gets the factory "Addas", Rudolf — "Ruda".
15362df8d22ee3b880fc08212d6914f751fd73c7	After a few months, "Ruda" changes its name to "Puma", and one letter is added to "Addas", it turns into"Adidas".
b3290c10b7537b74612d58f34a967924b540f70c	Fierce competition begins between the factories.
1a0303d3efbc89faf53b5826caa7b01549f1ab55	Adolf is establishing the production of new products – rubber boots with removable spikes.
66d345af9d77d22090291ff162a25769fae63be2	There are also other products under the adidas brand the brand begins its wide development: it flaunts on clothes, bags and shoes.
03a2bd4ba524fb7d5ce1c96c3f34db5d4495847c	The achievements of the Olympians who perform in Adolf's clothing promote the brand.
c2f3970fd31c69a4a9127ebc0a888bd322e1cf7f	Production of branded balls.
53aa035c6822242200891549ca84624772a21db4	There is a new product — shoes with molded polyurethane soles.
54a9134482eb2585b485ecf4b29697db80027249	Even today, it is in demand.
23f9dd7b33fd88c959f72fd2d7bdf4da21a93f50	Losses exceed revenues, 80% of the shares go to Bernard Tapie, a French investor.
00b5df321a2b361657c39cc33d3eb2b9651b0a70	After that, the yield is doubled in the shortest period.
c03abc43b091bef2ab1290c6bcbc3fdd27a53555	What do the players prefer to perform in?
c955a665afdaaeabaadd2e735f587104cfc992b0	Adidas signs a partnership agreement with the Russian Football Union for 10 years.
000b15485640aeb0c9c60cc560a5f9a581c76907	two thousand fourteen
200b147d651c58aabcdde3a2bb5cf768ad4895a0	The company still produces clothing items, shoes and equipment for classes.
98bbc8cd584894cc190ebe8cf258a163b6c6e72f	The CEO of the largest concern in Germany today is Herbert Heiner.
fc2d2766c901952585f201a38f9d25caa80d65e9	The modern concern is responsible for the distribution of Reebok, Rockport, RBK & CCM Hockey.
2e62c8fef32e99447836e58cb56599093e7bb828	New products are being created that are distinguished by a revolutionary look, modern design and are characterized by high performance.
b3ed356117769493fb33e0484fd58cb6728f674a	Interesting facts
5e51e470e35a29d971e8a68f52b53e79e2cda89d	1. The brothers did not tell about the reasons for the quarrel.
dd8c7e76d540dbedd006983ebba98d6c9d192950	One thing is known: they no longer spoke to each other after the collapse of the family business.
cf614d308fd00e76aeae7eb3634d005568942766	And their new firms are becoming fierce competitors.
b110b088791822c63e5400a32c3bd2565e7672ec	Headphone design for fans of the brand
73acaeb8195e7497068d6994fe976ac42ec21bb2	2. On the International Day of Peace, September 21, 2008, the corporate confrontation ended – the management of the two companies shook hands for the first time in a long time.
945e1d5f50172c7078dda87e80052327d376b9a3	Cinema and football were chosen as unifying factors: a match was played and a documentary was watched.
2b609a8a471c15b634aa6bc5fb24675bd1e33643	3. Adidas shoes were won by Joe Frazier, Mohammed Ali, Stefan Endberg, Steffi Graf, Valery Borzov and Lev Yashin, Bob Beamon, David Beckham and Zinedine Zidane, Michel Platini, Vera Zvonareva and Marat Safin, Lionel Messi, as well as many other athletes.
95abee09259aaf6abcdce7af5c2bbdbb615b6854	A contract was signed with most of these people.
a209066c6c4bb58fb5c9e6c0d32b856b8b806204	In Russia, the Adidas brand is most widespread, and many of our football players wear it, for which, accordingly, they receive good money.
1b3d9bc54570da4ff8fdcdf28931f7e3acb66d95	But who is the highest paid Russian football player?
1ef1e3e6b528d48ca7896dae7107d57a7b31dca8	Editorial Office uBiznes.ru I have prepared a material on this topic.
103e679a3327417feb5e1119ac22bbd758354892	Video: The history of the Adidas brand
640823b2838d21951201730df4565a2c3b51b865	adidas, history, company, sports, sportswear
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0571ac19bb49ec86f1191e7037318d9e22a684cd	Contacts for communication: rek@uBiznes.ru Advertising on the site
aefef640097ac2b73fe3f8c76b6a3b48cc4497bf	Keeping exotic pets at home has become a rule of good taste and a very popular hobby for modern society.
617a923f7676875106d11d6a339d019cdec0fc2c	However, often the lack of information and experience of keeping such lizards, spiders, snakes and other rare animals in their owners leads to the fact that these fragile creatures begin to get sick, and may even die.
d037da261a8da8dc1901df4efa1a7abdf05f32a6	Since reptiles have long been contenders for the role of a favorite in the category of "pet", and it is they who can often be found as pets – we suggest that today we talk about the features of keeping chameleons at home, find out how and what it is necessary to feed these creatures, what comfortable living conditions need to be created for them so that they live in our house happily ever after…
36f222427ee1ae2c8436aeeefa9e67e17c186157	If chickens are kept in apartments and houses today instead of birds, tiger cubs replace cats, and crocodiles are quite satisfied with the owners instead of aquarium fish, then there is nothing easier to settle a chameleon in the house.
30f8a8d46470f748bf2e2d1638e0d2413d5e8be3	Don't be surprised, but we are not the first who decided to try such a neighborhood with this reptile.
01672997e898f702ac88b883baac1eb21c21b453	And it will not be any reptile that will live next to you, but a real, only a small "earth lion".
42803bcc2adb4eeb34458b34e289f59495e79e25	This is what the ancient Greeks called chameleons.
3a8bbdfe876b262340d9a0f9085a1112a688ecfb	And they called these strange inhabitants of the planet so for their royal "mane" or "headdress", as you want.
c0b4be687a1885b3e0fe22febba2fe725c797d71	Only with its folds it resembled a crown.
fcb53a99c7ede4cef62c544e67a881d5fea73aa3	It was a "favorite" among the ancient Greeks and a kind of biological weapon used to destroy annoying insects 20 centuries ago.
d4d06ea1b365049448a9f14d8d9200b89455bced	At that time, the contents of the chameleons were kept in the strictest secrecy.
ba722229d1b16b352c5e57706b15365d8b0847f5	In Western countries, strange animals were delivered in large quantities.
5d76aed1f8af0b8f517a22dbff137e8cb7c72097	The West became interested in the domestication of chameleons after the war, and in Russia the possibility of acquiring and maintaining such exotics appeared only at the end of the last century, namely in the 80s.
a904bab2395104ecfbe0d17671891906b4c8b7c8	Many of them died, which gave rise to the opinion that chameleons cannot exist in captivity.
5a81d46de272b1878a260c26fd28a119d2df83c6	Over time, it was possible to achieve reproduction in captivity.
2dd434871995f1dd4a9400044936a199a1cd0ae0	The resulting cubs came into contact with humans and adapted more easily.
e8c2259e7755d4545a6343d0477bb03e4399013f	The Yemeni chameleon has become the most common representative due to its easy reproduction in captivity.
c4f096bd4b5d9b8c393483b6266220b9a052c206	Not all types of chameleons are suitable for keeping at home, three of them feel great in captivity.
4ac00b465b245b07ae55ec1fadca530939097586	Here are some other chameleons that are suitable for keeping at home: Ordinary; Leopard print.
cc63ea1129d6246527e8c5129db7b63908f3c0e4	These species are also not picky and less demanding of the conditions of detention.
202f435927b1a187007d1bd0ec808fd625f45aa8	Chameleons are interesting representatives of the reptile class, their size varies from 3 to 60 centimeters.
c240b41dcd997dfa1fccd26cf32bb1521d3c1d14	Males raised at home reach 45-60 centimeters, the length of the female is about 35, but her body is much rounder.
587c0b9e95abbd296172ca962cab22c27eb4abf5	There is a crest on the top of the head, which in some cases can grow up to 6-7 centimeters.
47603c1d69bac0080260179167752db5fbfdb16a	And horns, i.e. outgrowths like horns, are more pronounced than in "fragile" females.
0983836d03b72d1d63243b21b6f85ae1340ff772	The unique ability of these creatures is their ability to disguise – yes, yes, the chameleon's skin is really able to change its hue in the range from gray to light green.
4d429ced92cbbabe63e40be2f54f18c4a304f5ae	It has chromatophore cells, which contain pigments of yellow, reddish, black, and brown colors.
24eaf038b21ed157ff3217c9ee6b5d88959abbd9	Chameleons are also famous for the fact that they can change their color and become almost invisible against the background of a tree, foliage, due to the peculiarities of the skin of a reptile.
4b58bd48525521717aedce87fda5f63fb0a82b22	Under the influence of certain factors (fright, hunger, hunting), pigmentation increases, and the skin acquires a variety of shades.
4c98aa26e13862b7458a3ced4fe90e373b47c548	Often, by changing the color, you can judge the behavior of a reptile: the skin turns dark if the chameleon is afraid or tries to frighten the enemy, multi-colored spots appear if the male begins to care for the female.
93b24bb66bab7e6d13d05a93f5b1a7501c03a0f6	To absorb heat, chameleons become almost black, and to reflect light in the heat – light gray.
9fdecff2c98bc6c810c380218722451b47db72a9	The reason for repainting can also serve as a social status.
f4b6f74ee67d7402db029bce5e3abf903e7aff71	So, growing up alone is much paler than what is in the company of the house.
d8333c4b312e92cbb97fdbfa1f4f17f4d6bc71d2	We want to make a reservation right away: if you hope that living in your house, a chameleon will delight with a new color every half hour – you will be disappointed.
4afdd08a6e955d129152c9cb077c2e0233a750fa	As a rule, the color of the reptile's skin adapts to the environment: that is, if the chameleon is sitting on a snag, then it will also be brown, and not yellow with speckles, as you would like.
27ea8336583101ee7b10ba473dd623dad78f225d	If the conditions are decent and nothing scares the pet, it is unlikely to change the color.
db63c251202841e4886e545124ee5058bc6e690f	The organs of vision of these lizards are also interesting.
1dbc38f5db38dc99bbe81381893130cbe0d193fb	The eyes of chameleons have a circular view and can rotate asynchronously, which helps reptiles in tracking and catching insects.
322b64be4fda92382f3893f02ca7a35c4bc840b3	When a chameleon is hunting, it can not move for a long time.
0877266253eedd727e094087c4a94b6bb83fa0de	At this time, only his eyes rotate.
4e1a91ae5fae8876df3b7904e7f553313635e21d	When an insect appears near the lizard, the chameleon sneaks up to it, sticks out its long tongue and makes a lightning-fast grasping movement with it, which takes only a third of a second
57e88d84d066f8fce012bdba9bcecc639a79238a	The suction cup at the end of the tongue also helps in this.
f81d10647bb79b26a3a7985be328e7527d7e5fac	The prey sticks to it and ends up in the mouth of the reptile.
e1218efb7ddfaa2bd8b1d6e86e633d67a085cf45	Chameleons prefer to lead a sedentary lifestyle, sitting in one place most of the time.
5b56ebce014400222f9c48be7c3f98d67c656441	However, if necessary, they run quickly and deftly jump on the branches.
11726faba7b8bb9b8e212853c0e665f146472143	Periods of activity occur during daylight hours, while chameleons prefer to sleep at night.
bffb21e6fee2d64dfb3869bc1856afffd3539658	Despite the fact that they are easily and quickly tamed – it is not recommended to let them out of the terrarium and abuse tactile contacts.
cb48b77b448812580b3a93253120f1191c8a8ecb	Keeping at home with proper care undoubtedly affects the life expectancy.
4f9d64aded1bd66afbd06c8493bc2434b7f76ff0	Healthy males live from 6 to 9 years, and females from 4 to 7.
c01c19bf54fc47c198fd1716b9c28eb112341eb6	The reason for the early mortality of female individuals is due to the constant energy and biological costs of carrying eggs.
6d1f95841196bee8a5072d429e704d06def85191	Their sexual system is arranged in such a way that the female can carry eggs even without fertilization.
62bfeec9c95db647ff376b065979f797cc2048d6	Like any animal from the wild, the chameleon needs to create natural conditions.
971194947fcdbae4fea326685b122213fabe1c94	It is unlikely that it will be possible to create such a world in an aquarium, because a 200-liter terrarium will be the best option.
94c8aee502ed4db2ab9fbbbc90e8b1f3aeefd1cd	Spacious and vertical.
db3f40909b0d852a8ff210a8239160bfb868aba2	A slightly smaller terrarium is suitable for females, and for a large reptile it should be slightly larger.
7d25db62e58a3249e74ea18fc38d0ce7bab83dab	In such a terrarium, there will necessarily be 2 lamps – one of the lamps of UFO radiation, and the second lamp for incandescent air.
fb6ad08c3e15a087170eba33272b2f718212f3b3	Ultraviolet and fluorescent lamps (or incandescent lamps) should be out of reach, at a height of at least 35-40 centimeters from the reptile, otherwise the chameleon will be burned.
101d0f9f1116e7defb28ca69f3d0b91586e41a51	It is necessary to turn on the lamps for 12 hours a day
6634fcd47f036cded1dbcab97f3e9a02b9995e8f	Pay attention to the recommended duration of use of the UV lamp.
c6c60f4ac0cfff70a5cea533cfc36ed61a13965c	After the expiration of this period, the necessary UV spectrum is not released, which will lead to a shortage of mineral substances.
9c3acab13d0823260780503ce4bc1dc5e44ba9fa	It will be necessary to additionally take care of heating the bottom of the terrarium, which will be turned on at night.
c7239f38f65b820e2144f594cc695a3f003513df	If possible, purchase a thermostat, so as not to accidentally burn the animal or cook it alive.
a73ea8d767779fc1a9c76c63ca4f8d60b1aa5687	All reptiles are cold-blooded, so they can regulate their body temperature only based on environmental conditions, even at home.
fbb65dd9512d4b2058f581b4358ffce6c303efa1	The total temperature in the terrarium should be 22-24 degrees above zero Celsius, under the heating source – 30-32 degrees above zero Celsius.
b598181586f52fdeb77e1ae9e6a5d0d5a6f51a6c	In the natural environment, the temperature does not fall below 17-18 degrees at night.
2bcf1e918a53c95cd722c5c54e9fbdca211e2ff8	The humidity inside the terrarium should be 30-50%.
1b9397f51d692c00b3dce64d156eb67c4b23300e	One of the walls of the terrarium should be tightened with a metal mesh, thanks to which the" room " of the animal will be well ventilated.
f1d229c647a6b03bfab2ad5a40c8220f9db28876	The terrarium should be placed away from drafts and heating devices, in a well-ventilated room.
8df6d1e316c3e02820ad1f402c504fe1a84de4e8	In summer, during the daytime, take the cage with an adult reptile outside.
e0ff4747cfbc877a599350af537c4780f6a9a6f9	The reptile will enjoy eating flying insects with pleasure.
4550d498eabc8b9d980c9b83b10d41bd184149ba	To attract them, you can put rotten fruits next to the aviary.
f9acb64e109fa6b9dbd6909e6233413aea0a71aa	If the nights are warm, you can leave the cage with the chameleon on the street or keep the animal at this time in the aviary in the fresh air.
dc5f9915fcbbaa30ff819fc200bba4dbb36b271c	Of course, it is necessary that it has a roof that would protect it from precipitation.
f255b63cd41d8b03fa8388abb452477025f8543b	It is good if the terrarium is spacious.
102c0c109209966399f45105fdf30e6fcfaa4740	Then, at its different levels, the animal will find the most comfortable place for itself.
3d6f563af738746f144e33e257f902e37fb95461	In the terrarium itself, there will necessarily be a mini pond that would occupy a quarter of the area.
ebadd7020d9af037c6c8b25e067bf7c6ba7545d0	It should not be deep, as the chameleon can drown in it.
700ae25aef4988397179ddb12434fd3768dd323c	It is also necessary to make a small pump inside the terrarium, which will create a stream of supplying water.
b45be9af8f45656183ebe97f66d5f34710f01acf	After all, these reptiles in the wild drink water only from the leaves of plants, which lies on them in droplets.
3e1c1353a5c0fd299143a18488c63eb5d39df50a	There must be landscaping inside the terrarium – live or artificial, it is at your discretion, it is important that it be, because without it the chameleon will experience discomfort.
0ed69b4a33789c3e8f44909946804f83b810f628	As necessary decorative elements, you will need a tree (a branch or a whole snag-it depends on the size of your chameleon and its dwelling), take care of good ventilation inside the lizard house.
29795bdf8eccc5b221e74dee64fd3c9faf7c702c	The chameleon needs shelter even at home.
150312346c1362a1a96275a276c05b1b6b13cdba	There he can afford to warm up, relax or hide.
bec3ad8bdb6997c0dfe16d08dfbf53346a21bee6	As a litter, sphagnum, vermiculite, artificial turf, coarse sand are used.
451fab13d668c27e5f87aa64946fe58ce453ae59	Many people mistakenly believe that the presence of soil is necessary.
6a7d23ac7c57299ffac48e129dcae9ec13bf5c6b	In fact, humidity lingers there, and insects hide.
dcd7661cb144e1c0f4a945b9bf1c645a6f9247b7	In addition, the reptile may accidentally eat it.
c7b8f753bac9e0e11a596848e8b50d672733cf7c	One of the most convenient ways is to put paper sheets on the bottom.
3d8cffd940fcd453245d4eb32257207016d9290b	They are not difficult to clean, and they are not expensive.
1ba5bc2d50038b1f22bd53443f337fdd25bcaaaa	In stores, there are small mats for reptiles.
a3d4a7f9b589f2096376a5a61259cf4ea24e9801	Such a terrarium will need to be cleaned 1 time in 2 days, at least, because otherwise a pathogenic microflora can develop inside it, which is harmful to any species of reptiles.
98b1a406e7ab3ab3eb561646c876b839463c62da	Once every two weeks, a general cleaning should be done in the reptile's home, and it is not necessary to transplant the tenant.
75b2a0815f85361c40c72697bde95d46ea7bb723	The little owner should get used to your hands.
bba5bb49f621169b01d4a9e5adbf5b7d70eda186	With good care, the lizard will live with you for 4 years, and the Yemeni chameleon may well bring offspring, for this it is necessary to purchase a male and a female.
d0fd9a68be1fae0b977d4340232797fe9c6ac67f	But two males can not be put in one terrarium, as they will fight, defending the rights to the female, and at the same time they can injure each other.
1899ba2d53bfb246b2d71d3ae219ea9c6386eabc	It is proved that chameleons need to be kept at home completely alone after they have reached sexual maturity (about 8 months)
b0c9057e5331212bebcc87d5e9247da00e1f9da9	These reptiles are very jealous of their territory, so they can not stand the neighborhood, especially if two males are placed in one terrarium.
35430fdb3ed76f9fcf8b2e94f9914669a12c73f0	Many fans of chameleons, over time, there is a desire to move into a terrarium with their pet, whatever else is a "miracle of nature".
66f80daabcf5fffa713d65ddec445bf32c76a2e3	As a rule, these are either other types of chameleons, or some kind of arboreal reptiles and, less often, amphibians.
a7be630f98d2412ac33119f703ad308806ad274c	Each animal should have its own "corner".
a61b349be120fd9614a099f8c7d98bf4a4348d6f	The terrarium should have the maximum number of all kinds of snags and greenery.
a8bc306c800af53c92695ddcd19092232c077ae4	It is advisable to equip the terrarium with several heating points.
b6031e5b99bf5fdafd51f67c3a55bda63df1c216	All chameleons are territorial animals and hardly tolerate the neighborhood with other reptiles, however, some species quite easily get along with each other, provided that the animals are about the same size.
85841b5db6c1e3fce50c812b888b4c08910810c1	A prerequisite for joint maintenance, in addition to personal tolerance, is similar natural climatic conditions.
a8abf5bdf056a152e20c16e5455a39da58ecd4ec	A fairly successful option is the joint maintenance of day and night reptiles.
b4f24b9ee15036733677518bb307c13fb88d0254	Such animals are active at different times of the day and practically do not intersect with each other.
0b70e268b24ef43b0351820e9ce703315b561506	Most often, various types of nocturnal geckos are attached to non-aggressive chameleons.
d129d9ff20237e2fdae75f583b8d6c3499e8c4fd	In no case should Yemeni chameleons be kept together with other reptiles.
a74aa0e34316c4121999abb3ff15d3e70a955a9a	Also, Toki geckos are extremely aggressive.
4ea85ec136eef9f9912192948ad2f60bc74014c6	This species is one of the most aggressive and with a very high probability the chameleon will eventually injure or kill its less hostile neighbor.
d78f9abac7380077b58e8f5b3dd6a6163a3594e0	The main food of all chameleons is all kinds of crawling and flying insects, as well as their larvae.
ef31398802d6935eaa692ad2c7f78dbdcd3e047b	Chameleons can potentially eat any non-poisonous insects.
428283b5d5db7cf8e894f5f7919f6a32de8670cf	These can be all kinds of beetles, spiders, flies, butterflies, dragonflies and many other insects.
2fcbd6bfb3229387450d363513d5494d83429e35	Surprisingly, chameleons are able to distinguish poisonous insects from edible ones from birth.
12f52953dfb361c65cf4cac2357240f1ff1f7a07	An extremely rare chameleon will dare to taste a wasp or a bee.
d4c7b6c47bc0dad0867b541c631691665a830d60	But, as practice shows, even hungry chameleons ignore such "food".
c975016f1685d0042fde9be81a2cb816767b0cc3	Such an animal will almost 100% be bitten in the tongue and with a high probability will die in agony, or will receive an unforgettable lesson for life.
9b6d50aba7ef8140816c0242ea62b9583eb7b079	Many large chameleon species also sometimes hunt small lizards (including their small relatives), rodents and even small birds.
ac14c25d46efb2677a021fb29d7a944ff5a45041	In fact, the object of their attention can be any "animal" that they can catch with their tongue and swallow.
3f3f8fa7cfcfb5ea716312adfdd884e579fb476b	In addition to animal feed, many species of chameleons eat all kinds of vegetation.
347b115cbee4766c6d0654eb6568fe0ba31b156d	Basically, these are not coarse plant leaves, fruits, berries, and even tree bark.
e30ae21fca41092237a7a758c21c84066eabd4d7	Each chameleon will have its own taste preferences.
6957602fe60a1adf1bac510fd51202321e71eb71	For some species, for example, for the Yemeni chameleon, the presence of vegetable food in the diet is mandatory!
9fc0b4a816d5c27c2d7006e9c887e064bb93cdfd	Babies, as a rule, begin to be interested in them by 2-3 months of age.
d3a626582ea361d1e15bc5e0e8c20a7167dd9890	A young chameleon will be happy to consume large portions of food twice a day.
dfc8a8e468dac58f8ca33bf0e4bff8b8175d2454	Note that he will not overeat, since he knows his own norm.
312184a90a953dd2443add5fbd1be1bfe406c195	This is far from a glutton.
44a1eb0371d19b83c9444fdb7275631c39f7d955	An adult individual feeds less than three times a week.
b25684b2e0e2c41149709652ca9e23ad7de6115c	A low plastic or glass container is suitable for the feeder.
32c7e98b3253828da8a8b1ee668a02333c6cf38d	Its inner walls are lubricated with vegetable oil so that insects do not run away.
ebe0700526609bc86372356de2bdb81a346c1d61	You can diversify the chameleon's diet with crickets, locusts, zofobas, mealworms, and once a week you can treat them with naked mice (live food must be removed from the terrarium at night so that it does not injure the lizard).
3d61d7d3e9cbb278fee5bb431f887d2eac8cbc2a	I would like to draw attention to the need for a varied diet for chameleons, since if the owner feeds the lizard only one type of insect, the latter may develop diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, there may be disorders of the digestive system…
7b16cd9aeb3f857c33b89f9b5148f0a1e0e8d582	As for vitamins, chameleons need vitamin and mineral supplements specially developed for reptiles.
cc83062ed489eb7ad0e496f2cb7bb5185f8ef940	They need to be added to their feed.
9049a77d8ed38912a2353f2bc59246b748816bb0	Please note that chameleons are extremely dependent on water and without harm to their health, they can stay without it for no more than three days.
af57fe80c668152bb76f786377e3eca950005e0b	For example, without food, a healthy, well-fed chameleon can last more than a week.
60011ed81c3286ba35422a7e278fc1069f2a1cb7	It is necessary to forcibly water and feed chameleons only as a last resort.
ff3e03d90d279617ac815c95cfdcac0899299056	Such actions lead to severe stress in animals and can cause more harm than good.
a633ea09f16d9fc76d6681c4115e94e7f68b0788	The chameleon should take a sufficient amount of food, water and vitamins.
c5ad4f46446adb292b62889107c9938b74e1fea5	The very specificity of the body structure of such lizards as chameleons causes diseases that are often found in their environment.
4c062776b98a2d2b73626764e2aa5abc4a0e1705	These creatures really often have problems with the eyes and vision, with the musculoskeletal apparatus of the eyes, burns, disorders of the digestive system, a lack of vitamins and minerals in the body, which can lead to rickets and failures in the mineral balance in the reptile's body.
9f8d6acf3b85582bc44f42f1f45f54e66ef3c970	At the same time, diseases in domestic chameleons are characterized by rapid and high flow rate, therefore, in the case of untimely veterinary qualified assistance, the reptile can die even from a not too serious ailment.
2a0d7d04559c48268e7321a9858a4572c4adf18c	The slightest violation in the behavior of the pet should alert you and serve as a reason for contacting the veterinarian.
fd8a366f7328262f63fe53452238e04070fb3821	However, given the specifics of these creatures, we would recommend that you immediately contact a herpetologist, and not an ordinary veterinarian.
adfe8a4b159c277b16a65411f7f8d1cf1220f0eb	Since only a reptile specialist will be able to provide adequate and professional assistance to your sick pet.
52e2f401ebc7865c55e855cf0e799e649a4341c0	Chameleons from Yemen breed easily in captivity.
21a81116480caa8874ca059618f9fbe24c89d1b9	And, if you have mastered the maintenance of one reptile, and plan to have offspring from it – you can safely get a male or female to make your plans a reality.
84096830321618c0bc8b4f1ddea8472c12d9376a	The mating process can take place more than once, until the female changes color to a darker one, indicating a change in the processes in the body, that is, pregnancy.
3832db189cac83bb3bcaf01dd104c335299e1b29	At the moment when the female changes color, the male will no longer approach her, and she will become aggressive.
47dc6a85e41579e99ab2d4ff9be238772e857558	Pregnancy of lizards lasts a little more than 30 days.
0b769f8893dc2943c687534439bca99f91599854	A week before laying eggs, the behavior of the expectant mother will become more restless, and she will begin to explore the bottom of the terrarium in search of a place where she can make a clutch.
1928f58721f6387dc9d776ff9dc8b3ef0b5eeeaf	At this point, the owner should put a container that needs to be filled with wet vermiculite.
cdac186ac81a24aae020d211637255b77d35155e	It can be replaced with any material that will allow the female to dig a hole and not crumble.
72c5efc01eb0cf61b93fe0ff58d440487e037869	The dimensions of such a container should not be less than 40 by 20 centimeters.
c9ee870303d0864e8db7ebfd793fb1872b16596f	The female will dig a tunnel in it, at the end of which she will lay eggs.
be851ee5a12db770325ab73f72e8b4bd4d3f3576	They will stay there for 6 to 10 months.
290e2ef92377b6e873b76012d7e6ab0609ab2b4b	It is important to take care of the masonry and maintain a temperature of about 27-29 degrees.
3723a14753ee48aca25a3af0e891b1607fa75508	It is not forbidden to transfer eggs to an incubator, where it is easier to care for them.
a2af1ec6443c2b4aa9df693e75b5e3d4eb562e89	The offspring will have to hatch in 4-9 months, after that they are placed 5-6 pieces in small terrariums, and by the 3rd month they are separated from each other, remembering the aggressive behavior towards each other.
f2a9d3e39cbf1decd474d02649961e7aa99d90ae	The chameleon is an interesting creature that has its own characteristics, its own character and habits.
d9e57edfccf5d111e922e6117cf921d8495e02c7	Chameleons are nervous animals, and therefore any stress causes harm to health.
c7a2d44e9b3524242d972aa7b5c0c4c8ba13e58c	Put your hands in the terrarium more often.
e8ba72fe4ef49955d0764c554e685caba4e320e8	Fix something, install it, the pet should get used to them and their smell.
10b1d6f61af7606afeb5c661fb4e20881f0593e4	To know that his hands are not dangerous for him.
414fad67662e38a01ea7f19a1611709f0613bbb4	If the children want to pet or play with the animal, you should be there.
ba3d0ae20ccee0b1be59dfd9efaa9152e12b7906	Before taking a chameleon to a "permanent place of residence", learn more about reptiles.
ab7ee9f61cd0e6f9db288d1f3259e22183c1dab8	A terrarium for only one chameleon.
b09d8239c758786171b140b77fcfe46e9ecb8f9e	If you put a relative to it, it can negatively affect one of them.
0eba09394f3b0a78143c56baa4c467cd79014845	If you have never kept a chameleon at home, buy a male.
bb7d4ddecb9f0167c9d8f704bf6c9b68ddeb83f3	If you make friends with a chameleon, it will recognize you, take food from your hand, allow you to stroke itself.
5b2bc287cb8669e53fd59081e85853c041b5e0db	He will be your favorite and a spiritual rest.
181074ebc86e6b15e0f9565ebb1fde2bfa481af5	And always remember that any animal requires attention and respect.
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21837b9bc341d9a329c239da8947e43db297def7	Is my kitten purebred??
21ad8a5dd64efbb0601efbe365a5b2a376b7cbd8	20:00 viktoria1995
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631a78f415e019238b087a317a55e386e0c1a404	Happy New Year!
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c9ae398e1002c093623c31fc9ac8130b862f9c81	Pets at the dacha 17: 50 Linda14
a483cacf8dde6c1d16cc0a0b8f0d7640dcaf3546	Popa spurca L8 01:39 Zaytc
311825e88ea43d892eb0dcb59423213ddb327c5a	Who are we, friends?
b66cb2b7f7d8cf804a2267ad85fd8fbce9457d05	16:02 zhadan ks
17b59969b4a65148cf2ce0bb371465b6b901c3ad	tell me what kind of breed? och is a beautiful kitty..
a65ae6d131c5751f6cff3ee5275bffa7e9909f0f	11:47 Staffo4ka
09921e91164847b6fd2603bd584413cf2424ffe4	!!!! 19: 40 Tatiana 72
29709ad759bad62197aae208b5b9e1748bebb614	Tsvergpinscher puppies.
8987494b212913639e61ffd5b16ca25ba334c34c	Rich color.
224ea05fcfdb31576be99f5b3f2d51763f5bd552	Males.
7be330c4dbcaa42cfcff0f56bc4694187b790aea	02:33 irpolend
8df79f527c1260f0eedc5b043c29faeb6ae927e6	A kind and affectionate Italian is looking for a family
cac44ec8872fbcbadbb65ec58b1fee8090f54695	Veterinary care at home and in the clinic
968d296f17a95fb12a7478b0fdebdbc21fb493ed	"The Dog Keeper"
86493f92ddb9ad107159bfee82f3696628632172	Library / Reptiles / Care / Chameleon at home
d04ccc70b4b00e110c722d8e5f3f13d404510e00	Chameleon at home
9d89c7c62d8054c752f3ab44d30d4b02a881bb30	Tree lizards perfectly climb snags and trees, and when they hunt, they can not move for hours.
bf828371c1b87daac20c107607f515d5b6b7c799	Only the eyes betray the chameleon: they can rotate asynchronously and provide an excellent all round view, so it is not difficult to track down the reptile's insects.
97e3be6cca8531dc43c7b6592bfdce294f2b5b5f	The chameleon catches prey with the help of the tongue, and the grasping movement does not take even a second.
cc58885206e7e2bbf8001791dbd480d5619f5c48	The insect sticks to the suction cup and instantly ends up in the lizard's mouth.
67bd2c59ae851ac51d5624c7b4a95367827a8fc4	Is it possible to forget that chameleons are able to change color?
a68eca467d5628c23316b9eba002d4aa0a44eea6	– they owe this property to the unique cells of their skin.
e0586e1faf764e0a8b6b69b629de5cc51938049f	There are brown, red, yellow and black pigments in chromatophores (which is exactly what they are called).
d65737fb038ea2996d2a5dcff36b51b51d943caf	Often, by changing the color, you can judge the behavior of a reptile: the skin turns dark if the chameleon is afraid or tries to frighten the enemy, multi colored spots appear if the male begins to care for the female.
c58a42f7a916af398ed6c576ee08a53e00970a17	Keeping a chameleon at home
87cc20deb42576b8e25534198fce8119ff44c48b	Most often, three types of chameleons are kept in terrariums: ordinary, Yemeni and leopard.
8ed5a6b49c1124a7076360be1aa42905006d40b9	They are not picky and do not need time consuming care.
0188310f5d0dd78fb1ee9673f6043355181d5b9d	You can keep a female and a male: two males will fight almost to death and divide the territory.
682db7b24f953410042cb7e66177177441cf44f4	The optimal size of the terrarium is from 150 liters (50x50x120 cm minimum, it depends on the size of the reptile).
2ab04094b2983b13ca6aa8c294ff8cb3b9a15dc7	Chameleons love warmth, the optimal temperature during the day is 30-32 degrees, at night 22-24 degrees.
ef932b02f6385cb72ae271dd765d7d69038ebbb2	The terrarium should be placed away from drafts and heating devices, in a well ventilated room.
7c5a42d5b7037ecb11d9c239e34fdccd50c745cd	You need two lamps: for lighting and " sun " baths.
14c7a4c6ec7d6c23b817d869ee93c304ffa3fa77	There should be a thermometer and a temperature controller in the "dwelling".
e1f3ca84f96671ca3c815284ce8c283ba0d6e2eb	Since these are still tree lizards, it would be good to plant plants in a terrarium and place branches and snags on which the pet can climb.
d47d643ab8f99f5a483c58ea9eac4a4569fd45b0	The humidity of the air is about 60%, at least once a day, the plants and soil in the terrarium should be sprayed with clean water at room temperature.
54c64a3f96a09aa6b14f64c52b242bb10130bcd1	Daylight hours – at least 12 hours.
88f23b66e4f2a75457dfadfb5be698db69a53e3b	In the warm season, you can take the cage outside or on the balcony.
30a7ca8bb292c74fb82f04fc2a1c819b412e0430	Ventilation in the terrarium should also be: it is impossible to keep lizards in tanks made of solid glass or plastic.
fe74d48b0de9a9d49ec1a51ffe0c4b08a8025683	It is also undesirable to use a metal mesh – a chameleon can injure its fingers.
2d9849303e8da1084a59fee654d08cba197adadf	The best option is a terrarium with holes in the walls and ceiling or with a grid at the top.
19717fcd303ceb99263f9255483ec131f65c0c5a	Regularly change the litter, wash the feeders and drinkers.
8b645b6142ae4a902f23523c5cc1ce8c13d4be20	How to feed a chameleon at home?
020913b3f101622c562968d42106859414046c0f	Small chameleons are given food twice a day, adults every other day.
8ea2cccc12c6fa2ac3b1e72fcecb77045671e7cf	The lion's share of the diet is animal feed: flies, crickets, locusts, worms, tropical cockroaches, zoophobuses and other insects.
19c06f0290f2f536a10c57c2377b55e7fc35f4b3	You can also give pieces of fruit (grapes, apple, banana, citrus fruits), vegetable food.
a7fb54065930dca3ffe5de17576835902c3524bd	The easiest way is to give chameleons of insects with tweezers: be careful, the lizard can swallow the tip of the tweezers together with the food and break its teeth.
7099675d7470796764e650bd87ef8273edd5b827	In pet stores, you can buy special tweezers with soft tips.
d238627cda53151386628db0c8e4ad05c849e35b	If the chameleon is stuck with a suction cup to the tweezers, do not make sudden movements, the tongue will come off by itself.
fa6a40c7da8732a8e21542f076457ca03cddab22	You can put food in the feeder (made of glass or plastic, the walls are lubricated with oil so that the prey does not run away).
d1dc55eff19f0968acb60d8f2ba6d919c27eda74	As for water, chameleons do not know how to drink from a regular drinking bowl, it is better to choose a drip one.
1548b88cc539c9e1bb960a10337e90a549cfb339	You can also teach your pet to drink from a pipette or a syringe without a needle.
e46b1d6c43ca55adff302f365ed534b387c765b1	Lizards lick the dew from the leaves of plants, so regularly spray the terrarium – and dehydration will not threaten the pet.
decb60351f8a1c79e57cb115f3f494c821b847e5	As for mineral fertilizing, it can be chalk, crushed shells, vitamins and additives JBL, Tetra and others.
383b8f5e188a9f5412d912aa6439d78ff015f1a0	Despite their exotic appearance, chameleons quickly adapt, learn to sit on their hands, take food from you, allow themselves to be stroked.
74e76c068668a2ed0bc605ea419788be64e6f07a	Such pets will give you a lot of pleasant moments, and will also become the pride of your home.
ecbde5dda6a3ca212b45cca460e641a27dc76c75	Source: www.pitomec.ru
cd9b946412a6edb32cc1c2ac1f7c11ac03ea0d7b	This page has been viewed 10706 times
c3c8bee931bf35d5476b6756ac19abed140f80d1	Show comments (0) Write a comment I like (0)
67b2f988c992fdaea2745e715e19cb1597d99bd4	Add a photo
4bb8ec5dcb39541bd3faad58ceba7dfca09a630c	Breeding of lizards
27ace1a799b571fa2f89f391ebea814ceb06ae20	Sex determination in adult lizards with sexual dimorphism does not cause difficulties.
5031d8c022a903b8aea6c03449861b49a0d95ffe	Males of basilisks, green iguanas, water agamas and sailing lizards have a well defined crest on the head and on the back.
eafa15949d48a7cbe19b84f3b505671f312cf635	Terrarium arrangement and care
261741a0f2fd71f126112eada754f811f47aa552	It is difficult to accurately specify the total size of the terrarium for lizards (based on their number and their size).
52362e1e9f9f62b58855f894b5855c522d711ddd	Basically, these factors depend on the species belonging to the lizards and their lifestyle.
f02999a6dfcff5d7a335389f5a882e8e72c5469f	Lizard care
5c5a7865510d8155e2165c6299768cf211354153	Molting in lizards is controlled by the hormonal system, but other factors (age, temperature, humidity and the state of health of the lizard) are also important.
cb3e51637a7e46543c3c056648ffe8d74c957d84	The Gesneriae in the terrarium?
f1fabbe508e7b876367b4a859ea476269491b883	And why not!
f2d085ff60c5a9446c068988aa5c332534f5330d	Recently, there has been a craze among terrariumists for some species of tropical lizards, including nocturnal tropical geckos.
c08f52c7f2da2a7b910573718442226c333672b0	These animals are characterized by a soft protective color...
aad9f00f2d972d957ff12b5fb42c2df153d71c64	Groundcover plants in a terrarium
cfe2257249df861f7eadd64864e83c07e9006794	Recently, more and more amateurs are refusing to use artificial plants in their terrariums in favor of living ones.
73b2b481e9c45ec4c6b02898e81b75be666a5d8e	Of course, plastic duplicates have many advantages - they do not require maintenance...
98108cfa89d746d1064540bffa478dc0c471ccbb	I'll buy a baby of a nimble lizard
ba481eccb049745ef9ed9721f567b71b357540b4	Arkady, 241 20.12.16, 07: 54
3311796bca73635cc0318cdd6d8a5053617edaf4	I will buy a baby of a nimble lizard, alive or dead.
d7187806b37a7f345abf5154212b32a9f03c7b12	4-5 cm in length (with a tail) or less.
d581d9c932319985ae27a209fa76a7229ff2d895	Best of all - in St. Petersburg.
f1c94720d5ed856f5a045d92fab7a1c74401613b	But you can choose any city.
d9317f4b74292fa083a1c0d16b35fda04950099a	The price is negotiable.
80d8667ad369a55fe6f1f71970dd993e12447321	VK: https://vk.com/liortomashpolsky
9c5d53c03fa49c24f6cfb4f4cc07bd10f1c57e6f	89234133338 304805@mail.ru
050f26181ac94844e4b254f80b1b41eae6e8dfed	Red eared turtle order now
f54aef90246b41921da460a9f5fc59517fc7b600	Artem, 42 21.12.16, 22: 30
50b9a2fb8b8002b89c3d437884e79af4a45f3e8d	Order right now small red eared turtles with delivery in Kiev for free, delivery to other cities of Ukraine is paid.
a0f6ce1b447d28f074a7d9ba23eafb3eeb856a8e	+ food as a gift.
72c2c7941ce25d5f3bead9c81c24a0dd987913bd	The price of 1 turtle is 140 UAH.
b3312ad2bc1ab924fdcad74b9db1a8cd464d6217	0631394858, 0991453431 magicaquariumgoldfish@gmail.com
2df1033f148d3a9fce903a3fa434d6915f9ce97a	terrariums
5307e38744b1f20d1b9f1f291d5c40400cf4573d	Alexey, 1 11 hours ago
adcfc4e35b66260eb70cff2355838517db2409ea	Dimensions 50x30x30cm Horizontal.
d6c00b49a1592a20ea2994b4791b31de4aa156f0	Without lamps, the price is 3500r.
89b3bbc704fb02fcef90a9e0e03c8eceefb2107a	Package contents: a lamp with a fluorescent lamp (15wat, 45cm) a lamp with a heating lamp. ventilation at the bottom of the front and at the top. suitable for keeping: small sized land turtles, snakes, lizards.
1f457139809ef735d4a1418447b856ebedd85a9b	89055957459 gerik23@mail.ru
f1aed381d00c250ac70670e9025eea66675cab7e	2 newts, 2 yellow frogs, 2 gray frogs
a246bc59fea4847f8463391c636871813ecd4fcb	Artem, 42 21.12.16, 22: 32
4b9b8991fd25e7ea9f3d70ca671ddbfe9a3c89e9	I will sell a set of aquarium animals with delivery!
9bc52929fcd95c0952e38202569e6344a9c0b2aa	The set includes: 2 Spanish newts, 2 yellow spur frogs, 2 gray spur frogs (all of them can be kept in one aquarium) + universal food.
9105fe9864081657cef55d75362ecbf4d5ad4387	The cost of 1 set is 290 UAH.
83076477d9e4fcd22a98cdc397d340294a479bac	Delivery in the city of Kiev is free, delivery to other cities of Ukraine is paid.
59973c096f7c1b53d1600974b057ae7aa1d5f23a	American red eared turtle.
f7d45f57123bd15c6e3ce5c56866ced1c993a92e	Delivery Kiev
823b22c894c882a9540b2013cd819bb2acc101fb	Artem, 42 21.12.16, 22: 34
317855d0ca84dd3f800a9652fd5bdce30fcf5fd2	I will sell red eared turtles, size 3-6 cm.
b0c34d2e47bc7dd187d2d205d436c00be46afb4d	Delivery in Kiev is free of charge!
4bf118c64b72cb3c1b581ab6c0187bf894feb07a	Delivery to other cities of Ukraine is paid.
2681cf83849d9d4a085a327790e1b7ffc5de5b00	The cost of 1 red eared turtle is 140 UAH. http://zolotayarybka.zakupka.com/ For a red eared turtle, you need an aquarium for 60-150 liters.
48f0e6e7f0d6fade4955d2bcf4346ae6ff487e86	The land should occupy at least 25 % of the aquarium area.
efac15419f1bda4443ad6603598262e85816c6f5	It is desirable to build a sloping bank running from the bottom with a rough, but not scratching surface.
f5cf0556fc5dda271220c197ebd685d71d0a4cb2	The water should be clean and warm (26-28 °C)
fdbeb5419879af690a55881f6cad16ac38820092	(this often requires the installation of a heater
47966cd9558fe172450e4b37027d388407802271	← Go back to the library
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646547ab004e449bfc74bf9128c76370da38ca04	Home Buy a chameleon Buy a terrarium Equipment and accessories A turnkey terrarium A hotel for chameleons Payment Delivery Guarantees
c33c8ec5af607a996f4283eb1ec5aa110baa196c	Types of chameleons Yemeni Panther Parsoni Small Common Werner Jackson Meller Carpet Deremensky Four horned Globifer Fischer Ostaleti
c42a1ee2d377aaefff4f9c4227c42e171deed33d	Maintenance of chameleons Terrarium Lighting and heating Nutrition Health Vitamins and minerals additives Breeding Friends of chameleons Encyclopedia of Feed
29a5f6c247d443ea5adaa8f4abeffcda65c73582	LIVE Gallery Photos of Chameleons Videos
c9547baedacbe5954447c3cdcfa6f51270f23d2a	News Articles about chameleons
0adadce55f6d84adebb4969b6187d9de4ea89cc9	Forum Contacts
64ff87068f1adf707ab3d73f98d7020f2f8bff1d	Content of chameleons Friends of chameleons
5d669f3984e7d4a79892d3e5321786cf4e073ef2	Friends of the Chameleons
0bc6531799482b2ac1fd21119148604f33587049	Many chameleon breeders around the world, including us, have such experience.
f3ef389361e192206db0be709116860ca7247b60	This mainly applies to chameleons from the island of Madagascar.
087dc606b7e42bbccbf9a727993415919a5e8eac	It should be understood that for the maintenance of several animals, especially different species, a spacious terrarium will be required.
9f5f4d0eb890b60543712195e0e41c5b4e3bbc82	That is, similar air humidity and, more importantly, the temperature regime.
99aa62622e4211b9eb16892de3a0daae1df15398	Most often, various types of nocturnal geckos are attached to non aggressive chameleons.
8d03513af2fd9809e04086dd29493a768d763c72	For example, Uroplatus sikorae (mossy gecko).
fb16c68eba9820cbd50f77e9e2028e8d3e729fa0	To small types of chameleons, such as, for example, Small or Carpet, you can plant small nocturnal geckos.
1142bb597a35f18cee1a1f63f93fb4edf5c3fdc1	For example, Uroplatus phantasticus (fantastic leaf tailed gecko) or a fairly common bananaed gecko (Rhacodactylus leachianus).
b116223346c101909d7f0dd368275c200cebf35e	Of the diurnal reptiles, various species of phelsuma (Phelsuma) are most often inhabited.
38ac52dcedefd173a38e8eb5311d25ddf72b4e5a	Email (will not be shown)
0f76b894f020aa0bc0366d4c2a69579eba225b85	Comment (required)
760ee42006d158ac5d8d05245c3c83df561891c9	Panther Chameleons
c001022e93114db55d56a12410389073c27c2d19	Divorced teenagers are 3 months old.
80519cae3a2fe4f658e3d881595a3f1c8312fcf3	Excellent!
8a042808676517b3909b234e1b7ee32c492a8ae3	There are a few pieces left.
3ed02406c9e246bb19501842125179044635ac2c	Morph Ambelobe.
3833de32ab15f781b67783993299bbdbbcb2410b	Price: 12,000 rubles.
f745972ebd84333cfad787059605101e134ae9bb	Carpet Chameleon
320c121cca2ff64e67b2747569880819451dff01	Pair (male+female). Under the order.
01aa5851e80ab875b1d70758059d18621554675f	Price: 23,000 rubles.
75aff845961f309faa752ab3bc1a2868804fb10b	The Panther Chameleon
b99c909185d3950f1d0c5392ad6bd3066ea14115	Male.
bf9c0bf5566c295e5cdd756486676c38d10cf733	Age one year.
cecc23205528476025483154ead7794867c70fd8	Beautiful without flaws.
625500879c7709ba9b781e74404bf5758980f31a	It is not afraid of hands at all.
b356145e67c9e97e95df35347bfd7859bfd8b07e	There are demo photos in the price window and on the slides!
08b02ad9e1023e2514375cbf57fb0595c954babc	Price: 22,000 rubles.
4ceadd5518fc8d86353e3f4a1d155388844aeef7	Chameleon Parsoni
27faa7b5069cd5325a2219a2358aed20af5c1a89	Toddlers and teenagers.
e257eba03d6e9f7a69e58d7beb0e402bfc6abc7d	Under the order with a prepayment.
70bfa9fe028a94666f76a8746c14918dbbf45b46	Life expectancy is up to 25 years.
8d45e563ca18bb7c39511f8e4f2b125e6bec7649	Price: from 40,000 rubles.
82130fbc7525eb1e7d2a8840b464012054996caa	Eublefar
ea5333b53ee4c35b078469d5eb0e8dea660a44c3	Large teenagers are 4 months old.
de550f098ac9e176b25006fd53a669564d214a6c	Quite simple in content.
b9b363554248343d0ba18ca2242d36a0b6a3788e	They are not afraid of hands.
8fd6e1bc3a34d3014e9711474168e2fb2c6ccc3a	Digital thermometer as a gift!
25b7df2ddc9e1afa10353d0293ee5997b2becde9	Price: 1500 rubles.
87cd2b5c728cefe48a0a8717c2a9ed9813fc4219	Banana eating Gecko
a44921b7036351600c712f24b8dde48a48d87772	"Friends" of chameleons.
49f05d0c4731b87336487e15c538941d208446e6	Madagascar nocturnal gecko.
9c9598b0d1be9ee43a9f1eabb8ece68af99e3122	The morph "Fire".
f73926261ba34e410bb339ee3412a487e96be6f7	Very beautiful and active.
6f3d52a018bab4d78bb8251546e68b063248f7eb	Price: 3500 rubles.
86eb6c7ea655a316f5190b91fa84bbbea72fff70	Yemeni Chameleon
2d2df95a57fdc67b75d5cc7e2d93fb036434e3e8	Teenagers are 8-22 cm. with a tail.
cf5607d3bc53420ae813f7d7b26f248fc6212a87	Price: from 1700 rubles.
fffb69eaf4addbc8688ddbb0a4765be1b3f32a46	Small Chameleon
755345a7fb1399fbfce8aab86cfcbceb5db883e6	Male (naturalist). Under the order.
6d4d080a52952fe643c757bbc40e86939a3fec26	Price: 16,000 rubles.
20ec89dbdc1a9628be7fa21a6185f41a62eeb67a	2 years.
de2c41f67040e79480d0925b623185ae828754d9	40 cm.
8b52c94e9440a1d447febd430611f4e979765be6	A handsome man.
323b23c8855b36382f31435da5b8fc469caffff5	These are the rarest and strongest chameleons in health.
236bdb1791aefa6a75da7f3a4da006c2176f65ae	Price: 75,000 rubles.
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0cb02d5f20926c17637f8560ad7b2853c4d0e1c8	Home "Lizards" Chameleon content at home
555e153a097a7c5768de3b621ac65945d8777bdb	Content of the publication:
83268d88b8150201fcbf5143e2e8729d160f9ba8	Is it worth getting a chameleon in the house What does a chameleon look like Features of chameleon behavior Keeping a chameleon at home What to feed a chameleon at home Chameleon diseases Breeding chameleons at home Comments
2b1ca9af727b8c142f76d4517bfb15bebb7e81f7	Is it worth having a chameleon in the house
78f187c65029017f9519b89f783d959c6736b7fc	Today, in home exoterariums, you can find various types of lizards - iguanas, agamas, geckos, real lizards (more about which lizard to choose).
19f9cd8ee0e01e03411c81ff713b7f98838a6fe1	And, some fans of extreme sports even get large monitor lizards or snakes.
7a961ba3f2efe26029d4ef9e694d733bd7eeca6e	It is quite obvious that depending on what kind of pet lives in your terrarium, the features of its content also depend, starting from the temperature regime and ending with the feeding diet.
cf6766802aa4cdbe4519416d83abc962881ca2f7	Therefore, just reading the general recommendations for keeping reptiles in the house, if you want to get exactly one of these lizards, will not be enough.
bdd0fc72d33ad7df9dac78b9708fedf57d228605	It is necessary to study in detail the information about the type that interests you specifically.
1d60ee6d0e515c8d3c246e1925d65ceb0e2ff9d1	Since, all these snakes, iguanas and other creatures, despite their repulsive (subjective opinion) the species is actually very fragile and vulnerable creatures.
11216e05bd04abf614d8d1c56cd9c89e3e176a5d	Especially chameleons.
28e29137ed5484ac6e9ebddf8a70093637934c09	They are generally considered the strangest and most mysterious inhabitants of our planet.
b61ec6cce58c76da1761f5f74b9cb10d74b36d05	For those who do not know,
36b7fe999d2fd290745c7d18e1500c9428d9f871	chameleons are medium sized insectivorous lizards that live mainly on tree branches.
fd168d1f55ebc2f38a9d5856e900b37787768634	Therefore, it is sometimes very difficult to distinguish them against the background of a gray green mass of leaves.
7d24332ab40a4e8545f27c6a5b54f71aa5f4a251	This feature of changing its color has become a fashionable "chip" for chameleons, which attracts the attention of fans of exotic and everything unusual to them.
98df1f049fa7f65a339ffa0ac4cda96af1dddc5c	It is thanks to her that chameleons are so often chosen for the role of pets, and they are kept in the house in a special terrarium.
b015982bdf81f9d1d15bdfeb5d95f55f1dec260d	But, here there is one "but" – to have a chameleon in the house, and to provide it with a comfortable living environment these are completely different things.
6f7abde99bbd645a4079594a1640b82118adcee6	And, given the fact that these creatures have a weak immune system by nature and they are very vulnerable to various diseases – these animals need especially careful and painstaking care.
4743993d02d823e17bf654a47fc2806830bfdfa8	Therefore, think again, will you be able to create conditions for this creature that replace the usual habitat, will you be able to take care of it as well as other, less exotic, and not so painful pets…
a99c09e69ed18ee36d59dda2f79631939e026d1f	go back to the content ↑
64fbd039aa05d8d26db89d4193998d1844290ccc	What does a chameleon look like
9536ba9ac06a797f593a50fad8de7615d740f31c	The chameleon's ability to change color is admirable
ea865d209a1d79f8772f8578b1abd613b7ebd603	Representatives of the chameleon family are very different in their appearance from other lizards, because they actually have very little in common with them, this even allows them to be allocated to a special suborder of worm speaking creatures.
9ea0440a3e7f4139767b502276763bfb277a1199	Their fused fingers, as well as independent rotating eyes all this makes an unforgettable impression on the potential owner of the chameleon.
4e670b2b21dd151e64991d559f34e75798fe0516	However, these are not the only features of the appearance and structure of these lizards.
e01b235d2ffe66ae5374310162167a83789ca986	They also, as we wrote above, are able to change their color and merge with their environment (this complicates the search for an escaped chameleon).
d18d22421eba90c69c4e22f1ee1087eb8338ce04	By the way, the anatomical and morphological structure of these creatures suggests that once their ancestors were ancient lizards – their structure is very similar to the structure of ancient reptiles and even dinosaurs.
07098492cdad57fec8358cb8860634a552d96249	They, like the huge extinct monsters, lack a bone marrow box – instead there is a cartilaginous "cap", and the presence of a large number of additional blind processes in the chameleon's lungs allows it to inflate and make a frightening impression on its enemies and rivals during mating games.
db1bfc48a53cd11020461952275c1d98d6975fbd	By the way, the chameleon family itself unites about 80 species of these creatures and 2-3 genera, these animals live mainly in Africa, on the adjacent islands of Madagascar and in Madagascar itself, while the common chameleon is less demanding to such a hot climate, and can even live in mountain forests, semi deserts and steppes.
e273d5ef3780e65d6e853b011cd3f51d5fe85c37	Domestic fans of reptiles are most often offered chameleons from Yemen( Yemeni chameleon), panther chameleons and Jackson's chameleons.
217365a28e3e4ee826ce709952bdc0e3a7662bb2	Outwardly, they are slightly different from each other, and since people often get Yemeni chameleons, we will focus on their appearance features.
67d06a5c45d88878eea3bf855aa013592fcb1cc1	These reptiles can reach a length of up to 50 centimeters, while females have smaller body sizes – their dina is a maximum of 40 centimeters.
b91b5890606a8e55a0f5ab53b912738e24d62ed0	The body of the lizards is compressed from the sides, the neck is short, the tail is long and prehensile, can fold repeatedly, the paws are five fingered.
dfc2e6bb382d0f643576dfdcd9aeec1f96e083ec	The surface of the chameleon's body is rough, the eyes are round, mobile, surrounded by their skin with variegated colored scales, as on the rest of the body surface.
7a5a3288606654ac63bafe6111099715502dbb30	At the same time, the central small hole for the pupil is never covered by the skin.
37e07669c029c7c8e50492c5b33c48d1b1dd5736	The chameleon's tongue is long, there is a recess at the end, making it look like a sucker.
b04959785b9dc7d6e199cf4a3e9bbacf3a11a9f9	The chameleon is able to quickly throw it out at a distance of up to 31 centimeters and stick to its prey.
26dee4bf26e0993624919c59abba182e147338e1	Features of the behavior of chameleons
ab68acd8aa84966c077b9579a7cfa7f2b226f0dc	Exoterrarium for chameleon
9bf6751b1397927d04e47e910e0e92d87da91da8	In order for the chameleon to be comfortable in your home, you will need to purchase a special exoterrarium, with a volume of 100-120 liters, of a vertical type of structure.
d69dc538b0809b877f93358b8e313ccd2f39cdca	As necessary decorative elements, you will need a tree (a branch or a whole snag it depends on the size of your chameleon and its dwelling), take care of good ventilation inside the lizard house.
84f9a9a977dba741281779420f88a88b343da36a	The UFO lamp will need to be turned on for 6-8 hours a day.
f2fc7aad2fa2674393e4582228ffd37c845aa710	Regarding the possibility of keeping a pair of chameleons in one terrarium, experts do not recommend doing this, since these creatures behave very aggressively towards their relatives (the only exception is the mating period), therefore, the male may initially perceive his female as an enemy – which means that bloodshed cannot be avoided, therefore, it is better to keep chameleons in separate exoterrariums.
0092b7d1ef7e8595f122fabd56f38cbcfc144430	Learn more about the equipment of the terrarium for lizards.
e0888e43d1b65540786dd005c767a404cb2aec89	How to feed a chameleon at home
9e6c017889970d2a3205c423445764c69bfa7710	The basis of the chameleon's diet is made up of cockroaches and crickets.
62223279192fc7ece5375c8efa69610ae62ff093	Think in advance about where you will get them in the necessary quantities, since without them the normal existence of lizards is impossible.
73131e2145c2c5ef44151042cbffccf9fa1e99de	It is not necessary to overfeed the reptile, so
6a5565a0286431afdb3818f5f837021b6cf79eda	an adult chameleon should eat no more than 4-5 insects per day, and young animals no more than 3.
f1c2ffb9c80061fbef3be404a1c86928728f0994	Regarding drinking water, here you should know that in the natural habitat chameleons drink water, licking it from branches and leaves, therefore, just installing a drinking bowl with water will not be enough.
575aab980fa744e0a6ab85bae14f79dd59fd1a15	Regularly spray the inner surfaces of the exoterrarium from the spray gun so that the reptile has the opportunity to lick the water, otherwise it will die from lack of fluid and dehydration of the body.
725fd8234b658f03fe286816a5c662c8d094a01c	Regarding plant food, it should also be present in the chameleon's diet.
d6a91c387a857325b3a7eeb1e3ea65f594f604b2	For these purposes, you can give them bananas, juicy leaves of non poisonous plants.
262f2eb210e58a091351975b2f45b604fe61959e	A well proven additive from the company Tetra fauna Rept Cal+Repto Live, mixed in a ratio of 3 to 1 and added daily to the reptile feed.
5c5e425477621eeccadef84a624637707170a462	Learn more about what lizards eat.
6d798c7622d2329917b3e67ab3076c071ed10ff0	Diseases of chameleons
c47a975eede6e3599ef60b731703aee7bf24173d	Very often, lizards suffer from food intoxication - the disease, as a rule, occurs against the background of their regular over feeding.
cfa6862857956092a8de6df4b1f1c0e5fd2133d0	It is accompanied by lethargy of the lizard, loss of appetite in it, constipation.
e4192b849f1ee6178c0252fbee54597652163d79	But reptiles with weakened immunity can develop viral diseases.
1b2a70424fd57002c653aa3d6f1dc9b67978b07a	If you notice that your chameleon has a cough (you should immediately exclude the possibility of pneumonia – reptiles painfully tolerate temperature changes and are afraid of drafts and low temperatures), bloating and lethargy, then it is very likely that your pet has a worm infestation.
3d8bf08a486fc0ea15af39c812d5aa13f977c9cc	This is often found in animals that were caught in the wild and from there got into a pet store, and then into the hands of their new owner.
fa57b2af516ddae28c278e8730620922f050b151	Learn more about lizard diseases.
5390c59980ce2b805b52f0e5395dbb1e4533435b	Breeding chameleons at home
30af97750d59874ad33b5e818cd5ccd77fb20912	Baby chameleons
9d76e909e6c44730845e516778f0512a1ed85232	Mating in lizards occurs on the first day after the female is placed in a terrarium with the male.
dd8cec895b7820e51b9d9580d62582727877a803	The fact that fertilization has taken place will be indicated not only by a change in the behavior of a pregnant reptile – it begins to behave aggressively, but also by a change in its color – it darkens, and large bright yellow spots appear on it, scattered throughout the body.
588c1b0e0b0668d7209d7e00299f98a71bc123ea	It is very important to make sure that at this time the female receives a sufficient amount of liquid – for this you can even give her a drink from a pipette.
e1907cef3610ad267925572fab308b8df08e15cc	To make this task easier for her, place a special small container with wet vermiculite at least 15 centimeters deep in the terrarium.
543ecb56dd545010dd2a0ad4571a60bc94ce9ce4	After the end of egg laying, the container is placed in an incubator, the eggs are taken out from there, and they are carefully laid out at a distance of 1 centimeter from each other.
9e25a1d41011196e2c1512cd24c99ea228ff76a3	Make sure that during the laying of the eggs you do not accidentally turn them over, but put them on the same side with which they were laid by the female.
79c52b6dc3c2b7abbf8c2b3e15d874ce4c8e5fb5	The temperature in the incubator should be 28-29 degrees during the day, and 20-22 degrees at night - thereby you will increase the percentage of output from the laid eggs of live chameleons.
84609f56f70f5de3c10f55caf36d720c7e4413be	The diet of babies should consist of the same feed as that of adult chameleons, the only thing that you definitely need to add calcium top dressing to them to avoid rickets in small chameleons.
800ddce8d45cd4cda803561ba298f5d92ead3b44	Learn more about breeding lizards.
46bd724557cee21f6f5d33b29f902efd70564d34	Video about chameleons
d53ce25a698bbc33671aaa3f9c6d879c329daef4	Today we discussed all the main nuances of keeping chameleons at home, learned about what and how to feed these lizards, how to take care of their health… We hope that our tips and recommendations will help you in caring for your exotic pet.
8fbb8b69ad15a2ccc54dcb592c4127729e9990a3	If a chameleon already lives in your house, be sure to share with us your story and photos of your reptile.
6bb036a2cb60d974c6569ba5c3d946d45fae2937	Read also about how to tame a lizard.
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b25deeebcc751175cb39018ecbcaa4f76ea5ae7b	How to tame a lizard
a4cf935abbe58bc94c18f595157b0105c40db79c	Diseases of lizards
2ff2298d29fb1f186fd8797bbbb58d7e938c4d61	How to feed domestic lizards
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b0d5389b32178fa6b02def2a5b12e3c5a897ae7e	Olga (author): Please contact us)))) Upload a video to our group with your success ...
1a4e53274e8d894e98cf384af5fb2f0155e1a65b	Olga (author): Be sure to pass a urine test in the vet.the clinic.
cf68c0a00197f896cafec81bda92f290f4314afc	Problems with urination ...
5ad75bd483af892133175e3697c2c265b055b1ac	Olga (author): It will fit) A good choice) Kristina: I have 2 cats 1 parrot 1 dog and a hamster I have all trained ...
18bc8958e70d00ed636e50cf299b08ce3084df0d	Tatiana: Hello!
3d47cfadaa46addc8f9a451ca6b5cbf405567c30	Our cat is 1.5 years old, podbrashka.
44dbcb3a98ff1451fa3d4af7d63ae6e27d3de2ce	They began to notice ...
1adfec4501fd0a880a43dcabb73d51e2aa770e61	Vlad: And the nickname "Sugar" for a male is well suited and will teach him to ...
c3ecce9818615bd35d1a26e3dff9dc3d12de6c1d	Olga (author): Try to give him vegetables, fruits.
72c3f195417573a7569ad4dd5f54a6c658c91885	But in principle, the hamster itself is …
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8e98ad7cb47dada3858ad8f2c62013db9fd60ec3	Keeping a chameleon at home, how and what to feed
ab80b2f2f346ab930ca7e000e2d7523150c57c9a	They even hunt with a certain mysterious meaning, without fuss, as if they are sure of their victory in advance.
b13f7b98f9dc2feb5a5a31032c930bd6032f884d	Chameleons, slowly, with some dignity, approach their prey and at the moment of throwing throw out their tongue, capturing the unfortunate bug on it, turning into a treat.
daecd0bf2cc1dd27ec76b7188bda6cb45bfeda1d	Donot be surprised, but we are not the first who decided to try such a neighborhood with this reptile.
5bd5a16ec4c258934dfe33b9bf07fbdefb86a99e	It was a "favorite" among the ancient Greeks and a kind of biological weapon used to destroy annoying insects 20 centuries ago. At that time, the contents of the chameleons were kept in the strictest secrecy.
dbcbb644979a14f3b11b18c37f3f86e57e71e233	We are trying to uncover the secrets of" communication " with an ancient reptile that causes fear and horror in many.
464ef55da0eac6d7b4b3041a68f600730a85fe47	The animal is too terrible to look at.
a5a1d4ef3a63690fa5ef8e3766fa130801dc871b	What attracts chameleons
51825cc89625be9ebb406239d86fc75ed4b01b6d	First of all, the peculiarities of its biological structure:
e0bb745fc022f3162cffd6aef19d63fd817bdb1e	a bright color that quickly changes to suit any color scheme of the environment; its tail, curled into a spiral and serving as an additional support point; a way of movement when it moves easily through the branches with the help of well developed two toed paws; a virtuoso mastery of a long tongue, thanks to which the chameleon is always full and satisfied with his life.
575992ddae468e9a334cee471333f0a7ada72e58	These abilities gave rise to legends and myths about the reptile, which have not yet been solved.
11ec366299b12692a31c74b39656baa5b36ac6e7	But the breeders proved the opposite.
01bd61ba1050912203f5788aa72a171e802c3c21	The main thing is their proper maintenance, in which a cute lizard will live longer and still give great pleasure to its owners.
acce2aa46e1926dba4f8d2e64ea925a4a3eddd81	To get an idea of the way of life of chameleons, we add that they prefer to live in humid and tropical forests.
91c76a02fcef029c3100418faedfb08b9c4fbe6e	Their favorite place is tall trees and shrubs.
508402e7db24f8322b060a503e34b0423067f217	Therefore, chameleons are very rarely found "wandering" on the ground.
51a133106be2a301dcddc8fd02561df94dad53dc	They descend to solid ground only in cases of urgent need.
aca0ebee01d1496d80ca2ae4946b52c5905cf5fc	What you need to know to keep a chameleon at home
ae20831a72586efe10139ed40de3e3c627f2654e	They should be as close as possible to natural ones.
52e534f7f9341c09f8d6fb5a48e9c5d397485629	It is unlikely that it will be possible to create such a world in an aquarium, because a 200 liter terrarium will be the best option.
dd70b11c42f23a42ef14395bdc993f4c2c938325	You also need a heater to maintain a temperature of 28-30 degrees and a humidifier to create humidity, about 70%.
706ed2cadee4632edaa3d6fefebe19d686dc12d3	Equip the terrarium with a metered ultraviolet study (UV lamp).
25fb679e6833b904df82e26c42b93a8be658062f	This is necessary for a small pet.
5bb98144a769830cc6af10fc063bc38cc1659884	On the territory occupied by the chameleon, it would be good to place an artificial fountain, a small pond.
8790472916ae75c918028d7ec2960665adcb3703	Place live plants, strengthen branches, because in the wild he spent almost all his life on shrubs and trees.
43c395f7f82175c58837c300e7692442181ec35b	Which chameleons are better to keep at home
a6d88dd9fcacefb7e169389e5fcfdcc25b356c43	You can choose a pet from three types.
72e778f9b7913b5e9e653c791e695a0b86aa60af	To date, they are the most popular, these are:
ba83d0f16899c584a2b62fc4eea03c0191f4566b	yemeni chameleon; leopard chameleon; common chameleon.
6846f48eb4cf7f6be08a9dca418f9cf0b8d530fb	The largest ones can reach 50-50 cm, medium 25-30 cm, tiny up to 5 cm.
33f3edfb438063e41051b03dd2c608e37e0270cb	Males, as befits them, are not only larger, but also brighter in color.
e4ae13c207e8eaa8a32c2ad1336a33f3f9f21cef	That's how many times in 7 days you will need to get ready for your pet.
63bb6ed2c24b446db61e10e8a77b8a07989ec5ee	You can feed him with tweezers or in a plastic feeder.
84b976f52abc3ca48a375016504707328deaacf0	It will not be difficult to make it yourself.
639c983284e40fb6a093ffc8accde5aa6563c5cb	How to feed a chameleon
42d042f37f9cf37ebcf482c5a630fd4a964749eb	What can be included in the animal's menu:
12802c7892004d2d7dcf3c46e201212270f134c9	flies; locusts; mealworms; crickets; zoophobuses; small mammals: small lizards;
630185c341dc8de8f4b7a368698a579e7efd8fc4	The chameleon will accept small pieces of citrus, fruit, bananas, grapes from you.
01094daba349b93a0418e7cdac1685c47540d40b	How to water a chameleon
2368717f53b070fb2cf8bb99e0eb4f812af986e1	This is what you need to pay special attention to.
cd2c6bdcc889a3e97de64150f268dcf282132339	Chameleons do not drink and do not lap from the drinker.
637a5976e68405e264fce218a762e872d2f53121	Although many people teach them to use an eyedropper.
6787ab505ad3d6b9719230a3de6c6e1967de37a2	In nature, reptiles drink droplets that flow down from the leaves.
467ca2618f4a65de14f789e43eff7d8608a050b5	Spray the terrarium plants more often, and your pet will be provided with water.
a3817eca79867945fb32322bbf5d1a867a0206d8	Do not forget to do this several times a day.
cba132532b2cef7eac3f410fe079344fa6b2d4df	How to do cleaning in a terrarium
585717e4955eb9bb4278c9e617907ca4388d2d18	A chameleon should live in cleanliness, just like any animal.
7ee039c1dce76b8d4dc50791f700c6e651c19c33	This is the key to his health and mood.
c2cd33e36a64588c0de22b8bdd5b7921affb5b27	In two weeks, it will not take much time to do general cleaning in the terrarium once.
24a0ded983a61f2821b4efb138e25bb7c55a8d01	Do not transfer the pet, let it stay there.
61a0f18319ddc8df9aeb04d182a24f20d15a0b28	A healthy chameleon has clean eyes.
6f89ea75acc75b6eb186b4fe7305570f2ce29643	The colors vary from pale to bright.
e862714ccf44d62f0fdb4c0e2d5371767d0b1602	He has a good appetite, the feces are well decorated.
3f887bccad58beaa7a4b5de05ddc97f110e321d8	The body is plump and elastic, the nose is dry, and the breath is free.
ddb2d68a2866e29180cb01cd36e52bb0393c83c7	If you notice that the eyes are sunken, the skin color for two weeks is brown or faded, the feces are liquid or has an admixture of blood.
b6ccfaa200d857c53c72cfe984ddb74ea6908adf	The pet has become passive and refuses to feed.
f2d0fbf59256768c497af2d7ad3fbd28fa338930	Mucus is released from the nostrils or mouth, the joints are swollen – these are signs that should alarm, and therefore take measures to save the animal.
9c27903f2fda5da6e85bf0f38c4c0cc7fe61ae60	Tips for keeping a chameleon at home
fb320e022cba84f59d78a2be083612cc979882de	Do not immediately pour out your tenderness and energetic admiration on a small animal.
afa9c31f852c1c9654777225481c425dfa6d0ede	For him, this is stress, which can end in death.
bfb3c122d0d5e30f4cc070c135d6ecc566beae90	After all, it is also a full fledged inhabitant of our huge planet.
de09482e1513b9887795d56b04c6a9f098ca0f9b	Have you decided to settle a chameleon on your territory yet?
409da46f711c6a94d0533b71bfc6301c8d310eb4	Author: Antonina Kobzist The article is protected by the law on copyright and related rights.
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a1885052764784fe81698698517e16108e7c78e8	Maintenance of chameleons Nutrition
35b259290ec3acbb839d14cd18752dfb010f79ec	Food
c03bec5cee7262c06c7a38d6b3f9cccc156445ba	Food.
9064a71a7db49c32c68e9595ffbe9a1f0c78d973	(general information)
5eca4f330df7a7eb912b62d8e2f6e0cf6a15bdeb	All existing chameleons, from the largest — Mellery to the smallest Brukesia, which lives in fallen foliage, are predators.
0d0e5bb8290ab23ae4a1634a70077d7ed685a166	Chameleons can potentially eat any non poisonous insects.
3ba805585ac9b626c9c300b12a38918f9eaa25fc	But, in our opinion, most of all they like such berries and fruits as grapes, cherries, tangerines, oranges.
2089e7afbcbe75cc1e53f381aa4a951f159e154c	They also enjoy eating kiwi, persimmon, bananas, apples, lettuce, dandelion leaves, non hard vegetables and much more.
06d1d601592095951c38bf983358e431502842f7	It is worth offering fruits by cutting them into small pieces and fixing them on the branches of plants.
26377a5d205a5a9c6cf6a0303b5f9e3b1e047e1b	Alternatively, you can offer vegetable food with tweezers or from your hands.
4d8c77a2eaa77299bb97f6b3cb824c6359c3bee3	Feed animals with your hands, the easiest and fastest way to win over an animal!
65efecca68b25841430e224185f1348a06e0ce00	In our practice, plant foods are consumed by such types as: Yemeni, Panther, Parsoni, Small.
4178add9d90444b7dfad30be71e9d9426fc81cbb	Most likely, all chameleons can consume certain types of vegetation to replenish moisture and vitamins.
d7eb80eef21baa04ce68e7ac8cbe0f9a54cd6f59	The main types of animal feed.
beb6112451fbfc8d21dea0c60386822b46820a32	The main and most "useful" from the point of view of the optimal ratio of protein, fat and carbohydrates is a cricket.
c7584c46914da289b0a27ce2c07d917dea494c5c	Reptile owners mainly use three types of cricket for feeding: Banana (Gryllus assimilis), House (Acheta domesticus), Two spotted (Grillus bimaculatus).
6897a582d7d1d134d9390ea62984b87d47d59256	Each of these types has its own advantages and disadvantages.
4f3af4ad22cb49a1155b560921c25a498cb628c0	For example, the most useful in terms of nutritional value is a House cricket.
c35421de2945d386a78b4f0e775ac437ea22f7a1	Also, the house cricket has the highest resistance to diseases and does not require additional heating for maintenance.
64d6e6d501407326059644128318a88ca992d35e	The disadvantages of the house cricket include its extremely high "jumping ability" and the ability to take root and reproduce at home.
77f5fb06a6f95528256dcd319d0885deb7c1ca85	The largest, most prolific and fastest growing is the Double spotted cricket.
7b175ee4c47a06b5fbf00b49c79c044494b0c29f	Its main disadvantage is the extremely loud "singing" of males.
bd0e8ca9fbea1c7eb58f360f980edb7ad979e5f1	The sound can be so loud that it will annoy you and even your neighbors at night.
6757a1159407a8f856e1fde03cd9b9cff4db6010	Also, this cricket is quite hard and biting.
c1aa3cba53cb94b86c63188d37cbfeed01bb4c87	There are cases of painful bites on the tongue with a fatal outcome.
10e17b04cad483fa866354488e5c64c08caf9c98	Perhaps because of the pain shock.
5238f5609f547bf646f0b3adbc70acd3c4c83950	Also, the sharp wings of males are dangerous.
91b3d02b68ba63a162c8aea997d2391139cafbd7	They can injure the reptile's esophagus.
29c83656bfd8c5e8658a0dcc241c9d0cc4c1df18	Statistically, such cases are extremely rare and in fact can be classified as tragic accidents.
9df6fdc9f78681f9b841a003907a5d71bb674620	The only thing is not to feed disproportionately large insects.
75203fc4969a2c1dc370047b8f12fd1611a80b42	The food should be significantly smaller than the chameleon's head.
ca293baa9f9085ef9a9928f8c82423a603aa1cde	To breed this type of cricket, a high temperature is required!
6a481e392ae45ffa2a8f5b13e6416ff95c1681b0	Up to 33 degrees Celsius.
172457568bdcb429ea1d2a6a38e2f7751e642cf0	Otherwise, the insects will grow slowly, reproduce poorly and often get sick.
26b97cd21c50d893c8a9c51f16183882c0f29488	The banana cricket is considered optimal by most chameleon owners.
6951ed1ccf8ba76d83ef9493002b801e808bb2e4	It is quite large and soft.
d797ac393722d437082b480c88ea114819d609a1	His singing usually does not cause any noticeable discomfort.
52ac664c919ea475663e2cd7d9db4fdd8ed6064f	Its disadvantages include: the need for heating for successful breeding, low resistance to diseases and strong cannibalism.
296dc90747f95206f81d8e389ffff195b295fc6c	It is practically not inferior in "nutritional value", and in some parameters it even surpasses the cricket, locust.
d2934b3382611fba4300862d1203bd6665481ee8	Two types of locusts are usually used as food: Migratory (Locusta migratoria) and Desert (Schistocerca gregaria).
68e692d47683e912d5c9b73b6444332b6cb22e99	There is no fundamental difference between them.
c7d1683e10bd064386df247a2332ae7ed5be6014	Adult locusts grow several times larger than any cricket and usually one large insect is enough for the whole day even for an adult chameleon.
ba7066996b7820166332440df800024e285a3a76	It is not easy to breed locusts.
4e73ef8359f9b5f0f87ebc660dd57909aa11ff11	For successful breeding, large containers or terrariums are required, in which it is necessary to maintain a temperature of about 35-40 degrees.
8dbad55482591e78f203c1e6853de229791d7d6a	Without high temperatures, successful breeding of locusts is impossible.
3993f551a8e36496de54510acf88423d702e3ba3	Various types of feed cockroaches are very popular among breeders of chameleons.
061c8699eef0cbe4f4f00857ff14985c6f82f238	These are mainly such species as: Turkmen (Shelfordellatartara);
1fbfde3effd68f031f30b2bc080a0ee010430d34	Marble (Nauphoeta cinerea); American (Periplaneta americana);
a91b516411fa25795c9dd8c4b3d35f1e53faf6af	The Argentine (Blaptica dubia) and some other species of non rigid cockroaches.
13b671dcc574dd106accfdc06e4d398386e4c1f5	Cockroaches have a lower nutritional value than crickets and locusts.
61a9fe3fbfb3a23eaebf564bc57640b95849570c	This food is more "fat" and it has a significantly lower protein content.
69ba3bb3fe013428efd5df5a6b09bd71b47580b4	It is important to feed cockroaches with protein food and fresh fruits in a variety of ways to increase their nutritional value.
e8afa4a6d5fa412beb54eee28b988f4b3f365ade	The advantage of cockroaches can be attributed to very simple maintenance and breeding.
8bc9591212ad05ac13aab3b06d46086bd8a062a5	Unlike crickets, cockroaches are omnivorous, less susceptible to diseases, have a significantly longer life span.
9e898bfbe694e63f8bca97f1cdffd5e37771aa14	Also, cockroaches are less susceptible to cannibalism.
f3e7076c7647dac8e597399254d560fd8b92fb0c	And for example, the females of the marble cockroach, even at first, protect their offspring, covering the tiny cockroaches with their body and driving away too annoying relatives.
25100afe9d77e5ac81bbd71f90a343ee0696a400	However, in case of hunger, or lack of moisture, stronger individuals will begin to eat smaller, or weaker relatives.
deaea5bf7c637f3e3ad8dd91a7887d54120d982e	Most feed cockroaches require a temperature in the range of 27-30 degrees for keeping and successful breeding.
fdf3340393d1f10bc9c8f5c3232bfa6b951e37ae	A lower or higher temperature will lead to the fact that the insects will stop reproducing, begin to get sick or even die.
61e2a669217096582436f5d45874ffc5f87e741e	When keeping and breeding cockroaches, keep the minimum humidity.
62e5feb3c897e146365a893936a698026949f2a7	Otherwise, there is a high probability that the colony will become infected with ticks, which will be extremely difficult to get rid of.
e2b6c9f20e245f2f8f39d3e43b8f2bc00d543800	In advanced cases, the only way is to destroy the entire colony and thoroughly disinfect it.
733c4f970a6684ce01bbdffb34c5e37fa59db7a5	For more information on the maintenance and breeding of feed insects, you can find in the section - "Encyclopedia of feed".
3ea7d2c19fd1d17de467b3d8bb10b8dbe65501b7	Also, as a top dressing, in small quantities, chameleons are offered various insect larvae, such as: mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), zophobas (Zophobas morio) , wax moth larva (Galleria mellonella).
772f116f7416a1bfdc62d93ea39f95e819d7ef20	These types of feed have a very high level of fat and are not suitable for daily consumption.
3a68f40bef03b146c3e5d4cba1636b7cef8fb63f	Their frequent consumption can lead to chameleon liver failure.
e754a58fe2b8a8231275cfa5a558c1aefc810744	The highest level of fat is contained in the larva of a wax moth.
2a49a86dea01b31f126f7a1ff96677a1371c14e1	It should be remembered that all these larvae contain insufficient levels of protein and calcium for the main type of feed.
6983955dc66ebdcb64c1c56753c7ba90544586a4	Nevertheless, adding them to the diet in a reasonable amount has a positive effect on the health of pets.
9840c1e7dd9b7d5db4ce9e9736528ef1c1e43964	Plus, for some unknown reason, these feeds are especially loved by chameleons.
8bac252334e94d1698a4eca0dbcdc33d8a061648	Feeding these larvae for several days can lead to the subsequent temporary refusal of the animals from the main type of feed.
d86f61d035d91bf55c89b85d961a6f02df26bd22	Offer such insects to chameleons as a "treat", no more than 5-6 times a month.
d85fcf21711fe48a988f7e31bb394cf903a01121	Adults of various large species of chameleons, such as Yemeni, Panther, Parsoni, etc., eat small rodents with great pleasure.
fd82bf5d2f8688a91c5e4989f274b3c6c762958c	Usually chameleons are fed newborn mice or rats.
e236349715c9101b01b23f6fd72e7a9369b1fdae	Feed rodents, it should be no more than 1-2 times a month.
2381a57e5228ce36f858b0078d180b6dde7cb033	This type of food in large quantities can also have an adverse effect on the digestive system and liver of the chameleon.
d5ec5f52c4f3361bc3a0d851648730837dd74b8f	In the summer, many owners of chameleons feed the animals with insects caught in the fresh air.
8e9fa76e1753ea6661ae300d9c9403b0a32b49ad	Such food is most useful, but, in turn, it may contain parasites.
40c02a4f1c8f7b6996798a74570bfe75eed76681	For example, various helminths.
d97362b3b2179df9683474adff4878711afd1f93	As a rule, parasites do not cause tangible harm to chameleons.
6868d0182e8cc73108511387394a6e24fbe0772d	But nevertheless, they can cause health problems in sick or weakened animals.
9f2ad696a61170e6bafabdc740181c9fdd945247	The decision to use such a feed or not, each breeder makes for himself.
072c2867a078857d33660f6cc9b429504f50b0e8	Young chameleons are fed the same types of insects as adults, choosing the appropriate size of food.
88382813434a9d93a00ae04e5b5098121f24dcfe	Feed your animals as much as possible in a variety of ways.
b7e930985c498c9994e91e31f9f32b6de2c1cf40	This is the key to proper nutrition and good health of your pet.
0e9c2c54f530eed796da7a725a2ead603dc1c78f	The assortment of animal feed should consist of at least 2-3 species of insects.
7ce3cf95f8937ebbf994f0be0da5f0891e70e8d5	It is not necessary to overfeed chameleons too much, especially for pregnant females.
90ec0703ddb2aeec3232fa6b54510b88b2d9cd98	They do not limit only fast growing young animals in the feed.
810a1932b78fdab4b30470112ada43c1998b28d8	Do not forget that for the chameleon to assimilate a sufficient amount of calcium from food, systematic ultraviolet irradiation of the reptile is required.
4491e3951bc8bf5d41b15bcbf408b169d43741df	(for more information, see the section — "lighting and heating")
11f99285c9abf827e98f72f98d55cbdad4b18473	How to feed chameleons at home.
b24affc9e2888ee1d97e0fee59e67243478a5cdd	There are several of the simplest ways to feed chameleons.
b41d24459652f873ace0e5334a4e7dc7cdf67b1d	The most convenient option is to feed insects by offering them to the animal with tweezers or hands.
bd262316b88c26a7e276ff02d9605dad317ef9ac	Its main advantage is that you will always be able to accurately control the reptile's nutrition and will know for sure whether everything is in order with its appetite.
250b5009c1886793c4156699c3ba5f6e71d57305	A decrease in appetite may be the first sign of possible health problems of the chameleon, or it may indicate that some of the key conditions of its maintenance are violated.
eab2a5bfd7074985d3a8b171686d66eb1a5c2b7e	For example, the wrong temperature mode is selected, or the measuring devices give incorrect information.
2db57fd82813a727643b43eec28eb9f94cf3c5f5	As a rule, all chameleons, with rare exceptions, willingly accept the food offered in this way.
367b2fc82b1072a321af03cbe1b779b62eb5933b	Of course, this can only happen if the animal fully trusts you and is not afraid of you.
ec2a8d904b1066853293170671396ca8021f27ca	Usually, chameleons get used to a person in a few days.
afc2b14cc307fa94b3079081731a149764f4c8c5	Chameleons obtained from nature may take much longer to get used to a person.
cff74f31dedc5c6bc7e8dd4aa0b319089da800f4	It is necessary to hold the insect with tweezers in such a way that the chameleon can easily remove the food without hooking the tweezers itself.
691b53a23d5d26a761b20e27a02d54064966bc2a	Otherwise, there is a risk that the chameleon, along with the food, will swallow the tip of the tweezers, which can lead to the breakdown of the reptile's teeth.
637b99eb77aaf7c87ed47567178d270c78ac31a4	Broken teeth do not grow back again.
38cddefe7bbfc2db53fe01bf4f78c8df4d1ad8ee	In pet stores, specialized tweezers with soft "pads" at the ends are on sale.
3e20fc973509507a8cade2f092580afbee1b9075	If the chameleon still "stuck" to the tweezers, do not pull your hand away in any case.
302f0051587d53e19de1889d23d7702849b34de3	This can lead to injury or rupture of the tongue.
40f010e86a3106d4281e51b4fd858d039a32c054	Damage to the tongue, one of the most common injuries received by chameleons.
7a3d73dd80ba3c681f53d898eef32148364b88b5	If the tongue is damaged, we strongly recommend contacting a professional herpetologist.
10ad03d55e33e061b7f32c688ea7c7d25774fd62	In case of severe damage to the tongue, it should be removed.
3453d1cf5aab693f5a7e096e5b4a94618275b2eb	Chameleons with an amputated tongue usually continue to live without experiencing severe discomfort.
eae9838fdbedc9533e5933bcdb5e2576a9a865f5	The animal will take food with tweezers, grabbing it with its teeth.
cea4e735ca5f662684ad29a280c4540aef297690	An alternative way to feed pi tomca, use for feeding insects, a feeder.
4e5ab32c95734aab52718796b59cc6fd76598275	It is easiest to make it from any "food" plastic jar (yogurt, sour cream, etc.) The feeder should be securely attached to branches or snags, so that the animal could easily see the food in it and get close to it.
4e913200bab874bb461d5a9ad8d0a35ae00a0f15	The feeder should not be transparent.
90a6618fbb66495b910a5dac5ad5799e42c1e752	Before placing insects in the feeder, they should be rolled in vitamins and calcium.
c06c37805650f601733f7358c903ec3bf50c9b78	Dead insects should be removed from the feeder.
4b66043dd9c981a7fcca1248f5a4f4370d1b9cda	Chameleons will not react to dead insects.
a0c365436f30933e6e9dfc230854baf387e3a2b0	Some types of insects, for example, such as the marble cockroach, are able to move on smooth surfaces.
8eea684621782a25dce7dbe0d3a94cadcb2a6076	In order to avoid escape, this type of insects, it is necessary to coat the inner upper part of the feeder with vaseline.
13ec3a24ceca8d6c51d46b5de087c0c9659a19c2	Also, many owners of chameleons simply plant food insects in a terrarium.
91dda7d14a472a8b5b000152918f4526f8c9d418	This method is bad because insects, running around the terrarium, will hide in all sorts of cracks and technical holes of the terrarium, often becoming inaccessible to chameleons.
c7ab56f8faccef99de31c859a9573a2b29b2fa63	Many of them will drown in waterfalls and drinking bowls, spoiling the water, and some will most likely leave the terrarium and run around the house.
16511d2ca7a08988480120fa2b330266e5a6e178	It is not necessary to feed insects caught in the apartment.
44eefafc8d7dc1daf253664649ace8928dd0941e	They can become a source of parasites or cause chameleon poisoning.
3f768c2154346f56cec8b044b45c6b25d3937275	This is especially important if chemical traps for insects are installed around the house.
6be7a2041d511fd3d2b64f8762a4de55250e7f8a	Vitamins and mineral supplements
f770b7adf48d3b317b823e982e75665227dfb0cc	It is no secret that insects living in natural conditions eat as diverse as possible, which is why their "nutritional value" is significantly higher than that of forage insects contained or bred at home.
9fd34bed340eae7aec01b8a0a572d169f9e685fe	In this regard, the insects offered to chameleons should be additionally enriched with vitamins and mineral supplements
01ffdab6e912cf7ff566923b1b108129a1874095	In the market of vitamins and mineral supplements for reptiles, 2 companies are mainly represented, Tetra and JBL.
48e8b1072a7b1fe413721853bcb0bfa8beb7ce4e	Both companies produce a full line of vitamins and dietary supplements necessary for all kinds of reptiles, including chameleons.
210007c0b3fb241e7551a4bd12bb6344e85ab7eb	The Tetra company line is represented by such products as: Reptolife vitamin complex, Reptosol vitamin liquid concentrate, and the "calcium" food additive Reptocal.
4ce91ff7a019c8c933c11e86da3cd73f111614f9	The line of the JBL company is represented by such preparations as: JBL TerraVIt (vitamin and mineral complex), JBL Terra Fluid( liquid vitamin complex), JBL MicroCalcium (calcium in an easily digestible form).
e831754480bad080267e06e48d6789f7b4fb3c68	As a rule, the feed is sprinkled with a powder from a mixture of vitamins and calcium in the proportion of 3 \ 1 (3 parts of calcium, one part of vitamins).
98ae39a5e3982d3b976aaf8d4cf504f2bdaa39ee	For adult chameleons, the amount of vitamins can be slightly reduced.
ad71157b2a462c40c202cfacec426234820b5b69	Most vitamins and calcium are required during the active growth of reptiles.
84ce2c0e9056a97d6f1773df43e99a3f22695109	Please be careful, an overdose of vitamins is deadly.
3539ff1d4b92bc2afb1d5cd837b3ce7445675bcf	Cases of calcium overdose are unknown.
fa04c1280261738631576211c8cf0ad32e36de0e	The only thing is that an overdose of vitamin D3, often included in calcium supplements, is possible.
077db167833fec80912a30e8ce8eca6995f1db3e	Drinking (general information)
e22b9fff713f94159e791aa30f18d712dc5a9e9e	In nature, chameleons most often replenish their moisture reserves by licking the morning dew from the leaves of trees and shrubs, on which they spend 99% of their life.
145fba2531ef5f4c76fd907e238be7cb15e3d107	Natural dew, in its hardness, is close to distilled water and usually has a neutral acidity (Ph).
7df1924d046fa54e474035236cf0923f21a5b117	Accordingly, such water is ten times softer than tap water.
d348da671e6311e5a5562789573a93327292912f	Based on this, the use of water purified using reverse osmosis filters is fully justified.
598dc70a8928f0f43f39512f048bfb942ac34b29	Such water has a hardness similar to dew, does not contain harmful impurities, bacteria and viruses.
9ca61381f1915a517745e5e8e593d7fafd9474d3	It is important not to forget to change the filter cartridges, according to the instructions.
11224d5b358996f65381c4d1940ba12f39296bc5	Do not pay attention to such horror story terms as "dead water".
986bc5675b2c5db00d937e29f00f17fd1bd6579d	Water is primarily a universal solvent that delivers nutrients to the cells of organisms with blood.
98331f0b0216f31d627b3cee69d094c621abde8d	Chameleons get all the necessary trace elements from food.
2ee54899465797eaa2bfe2bacc84b3fa74502138	All our chameleons from birth, we drink water purified with a reverse osmosis filter.
7379b0afaea415ec4fc71bebf9845eb605b2925e	Also, you can use water purified with conventional filters, such as - "Jug".
2295ced0b4b1aed8a500c47ab2510d5c44f7acc5	In cases with such filters, you should be even more attentive to changing cartridges, since after some time, they become a" hotbed " of bacteria and practically stop purifying water.
07e53992774f96321615e8ceed361fab42ef4289	It is also possible to give the chameleons water with standing (2 days), thawed and bottled water.
868f1d3e5786c7c78c1d156e4da2e9ad76a1926f	Once a month, you can offer chameleons, mineral water of low hardness.
e5e00867a161eaf1cd31e3dec21eb4edf3bfe3fe	For example, such as Esentuki 4.
af2a383d5440ef758e60ecc289c6bfcd3ef5179a	How to water chameleons at home.
fd460607d4f0e8c2d29345134c2204adae6a78ed	Chameleons do not drink "standing" water and only a few will be able to find a saucer of water.
821abe3ba923fd2cb518a652e9b4191c9190619e	In addition, pathogenic bacteria quickly begin to multiply in "standing" water.
eb7e4995aacfc388a41f7726dc6f14e1ef2dec4c	The easiest way to get a chameleon drunk is to install a miniature waterfall in the terrarium.
aa850ae66c299e6faaf0ad1f5147a8935dbffb1f	With him, you will always be calm and confident that the pet will be provided with enough water.
5bdc44a3211f6fc2b0704971667a7ce448d54569	Basically, the waterfalls of the company Exo Terra (Germany) are represented on the market.
d1f2e7a714cb806a577ffa2a9a205980a81d7391	Waterfalls are available in three sizes.
f6ad2dc0ca4467510a04c2eee2137ec3fe65b73e	(S./M./L.) They are made of non toxic and easily washable plastic.
afbee8120a29da32ccb7323df1b97991a0bfc57d	The kit includes an electric pump.
c1232fff6c92897858dd6f140e372a7b684e95d8	The waterfall needs to be disassembled and washed once a week.
0ae65b6a8eb56597453383a1f97eca519daee250	For additional disinfection, you can put a small silver object on the bottom.
02f9f3a8986a98aaf67b57a4521386b7f958b979	(ring, coin).
6b7a30e43c4c9421a0efb22165b6da922c88a52c	In our practice, all chameleons, for a short time, found a waterfall and subsequently quenched their thirst with it.
2137bcdb0f4d7a58120b7e1a4a514ab058674462	Also, a convenient and hygienic option to give your pet a drink, use a drip drinker.
9ce40d3134e11da2518cf7ef76c5c3125fdb667e	Such a drinking bowl can be purchased in some pet stores.
4d1551ab5b4a1e079f1d905934f57c9c38ca8a07	For example, high quality drip drinkers for reptiles are produced by the German company Lucky Reptile.
711c01622ab1329a2a602155e3bdae91a2637c6c	Also, you can make a drinking bowl yourself, using a conventional medical dropper.
7977b3e3e53130adaa0f47a1dd4c498ba3ba9544	It is easy to decorate a container with water, for example, under bamboo.
813d88dbf5f813b0cc90686e20f9266c69182c1e	The drop rate is regulated by the dispenser included with the dropper.
c769765a786c9ee950190bb2ee4007b620879653	The tip of the dropper should be placed in a place that is easily accessible to the chameleon, and a small container for collecting dripping water should be placed at the bottom.
c9a54c0be3a6332057a9cbb1fbf5e4495d66a236	Also, many breeders water their chameleons with a small syringe.
309da0219f9634a6d8dc820ed5f1d0db6be0554d	Some especially timid chameleons may refuse to take water in this way.
8ecb9c0e247e6293ef4df7dcd5a3d0f8d4682d87	But, as a rule, any chameleon can be taught to drink from a syringe.
a66f398e2b3bf20877e0f21c7f60a32d488f8715	This method is good because with its help, you always offer your pet only clean and fresh water, and also, by this method, it is convenient to dose various liquid, vitamin and mineral supplements.
53ab8fa42254f3233fce08922ec295ea88fafaa4	For example, such as Reptoboost or Reptosol.
4ecb80799a18ad93cf392185ff77d4ce2da02eda	(various preparations for reptiles are described in detail in the section - "vitamins and mineral supplements").
622b9e3720b84447c319193bd4a9672e3f3ac9c2	For example, without food, a healthy, well fed chameleon can last more than a week.
e7e980864d64657b60e7556a6da6390f5e7e0b2c	The main signs of dehydration in chameleons are: sunken eyes; cheeks; viscous saliva.
7830c54d4c17e8bfb043ade0091ec9968999dac2	With pronounced dehydration, it is necessary to use specialized drugs, such as Reptoboost, or in its absence, sold in pharmacies, Rehydrone, for the place of water.
b1f42cebe55b830c6374c878f446c1e27c6b0e6d	If there are no objective reasons for dehydration of the reptile, we recommend that you immediately contact a professional herpetologist.
c2071b91e12b82ca221e200d6477476e1c484de9	If absolutely necessary, it is necessary to force the animal to drink.
32ef2a58f24055de68009a1e1bfcd1f3c53f1af0	To do this, you need to pull the "hood" of the chameleon's lower jaw and pour a small amount of water into the mouth with a syringe.
384b1fc3a9950a844decaeb8ecb3487cca32fa20	You can not pour a lot of water, the animal will subsequently vomit.
4716e7fe8cbb54df97296f2ccae0a9dce5b4451e	Many types of chameleons are happy to drink fresh juices from a pipette (syringe).
71ea2bb27e7e7279b0d187e76f5dea2b9e169bd7	For example, grape juice, or juice from oranges.
88c8e0d584c2458bcabf09afd8d25111c59c959c	It is strictly forbidden to offer juices from packages!
dafddee29e466a5e0e0793cf98183355f9b0f9b0	They contain too much sugar and various "chemicals".
bbbc3d002879f8ab748b4e2caa0a43c87e321b60	Kristina 11.08.2014
b509430dc76e76dddb03221729890f030d30de2f	Thank you for the detailed explanation of how to feed and water a chameleon, I will be given a chameleon for my birthday for 10 years!!!
e738077797cc8109993f22c6f13153e6f32791b0	And here I am cramming everything about chameleons:)))))))) I will be given my own chameleon in just 10 days!!!!!!!!
3824a82b6ef44e1a2f8252ae8f51316e2f589755	I love reptiles)))))))) and when I grow up they will give me a snake)))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!
ab2c37817e761aeae6fd34229516b0ee6dce7384	Chameleonworld 17.08.2014
0fb1c9a2c693d0de19f94e102f8a447dda9fa592	You are welcome!
5808ae992d144f2a86d7f5b33bf657a2d5bab844	Good luck to your future pets 🙂
20e83cc8db109a5261df0d05517b67487246adc4	Chinese lemongrass
4da20a3748f42b2366a8c21d36a1bd82697f7ac0	Long beans (Chinese)
50dd0833911c1d5e45f638bd7aee350212cd9683	Animal world
13e4f6813ba678792fccba2a4cee6eb30d1ce2b3	Description of the Eurasian breed
ccd8a833dc82e94bfc96abe318ff4b10a4ce23b0	Training of cats at home
d9cb8dfe56c1e3365b5793ad6f4e64c005064ec2	Features of the content of the English bulldog
3fabb31958dc38e11c621ca90bce05da30cbab0c	Features of lemur care, maintenance rules
a27a6bfb64a287715751b90a79dbd05f8db3fee3	Chameleon keeping reptiles at home
be7c8467969655703dba06a866e8724c2e217e49	Section: Animal world
7b3dc6d9c94ddd577f881c693da09a397f80be72	Which ones, you will learn about this from this material, as well as about what to feed, where to keep a domestic lizard.
c4bd3a50da9309f7318de67f54b9385b074cd03d	Chameleons belong to the class of reptiles.
e194c89123cbdfd9bf99f9d0de62a7cbeaa45d04	The average size of these tree lizards is 30 cm.
6490a040bed45214022ba7b8df7778ef7f0d8669	The smallest specimens do not grow to a length of more than 3-5 cm.
48e7ed2651368c0702e6b57bcbfcf90eb81744a8	Large individuals can reach 50-60 cm.
a9614f251c28f96cafaa0dff439bccf9415a40e3	About chameleons
35c39b44d2f115559482a0a658f30947fff9d436	The head of males is often decorated with bumps, crests, pointed horns.
bf7722b7564566aae9c40717b33eb51cb5155a03	In females, these bulges on the head are also present, but in a rudimentary state.
2204859566704fccfdffc2caef9fbba0fec00ca3	The legs of chameleons are long, the fingers are shaped like claws.
76a5e4c9dec2cc5d2131cae599c91e97ecbada1f	This structure of the limbs helps the lizards to easily climb trees.
2e8b4dc7d381d85c915540268e0c68933ceeda89	This is also helped by the tail, it is thick at the base, and gradually narrows towards the end.
ca8d4e04d25c8a17cad122a25c54a0293d2fd4a1	A chameleon can wrap its tail around a tree trunk, a branch and cling tenaciously.
8d888711059297375196bcef252295f251d2f0ee	When an insect appears near the lizard, the chameleon sneaks up to it, sticks out its long tongue and makes a lightning fast grasping movement with it, which takes only a third of a second The suction cup at the end of the tongue also helps in this.
b71b401eb3d186ca2cb3268c7c1c7d963e32b605	Under the influence of thirst, hunger, fright and other factors, increased pigmentation is manifested.
7be2be436195f6e8f01d157460a8143d9180778b	Moreover, the colors can be mixed, thereby forming different shades.
4204b620404d4e4b07bb485692d96c8fe1f1d1d8	Which chameleon is suitable for keeping a house
e9d6a8d60d4a1099389f59a978b05c7c41eb957b	These lizards can live in an ordinary apartment, in a terrarium.
7a26f62ba63535b6e8a0282ec9f40cebeb477738	But it is necessary to know the conditions of keeping a chameleon, then the lizard will be comfortable in captivity.
f44f13d4afaaa293d0ba5d6d6b6f1cf367695190	If you want a cute large reptile to settle in your house, then the Yemeni chameleon (in the photo above) will do.
beb4891f397e31c8b66df95010d319b83ce7fb06	This is a fairly hardy reptile that adapts well to new living conditions and maintenance, tolerates changes in humidity and temperature.
87036ebba4288c24e275d1bda41dba0e68463119	The price of such a reptile is about 700-1000 UAH in Ukraine and 1500-3000 rubles in Russia.
6da807de667b984a53cccfc9dad564bfb812164f	In the wild, this type of chameleon lives in hot countries ― in Saudi Arabia, Yemen and there are two types:
ba2c68b72aaa4a62e0de752c3b3d3133935ca09e	Calcarifer lives in the eastern part of Saudi Arabia, so he is used to being in a hot and dry climate.
deb33ecb98842e9ed75616f0f32e624461d60d55	Calyptratus lives in the north of the country, where it is slightly cooler.
2b8fdc90960b4d0ed42017437d8dd58d0e9c104d	Therefore, he will feel good at home in a terrarium, where the daytime temperature is +30°C or slightly higher, and the night temperature is about +20°C.
4f06b286aef9efedcf7f5ce5231059110c4b4eb3	This type of chameleons has a richer color and they are larger in size than Calcarifer, they can grow up to 60 cm in length.
aa7e957ad89788b4ea5dacc4aad311809fa91c6e	Here are some other chameleons that are suitable for keeping at home: Ordinary;
b75476717b7095075f0aa4b7b3911a1c2eb3acc4	Leopard print.
a29907c390a148a640c0ccf05c5f17800718d3b9	If you keep young chameleons together, mix plants in a terrarium that will form dense thickets so that each lizard lives on its own territory and thus conflicts can be avoided.
d7b9496e93e196a65941d860bf5c0a3a155793bf	How to choose the right chameleon
3f24f306a9c86787de340215ea023c99936eb5e2	This question is very important.
cde7eab4538b35b1bf58ec4f3d62f76ad7a1db7a	After reading this section, you will learn how to choose a chameleon so that it is healthy.
429a0dbc7bde110cd78fc96656f90b94029781ff	First, do not buy lizards "with your hands".
b62500b5b2fbbfab17414615f9b0bbb8040fd633	Buy it in a specialized store, where you will be provided with the necessary documents.
4d2118d4b6c70016b257f822fed9ed7fdf2062e1	Secondly, do not buy very small lizards.
58b6b217ba36797e391f6507b32941578f5c2bf5	Birth defects in them may not appear immediately, they are usually noticeable by four months.
ba6dc7f83f97c2ef7c145522d3dbed329a292797	Therefore, it is better to buy a chameleon that is already 4 months old.
23af2c325397d2d8bebe2edc79609314ccf01c82	That's what it is important to pay attention to when examining your future pet:
9c62b0233f141c469347a5e3e117fc7578e3c0ab	Look at his eyes, they should be open and moving.
fd8b4a8d63c8ce79a4010bb613e7e2cf0676d9ba	If they are sunken, it means that the chameleon is very dehydrated, if they are closed, then the animal is exhausted.
58f6ef4f1c27eb2e522833cea38bbe4c1f435366	Look at what color it is.
49d9dd51f34e8cd24165fa3583afc20e50203dd3	The disease of the animal will be indicated by a gray or dim color of the skin.
ad76048d1435fc7ae2d3678e20cc20620089ee54	This may also be due to the low temperature in which the lizard is kept.
e60764803cdbce8be0f5860581ffcc2acf7f6ac9	The chameleon's paws will also tell you about the animal's condition.
6399d143d6db0c51001e21d73761e7fe139faf09	They should be smooth, and the reptile itself should be mobile.
1f78d871dbd0ac84d1397e2fc842bf5acbab9943	If it is seen that it has difficulty moving, it means that it has a broken musculoskeletal system or there is a lack of calcium.
e68a853b90540d81af59710283601bf1590492d0	Look at the chameleon's slightly open mouth.
4510629cec562fbc15c6e566910f10c51ceeed27	To open it, take the lizard in your arms, then it will begin to hiss, and you can see if there are yellow green spots in the mouth of the reptile.
e81aa8c59d34f26912737f3bedaef047502f534e	Their presence indicates the presence of an inflammatory process in the reptile.
da56a982ae311a1012c7f29be5705abc24df3381	Conditions for keeping chameleons at home
49f67301c0589094c3d4330859a7aa9ec1e397aa	The size of the terrarium can be 50 x 50 cm (width, length) and 120 cm high.
acd3c5e2323684d269573dbfb2a117fad6e7b3c9	The temperature inside the terrarium in the daytime should not fall below +28°C, optimally - + 30 ° C + 32 °C.
b799eaa9e2798ffa18956a7ddeb994ff332d8195	The night temperature should be +22 ° C, so place the house for the animal in a warm place where there are no drafts ― they are very dangerous for the lizard.
9f8bc5dce452a04944cc0e71594313b49ee027ed	Inside, decorate the room for the reptile with potted plants.
010e43b838e4b8c90d94bbe9ba3024c5a1a54e40	You can put a processed snag on which the chameleon will climb.
ef94cafa363deaf2a1187fb04f0f599475fb8b7c	He also needs a small pond, take care of this.
d3a2355f149a592bf9928d6f5c06a6b3618bc5a6	In addition to the temperature, it is important to observe the light mode natural, artificial or combined.
96d8a19ecdbdbaa89e64bcb09185f81b73975a50	The duration of the daylight should be at least 12 hours.
75f7ef0589fe4564cce86bb66b6da45a0fdf13f0	Chameleon Nutrition
47abea41c79823a141b3e82d31b90dacf87dc585	The diet of young chameleons consists of newborn or week old crickets, which are sprinkled with a mixture of powder consisting of calcium phosphate and vitamins for reptiles taken in the same proportion.
c7784c2e12b9220b4f86ff443c602615be7c3a01	They are fed 2 times a day, there should be a sufficient amount of food.
b5b31b80ffb27dce1d83ce94a3243d9b13fb1b3b	To prevent young chameleons from dehydration (which they are prone to), spray the terrarium with water twice or three times a day.
ec8b65d2957a3278c78e77b2df48e280ff66dd5f	Adults are fed from a feeder or tweezers with large crickets, tropical cockroaches, fruits, fleshy leaves of some indoor plants are offered, which they eat with pleasure.
5db645c7081b96bc532106a982dc0e3f6557ef1e	Chameleons do not know how to drink from a container, so if it is not possible to make a pump, try to teach them to drink from a syringe with a blunt needle or from a pipette.
93c7d69a8ae56caf84d0594f75e12ef2f42f437b	If this does not work out, inject small doses of water into the chameleons ' mouths when they open it.
bfe321298708a6a7ba5ac472e670d5f643610ede	These lizards, in addition to water, can drink juices.
24520bafaacae5e9284e3e53d0b10c64ae2ebaf3	Prepare a honey solution for them, which the animals will also like.
a6349a50bf18ea4d283339ade6e60cef561c1df9	If you follow these recommendations, then the chameleon will live with you for at least four years and please the owner and his family throughout this time with its charming appearance, funny habits.
ce8d47f268243e93cd0c7700270f3198c33ef78b	Videos about caring for a pet chameleon, tips:
c03c85d3c69424d3e741c4272d5b7281f373ca04	More photos of chameleons:
9a1061404223c1d3d149c4870c3ae0c6a97efbe3	Author: Veronika Tsvetkova for TutKnow.ru
771e145bc709c02907f6416d76ef95f939488318	Musk Ox musk ox
9c57f17961441379ff252bbfbaf1e0b3d6640077	The sloth is a slow animal
f801a46f80683b7984ded56bcdb0631e48fed834	Koala marsupial bear
00ac54ff0e5b63f62ad02c9308389b100d41c2f7	Viktor 21 August 2015 17: 04
0150406995d1cd98ce039caa6f2ff9358cbe1dc1	The future owner of such an exotic animal should definitely know that certain subtleties will be required to keep a chameleon at home.
088b38d6af51943ceb24e81e999ddc98cc7c0667	Eugene 18 February 2016 10: 02
83e01a54ca401250e0f076a3bf2ffd53573fd996	Very heavy content so do not buy as a toy!
587b03e23bac54b7569b0b6e750ab0c97c30bff4	Do not torment the animal
23740ba916e1537dcf3af4814f5ce2c654cb5c64	Aquarium with your own hands
c359eccccdfda9e61c639d6ff2fe5b00ba37b536	Viviparous Fish Carp Labyrinthine Macropods Neon Pomacenter Pterygoplicht Fish angels Fish surgeons Characine Cichlids Catfish
467ce2278ca967b919a642de65f303997f8ee5d8	Plants Other inhabitants Crustaceans Amphibians Microorganisms
2a345656c780dff9693de557eecfde60f535d256	As much as possible about aquaurimistics
defa7a1a86d6b00689643ef8bb4d4a4e4ae85a48	Home " Other inhabitants
98cab631374d468cc55ef381ab65de4e4d1df07a	Maintenance of a domestic chameleon
14b2439d4d6abb79468622bbaf1a6ff3e23785a6	Keeping a chameleon at home is not an easy task.
0e7b1fe27c8bdcaa21eb62dcc69f931780eca569	They are quite large, but attract fans of exotic animals with an interesting coloring.
314dd65ff5b432161435132246b340c7d816a415	Surprisingly, the coloring is a kind of "chip" of all representatives of Chamaeleo.
dae610caa8bfb712ff30cfbd6fca03faaab01d9a	This species adapts perfectly to new conditions, and has a long life expectancy.
3e6e860efa769ff57b9d82b4d1170c2803650b5e	Looking at the name, it is not difficult to guess the place of distribution of these reptiles.
f906f9151439a774c077fd8fa06baecac64792e4	Most of them live in Saudi Arabia and Yemen.
4686d73b9b2054037528f06ca9c81f18836474c1	Chameleons live in coastal areas where it often rains or in dry areas with greenery and drinking.
0422c0fc374ba0a8e497e431cda0378495f874fb	They were successfully brought to Hawaii and Florida, where they still live.
64dfeaf09b7f652ff3d672389273e37bea97e831	More recently, the Yemeni chameleon was an exclusive in private collections, because wild individuals did not survive at home, even with the most experienced breeders.
abf893c2d7da6cf9a85b48aed8b63a0e2d4f6d2b	Because of this, all Yemeni chameleons that are on sale are not brought from Yemen.
05db980af44be64d99b89f76e065609379b10ace	Contents: 1 Description of an interesting reptile 2 Maintenance and care 3 Feeding and care 4 Breeding
5ff0920018457118ce1f9de8edb3282023b221ff	Description of an interesting reptile
8b80792e9193248ce484f9df0556aa50ae078088	The young are monophonic, more adult individuals have stripes on their body.
b0ffd1e14730d164ada2454ad8b0095b40089122	Color change is an amazing phenomenon available to only a few species of reptiles, one of which is chameleons.
20061e370114340a1fff0ddef2119acaeab38977	During pregnancy, the female can change color, and due to stress, any representative can turn into other colors.
e588f11e3429f8ba0e7810b651a47cbfd9785b79	If you leave his neighbors at home, you will not be able to avoid fights.
fb5f420b08dec0f8e97f39e4271bdb08d986d8b9	Requirements for a terrarium:
e38f9575b9ac8aa714e2a64a90b2b7dcab0aa97c	Vertical position;
ed312db996f2d8d9b6f0e2862622f63298496dae	The presence of a grid or powerful ventilation on one side;
4dce90a9175875200004c47d46c4cae64e5083c4	Size (L*H*W): 1*0,8*0,4 meters;
9364d560453d5cc7580bf477dda1a2469f390ca9	The presence of plants, branches, snags.
41a0360c721c85e434b04837d73e24b418ff2485	Both artificial and live greens can be used as plants.
03cebe07408fac9ebe4da86ec058cc4c935a6b2a	For good and proper care, two lamps are needed:
d5431bfdaf6f1bf2527bc54ec61331007c91e206	Top lamp for solar procedures and body heating;
08048bce87288618fbbfce57c84bcadb861d5975	UV lamp for calcium absorption.
5421d4930475577bbc8c9c48f3af6ee14445d70e	It is necessary to turn on the lamps for 12 hours a day Pay attention to the recommended duration of use of the UV lamp.
5e404819631bf1009154a0fa693159b9cf8e7903	All reptiles are cold blooded, so they can regulate their body temperature only based on environmental conditions, even at home.
1201db3cd7643950366341a559cd3104e48288cc	The temperature in the terrarium should vary from 27 to 29 degrees without a lamp, and with a lamp from 32 to 35.
4abce09daa5f14298ec9b7e5f063072328a492d7	Leave a little space at home, where the pet can hide from the heat of the lamp, then he will independently make a choice about the comfort of his stay.
ce8a5911bf57db7740af67865ea5fbb46e47b0f3	Feeding and care
cfbadcb402e75095d0f287e2bf1e482183bab3f3	Care for a chameleon is not only in the organization of the place of stay at home, but also in the correct diet of feeding and nutrition.
ca215a81074ce127a642ce5296ea077dda262515	The difficulty of creating a drinking regime is that tree dwellers do not recognize drinking bowls and bowls.
32094ceca15cfbf4fac641acf46c86429288ef16	In the natural environment, they collect morning dew from the leaves, so you will have to create a similar atmosphere at home.
91fea14ba890d4ef175a9cd18af59873dbd0f8d6	To do this, spray the plants and decor liberally from the spray gun for a couple of minutes.
a83773dd572da044cb6bc5a27ab9116a0f664602	The chameleon will collect the drops that roll down from the decor.
9d1df88fa0a38db290df2824c32b99510d8be616	Modern pet stores offer an excellent solution to this problem by selling a device that independently sprays water after a certain period of time.
1b2770f97f76ff7e7e534d77468717a0ddee9494	For proper care, the humidity should be about 50%.
06c64dd4bb2946b9151f000af061c70b1aaeb3f4	Suitable for feeding:
2466431e66b281fc0fddb44f54f1061b07f1ed89	Earthworms, Grasshoppers, Mouse flies, Locusts, Cockroaches, Vegetable food (dandelion leaves, pepper, zucchini, apples and pears), Cicadas.
e06d35d3b48f6d0e15763412ace40da2a0da8318	Do not forget about the trace elements that chameleons do not receive, even if you take care of them in the first category.
1085f81eb9788f7f5c905fa436cd295baa641e5c	Therefore, be sure to add mineral supplements and vitamins to the diet.
407eecffcc2df5bf0e7873eda24c0a1035d78436	Females in the position and young animals need an additional portion of calcium containing drugs.
651f1f35d295a69958846a1225b338d660eac521	All dietary supplements are given at least 2 times a week.
f93f25f348f37054d5bc3896beb6e6176e3c40a0	Breeding
bd5c63eb3248489ba7b2a9b894e0d3e187fdac74	Puberty occurs early, about 9-11 months.
467d5ae049d83634ce371444986a6c97bfede5c2	If you bring it together with a partner, then in most cases you can get a brood.
02bcba2e84a92d11377f6966fc4aa57630f53df2	Most often, the appearance of a female makes the male start up and start mating games, but sometimes there are cases of aggressive behavior.
4ae91f9da4660b95c376bcd185fa105f3a45088a	If the female is ready to mate, she will allow you to play with her and let the boyfriend come.
7535d4eece91ca9e1edf23ca1856b763333851d5	Pregnancy lasts about a month, after which the female begins to look for a place for laying.
98b8b212b7efc46b68d93c87ebaf851789cbfce4	The minimum size of the container is 30*30 cm.
204984868b490a68aba151c61d669081bd0b9a9e	The clutch can contain about 80-85 eggs.
bf633155e8cb1800c78c9f101189374307cef90a	Some eggs may not be fertilized.
ffca59bc5b7dadbd212670e6b6a56cc99bdf495f	What are you looking for?
e5b55ec48d97047a3af3087499101f509462e674	It is important to know
6ffd740177e924e595427b7448f9981d6a8d9837	What is the memory of fish?
aefa11dc9bf6b3de53dfdf32ba200874bd7e6e8d	Experiments and differences in types
4a5e4ca42c3c0160ba2e80cd830d1a31349e9ab6	Why do the fish in the aquarium suddenly start to die?
02ba6b1f7f7b2f091b55a2103c82f5ae4c3a3851	The big problem is the green plaque in the aquarium
fd9e83f858649449e3421de7eb8c29975273709f	Proper care of the aquarium disinfection
baa155867368fa436dfebc22259aba1948920b70	How to properly wash the aquarium yourself
3da5960f29a0831b3275dd6289305f5ef817e405	Apistogramma ramiresi — a multi colored butterfly in an aquarium
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4b4abb5455927d2d32ecdf1412ebef4189157f6d	Astronauts should be prepared for any situation in space... and on earth.
07e81c7c9017c95e11052cfd51347569e4519883	The lander can make an emergency landing somewhere in the taiga, desert or in the middle of the ocean.
11a7dabfc693a6cf49050ce0f42dd6459eb2876a	And before the search and rescue group appears, people just need to survive.
0c3022df715ed67739645618b78399937e1b87da	The need for a survival course for cosmonauts became obvious in 1965, after the flight of the Voskhod 2 crew-Pavel Belyaev and Alexey Leonov.
9865e4a2d3dc8cc3b07ff1944e847e8f9df5a496	This flight is best known for the fact that it was on March 18, 1965 that Alexey Leonov entered outer space for the first time in the world.
98743887737c5548187b0e55c59d0df2f489ecff	And also-the fact that it was accompanied by a lot of emergency situations, which, fortunately, did not lead to a tragedy.
71f456363fda8dde0fbe148b327a3ff76422e8b1	One of these situations occurred during the return: the automatic orientation system to the Sun did not work, and therefore the brake propulsion system did not turn on in time.
d0114af87d303b1e5e34c69f6d65227af55f4ea1	The crew was given the command to land in manual mode (again for the first time in the world), Belyaev and Leonov chose the landing area in the Ural taiga (for safety) and with an error of 80 km landed a couple of hundred kilometers from Perm.
ebecc67af40d242724b4489380c2acfc690c4077	The cosmonauts did not have warm clothes, but, according to Alexey Leonov's memoirs, they used vacuum insulation of spacesuits for screen insulation.
4e2a6fe518b4a8cf0170018a6d2618d8e50c239e	The helicopters found the crew only the next day, but the astronauts had to spend another night (while the loggers were cutting down the landing pad for the helicopter) at the landing site, however, in more comfortable conditions (in a built hut).
810714a73ab057945dfc5bb56bd8917ee981e4af	"It is since 1965, in general, that the survival courses for astronauts in various climatic and geographical zones have their history," Colonel Alexander German, a survival instructor and head of the department for preparing astronauts for actions in extreme conditions of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center (CPC), tells Popular Mechanics.
1943c2d63b158a616fa86cf7c82aca81cd29748b	After this incident, the training of astronauts included training in actions after an emergency landing — that is, any when the crew will have to act autonomously.
dd7165c2c37307d7c5a8c8273cb27835aa1c94bc	Moreover, this does not necessarily have to be a landing somewhere in the remote taiga — it can be a landing at a given time at a given polygon, but in conditions when search and rescue services (PSS) cannot reach the crew, for example, due to weather conditions.
dc7b4ab4db654703e46a6230f2c0d8fe44a11a82	In this case, the crew members must, firstly, overcome the stress associated with the fact of an emergency landing, secondly, if necessary, provide assistance to the injured crew members and, thirdly, organize interaction with the PSS — identify themselves, establish radio communication, unmask the area.
5055a374bd04695b08123891e22a7c00c43306b3	And, of course, to preserve your life and health, taking into account the condition of the astronauts after the flight (the impact of weightlessness, etc.) and in stressful conditions for at least 48 hours."
5954243706c8e5cba3eaf68754d8ae979658c96f	Stress resistance is generally an absolutely necessary quality for an astronaut.
9a5e8119dc013c16279e274421bb99cf604f9ab3	After all, he must perform complex operator work in conditions of constant stress.
2670b07bf0291f576f67892b2bc8c737895ff14a	Therefore, the psychological training of astronauts is extremely important and special attention is paid to it in the CPC — both individual and team.
d1eeb4678e5e17be375a987a14dc37d1e2a1feb0	The first category includes, in particular, special parachute training.
a19f74c94659684724096bc0142add30bcbc03e8	"Imagine a parachute jump —" says Alexander German.
91c9211c0419a3e4d3cca59cf38c39bfef2e3820	In such a situation, all normal people experience fear, because the body perceives it as a threat to life.
3271981ffcbca0879aace6b5bee25dbeabcefb46	Fear, of course, can be curbed, but for this you need to make several hundred jumps.
d2b01587ffa65d1034482004d05b71d78626cd0a	So, the cosmonaut does not just have to make a jump, but during this time to solve some problem or test and dictate the solution to the dictaphone.
d297f9174fb26f36bd81e93ba4519e668fa1077d	Moreover, not only the correctness of the decision is evaluated, but also the emotional background."
19eb6db86b0d4227186e89ab25bb4b4327ab7536	Another component of psychological training provides for actions as part of a separate group.
d9b511bd1e5690bfa21697f9899fb93b7f5f51b7	During survival training, astronauts operate only with crews (two or three people).
7a59a934b01ef3a569c492285da7ca7991c2311e	On January 25, the ISS 40/41 crew consisting of cosmonaut Maxim Suraev, astronauts Reed Wiseman (USA) and Alexander Gerst (Germany) successfully completed a training session on practicing actions after landing in a wooded swampy area in winter.
87376225fc1fd2f3ee8a69df946314462f016d98	The crew did this in the forest near Moscow for 48 hours.
7bcec77d8f134610e3c61e4176a5cd07aa75f5b7	According to the training plan, the astronauts worked out all the operations necessary for survival in the event of an emergency landing of the lander (SA).
4a2981324ab6ee4fa839a45a1041fdade4e38c04	During this time, the crew performed changing into heat-protective suits inside the CA, worked out actions related to the" construction " of temporary housing, gained experience in providing medical assistance and interacting with search and rescue services.
ad2a9c39b3aacad2747485e5dd1b1d597425db89	In addition, during the winter "survival", cosmonauts and astronauts worked out the skills of interacting with each other in an extreme situation.
0a09cdab1d7600bc8c7be7ba24c270f01d8b6c34	The Russian cosmonaut and his foreign colleagues were helped by the knowledge they acquired during theoretical and practical classes that are held with the crews before training.
7217c2d9b02023b2ad6794256ede25edbd55758c	It is impossible not to note the favorable weather, which contributes to the survival of the crew.
c48557655f4f5ab24aa2d8de3f5c34301f96c728	During the training days, the thermometer did not reach below 20 degrees.
bed9f2a0da97fb34e7029fc0da73e0ab70b4aae3	In addition, in the event of such a landing in the descent vehicle, the astronauts have a wearable emergency reserve (NAZ), which has everything necessary for them to live the first few days on Earth.
8933f12c7c1630a387da49e99cc9a4d479801167	The ISS crew 40/41 "survival" courses are behind us.
ec902fca0803255c4308d03cb677fe1ef83721ca	Having received the practice of isolated life in the forest, the astronauts are ready for the next stage of preparation for space flight.
e9681d78e013871cd176ce831064f06928ac47f7	It is known that it is always more dangerous to return from space than to go into orbit.
3cd637d0b84a91f5f7fe1ff0aebc4e306aea616d	After all, if an accident happens on the International Space Station, the crew will have to leave the station immediately.
6b59a6c59cb43e4522b57b1ccab477238f6ad2a6	And in this case, the landing site of the lander may well be a water surface.
b6165a6ef989a1dad820060c25e980ef27effce4	But if the flood occurs in the waters of the World Ocean, the rescue forces will not immediately detect the astronauts.
037e6492ce0d4e42038c5db9c411a625d0e4747b	For some time, it is quite possible that two or three days, the crew will have to act independently.
55d22b479196254e31a88d27b8800ad66bffc27b	And astronauts should be fully prepared for this.
561d6f1b6dc81aa555dfb80717f4fa2dd42afccc	Therefore, they have to master the method of survival in an emergency situation-when an aircraft falls into the water.
f5723560c58963b38ad82a7fb357d4f2cc211ba6	However, it must be said that for the entire time of conducting manned flights, this happened only once.
80b0e88ad8bfd038387b5e02b13d001aeb378346	In 1976, our cosmonauts Vyacheslav Zudov and Valery Rozhdestvensky landed on a lake in Kazakhstan.
cd4bbb6570a55dfc75ff0d750a0fd1de6b2e3279	They had to spend 11 hours in the descent capsule before rescuers reached them.
c0b9186ed0340960a0c96f3e617b2f26f1b190d3	Test cosmonaut Alexander Misurkin believes that " sea survival is rightly considered one of the most difficult types of training for future astronauts, requiring both huge moral stress and large physical and psychological costs.
c138437db931dcce2a9cb15db889fbaf352bb7ed	This is a super-complex exam for all cosmonauts without exception.
200bc213e50fcc1de394694d5c28eaf029d7043f	But it is necessary to pass such a serious test — it is impossible to fly into space without it."
44ee03a8914fdd7123de55001b5306fd926a517b	When an astronaut, after flying in space for five to six months, returns to Earth, his musculoskeletal mass relaxes.
720e01c1bc0eae66f27605ea77dd3b37a018f7cb	And in case of a splashdown, he must perform very serious physical actions.
cf2dfa4699a479d1269bebee0fce808c06acf79c	This is extremely difficult.
f52e59a0be5090951b76da794d2710a843db47f1	This year, the geography of marine survival has changed: instead of Sevastopol and Abrau Durso, the training center of the Ministry of Emergency Situations near Noginsk is located on the Black Sea.
bdf685c5685a01eb450cb9495158c294cc093a36	The future conquerors of the Universe did not have to fight with the sea waves, but the rest — instructors, equipment and tasks remained the same.
5b73ad609a187200d2bdd208d6ce8f73b139261b	Sea training consists of several stages.
f26edd03fb72b438ec9d210d9b3e6e73b109eb25	The so-called " dry " training, which is carried out on the deck.
7347c745973de4bc26bf90d0de85ab3f4644f5d4	In this case, the capsule is not lowered into the water.
06e599bafd7c30cc57e35b2bc6a17c71fb8eeaff	Anything can happen during the flooding.
b308a081f2a0ea094c59b0e7896dbda8b1856355	For example, the lander will get a hole.
9ef681625e931afc28df62eca5777143df3efd4e	In this case, the crew must urgently leave the capsule directly in spacesuits, without changing clothes.
a152f7a1e1242e63a6b1233a9e82007bf55da0be	And finally, the longest is the most difficult and difficult training.
2577452c077c2916e7a10623bd043a297769a1e5	Before starting the tests, astronauts undergo medical control.
65eabc901cf7d0f8ca8ff4cc4674a6c373c9d5cf	Every morning, doctors conduct a medical examination of the subjects, and psychologists conduct the necessary testing, which reveals the readiness for training and the general mood for work.
998bf0f0994314e80e441b112333efcbe9281506	The tasks set for future space explorers may seem simple only at first glance.
8c4645c3b26fa768257b2cea04b6bbe9c9fdad1d	In fact, astronauts have a hard time: flight suits restrict movement in a tight and hot descent vehicle, the volume of which is only 2-2.5 cubic meters.
4192e96929f071674cc9db1093db586297146e62	The recommended time for which the crew performs changing is one and a half to two hours.
dbcc2e02134db0003bfda38a1aa054a5fd723625	Inside the lander there are three inclined troughs-lodgments — on which the astronauts are either half-lying or half-sitting.
ab2c746aadd7d3a9b8b7eb2dc06183ca38adbf75	In addition, equipment and equipment are located around…
a3d4d1065cbbcb58b6dd0f7dc9b07283df337117	"In this limited space," says Alexander Misurkin, " we need to change clothes, take off our spacesuits and put on a special set of clothes: a wool flight suit, a heat-protective suit that can withstand frost up to minus 60 degrees (astronauts survive in it in the winter in the forest near Moscow. - Yu. A.) and a waterproof "Trout" jumpsuit.
9ce641d8f72783b9d50c71ea12fc1d9a6229d95c	And if you consider that at an air temperature of plus 35 degrees, and water plus 25, the temperature inside the "orange" ball reaches 60 degrees above zero, then it is clear how difficult it is to withstand this.
801a7366f46d1d4ab34aec65e2b6678cf672ba64	During such training, astronauts ' blood pressure rises, their pulse rate increases (up to 170 beats per minute!), and their body temperature reaches 40 degrees.
5715db476c49b054f57f2102dc5962bf47909e24	For one such training, the subjects lose up to 5 kg in weight!
3c845b1d6a8323f706ff0f72b9b37dcd980a5a92	But now the astronauts left the lander.
4fdb83455d90b71d1df51c5ad3dd43b80338a120	Once they are in the water, they need to contact the halyards so that the wave does not scatter the crew members far from each other, establish radio communication, eat and drink (for this they have a portable emergency reserve), and also use special detection tools.
47eec122e0208d15a670f49977e8b8d5a8c88759	In addition, you need to learn how to swim in a bundle towards the shore, if it is located at a distance of up to several kilometers.
784ccee6d3b4cb98dbc10adff93d5752b0997195	Special parachute training of astronauts is a kind of complex simulator for the development of the psychological abilities of astronauts as specialists in a dangerous profession.
e8cf7b58ef34a9e3e647822e52728f40e20a884a	SPPK helps to form the psychological qualities necessary for activity in extreme conditions: emotional and neuropsychic stability, the ability to distribute and switch attention in conditions of time shortage, the ability to overcome difficulties, readiness for work.
238693e8869e5b55c47044aa58dbcdbf00cb721b	The main goal of the SPPC is not only to master the technique of performing a parachute jump for future astronauts, but also to prepare them for reliable work in extreme conditions.
840e769285df0d118eb007315e157bff37990a72	Candidates for cosmonauts must not only master the skill of skydiving, not only perform all its elements for "five points", but also cope with an additional task.
2b94f8220d1c340512b65ec82a40970cfdf59e12	Having received the task, the cosmonaut must redistribute his attention between controlling the parachute and solving the task for the jump.
f5403f1be79367f377e226e1e84c7432aeab29dc	An additional task, according to experienced parachutists, is not very difficult, but it has to be performed in difficult conditions.
c500591e34b1ef2cadc93a7d5a4e44b7d6a1b2b3	All the exercises taken in a complex — both the jump itself and additional tasks-allow you to recreate the state of emotional stress, which is an integral element of the psychological modeling of the cosmonaut's activity.
3b2bdb8704e71cbea6568b87e2adbf660b48bf35	The simulated state and tasks are selected in such a way as to activate the functions that are necessary for the professional activity of an astronaut: attention, memory, spatial orientation, logical thinking.
489a6080c506c3519d646877cb8510b3ee8328bc	The issues of psychological training and assessment of the professional and psychological readiness of cosmonaut candidates and cosmonauts to work in extreme conditions at the SPPC 2011 were dealt with by the group of psychological support for parachute training of cosmonauts consisting of employees of the Department of system research of problems of cosmonaut training of the CPC Irina Bayanovna Solovyova and Svetlana Vasilyevna Andreeva.
7a75f4069bf30ed7a6e78a8a3d5968947c889021	Irina Bayanovna Solovyova-cosmonaut of the first female Cosmonaut Squad, master of parachuting, who performed more than 2,300 jumps, candidate of Psychological Sciences.
184cc795ff4b4287693a803558b5975546d8cee8	Svetlana Vasilyevna Andreeva is a junior researcher of the research department, a psychologist by education.
b04ae4ec38dc9df18c2657b45ed9c4e7c8d9703b	The day of the psychological group begins, as with all participants of the SPPC, very early.
25d950973711cb21624708b9d96f463190c2eab6	At 7 o'clock in the morning, psychologists are already starting to work.
6c3f58337e63f0795486dc8bb53b4afde8c90cc7	Another jump day is ahead.
eb6057ca7bc16ec17e21f99dbb1c7b415b5fa51b	You need to check all the prepared voice recorders and task cards, communicate with the astronauts, assess their readiness for jumping.
e71f514de593a32073d99a6d6fcfce0ee0ab532c	Before the start of the jumps, one of the participants of the psychological support group goes to the landing site to observe the landing of the parachutists, talk with them after completing the task and evaluate their reaction to the next jump.
9fe78a91ef72b411f7d1b0f5779bcfe584f5b2b3	The second participant remains at the start, where the parachutists will return to prepare for a new ascent into the sky and a new jump.
d6a25fdbb1b6c0e8c39229638d95bf38307dc83c	Immediately after performing the jump, cosmonaut candidates and cosmonauts pass dictaphones with reports to psychologists.
69bddd8caad5b074c89f86e66aeaa0f0da279e59	Specialists copy the fresh recording to the computer and return the recorder to the subject.
c8850afcac1cb185a212483a6383c03c1c974a3e	While he performs the jump, his report is carefully listened to and analyzed.
523d15d7f68f556a9d950f2385a85e905f023ceb	At the first audition, the task of psychologists is to assess how the candidate for cosmonauts or cosmonaut coped with the task, how he reacted to the jump, how clearly and in detail he conducted the report.
bf25796955379e1b996333daba4d9bf948c2c70b	By the time all the participants of the SPPC gather to analyze the jumps, psychologists will prepare a report on the results of the next day and recommendations on the content of the tasks for the next day.
838cb489fa6e449f3b08bbce258e4a7c20714420	The SPPC was developed in the 80s, when the Cosmonaut Training Center turned into the Scientific Research Institute of the CPC.
de2ead529eba31a2d77c0bd22c74ff0b3a08bf74	The task of scientific substantiation of special types of training for astronauts was set.
0adb70c94b046bc48b409d9803ca4de18047ddad	Prior to that, all cosmonaut training was focused on the training of pilots, including the task of developing methodological support for parachute training of astronauts to increase its effectiveness.
12337629a44d1f9215ae72231542c04e0355f19c	At that time, our team included several professionals, masters of sports in skydiving-Sergey Alexandrovich Kiselyov, Gennady Mikhailovich Kolesnikov — and at the same time we had good contact with the staff of the Institute of Psychology and the Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine.
aec40499850c8c786065559f96dd09bf5485aaad	With their help, all the provisions and methodological issues of the SPPC were developed and tested.
49a9d6339fd506e8282ded9c1e37e462f52832ac	We consider the SPPC as a section of psychological preparation for activities in extreme conditions, during which not only moral and volitional properties and independence of actions are developed, but also professionally important qualities of astronauts necessary for working under real stress.
b1cce2a9782452c1c8acbbb2cabf70d5d293ed64	These include operational stability, distribution and switching of attention, working in conditions of time shortage, readiness to act in a stressful situation.
40425d844d3a9c6c706e08912ccd17d64a065884	The main methodological approach of conducting special parachute training is the introduction of an additional task at all stages of a parachute jump.
e9ec9f7c9640b6929db278b6a873865238685d06	During the initial training, as an additional task, it is proposed to conduct a report on board, when separating from the aircraft and under the canopy of the parachute until landing.
e5cf054947eb7d83749ef831450f199c094ffa94	The cosmonaut reports on the surrounding situation, his actions, what he sees and where he is going to land.
583d24e5ed219ee316f43c38630a848f95f7bb6b	Then a report on a given topic is introduced.
806ba677fdcb04c88bb3de43fff6d19b527816ea	We give various professional topics, for example, "I am a test cosmonaut", "I am a flight engineer".
1eb0c9c190a6409113de1d200c73f8cab784a1d4	This task reveals the ideas of cosmonaut candidates about their future profession.
2477064549a81fc580b3c1236d812b562ecaf0e8	Each of us in his life dreamed of flying.
c463966d15b93bff14d430227e3c02026cd6fba5	We don't have wings like birds, but it turns out that a person can fly without wings!
733ce812f1056a541bd99a258ef76207e00e32f7	This becomes possible in a state of weightlessness, modeled in terrestrial conditions.
3a506b4c4c1b7679f5e44ef1eb99bf080d27da0d	You have a chance to realize your dream by flying on the IL 76 MDK laboratory aircraft, as cosmonauts do when preparing for work in space.
abc8f2d12c36c5dfde1b7ca73408d4d2a0a4cdf0	In space flight, weightlessness is one of the main specific factors that imposes special requirements on the organization of professional activities of astronauts.
79a1d9b49e2be6d9e161f6e820d065bc343e0238	The conditions of weightlessness reproduced on the laboratory aircraft are the closest to the conditions of a real space flight and allow you to perform most operations in time intervals of a given value – 25-30 seconds.
7905e7fafd538512726f80e400f1d3ddf58226b5	In the period from 1967 to 1979, such flights were carried out on Tu 104A laboratory aircraft.
d4d2ec5d629285d20362e63f4e452cb717de0371	From 1980 to the present, zero-gravity flights have been conducted using IL 76 MDK laboratory aircraft.
71510856c8ed9fe55b67f9a91667394841023cab	Zero-gravity flights are performed along a trajectory called the "Kepler parabola".
1ee623c22da67ca93f2b2144e6f52640feb38cff	Therefore, they are often called "parabolic".
0eed379489c3e8d1308dcef2b24c270ae08ccc0a	The methodology of performing such flights by pilots of laboratory aircraft has been carefully worked out.
773d41fd69eb539c394ecf9336fc81dced5905c9	Parabolic flights are performed as follows.
5e31e77c886c211667c61abb5c937effa3d69f22	In the flight zone, the aircraft flies horizontally at an altitude of six thousand meters.
5ec7cfcc345023f41a2072b7f9f710bd433263cc	Then the plane begins to gain altitude at an angle of 45 degrees with acceleration.
883ad38a1963f1bf133f36e24880f2b7ddb31ebb	In a curved flight, all those present on board are affected by overloads of up to 2g.
5dbe510ad3b7fb7097778e030b6989240a7932e8	This feeling of heaviness does not last long – about 15 seconds until the plane is selected for lifting.
9350ba3be942119288c840578503d6167360a922	At an altitude of nine thousand meters, the pilot almost completely removes the thrust of the engines, and the plane continues to fly by inertia.
1c1d622dce2837bd23d539e3b0ec61580ff6306c	As soon as the force of inertia, opposite in the direction of the gravitational force, becomes equal to it in magnitude, then the gravity inside the cabin of the laboratory aircraft becomes zero.
726a46e0bde8415eac99d468703243cf556b5235	Therefore, the weight of people and equipment inside the aircraft is zero, and they are in a state of weightlessness.
6fe0f11e5d43bd31e2271e03438f10d532fe937d	This happens at the upper point of the Kepler parabola.
9e134a9ef041d9f87f21864dbbaf2b53fcf9ac1e	Then the pilot gives the steering wheel away from himself, and the plane begins a sharp decline at the minimum thrust of the engines.
7d92b311598ce66324e674596d5fb5f6bf88635e	The descent occurs at the same angle as the climb.
3367c94252b1c7cc2ed623a0abde7d11e7be12fb	Weightlessness can last 22-28 seconds, depending on the flight conditions.
23739209c7ab433b62a6ec0ccd3c9ba46e47a30b	After this period of time, the crew maximizes the thrust of the engines and puts the car into horizontal flight at an altitude of six thousand meters.
d6364a54acb78d9692ee425490ddbc339d704c6c	The idea of using water to simulate weightlessness during spacewalk training came to the specialists of the Cosmonaut Training Center after the first manned space flights.
108ce67af9e0559597144a9b8f4aaa85675194d2	And on September 20, 1966, an author's certificate for the invention was registered under the name "A set of means for training astronauts in hydrogravity conditions".
c29795fae91e7450642e0f02954ebbd14ccebcfa	But the construction of the hydrolaboratory was still far away, and for some time this idea remained only on paper.
3dc77f3e437b0ffa8447307faac480d7dece92de	The hydrolaboratory began to function normally only on February 23, 1980, when the tank was completely filled with water.
53e9a828e1d356323fd5eae6b1a7f317876ec060	To date, the hydrolaboratory is a complex hydraulic engineering structure of several floors.
ed13167f3980cc2ee3cc8e85b52ab284f0445232	It includes a large number of technological systems and equipment, various objective control equipment, as well as specialized service communication systems, television, video recording, lighting, automated information processing, air and oxygen supply, lifting mechanisms, electrical equipment.
d39c4273607db3cce66f9e4b41ddaa7384179e34	Specialists maintain a constant chemical composition of water, its transparency and temperature-about 30 degrees Celsius.
bd3833e7091d0c847daf557f57e3573763d0a064	Depending on the tasks of entering the platform, real samples of Russian ISS modules are installed, as well as American and European equipment that is involved in the course of extravehicular activities.
5d4195dee5e4e6d0e0653cc3628fa204cfaccdef	Emergency situations in the hydro space There is a practical emergency situation that is currently occurring.
0f4c9dfbcaf3453be3e12b79bff445b61ee341a7	For the full functioning of the site, JavaScript must be enabled.
0fd8dcecd3d8b8faaef7b9bcec15f7936042e9e6	Popular Mechanics
ead533685e262eab09b5c9013bee5d4c120fcd26	Weapon
677c1bfa3a036c74b82ee72bdbebee78a5efbb71	still
83e91b0a9406bdc44c42488b96c64ec460620299	Technoshow
be46f2ffbe68f7cc3624d69a534dd32dd0294a6d	Robots
6735389b908a70b8b525b0f976fc0bf3adf97e4c	Energy industry
da33e1b7e0c4eae1911ee4a15280f0990e1a6115	Construction
24d8169206de9f3c11394990e8c4d93675f1465f	Survive 48 Hours: Training
4e1f94492e10bad934645fe4e3f69e5a4b319b8d	"Popular Mechanics" visited the cosmonauts ' survival training in the winter forest of the Star City
205212ba70bd53dcebaab283220a9e199bfca818	Dmitry Mamontov
a3d9d478ca49cfc4b21dfed432fce9b9365c7f92	21.02.2011 19:22:00
666fce4729bf0374768d47a03b49907a1c2509ff	44602
c2e4a03590d82f3ccfaa58a0335a4afbf577bb4c	Space for changing clothes In the space inside the lander can compete with another small sized cabinet.
4911278f20ee5bd156f6b8c0ec6d1801497e27f7	But the first point of survival training is changing the crew members from flight suits into warm clothes (and in the case of training at sea — into warm clothes and wetsuits) even before leaving the SA
f0af468bd6029720b09041821dbba488fa32cf48	Cosmonauts and astronauts
154bb8ac92080e47e7336aa043796f2dd1ef851b	The last stage of the training: medical assistance and transfer to the meeting place of the PSS
b4f825d2ae59c124acd7981d678255b4772747dc	Lying on its side in the deep snow, the lander resembled the egg of some giant exotic bird half orange, half green.
d3c0447a8b70e51602d154952efb7b4373578942	The silence of the snow covered forest near Moscow was broken only by some rustling inside.
c3ba15975986ce1cfcaff188a9bca2b440c41376	For fifteen minutes nothing happened, and I almost missed the moment when the hatch opened in the orange "shell" and the pilot cosmonaut Gennady Padalka slipped out in a blue jumpsuit and a cap of the same color.
ba8862c46c304961f946708c515e3943dea9e51c	Like an empty peel, he pulled out the flight suit and put it aside.
58acee1c8e6aeea6688adecfe45ca9ffa8fd9063	NASA astronaut Joseph Acaba appeared from the hatch.
9452a5bb1278ec1be3e9062e754abdfc93daf9e2	"Second serve?"
ea6729e67dec4d5a3d8ba5c01d464f051d536b79	— they asked from inside.
ad18c250e0e785bde5a14c1d7c98dfb74cb41b05	"Not yet.
08d063941f540254fed2cade209d29fe510db261	I had no time to flash a perplexed thought about lunch, as cylindrical bundles tightly pulled by a cord flew onto the white nylon of the parachute lying next to the descent vehicle.
07b31529343104d794022af26dbb8ec5715aaab5	The last crew member, cosmonaut candidate Alexey Khomenchuk, got out after them.
d1e1ae322f8a3a7e44ae1916a32504497172ad7e	Having unlaced the "sausages", the astronauts took out warm clothes from them and changed their clothes without haste.
be3cfc63d930d57012b4f0f1bfa129f370feaf02	In the forest of the Star City, another autonomous complex survival training has begun in case of landing in a wooded swampy area in winter.
5f70b9642c5fd2d79814d663a01fe8b1c389b5ee	The story of survival
e0a05397da683cced8024624fd20cf794933fb71	The need for a survival course for cosmonauts became obvious in 1965, after the flight of the Voskhod 2 crew Pavel Belyaev and Alexey Leonov.
8f04be56b2b1526d7864d5f6c55455b09094b91a	And also the fact that it was accompanied by a lot of emergency situations, which, fortunately, did not lead to a tragedy.
fe48bc5feb1487b02a6df1b9ac10985780afdf98	Snow, sand and water
0daaed4a733edcb5c55bb6b9a53d2e6c129ce623	In order for astronauts to survive until the arrival of the PSS, survival training is necessary in a wide range of climatic conditions: in a wooded swampy area in winter, in the desert in summer and at sea (simulated flooding).
08eafa4ff9ba2108c5f7a7aebb48b81499390e54	Moreover, in order not to lose their survival skills, each cosmonaut must undergo "winter" and "sea" training once every five years, but once is enough to get survival skills in the desert.
d1adfc154db58bb392d481c10c93df35811c7763	Flooding is practiced on the Black Sea or on lakes, and desert conditions are on Baikonur, in summer the temperature there reaches +40°C, and in the sun it reaches +50.
a922700c79aafce14ade21b35c16dafe09644c58	"From the point of view of physiology, training in the desert is difficult, because the water supply is limited," explains Alexander German.
b072727ddf6852fbfed8c3be121df27938cb7303	— But from the point of view of operator activity, they are relatively simple.
1a7d4c342aa3432fc16ed3347c6ef34827db9b83	Even with a very strong frost, for minus 40, you can actively fight move, build shelters, collect fuel, light fires.
f43127526ee4556f02cc73becdd4d18f18113f79	But it is impossible to fight the heat in the desert, the only way to minimize moisture loss is complete inaction.
cffd4b7af4e1164637f6f861f28ec8b27093ec68	Complete means complete, even no talking, you just need to build a shelter out of parachute nylon... and then lie in it until the PSS appears.
c68a2944cb052c3b1665613b09f08fe7ab27af4a	But the skills of actions in the winter in the forest and on the water, especially inside the CA, should be periodically refreshed."
218352e0e034dcad35c15f5aa980e8b4c899c439	Forest in winter
df8087ed65157dfb6ce220d597fac4118366295d	Training in the conditions of the winter forest lasts two days.
6888027c3ef548605a76b165bebe6e585a882d0c	As pilot cosmonaut Gennady Padalka told "PM", for whom this winter survival training is already the fourth in a row, previously such events were held in much more severe conditions — for example, in Vorkuta or Tiksi, where the thermometer dropped below -40°C, and taking into account the wind speed of 10-15 m/s, the reduced temperature was about -50°C.
4dd8e45a78c91e03313a5a9a968c5bd1c4b50a73	"In fact, there is no need for such harsh conditions.
3c6bc54ac64c536b98693e5bb33b4d9fb55d15a6	Based on the inclination of the orbit, we do not rise above 51 degrees north or south latitude, although, of course, in Transbaikalia or the Far East, conditions can be very severe.
d8358e764e8a81791a8a85935f9007d11b729c70	But there is no fundamental difference, say, between -10 and -30°C, since the training lasts only two days.
342b3201a63358a6ff598a40d18ba64b19420ac3	And the purpose of such training is not so much survival in harsh conditions, as working out psychological interaction in a team."
5817da8d77c3b39d99d9663e98c3ab105e742229	Despite the fact that winter training is now being held in the Moscow region near the Star City, they nevertheless, according to Alexander German, well simulate the conditions of a real emergency landing: "For two days, astronauts must perform a certain cyclogram: change into TKK (heat — protective suits) inside the lander, find a place for a camp, unmask the area, build several types of shelters a single pitched and double pitched hut or wigwam, spend the night in them, collect a lot of firewood to warm themselves during all this time.
b4d3cceda89407864efdcd5bd452fcd1a7d22b7a	In addition, introductory courses on interaction with PSS, providing medical assistance to a victim of hypothermia or injuries are being worked out.
c0084a0d9f68f3d0a73f4d2cb8469f2b6b0ee42c	And everything will end with a pedestrian crossing through the forest, while it is assumed that one of the crew members cannot move independently — the other two will have to carry him."
e5f58e1d671d463121c51de493d9cfa491cbed2e	Survival Course
3d19b27d9453cce18f4658d99a74f0084960f40c	The training, of course, is the final part of the course on actions in extreme conditions, during which astronauts study various medical aspects, survival tactics, psychology, and also get acquainted with the composition of the NAZ.
cdd196a1d9a351a96236e9b5e2a29d3f5f504e44	The course also includes training on dressing astronauts inside the lander (and this, given the extremely limited internal space, is extremely difficult) and practical exercises in the forest (orientation, making a fire, etc.) or in the desert (building shelters and making protective clothing from parachute fabric).
aa5754d2be4f7243c7cb0ebe9b4b3eb68389b55f	The whole course, according to the instructors, lasts four days — two of them include theoretical and practical classes, one day in the forest and a two hour training on changing clothes in the descent vehicle.
de5d6755f43505d3b1d99f7836360ef240b011ff	An important task of training, according to the instructors and the astronauts themselves, is not only to obtain real survival skills with a minimum set of tools, but also psychological preparation - the acquisition of self confidence.
8b5ca77e4a7555aa0382fb1917c48d20d206cb6e	"Many people at first simply do not believe," says Alexander German, " that they will be able to survive in such conditions and with such a meager set of things as NAZ.
d70544173f1ea0875ac3269fe4d5b963e2b81739	But we also teach how you can do without even these things — for example, how to build a shelter if a parachute is stuck in the canopy of trees, or how to live without a knife and a machete.
3bf9e1a482fd1c8ef6430f7e746f54c713737538	The basic skills that are given in this course — to light a fire in the pouring rain, not to get lost in the forest, to keep warm in the cold are quite useful.
fc0881eeae47249ffa5c2b34106d88f3da0668d8	But all the same, when we finish the training course, we wish the astronauts that these skills will never be useful to them."
8bbe86b1e626fdd4ead9cf6b2dd5b0c8c98c020f	I carry everything with me
1f25a845b725e620a5fa4ae5b3c586b8e7bd712f	A wearable emergency reserve is a set of things that help the crew to fight for survival in an emergency landing.
65199638e80f0b54b252b56792b6f5871ebbe48e	According to the instructors, with the proper use of NAZ, the crew is guaranteed survival (without pathological changes in the body) for three days at a temperature from -50 to +500C.
c13836b148623b9df1ab1d9f75cb8c8ee8c7e91a	The only exception is the desert: the water supply in the NAZ is limited to 6 liters, and in this case the period of guaranteed survival is 48 hours.
4ebcd1ea340a0940bcb12b27caaf40e0f5e5446a	The set of NAZ consists of several blocks.
667b7b67bf51796a8627a1bacc98017c1e819459	The first unit consists of 6 liters of water, the second includes freeze dried food with a long shelf life (about 5000 kcal for each crew member), dry fuel, wire saws, needles and thread, fishing gear, wind resistant matches, as well as a first aid kit, water disinfection products, a medical cape.
5bfb2fc2d802f236e2899d0c00f8cd11f5904c16	The third unit is a knife, a machete, a whetstone, a compass, light signaling means
61bd6e11678aa169a6ec4a8fb0110f23c12773ed	(a lantern, an aviation mirror, two PSND (a night/day signal cartridge) of orange smoke or fire, a PRB 2 rocket launched to a height of up to 300 m and burning for at least a minute, a mortar with 20 signal cartridges with stars fired to a height of up to 50 m), as well as an emergency radio station with a range of about 15 km with three sets of batteries.
fe3d7565854ea398790845484e7f1492d8ed561b	The third block is equipped with a raft that keeps it afloat when it is driven.
10e670eef5b2d52c9aa8cbdc40412a55739e97d9	In addition to the three mentioned blocks, the NAZ includes styling with warm clothing, which includes heat protective suits (TKK) with synthetic insulation, consisting of a jumpsuit, as well as a warm jacket with sewn mittens and soft boots (shoe covers), as well as gloves, hats, headsets, fur (unties) and wool socks.
9158087f9dd630d8a4e6f5c5f7db11fa0b2204b4	Warm clothes are packed in compact bundles — "sausages", since there is very little space in the descent vehicle (SA).
1b0f1154256af457d2c6ffef1fbd9b27ca92b8f9	Regular flight wool suits are also used as warm clothing.
8616dfd3d7597a9632715d11e191e77e97fef864	The article was published in the journal "Popular Mechanics "(No. 101, March 2011).
9ad4c2c395528212ffe2dcdfe609ab4b5ff0e011	5 comments
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62fc28cfb627747223d925e3cb165b4ea1db4d86	Home Pageexcellent flights on airplanes Flying in zero gravity
c43c3edbc125a11283e9e3c41d0612e7de30df29	Flying in zero gravity
510743fbf7e6da00d3d4c37a2afd454e300ea6aa	We donot have wings like birds, but it turns out that a person can fly without wings!
32c85ceb8633b47720475aed5260244eafd37df5	From 1980 to the present, zero gravity flights have been conducted using IL 76 MDK laboratory aircraft.
e32cf5b69c5104f8ccb581894cfeab2ae0da4493	Zero gravity flights are performed along a trajectory called the "Kepler parabola".
14a463932cdbeb6664c603841b96adb8939dd375	During one flight, from 10 to 20 such modes can be performed with an average duration of 25 seconds each.
b733040fec8417088bef5b967b29e15816ba76b3	The duration of the zero gravity flight is 1.5-2 hours.
5a0efcfb57d76870bd93999a4f71c702c03d99ef	Tour program
e9e2b6f0c1bd86018b1b64365c8ca091321abaf8	The zero gravity flight program is designed for two days.
ddf748bbc17e257c394260f41e5ca8af30955908	Day 1 * Meeting at the central checkpoint of the Star City;
ff3bc9dc66e2182d0bac1fce79514129cbbdbecf	* Medical examination at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center.
4872d8fefb3cb1a288d0a81dcaa7953a2a46a231	You will be examined by a therapist and an ENT.
3ecd814ad4bc622f9cd0cfabff8ee3633ac63827	* Briefing.
e47bf65808bd90d848ec95479f2290b0c7bc6225	Study of the peculiarities of carrying out a given work program, taking into account the impact of overload factors, weightlessness from the point of view of ensuring safety measures.
4fa8ba67b67e620e872a8d70e7af60eb384c6c22	The effect of weightlessness on the human body, clinical manifestations and preventive measures.
a7cf82e6d21e923d22e81460fd6026462f3156ff	Viewing a training video
49e7de6bfaa1c1a739942e8d6c2085b47cb34729	Day 2
e565ae193affe8ed9bd9f92f36df018ddeab0a35	* Meeting at the Central checkpoint of the Star City
7171053f4795436f731bc094f98c6c6f8dca2665	* Departure to the Chkalovsky airfield
0892dc29588ce6fb484db744417519b393c8a28c	* Pre flight training on board the IL 76 MDK
db1de345e3cbeee3b4977fbdf01f363903f58f16	(checking the readiness of the aircraft and the test team to perform the flight, the task for the flight is specified, the parachutes of each flight participant are checked and adjusted, the actions of the flight participants are reported in case of emergency situations during the flight.
6d57176856a4cbba2f26fa0f3446cb6241ae6e98	Pre flight medical examination)
67bed7b2c8195a0aaa007edb0e33d5ccd6792e95	* Flight (duration 1.5-2 hours, 10 modes)
d683b2a411291f5033967475c341b03cc580cca2	* Landing, presentation of commemorative certificates on the completion of a zero gravity flight.
861fd755ddd0ea9228dae836dc3f9dce6fbf5c07	* Transfer to the Central checkpoint of the Star City
2db87a01c43684c03b3a0460cc4e4040f2861a88	Decoration
3e43d063c1c068aafecef350fe283b830e0ab002	The order of registration
f661a988fe74a5321bca583dbff3f966e04298b7	1. Applications for the program are accepted at least 10 days before the flight day.
281ad400fb2b8a9f365ac3fa1ef9d2c4e7d93f30	It is necessary to provide the passport data of all participants of the program.
edf01d2a4a9d3b493f3c4cdddb535543f3f327a2	2. Flights are carried out only on weekdays.
81991688382d6a6a612804ceeb2af1b4430a3768	3.Persons who have reached the age of 18 can participate in the flight.
e6f503986533a6b2010b67ef3c964e4aa765e0c3	4. The participants of the flight must undergo a medical examination at the Cosmonaut Training Center on the day preceding the flight.
831bc07e7149940c9c08d6bb1fd80e83ce92d7d0	According to the results of the medical examination, participants are allowed to fly for medical reasons.
1d713bfbd812d914d19006c0d13a076fa791d9f5	5. Before performing the flight, all its participants are required to sign an Agreement on exemption from liability.
9a4d471a45d1ad6eddb4541ea73c4881a878926b	The cost of the flight
833352bb696a686ab26d65c1e26d99b7043055d4	The cost of a zero gravity flight as part of a team group is 180,000 rubles, the purchase of an entire board for a group of up to 14 people is 225,000 rubles.
959d8d9c5ce7bf645072acfd2cdd648a650d2985	The price includes registration of permits and permits, medical examination, presentation of the certificate of the Cosmonaut Training Center on performing a zero gravity flight, transfer, a zero gravity flight.
ef790455584d04c704dbc5b0cfef956173120ca6	Order a tour or ask a question If you have any questions related to this tour — we are happy to answer them by mail.
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1996a275c55ac81d44723e384a4a2910bd23cdc5	Subscribe to our newsletter.
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67830042d93876e2d40c5b16c5791aba12f28afe	Information about the tour
07da8283a1ba86efebc0c081c195730fc64cdeff	Flying by plane
842b7b5d71896a41ecd92997ec80b1df5243c81e	Dates
10052a99ae753aa792bc1a6bf0785876f34b574c	All year round
56209519ee8424bb49e80f68b19255a9aa057689	Number of seats: 14
329a327c96a02107ec891965e76a11db3511ded6	180,000 rubles
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285a59f93253948b82a10f1f03748be64ac122d7	Thorns and stars
c2040122230f2050a23a0113b6b7e7ee522bfaec	Yulia Andreeva
34b935741804c5e6f0110f324f477f6585e38c65	October 19, 2011 0
a96af795a43e3fdb2373dd565f49652df38fb8f5	Thorns and Stars Yulia Andreeva October 19, 2011 Number 42 (935) The past summer for Russian cosmonauts and cosmonaut candidates was full of various trainings.
3500e9d9321bc61e3dbe3ce913de841652d0ad82	Our story is about what future conquerors of the Universe need to do before flying to the stars.
73b94a177310cdfc07e325c1145b5d5508d313cb	UNDER THE DOME OF THE PARACHUTE, for almost a month this summer, not quite ordinary parachutists — future cosmonauts stayed in the sky over Tatarstan.
84123db17e3d70f2e56dfb4cd990dc12877a6f24	The aeroclub "Menzelinsk" is used as a training ground by parachutists of the Russian national skydiving teams.
1b9a8249adba4b80fd4f249b5c85ccdc933840a2	We decided to find out why, before flying to the stars, future conquerors of the Universe need to jump with a parachute.
4fd211b7a929b008f93644406a0456932e27f3fd	Most tests and training on Earth are not able to simulate one of the main factors of space flight — a stressful situation that forces an astronaut to be constantly alert and ready for emergency actions.
17cba6960a18fd7dc81b34af00995921b477c189	The latter can be achieved to some extent in the process of performing parachute jumps by an astronaut.
b452ac496850b8be523a8e5b4147fbbaab3e7258	How to prepare for such work and to keep a clear understanding of what is happening, being in the far reaches of space, how not to get lost, not to lose self control?
bbfd14439a9eb11cd4d7f9a25eaf97d28b9bc10a	To solve such problems, and was developed in the late 1970's — early 1980 s. the method of special parachute training of the astronauts, which is still successfully used to prepare future explorers of the Universe.
1910c87243bdecf3bf3a498d9303041e437a0f46	"In order for a person to act clearly and coolly under stress, it is necessary to prepare his psyche," says Lieutenant Colonel Alexey Khomenchuk, a candidate for cosmonauts.
bcc79bc91325ba77b2e6dfc447700a8bb6ba3c45	— All this is worked out during a free fall, which lasts about 60 seconds, during which the candidate for cosmonauts solves the tasks assigned to him, for example, logical or mathematical, while everything that he thinks and does, he must pronounce into a dictaphone.
494f158c119b66c2e9fb927308f8cf39890c3abc	This report is then analyzed by psychologists and instructors, determining how resistant a person is to a particular stressful situation."
07ebadda98d24f4b6fd832e6f371ebf150c336b7	Alex, perhaps the most experienced skydiver not only in your kit, but among all astronauts — in fact, at the time of joining the cosmonaut corps, his account was 3939 jumps!
23a354c851e4fe4810f1b90f6e187ae5bc675ad4	"Before enrolling in the squad I was an instructor of parachute training, says Alex, so at this stage it is easier for me than other guys.
d05c27df5caf84f6f79257572a66d1ace7b6357c	I have done all this more than once.
facf10bd38432b7e408e0c16f1b54de66d94e509	Now only the status has changed.
48d0c04b87f94c812755eedc1d416f9d032aad1e	" Alexey worked in a group of instructors and was an instructor for the cosmonaut candidate Denis Matveev.
0a98a071b95e5e861e37eaadfb64d15795f0feb5	Usually parachutists jump in a group, which includes an astronaut and an instructor (he is also in most cases a videographer).
e227fe3e38c13159f732c8b49f8f34e5c20704c2	The cosmonaut's equipment consists of a parachute, a protective helmet with an attached altitude indicator, an altimeter and a voice recorder.
8bd71468463dac0e226a52a25a522651b585ef3b	The procedure: I received a task, jumped with a parachute, solved a problem in the air it may seem simple only at first glance and only to an ignorant person.
1dc68dc1c8939842ff2d15b9249996366e2cc5a0	First you need to master the technique of jumping.
df898ebcb5b7475501825823c05a7b6747992503	And only then do the cosmonaut candidates begin to solve problems in the air.
3138fb3e877a5b3a171fbc6ab503f3b6d7eb5519	Before the test, each of them receives his task on a card that is attached to his hand and covered with paper.
a1160508d9bd47ac82398a5225d07c759d4d3d65	He can tear off the leaf and look at it only after he leaves the plane.
85c40ceead07dbdd11b27430bf755cbfb340cec2	During a certain time before the parachute opens, in the free fall mode, and then under the parachute dome, the future cosmonaut must solve the tasks set in the "ticket".
e2dea7463001012da0258623a2a81e41351a6723	Comments that are recorded on a dictaphone are then analyzed by psychologists.
419eff023fb9f8c3e85554b6a188a861e09bf136	In addition, an operator flying nearby takes a video camera of the cosmonaut's pose and behavior, and these recordings are also analyzed by specialists on the ground.
d43aca32cc8c8c3ec761134e7b237c2ecc35604b	By the way, this year special parachute training was preceded by flights in a wind tunnel.
8950a779499f86d8c5378aa831c9f877efc56388	The advantages of such flights are evaluated by the deputy head of the Department for special types of training of cosmonauts and specialists of the Yuri Gagarin Central Research Center, Hero of Russia V.
403cfd71a81058aeba28215e697c5df412d5dc2b	A. Ren: "It is advisable that before special parachute training, the total time spent in the wind tunnel is at least 30 minutes for each cosmonaut.
941dc13a8e5c367796d37a92a57e890bfc970854	This is adequate for more than 30 parachute jumps."
7be4adfcfd610ba2773ee13ca27b06ef1ee8c8f1	The working day at the training camp begins early in the morning with a medical examination and a psychological examination.
7576f6a83ce79c52aac344918afe080d671e8c23	After breakfast pre jump instructions and from 9.
8eb69517711ca1b6f18ff737b87db9fb069234a9	00 jumps, jumps, jumps...
0d64503600954ad9afa3076d77f791afca2eb0ec	In the afternoon lunch, analysis of jumps, setting the task for tomorrow and preparing for the upcoming shift, readiness control.
65d3903af5d6426e636588f3bc55989a974a6546	In the evening dinner.
8678d85f823cb66bad0d95066c9509c09a63bbf6	And so every day.
251d503c3e67fd814f1380be0804d01ef6db62a2	There is only one day off — Sunday.
290933f775729bf40f1b22ed42cfcfec0822bbae	During all this time, each cosmonaut makes 45 parachute jumps.
8bbf7837b63c9ec3dc97f57bff740b35c764b144	Of course, the tasks that are given to the guys are not directly related to the future space flight.
f4063c976d9949aa6b6e08d8447f90436ec2a370	They help to learn how to make the right decision in a short time under real stress.
08da7e9861e05c4748e5ff50a7468474fe113637	While still on the plane, the cosmonaut tells the date, surname, number of the jump, the height of the departure and the task that is given for the jump, describes the state of readiness for the jump on the dictaphone.
a0511d94421cec127949f17160e178a4062c80d7	The future cosmonaut also comments on his actions in the air in detail aloud, recording on a dictaphone.
a23b5eaa20d7b18cad141d4baf50f63ddf6605f7	At the same time, he also controls the height and conditions of the parachute jump.
1bd019f4c492491d5c5599ccc287e9d3043be408	But that's not all.
5530b7e4d17ee8c51c70137616e5c953b98e5953	During free fall, you have to solve logical and mathematical problems.
506761ed1cf0431f0f29f9aac2df6e56289186e4	For example, a task called "arranging numbers".
b6b50e97d66029b49fa6611ae0570156883a4093	The card shows a table with numbers arranged in random order.
b945de1bd132db8871cb0ff723e9075aeb203e0a	And the future cosmonaut will have to list them in ascending order.
e0d345486d18768fae82e0cfa1cb2b8ec6738d2a	According to how accurately and quickly the candidate solves the proposed tasks, the degree of his psychological training is determined.
475f7ec3efea5cbd7cac6a856c4e9249e7f14c02	If he famously copes with them, as they say, clicks tasks like nuts, then he is offered other tests.
b6100a3731464c093ac6fe8f8ac7018ee6d56a13	For example, those in which you need to describe in detail your emotions during a free fall.
7a0d7b69d56fa8c720271cc53ba861fbd5f0722d	And the psychological group then evaluates the vocabulary, sentence construction, verbosity and other parameters and draws conclusions.
1258e367e13766e7a95195dbeae4c07570e53d38	Special exercises developed by domestic specialists for the training of astronauts allow you to train types of complex combined activities.
4f3d1671092bab136880cd16400efc7d15f806e8	They say that after a month of such training, cosmonaut candidates not only have a reaction accelerated by one and a half times, but the body also copes with stress three times faster.
49a6d0706cf268cd242d430c7e8c7f54148ef28a	"About 30% of human psychology is occupied by conscious active activity, and the remaining 70% is stress and fear," says V.
8887d4f3dabd4fc18ad00b65fdc6cc8a4b68904d	A. Ren.
b80b1e3be3e6d8c937a5ed5fc449ccf8129cc2dc	— So, after special parachute training, they change places.
a00a3bd8161f73bdeef6c23f719b92e79e9e1b65	And the probability of preventing an emergency or eliminating it significantly increases."
c3ab6f0e788207ebd0d2fc9b4baccaf95c2eda90	SURVIVE AT SEA It is known that it is always more dangerous to return from space than to go into orbit.
b8eca6ed9cb4b4648f2352cf93610f9bf0531c5e	Therefore, they have to master the method of survival in an emergency situation when an aircraft falls into the water.
8de0b4b31f01fc9fc8d2d8b42d0775f47ae5d420	This is a super complex exam for all cosmonauts without exception.
9c1660457cdaa7279d0c8a30cb514ec0f41d3ed4	The so called " dry " training, which is carried out on the deck.
ae1a3855f3085b51156fc77d5c32ded6d8c7ac92	Inside the lander there are three inclined troughs lodgments — on which the astronauts are either half lying or half sitting.
79b24e85c93f347a19b738e32831563e3af4c669	In addition, equipment and equipment are located around… "In this limited space," says Alexander Misurkin, " we need to change clothes, take off our spacesuits and put on a special set of clothes: a wool flight suit, a heat protective suit that can withstand frost up to minus 60 degrees (astronauts survive in it in the winter in the forest near Moscow. - Yu. A.) and a waterproof "Trout" jumpsuit.
a70d7b6a098d2e520f0d6450ba695cbd8b962f87	Alexander Misurkin is sure that " this training helps to develop self confidence and gives real skills to work in an extreme situation.
2ee0846a5a6bc3b4878e6188765c33f96be48aa2	Clear and well coordinated work of the crew, interaction, a good psychological climate, the absence of panic — that's what our instructors teach us — and everything will turn out great."
775a5a1e909eb7f14701101631b8258f47b0fae5	Controversy
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1ce621c39155eb0bb89b4b4773cb118193570206	× Log in
deb86cad8e739ff48de7e2bcf686e916c89c6834	× Thorns and stars
33d62768e059d98097aa4aabf5e2177309a1206c	SPPC 2011.
d3fea10141b8a5f76cdbe9116d221fac5d3ea339	Psychological training of astronauts
4fd3dc00dfeb5f85e59741fd4df44e71b7e163b3	| Preparation
6a97dffde224b1ba94c3428dd02df4f5ee233538	August 17, 2011
6a3cf648d732f1589669b06eda7da111b23d20e5	We continue the story about those who prepare astronauts for flight.
06ba28fb9238b64ec643be697090ee83c9b0843f	The profession of an astronaut is complex, but extremely interesting.
5fbe9f6a084ed96f91f77365e68a4968e491e280	Hundreds of people help every cosmonaut to master it.
528e0a194e307cf2c37f6b2b9e59076b0d6690f0	Specialists of the Cosmonaut Training Center accompany cosmonaut candidates and cosmonauts throughout their professional career.
d5194ea6ab89e1501c2d4c292c7862d3fd23c580	They are always there: on the ground – in the gyms, training rooms, on a variety of "survival"; in the water - in the hydrolaboratory and in training for actions after landing; in the air - in "zero gravity" flights, during flight and special parachute training (SPPC).
d0e96eaa5ba0db30a44dc402c40eaccf0effd8f5	This summer, a group of candidates for cosmonauts of the 2010 set, for whom the space career is still at the very beginning, successfully passed the stage of the SPPC.
4af0f20b98b240dcc54474fbf8b204fe9176ccf6	More than 30 employees of the CPC and related organizations provided training and supervised the professional development of cosmonaut candidates.
7b7653f1fb77e8ab617dd68ca82cb359714e881c	Special attention was paid to psychological training.
792685b204fcd8f6db40bfe509e6b6e8a0f7399b	All the exercises taken in a complex — both the jump itself and additional tasks allow you to recreate the state of emotional stress, which is an integral element of the psychological modeling of the cosmonaut's activity.
cb0e91305a49bcb279f5a5b88840e8e849da8fe2	Irina Bayanovna Solovyova cosmonaut of the first female Cosmonaut Squad, master of parachuting, who performed more than 2,300 jumps, candidate of Psychological Sciences.
0653d0c3449f5e0215d842f00430e6bfcc3d7176	We asked I. B. Solovyova and S. V. Andreeva to tell us more about the work of the psychological support group of the SPPC.
f0d5e11cac1512d8205dbfa9a608b0be40dbe67a	- Irina Bayanovna, how did the special parachute training of cosmonauts begin?
79d1e03b597fc6f841c84cd9a403bc45022f8181	— The SPPC was developed in the 80s, when the Cosmonaut Training Center turned into the Scientific Research Institute of the CPC.
ae9db51394ce89fe11495b3959b99ddc5d914e18	The task of scientific substantiation of special types of training for astronauts was set. Prior to that, all cosmonaut training was focused on the training of pilots, including the task of developing methodological support for parachute training of astronauts to increase its effectiveness.
e334b2a879f8a12df00cb94d612aac5a0093ddd8	At that time, our team included several professionals, masters of sports in skydiving Sergey Alexandrovich Kiselyov, Gennady Mikhailovich Kolesnikov — and at the same time we had good contact with the staff of the Institute of Psychology and the Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine.
6f09fcc174065909e19816b66de46b13a47f3a1c	— Please tell us about the special parachute training of cosmonauts in 2011.
30f10db88155a71f5371c51c67e31473767d34d4	— We consider the SPPC as a section of psychological preparation for activities in extreme conditions, during which not only moral and volitional properties and independence of actions are developed, but also professionally important qualities of astronauts necessary for working under real stress.
c6da35da16bfd96f8d9938a981f399751bd2bcaa	The next stage of complication is the reportage in free fall.
ef7111bc0d6007d2ef0212189073691cf312ea62	As astronauts learn to fall steadily, to control their actions in free fall, they also conduct a report.
4154aa5ecca673ab92959e09c31b25d1d1905817	Next, a task is given for free fall — in the form of solving "cards".
de540eb06ca798fa3b32a2cd79d7b2ce2f4648ea	These are simplified psychological tests or logical tasks.
7e46bf74067914ad5f79561663e24607116ca37e	Adapted psychological techniques are used for the work, for example, a "black and red table" (that is, a set of numbers that need to be arranged in ascending (red) and descending (black) order) and the "scale" technique is a task in which the parachutist needs to determine the price of division on the depicted dials or scales and find the sum of 3 readings.
0a8804d4981e43e8a758899f44b8a54dea09da3d	When we were developing this stage of preparation, we encountered a problem: how to present the parachutist with the initial, initial information for solving the problem and how to get the result of his work.
2503e8816388f6fc5c2211b1b3c3ca95a0d5eb46	As a result, a method was developed for presenting data on "cards" that are opened at the department.
12bf55d5eeac727a390c088c4cfa8fd005751ba8	In free fall, the cosmonaut must solve the problem and "talk" the solution to the dictaphone, while it is necessary to track the current height of the fall and ensure the opening of the parachute at a safe height.
6d7a1acd283d2b9946b558d2a41e882266a40c42	After the disclosure, he analyzes his actions in free fall.
80975564026c1054a928e5e29093cdedbf2bcc25	Then — as they taught: to report on the surrounding situation, build a calculation of the approach to the target and ensure a safe landing.
d58fd759befc56b6b7bdc5c8640aa21a790bccbd	The next stage — the transition of cosmonaut candidates to a new dome system of the "wing" type - "Crossbow" - was successful.
f17977bd001caa11d9fc1526aa9ed37d79c83188	The entire program is carried out by them professionally, competently.
178ace5b1a9713c8c20593f078687c336c3db056	They mastered jumping from a height of four thousand meters with long delays in opening the parachute, learned to solve the problems of information search in free fall and to report on all stages of a parachute jump.
99b1331f013d3de6b1dece61dea51e2a56a7208d	And most importantly, they believed in themselves, in the ability to work purposefully in stressful conditions.
fbe6b1c7c310592a961ac0eda808f26a448020ca	Complex tasks have been mastered successfully.
0c2b1929b2e48c6e410ec0061ae1dd587ee8f4c2	The 2011 SPPC program is being fully implemented.
4b7909ed7ad0f59bca5d4073707587c9651c93b8	The weather in Menzelinsk is favorable, the conditions are also favorable.
1c93f7a38dfcc906db087bea2caca5bf8c8da9a3	The main thing is that the work under the SPPC program is organized professionally competently.
037717c861032fdfa4f28cffac7d4b60c061a51a	Instructors very carefully, very carefully and kindly conduct the training of astronauts.
0097681f0d9efda051b60a31edc338706c241b1c	The result, of course, will be.
762b604e39badcb7e039f0e0ea7d5e71db7ce912	- Svetlana Vasilyevna, please tell us about the work of the psychological support group at the SPPC.
e15965c2a1d990890bf75689fbdede6eff135ed9	— The following work was carried out: dynamic observation and purposeful communication; analysis of the report at all stages of the jump in order to assess the condition and performance; providing feedback for trainees based on the results of jumps at the analysis of each day.
cd273a9501ec9d7b9a3b8caadd8a4e9a954871b1	The aim of the work was to develop the abilities and functional capabilities of astronauts in the interests of increasing their readiness for stress.
96fda3630238c8cbc63a3a8a61dc8275663706cc	In our work, we used the methodology of psychological modeling of complicated activities, which includes the reaction of emotional stress in combination with the activation of the necessary intellectual processes and perception processes.
0d7e855198750bca3c330217150be490c254a644	The used psychological model of complex combined activity allows you to manage the condition of students by increasing the complexity of the additional task, to assess their mental state and the quality of the task
2ff768a31be0b39243db53adcd1cf5e8167be5a4	— This is your first parachute training camp.
384b49859166aca30630a17bdc60342ca093e690	What are your impressions of the SPPC?
800b6f382fff1021c1f5c3526de9d70ca5b8ae7a	— I really liked the venue of the SPPC, the warm welcome and the warm attitude of the employees of the Menzelinsk Aero Club.
b93d5905aee34a59bd4f237bfca6b50ec1a21b64	I admired the work of the instructors, both local and ours, their approach to working with astronauts and highly professional skills.
5c705d6874d6186a4c29cca09e6666abbf7eb54e	There was a real team spirit, unity and a sense of a big friendly family at the SPPC.
98837cdc94b4259d6f5358350c2555302db149b6	I was very pleased with the attitude of the cosmonauts to work on parachute training — serious, but enthusiastic.
b5899997064bfcf8817695a801df4f92951ab704	It was noticeable that everyone was focused on working with excellent results.
98c589d858a5e9014931290a3f4868482b098774	There were the kindest and most sincere feelings both for the trainees and for the instructors, so that they would safely work out the program defined for a specific jump and land safely.
70cbe86e2e95fc732406e904a0df5c108e447a5d	I wanted the young cosmonauts to believe in themselves, learn how to work in difficult conditions and, of course, despite the unstable weather, cope with difficulties and successfully complete the program.
c89eb7e0ed1be477157a308cf0011025e43ebea6	Source: Press Service of the CPC, photo by Andrey Shubin
3782733cda4d815d8e53a082771c34e8343786fb	Polit.ua State Network State People
0529a4e3cd2035b3d0bb38358e72e0201987fd13	Anna Sakoyan
8a27386ca12003f8e323f016c012b63a9f2e7dd8	Trump: the Era of pragmatists
d65fa440197e4ddd1283c01692e4896b396c91cc	Nikolay Yaremenko
f168e8499c1f287a275a998de7b5b0891c2bfd1c	About the deprivation of Olympic medals due to doping
cecfd4f978daafb69ea91f59bffe83c7ff1144ae	Olga Zaitseva
e3b7a5f1343f9b32a23865693479adde6b72d50d	Isaac and the right of ownership
88225d87690bfbf3e0b22207c11a84ab67e30f05	Ivan Begtin
a4d54db4c57744e07630c408bf25dd3979ef3d41	"The arrest in Kaspersky is just an appendage to the arrest in the FSB"
92fef0daeec9c808e1b8c5f94f41f41e37a81304	Maria Mstislavskaya
36e9c0e8fe6760b91ab1ed881523c853737867a7	Lawyers on the ban on calling children strange names
3a1e222293b11ed5a208fa55e88836b518965ffc	January 28, 2017, Saturday, 22: 53
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627bbb54dbfc85f04f178bad1f9530a45ffd4377	January 29, 2013, 01: 46
0803df4ff1650933d2ffe6be04d4b21432134252	space
2a93663da096a0592708ebd909992f114a30cd60	ISS
8c989830fc598b88a3d27d42f87a8efce07463f4	cosmonaut training
d5473d9bf61ded4b4f09bb1b2321030df48b1b0c	The crew of the ISS expedition 40/41 survived in the winter forest
4d3f9a263d66354c469b250143b10ff97efd0923	By the fire in the winter forest near Moscow
eba32f8c03f6f2ed98d68a24b024bf9c98e8074e	CPC
a9516b2290aaddc042983cb87042e68843bc1111	During this time, the crew performed changing into heat protective suits inside the CA, worked out actions related to the" construction " of temporary housing, gained experience in providing medical assistance and interacting with search and rescue services.
ce03303c76f308da6201d69b99f90e90960f4b8a	A new team will now have to overcome a difficult and exhausting training session - on January 28, Russian cosmonauts Alexander Samokutyaev and Elena Serova, as well as American astronaut Barry Wilmore (ISS crew 41/42), began it.
eac7cb3778f75a0418d35ed3b2a9ff41c9343549	The flights of the ISS 40/41 and ISS 41/42 crews are scheduled for 2014, the press service of the CPC reports.
0de3dbc7793a07743f28c2e227d8a42b3ed16b3f	Discuss it in social networks
fd62e227965c42b5701422848f4a1ea01cdcea03	Print version
0132588c2624402762f55e0586cf7f9211fcac35	Cosmonauts and astronauts have begun tests on "winter survival"
67dcaaa640c5e1e22119b3332fd7248ba589ae07	Cosmonauts completed training in the winter forest
6553244162ee4fbe9d4bf7a6a0e2616ed11b6a3c	Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center: Survival in Noginsk.
3c039fd1e423f463d54153d687b159a66f30b659	Cosmonaut Training Center: survival training in the semi desert.
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033c3c21435d6b9f40b862d9038fdf4230037e06	Maxim Russo
d8d25936ffcb326e014c8abbeb8caa5978b4aefd	Trilobite eggs
44b7cbe1750400b7e81b5728db4cf80dfe3a5254	Salmonella monitors the nutrition of mice
ddcc6cded1b88df2c9216c3f2aa9493c37f9cd7e	Pig embryos were endowed with human cells
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c94e8ef724720de449396bb593e0d1612fe3d841	The pursuit of metallic hydrogen
3dfe9225572d46f4c2452ab0707b462d3a447c5b	In Australia, they are trying to save an endangered species of parrots
049faf8a25ba7498b32382b43211dee695ed78d4	Physicists have simplified the calculation of ultra precise optical devices
37c278cb881fe6c9df1657511103445b2313494a	DNA from mysterious figurines tells about the trade routes of ancient Africa
673f8292d799fb1204fb9a8c924c36d83e648ae3	A resident of Britain of the III IV centuries was buried with a stone in his mouth
8b753d1fd7021742e195089e988c990ae031391c	The crab species is named after Harry Potter and Professor Snape
4f6d1f1f548550d4a8796829d9552eb28d05043a	The rider forces the victim to pave his way to freedom
6afbcb93909d56adf4737b27433c510eb2f51e57	Tuberculosis can be treated faster
146ab8113f7e1b9b135ec1d74eac80a3312edc52	The Cassini probe sent a photo of the Saturn satellite
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3d76dd34318fe024a45a2f0f66268ffbafe505b2	viruses
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034803322a66cbd5a4d80b869e13cf98442729c5	volcanology
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19647db2fbfa143081c02de245d66ab40c2d18e3	animals
3a35fad014b4906562514dec7358af996ff3a72a	life outside the Earth
ed324557c52bdeb6ace4bcb36077d53b5ce1cb55	West Africa
b36d8ebdae7b0260e32ebdb77eec3ad084726869	defense of dissertations
6b850887eacd3b06529e84c40fbc6aca53150fcb	Earthquake
4c1f32a51dbf7d6943108c64980b6935762f87d2	zoo
e135a067fc096a19d7eb5ac64efd8bab3ff24017	Jerusalem
2a2417853ea8c14c3777ec7fa2660b83ec4466e2	inventions
c6bf94992695c4579034afb5c4eb7c1d0d392ebb	immunology
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66c06c11d179e39c42e5e800f99b57865822cf68	Internet
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da1ee812f93b96af43714bfc3834c64c1a93f6fc	information technologies
21839c83f19b411a3e35d03acd547a71f7ee4ab6	artificial intelligence
0f315d32ad05a7148f0eb1aaf054599c1712198f	islam
932480dc95a578c82b83f0d6bc48fc2eab86806f	historical politics
66f79d8a6327c82c9033e6d65ff03322a3766c87	history
3a1bac0f1b73346c4d4ffc56a7c292fde3b8e2b8	history of art
f000c059a0a002b019d36bacc9b707f446a84e42	history of Russia
27c1b40f486d74fc1096580432c7cd76df50c8cc	history of civilizations
f65e1e74d4d78f2d8cb7e852afdd3042831ec054	The history of a person.
52f7c292f601abe23cb9df078bef9cf396ce760a	History of institutions
6b07267742c82bee6afbaa915c78a6aefb8b96df	endangered languages
bbea618247e17a1950aeed8ea9269848691c2273	caricature
e632f9498c2e2967d00f803168dfb1e9a944e74c	catholicism
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63833ec11d2b264ea80366947bbdedee352cd20c	KGI
efe25c2e3adfe453adf232295e407bd828cfa042	whales
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87ec8675b623c3c7d90f546b951c25bccb27eccb	comets
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39a00197a40b04d7cfcbe9fa6bb2716c8e03a488	computer technologies
299ff5b28f22e15852bdda797b16d7cea252514e	coronavirus
a728a136e1fbfafef6205e423423c62efd9fd12f	forensic science
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66ca570ade2b0bdfb6400f89c7642528a3743306	cultural anthropology
1e8a8b7e8eb8fd6135e93f28d46ea14d56c4b030	laser
c18994deeafa13472082d8f81f52a03f8a307f66	Latin America
6c4d80b6978c141956f13841c939db1c64964ce2	pseudoscience
ecefb0087f4813da200df2cbb96c3e10c5ac179b	linguistics
1753b1010f0386cf2efd89c53f3a176b43c54313	mammoths
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f54da380bade5d43098fd1f338cb8257523c508b	Mongolia
10013b2ed0207141a87e62ec1059fc9977d5f500	museums
61b9ba44a2241957f2fa73d9d4c7809316ca0665	NASA
06327f4d537d8856148f63b56d2855abdf4963a9	insects
ba393a25d5b34f960f99b6dce4d7021ec391a5ed	neanderthals
c88f4a28fa5d96697a451df878dc185a90a41d38	neuroscience
1aa7cfd1363b951ebc036f27e7cd066208693065	neolithic
a1dd88b0ce1b8821788aca152487a63f2c58e429	Nobel prize
163f59988a237cd7814368e8a553b94d986a0cff	NGO named after.
13f511a05f5cae0c9b6dbb3321aa61edee87b466	Lavochkina
5880e1042b9d787388e61d318fc87e27e015130d	monkeys
0a2b9827e548969e4dfe1b0d16c072ef347836d6	training
4abdad28f520e9c6af8e313a70691dea3cd33e8b	society
7788adfd7ffac0b4b4954e4db45d0a5c31668029	O. G. I.
f830622e917195894d0f7187bfdf12f057794122	discoveries
b41db081e7aa2e6bcd530fd61c3763706c01c3d2	paleolithic
f744e20b0b7dfe7b0d7b6e38e428088e81731ea3	paleontology
81c5d49be9505089d8d248ea96f6d077fd0ab9bd	memory
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f98669cc9b81fea7bd27f04b1d03b400f511a9df	weather
8a2197e3b36f0f4376c8c7a52b1299669c770fd8	popularization of science
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4ccdd0d957ecee8a5cef2e47c160dd8b669feca0	the origin of man
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03eef13b7003ce73c06fde191273555ed4438742	psychology
1c3b90786772a5948d7875d0e24db8a9b0242576	psychophysiology
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8d3bb059342836cc3aad28c1a8168037eeda0ea5	RBC
199fba42ba80e08e1977f5a63c867a5619a30dd4	RVC
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235fe215a09f11da8f82bee6d57ba92aca8789cf	RSC Energia
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9f54224e875bced3d9d41505eeadb332ad600635	Roscosmos
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988a703f1c8fa8dab4a215e3fb9d1f0a1da4a1e4	Archive of numbers
2d0eeabeb92a560f74b5911a0b3e248b93806ab0	Into outer space - under water!
108581bf1eb2f885e23b26b5243b7cb2012b8fc6	The hydrolaboratory in the Star City is a unique structure.
bf57f6655a2cc841a4dfe6b268e73672816099ad	Here you can see the work of astronauts outside the station with the only difference that...
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49946e0655e131012c89658e85e531e97abceccf	2017-01-25
9d15716c1e9a282589acad70f18272399db12bd0	The case against the participants of the Soyuz training camp has been dismissed
960217520f8fc4feb5ac69741af2da6aa39c2a83	2017-01-20 News of the Soyuz Collection
5d9295f1609131b4b3f7d3d1452bb1e83f1a3581	2017-01-19
4dad4220cdca6f77148b32e21ca4e479f9d0005e	Getting in touch with history
8a742257e89c97fcb7267c0c45d595a58b9d00fb	2016-12-19
74921e6f95ac5a6eb86665ff280e8c5f9e3e554e	Lilac variety "Alexander Prokhorenko"
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70555af5101b63c8a0b89b1e4bd6b963b0b15a29	Show the content separately Unique simulator The idea of using water to simulate weightlessness during spacewalk training came to the specialists of the Cosmonaut Training Center after the first manned space flights.
768c9e33f84a71adc49b5e41526f3e723fb351a3	The diameter of the pool is 23 m, the depth is 12 m, the volume of water is 5000 cubic meters.
e0b63ddda278974326b6e02bd245f79f120e4d58	There are 45 portholes with a glass thickness of more than 4 cm around the entire perimeter of the pool.
4e11582f1c67f760ac4b106a180bd7f875e478b7	Through them, everything that happens inside is perfectly visible.
a3c108f08bbf90e5920fd2a2f7d92396681eac13	Specialists maintain a constant chemical composition of water, its transparency and temperature about 30 degrees Celsius.
4d28f990390f30262c5debbdae8447b3e08fd1ac	The spacesuit in which the cosmonaut trains in the water is adjusted to each according to size.
b14f04fff10b6bca1ae13d06544f0ef0e7634fe7	And if the parameters of the body have changed a little, then it is inconvenient for the operator to work, you have to make great efforts to perform each movement.
9b70a501cf7e6a10f2b44206b9864435306bcc15	In this case, the training is interrupted, the astronaut is lifted to the surface, all errors are corrected and the work continues.
5fe50d2cbfa1567e2ec824630a230ff6003eb18a	On the body of each cosmonaut, a belt with sensors is put on under the spacesuit, which are designed to monitor his condition.
5aa184369dfdf38eacf1f3d15ac23217d12f0a0e	The readings from them are displayed on the computer monitor.
a52d67d1cb456423f1386dc857eefa7671cc0a63	If the indications of physiological parameters during training deviate from the norm, the doctor has the right to make recommendations about rest or even stopping the training to the head of the dive.
8ff68b24ef08cceced2501a7bec3f7ea3dc84c88	And he already transmits this directly to the cosmonaut.
d0e81be82241fe52f83b044ccf4a818335c5378e	But usually, when the pulse increases, a few minutes are enough to recover and continue training.
6e1fafe3fbf372f82d3017908334f6b9e6015148	Although it happens (though rarely) that you have to interrupt the training.
247fd327f26339b39c3f6c6b4e15ad39b0c1360e	The doctor can also give such recommendations when he sees that the psychological parameters of the cosmonaut do not correspond to the norm.
24894883f055d58883fc09392c350cdc01acc577	How do you hear?
0fe45866f105ff549013c0c47c20f2bc0c607206	Reception!
a4f07a1ab5a52ad524884028c8c6e421ff7a1039	During the training, the cosmonaut, of course, needs to communicate with the head.
8f55f609fec66588d7f7d5af8a47c7eacd0af418	To do this, each cosmonaut is put on a headset with headphones and a microphone under the spacesuit.
e35cdd9cd3d7a956979ead5914a288b5dfba06d2	Thanks to them, during the dive, you can hear commands "from the Ground" and negotiate.
f5eb451f71be8548ffe5ab97259ffc78b7cb5bf9	The head of the dive through the portholes located in the walls of the pool, watches the progress of the training.
60d2fd6771dddbfb2f328d417deef4b12af1548c	If visual contact is lost, when the operator goes out of sight, for example, if he is inside the station, the manager can see everything that is happening on his monitor.
5ba693febd896eb073001f3d0a744dcd8f9df13b	The whole process of diving is recorded on a video camera.
c5983a83954a5ede1304a58209eae7ca1fa9e8cb	The head communicates with the astronauts using radio communication.
151a021979fae6b74ecc5bab79ebd3883b28d170	He can tell them something in the process of work or give them some instructions, make comments, and also hears all their negotiations.
5ce52f39352a20afbdd88b548ab623a845e7b0d5	The language of numbers is impartial and accurate, you canot argue with it.
0ba1287ff5d46881c8e350db8cf80301fda20f97	In the period from 1965 to 1979, 5 spacewalks were performed, from 1980 to 2001 (this is the period of operation of the Salyut 7 orbital station and the Mir orbital complex), more than 90 successful exits were carried out, then 30 exits to the ISS.
c937cd80750158cbff8a6b9a4dc089921c246eb8	There is no doubt that the absolute merit of the successful implementation of the tasks is the impeccable and trouble free work of a highly professional team of employees of the hydrolaboratory and related organizations.
2fce3097c425294e745f7f601c93fd554b345fd2	And now, as you are reading this article, another test and training work is being carried out in hydrogravity conditions, during which complex and important elements of the cyclogram of the upcoming next spacewalk of astronauts to the outer surface of the ISS are being worked out.
0bd5c5e36e402e777046c066c34a1b6c948c66f1	And this work is prepared and carried out by smart, experienced, highly professional employees of the unique hydrolaboratory of the Central Design Institute, which this year marked 30 years since its commissioning.
8a655fab97f82175f6afd1a06217be47a1eacfb5	The head of the department of the hydrolaboratory of the CPC of the Cosmonaut Training Department, Major Nikita Viktorovich KHARCHENKO: "Working out the tasks to be solved during a spacewalk in the water gives the cosmonaut the skill to carry out such work and some experience.
3086fc76c3f8501601fb07667f558eb62a5ff3f2	The time of one training in the hydro environment for Russian cosmonauts is from 4 to 6 hours (for foreign astronauts, this time is equal to 3 hours and 10 minutes).
37eeb0a2000af865217705befb9d04430ef6ef9a	But the first team of divers is sent to hydrogravity.
fb51688795f976142c3f1369a057c954b709db3f	Astronauts cannot do without their help.
d054c451703a9efa9831b30f7b371ff5339d7977	When the suit is inflated, the movements of the arms and legs are difficult.
1d60674ea1fb922c9a0d62f9560c92616cb7c1f3	Therefore, it is very difficult for astronauts to get inside the station on their own.
3eba160132770782862ff9c3fd7ccd5f1f14cf22	In addition, it is necessary to constantly monitor the condition and position of long life support halyards, consisting of hoses through which water and air are supplied, and electrical cables that provide communication and transmission of telemetric information about the physiological parameters of the cosmonaut (tester).
5fb13813f9371266da3c7c6186eb59a30aa8c20b	It is impossible to allow the halyards to get mixed up (this is a serious danger if the cosmonaut needs to be lifted urgently) and to break (the access of air and water is blocked).
7b82cb085d211c115abb3954fbc965a4db0b597c	Thus, divers not only insure and ensure the safety of astronauts, but also help them get inside the docking compartment, stay there, and then leave it.
fb47a6400cf2a7f1b3cdf1146ba4fead9bae76cc	Another of their tasks is to constantly maintain zero buoyancy of astronauts.
0bf8bb4101036a5aa41776c1e621da8ae1daa117	To "drown" an astronaut, you need to increase his weight.
575db5f28d9e20c858876ddac5e96db9e77b4224	For this purpose, lead weights are used.
58a589ef3ba39cd9d25e4543a783d8a18194f5b1	They are fixed on different parts of the spacesuit.
7ae2a11ea305a7e99e1d9915caea7c89609ea966	Divers make sure that the cosmonaut does not start to float or sink, and in case of something, add or remove loads.
c7adea57a22b89efe131db0892dd79f2259aa046	Naturally, during training, there are also small emergency situations for example, an astronaut begins to lose zero buoyancy.
05ed4f229e2a512d6dcab40b9b7d6b173d8b7e16	The task of the divers is to eliminate this.
8b1511a4f65af956dd8ddec7e2d93bce9ad85743	More serious emergency situations — loss of consciousness also happened, but only at the very beginning of the work of the hydrolaboratory.
7291eb156d1f97fd2f9a35314a91614f8a8ddd3a	And they were connected with the fact that the testers were not ready for the amount of work that they had to face.
243eb362cd00e2bc42e1c7715b6d0ff776b74aee	This is not happening now.
37449c9a8daabfebe3f31a13c88e87cc2bbf34fb	Once in my memory there was a curious situation.
49e432e60693accdf93fc14e97b1fade2fb9262b	An American female astronaut somehow managed to tear off the handle of the exit hatch.
61a7f244dc830bf925f2ec5c4421fb4dd2792b25	Whether the wear and tear of equipment, or excessive efforts of the weaker sex… But the result, as they say, is obvious — the welded handle was in her hands.
1bc3152a61a86827adf566d9b1aa3d6ff6fed422	It's funny to remember it now.
f11158ecb26e575c98ca511e6d84cf8c5b9b589f	And then followed the "debriefing" to the fullest extent."
7e28c502efd1bf4539eef13347da6382c2de5133	Hero of the Soviet Union, pilot cosmonaut Anatoly Solovyev holds the record for number of spacewalks on account of the astronaut 16!
f05d2d62adce26e732b69cb723a6558fbad97b30	"The main goal of training in hydro weightlessness — to make the astronaut going to work in open space, felt that he is what is called, in their environment, to let him know that you will cope with the task.
5336722f694e80e0155f409860aa043692943b14	There should be no prerequisites for not completing this task.
b449a07677b9ab26e4f4e7f12314f9bf49518f95	It should not be because all the work is prepared and trained on Earth by colleagues, testers, operators and astronauts to such an extent that it becomes native to you, and the spacesuit is almost a sports suit.
8d3868cc9a72a636391a84e6b834934786505dbd	And in this case, you are one hundred percent ready, you can, as they say, do any job from the sheet.
51a90fded6bff963cb27ee7b7acf67644662b4e1	When you go into outer space for the first time, for the first time you feel weightlessness, it seems that you have already seen it.
6afe1317e121b71a56758db3f426bd9afd404150	All this abyss, blackness, of course, affects psychologically, but, nevertheless, all this is a little disappointing.
ccddbc93dbead31f19f82bf5bbb100bb308789af	You realize that you are in your own environment.
a4cde5264133d13aa6ceddb07a23d0e3b853cbf9	And this can be achieved only thanks to training in the hydro lab.
65c1c76a8baf207071e05bc82459a10b66279262	Training in the hydrolaboratory is not only a good simulation of extravehicular activity for the crew in an environment ideally close to weightlessness, but also an excellent psychological training.
178bd107e8dcc84e97c17fe0de9b0b64de81637c	" Head of the Department of the 3rd Department of the CPC, Colonel Valery Vitalievich KUDRYASHOV: "I came to work at the hydrolaboratory in 1988 and, as an instructor, I trained about 30 crews.
3a122432cb58c6ce981c972968415bc4f2b2762a	What is the most important thing in the process of training astronauts and astronauts?
00059235917863abd5118a137f7ac4ede009453f	Probably, to find a common language with the crew.
4fbdcc893477bf6fe187ab6f172527fb2685fd5d	It is also important for the instructor to understand the specifics of preparing for a specific spacewalk and convey this to the crew.
1d10b83068302d170b105746bfe1793273e983dc	But the joint work does not end there.
ecfe9163f6205845cd42d15ef759448fd037b99c	The instructor and the crew always interact, find the necessary solutions during training, which are subsequently implemented.
01b98977834ea52a76ce311700f2833a723b544c	Testing of new space technology has always entailed changes in the preparation process.
78b8a7cc2f7559d6fa30b01e1cdc5791ba4ae5c1	After all, everything that an astronaut does in outer space must be worked out to automatism here on Earth.
438c2d040e322265f86b10cfa07492c408aff1e9	Of course, the training of each crew is individual.
75c3f34c83d3b24a7ae4961104b50badc3c4c0c5	But there are typical operations that everyone knows.
002e197ac480a8afd569d4768fa2bdb1264bc9d5	But the target tasks of extravehicular activity for each space flight and each crew are individual.
d47c0ef6f8c51d6992094b8dee860f95ca3c8ba1	They consist of a set of typical operations and certain tasks assigned to this crew.
40080e9cfb0ed72ea6f398194c130076cc9f5225	For example, the installation of scientific equipment (of different configurations and weights in different places).
e42c4fd6c753fa9c5b6d7b927a199c0e5d7867e7	Depending on this, the preparation also changes.
ac2290116a61aa1bea1b28fc7d9cacf83ca3ffdb	But the general practice remains unchanged — 2-3 training sessions under water are planned for each spacewalk (depending on the complexity).
3d569854f1c3274abe2cfc1819b3a893dcca98b4	But this is without taking into account the tests.
22bd4c804af46433858c2b5b70936f48018a922d	Thus, to date, it is impossible to go into outer space without preliminary preparation in the hydrolaboratory.
6dacf4395d69aeb3367ae042743fe22a8bb49465	Although, of course, there are also unplanned exits.
1dfbae9bb7806aa1bb02050696cf854f25fea9dc	The need for them does not occur often, but it does occur.
7cf876357c6b8538ae98b07e32f367b181bb09ab	In this case, the instructors dive in spacesuits into the pool of the hydrolaboratory and work out all the actions.
e151fee2e5e39ae9d9d9171026a38187929e27d0	Then the video is mounted and sent to the station."
79da35f7d03401a931e605f90f088c4eff1cce88	For the creation of the hydrolaboratory, the staff of the Central Design Institute CPI 20 and the staff of the Cosmonaut Training Center G. V. Starodubtsev and V. M. Markovets were awarded the State Prize in 1980.
6f869b8aff89a074c59acf62617f821fcb10dd7b	For 30 years of hydrolaboratory:
ccb9dbf5015c7b884ca9f2d650d31fc3a04ae222	more than 140 Russian and international crews of space stations and 198 specialists were trained to work in the hydrosphere; more than 990 trainings were conducted on programs of external shipboard activity, more than 1040 scientific testing and experimental works were carried out; 3940 dives were performed in a spacesuit and 65,255 in diving equipment with a total operating time of more than 65 thousand hours;
3db38b49c4dfadc0c244589da8402687f624a574	17 people were awarded the title of honored space technology tester;
ecb17a6578f06df3332aa99305bb67f2cfe59c2e	15 people were awarded orders and medals of the USSR and the Russian Federation for their huge contribution to the development of manned cosmonautics.
3a47509d253ff33e21ca54a55b89b293aadc4f29	Yulia ANDREEVA
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5d2241b27282f4e5846e5599649e0b5a505d7970	Probably every modern person who cares about his health, in his life tried to instill in himself such a useful habit as a morning or evening jog.
ad6f1a306ee90cc31a73334307e434e0c1e6b211	In this article, we will try to figure out what is the usefulness of running.
f1aa01aa3f38a5364b4d87e607aa4f5ae741d777	Mother Nature has the ability to run in a person.
e200859ad4b0edf4ce5408cc754a0810d9841869	It is believed that running is the most important protective mechanism that can save life, thereby prolonging it.
3e3e1eee1633cf2344b3c8a6922f25a53e8e44bd	It has long been noted by mankind that running has a fairly healing effect on the functioning of the entire body, stimulating the activity of its processes.
e6bc13b3e7cb0da96bbd7fe5b61ea0bade8567d7	Nowadays, the ancient Greek expression is also relevant, which says that if you want to be strong, beautiful and smart, run.
5ce2a97f35fea6cc2b18bfb1e80d201929241897	Undoubtedly, as already noted above, running increases the tone of the body, which, therefore, indicates a healthy and correct lifestyle.
bb6e6bf6695fb5e0ce0938fc309b78de7eb72244	It belongs to a special kind of sport that brings maximum efficiency to the body.
01850354b03c0c49b04d4426620f8d4d9427e5ec	Any disease is, firstly, a deviation from the norm.
3a19864ccd29c1aa5234865b11274ecd9e04dc37	However, if a person regularly leads his lifestyle inextricably with physical activity, in particular with running, then this will further lead to the initial norm of the body's condition.
319a94bf573ced22bdb852a91b479b730da1b7e6	Many experts have noted that regular running classes, as well as the appropriate degree of exercise, improve mood and lead to normalization of sleep, and it also helps to increase the level of performance.
f252c611ed085dd1e69479135b155602b8d6eeb3	Having performed such exercises, it is obvious that in this way a person acquires the previous state of health.
30cad401196d5b23cf33e6c5904efc54ecf0d0ee	Scientists have found that when a person performs long-term loads, which include running, then during this period endorphins are formed – those hormones that cause a feeling of optimism and happiness.
401ee5c43eff995e5a84f08295763bc2a1c6594d	It is believed that doing physical activity in adulthood can thereby increase the efficiency of work from 20 to 25 percent.
a71a1d5156237176cd5bd40f374ee07ac7cd7ea1	And after a productive workout, the full working capacity can be maintained until the evening.
5a4e88fee80076a502148c3c29465b7d0f1fef0f	Although, it would seem, after the work performed at night, the tension and fatigue are quite noticeable, you should lie down and rest
d99f2ea5b21e67f0f87dafd60a1de94d83031bac	However, it turns out that even a short run will help relieve fatigue, definitely improving well-being and giving the body vigor.
5d55edd57b9bf13963ece73f9154dc82d4c581a6	Some studies conducted by German experts have shown that about 65 percent of men running helped in their sexual life, improving it.
3950776b40b9de195c95d66dc746aa89c21be72b	The popularity of running today is not as great as it was in the 80s – 90s of the last century.
a90efe905ff65e839ebbb2145cff87912586f8c6	The craze for jogging dragged people out of bed early in the morning.
9b87e4fa7afdfacfea3ff17289ea9f77b845e2c7	We ran in parks, squares, around our own house-alone and with friends, with a player and a stopwatch on our belt.
5cffd1a7b593f32d87cc0ce0b7d210e9f168a5ba	We ran for the sake of feeling good, in order to lose excess weight, and just once again meet like-minded people.
28b84f714619582fcea475ec860abeeb9b648a75	One of the most affordable, simple and effective ways to keep the body in good shape and the figure in shape is running.
1a8b4874f87c361d3f8547917ca4bd84246d161a	In addition, according to scientists, running has a positive effect on a person's mental abilities.
5c8c37949d99ab113eafa1a09d0e4921eb98942d	During running, the oxygen and biochemical composition of the blood changes, which reduces the risk of cancer problems.
b3f835a5d9e6805c6a19dfe13440a78ddcced49f	Running is an excellent prevention of heart diseases and a stimulant of metabolism, a cure for headaches and insomnia.
b6663b8186f339cdccc98400e891f804260e16bf	Running slows down the aging process in the body, increases endurance and performance.
d3031e70ba8b650375d0ab74ddf86bde713842ba	During running, almost all the muscles of our body are involved.
17a5d1641a462d1e467821243289f9674fb16268	During a good run, they also train.
2e5a0c7fa06c677eec28f88b8ef20bd982eb0693	Healthy muscles – healthy joints.
3049db0a35cdcf6a83ae7b5872398943a07415ee	While running, the body is cleansed.
313c22b4bf840b1bc0709533b6eb82609f449934	Sweat is released, and with it, all sorts of nasty things leave our body.
cac4f1aec31dd1aca1fb639fbe2fdf6b48d07705	The heart is trained, blood circulation improves, and, consequently, the supply of oxygen to the organs.
ba1643db6a539654ca6697f156e9c697f0d78f76	After a good run (and if the run is very good, then already during it), the hormone of happiness is released in the body.
129eb44fc3812daf798a6c1fbf9e25d6a3c7d3cd	Running has a beneficial effect on the immune system, the central nervous system.
b6cee56644bad3cc3788f505354fec0f87d8bb15	Running contributes to hardening, if you run in the fresh air.
2da2d903ac75623f6da0e422307ec0a0495f0cca	After all, running develops personal qualities, such as self-control, purposefulness, willpower.
f8b50c332d0d83b83745927c5ecb48c53d5db413	The list can be continued for a long time, but, in principle, everything is clear.
5c6fdf2ef898c7ef83ccbcd35e67848582678edb	Now, if there is a desire to use running for health, the question arises: "How to start running?".
e895a81ffa8cff9903d3bad7eeea5ca421733d2b	The answer is "Easy".
6b0c208c8bada14094f64f3156517390d8f19d81	Ask yourself the question, what prevents you from spending 20 minutes of your time tomorrow on your own health, and starting your first workout?
04ae99f26d8e0815b663dd9a04e262678624bde8	If you name at least three weighty reasons, real reasons, then you can not read further.
eeec98bda80d08febceef2ace229efb72c9666e0	Almost everyone can run, but only some can run correctly with benefits for the body.
4e75675ad47fa2c8ff16ef62816713182b1ee431	In order for the benefits of running to be obvious, it is necessary to follow certain rules.
504fa08bb69c4d4b2ffecb98f25cbad0695c7541	If you don't know how to start running, just accelerate your step, it will turn into a run in the most natural way.
3f7c35ca01d88a17be7cb5e3a7bed02b07832eb7	It is also necessary to finish the run gradually, go to a fast step, then gradually, slowing down the pace, to normal walking – this will help restore the heartbeat.
7cc82241607a8297ee833437238747a76e841f5f	A slight tilt of the body forward, the arms are bent at the elbows and pressed against the body, you can keep them motionless, you can move them slightly forward and backward.
e2380ff65167679db6118073dd5615cc5481b32e	Do not make "raking" movements, lower your arms along the trunk.
8d21f6a7897bf06e1ee878ce50819091980879e0	The foot is placed on the toe, you can not lower the heel to the end on the ground.
ce6b697d9c0d50e6a5ec0dd4831d14587dc9a740	Your movement should be uniform, smooth, do not make jerks, accelerations, do not jump up and down, stagger to the sides.
d463f7036f0e6627e22d9cf997e3f6af789e52e6	When running, you need to breathe through your nose, if you start breathing through your mouth, it means that you do not have enough oxygen, slow down the pace, normalize breathing.
d71bb16cdf6bb87720f215aba24b6b4f965a54c5	For jogging, you need good running shoes and comfortable sportswear – this is not only a guarantee of convenience, but also safety, because we are talking about your health.
91302b15ec744e8408bbad6b8e1f7e8e17564c66	To feel the full benefits of running, you need to run regularly, it is enough to make 15-20 minute runs once every two days.
e5f9347ffc07fecf9ead78f4e1f0fa7f2007202f	They start running from 5 minutes, gradually increasing the training time.
545751fb86391eaa072fde2a01b323e742751ac2	At first, crepature may appear – this is normal, an untrained body gets used to a new load.
4c0c950f2478636ae95b8f1bfcb6fef0ae34bf98	Running is a great way to strengthen your health and strengthen your immune system, however, if you have some problems (heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, poor eyesight), then before you start training, be sure to consult a doctor, perhaps running is contraindicated in your condition.
0e3f155e42c4fa537292307f39316f3a75ef86a8	Running around the park, listening to the birds singing, or along the road, watching the cars passing by — the choice is extensive.
446d49df2e0b3ecdf19f5b7d4799377ee0c7c6c2	In any case, a good run can be compared to flying.
bbe4ef52f718e2a5ce3c8cd1b23d66c3d98021f4	Running gives a shake to the whole body — this is the best remedy for hypertension, shortness of breath, runny nose.
a88c684f347e506efe7b77675f51b53f03a54087	Running puts all muscle groups in shape: when running, not only the calves and thighs work, but also the abs, arms, and neck.
27a3856bdfdf86d043a0d887f376224c96b1f54e	At the same time, the load on the whole body is quite soft.
ce65cdb0158178da1fbe215e8c1b8dab4dbaaa22	In general, running, if combined with proper nutrition, is one of the best means of losing weight.
0546e056e6e4b0d6e5f8bf29affffcc9cfa15116	Every time when walking, the spine experiences loads when the feet touch the surface.
70ba7978ad6f75faa43036e7f0cce8f3dd00c15e	The greater the body weight, the greater and more dangerous these loads are.
c6c1d50b059d672333110e68d147aa4c8ce7bad8	When running, these loads increase many times, due to the so-called "flight phase", when the body descends to the foot with acceleration.
0647fb59148f1a8e217be1199284f17844ebc977	In order to master the correct running technique and avoid dangerous loads on the spine and joints, it is necessary to minimize vertical fluctuations of the body.
b3175f931ef5d31cc44369ee9d8ec6a49c09ca56	It is impossible to allow" throwing " the body up and sharp blows on the running surface.
a1397c74f513931ae91d15524cbb6a915d8f68a5	It is also very important to prevent the body from swinging from side to side.
d711eaef20e4b3d9192543981a9cedb683975690	This happens when the feet are placed incorrectly relative to each other.
f3ed00cfbfd84adf9b2375b0f8909c800ea1148a	With the correct running technique, the inner edges of the feet should be on the same line.
0e73e5f6a9b2a2a71392ca0db2265298d74f43ff	With the correct running technique, a small angle is allowed between the toes of the feet, so that the maximum force when pushing is assumed by the thumb.
b28b6c568cabbc105a00d47caf496f1c589ab662	An equally important component of the correct running technique is the competent setting of the feet when they touch the surface.
e79c37316d9896107b52e440511536636513fcf3	Of the three methods ("heel toe", "toe heel" and "whole foot"), the most rational and less traumatic for beginners is the distribution of the load on the entire foot at the same time.
3c06513a1089387fac1ee8304aa6c5f1c6fbb9e3	The foot should be placed on the entire foot at once, moving from top to bottom, as they usually walk up the stairs.
79ef63c017c43bba14962f782b57694e25c5f022	At the moment of touching the ground, the foot should be strained.
8e9bb44ef13a98d999b4bd5da6a38e7d3f878471	Changing the foot position is recommended for advanced amateur runners, depending on the running surface, shoes, muscle and joint fatigue.
4f631b1c3be1a3d205489274851c51e7bd356fb2	Changing the position of the foot is useful, for example, in cases when you feel fatigue of the ankle, foot or lower leg.
46c7d6891f8ded7c32b27e929e6d5c0af991cde5	The most dangerous mistake of a novice runner and the most gross violation of the correct running technique, of course, is the so-called "bumping into the exposed leg".
7b8e99ea898b4e7d4893129d0866c5209af53625	This happens when an inexperienced runner unbends his shin too early when moving his leg forward.
0218f9f87d3a32d2cb81322ba788dca9b57b01a8	In this case, the weight of the entire body falls on the straight leg when the foot touches the running surface.
c4624011ad30ce33580203623d152b7fd025ffff	The knee joint takes the maximum impact, but since the runner's leg is rigidly straightened, the impact is transmitted to the hip joint, then to the spine and, as a hard final, the head also receives its own.
e9cd1c1dfc8fa1a39aff76e8550c89a6ae6e8d3a	An experienced runner stretches the lower leg smoothly, along with bringing the leg forward.
8777a99cd61d593b56c80d006a628e416a0ab287	In order to run properly , you need to choose the length of the step.
5b72cd3df6710cbb6adf98b75a421f2ae6ee3834	You need to choose the length of the step based on the smoothness of movements and the convenience of running.
f88d1b6fb052c170284a7d85a4e48423bf98eda1	In order to run properly, you do not need to bend the trunk neither forward nor backward.
80b2aeeda72e81027c543dc857056d4fef0d9d50	A modern person sometimes has to sit at a computer most of the day, or just everyday work forces us to lead a sedentary, sedentary lifestyle.
10873e0d7cb8cf9b8577c270f47cec3006059272	Every morning, getting out of bed, most of us think that tomorrow we will certainly start a new life.
0773ec254f3dd66dc85bcaad1c8c1a015cc862f4	These are about the promises you make to yourself every day, and nothing changes in life.
f09bab9b72e01a97da5d8d135c67bb3f7f2362e0	But there is one sport that does not require any tedious trips, or specially equipped rooms, in short, nothing but a tracksuit and your own legs.
0d4f9bfe7fd9ab3ec5e69145429a0f43e97b6af8	If you devote all your time only to work, then first there will be no health, and then there will be no work itself.
2a587b8faece8b9171edcd17342403a8c88fb586	A person who runs in the fresh air in the morning always looks cheerful, he has a healthy blush and a sparkle in his eyes.
aca577d226246ba4f09ea5874bb24838153cddc3	A person gains self-confidence, and a spectacular athletic appearance conquers others.
1ae85d3e6e0a309d6cbc7b33c1236713d394ab16	It is believed that full and strong people will feel the health benefits of running on an empty stomach.
731a364cdf014ab9e66a209479d23f0e5c76802b	Experienced trainers recommend doing a morning jog in 3 stages.
977338d2808895d2cde2e0bdc33f9165ad87ccbb	While running, you can not dramatically increase the load.
f4256d24712f5d9417939934c41036dc28e8da0f	What a trained athlete can afford, an ordinary person should not allow.
f7117c22015f955ca74b679a242b12813aaec147	Like other physical activity, running can not be stopped abruptly.
e70aa48db39d35379547bf771b8fa4f2e9f5accb	For 10 minutes, you need to gradually slow down the pace, and then switch to a measured walk and do some calm exercises.
a9e600282ab41e483ee80eb8910854ce0931836f	By restoring normal breathing and blood circulation, you will avoid unexpected interruptions in the work of the heart, dizziness.
79baf8a3f347b600f33ea4c3ecf05378ba2c90d6	Medical NEWS
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7f039b299b6914e0ce621464144fe2441ed1e552	The use of running
6e6878c57c784bf65fcec8a3e43d7705ee2a2a5c	People have long noticed that running helps the body quite well, it activates all processes, thereby enhancing its capabilities.
fadae9c96256f8749dd3fd24f0fac389e98a7289	What changes are observed in the body when running?
c842123bfbad1be25aa089c5a89559c45a8b6afc	Scientists have found that when a person performs long term loads, which include running, then during this period endorphins are formed – those hormones that cause a feeling of optimism and happiness.
00c2c5bfc6178a74d8e2477feca25f7351d2aa0e	Running is able to manage recovery processes, especially for those people whose work schedule often or constantly falls on the night shift.
b0a44a5e8a6ab19cd337343b7f802e769a294406	Although, it would seem, after the work performed at night, the tension and fatigue are quite noticeable, you should lie down and rest However, it turns out that even a short run will help relieve fatigue, definitely improving well being and giving the body vigor.
5fab8ffcea85398fffc75765e70012c0e6a5f772	That is, there is an inextricable link between physical activity and male potency, which is definitely obvious.
522e19b83816b4b4ab07cff0c43ee2129c6bc67e	It is established that jogging can affect the level of temper, changing for the better.
5e70a7ba551fe0d3e327444b6d25a0819863cade	People who are constantly engaged in running claim that their character has changed, has become calmer and more balanced.
3f0c51133a07183e5489707d3aeaed9fb0bd9f58	And this is not surprising, because physical activity helps to manage and control your behavior as much as possible.
9ba886588003fe643381f1f41ad128118d22e4ff	Some experts were interested in the following aspect – whether running can affect the elimination of a stressful state.
4557d6faaacd74389e1e87b77ed0029cb935ffa4	So, Otto Apendeller, a doctor from America, found that during long distance runs, there is a certain increase in the level of catecholamines in the blood - those hormones that decrease in a state of depression.
784c78f90638c8dc29e98c137f21c31aecfcddb5	The scientist suggests considering running not only as a physical activity, but also as a means to help get rid of depression.
8a98bd0c5a89a8afd5619549f339e0581411feb6	If a person's professional activity is inextricably linked with increased emotions, then running will help to keep the manifestation of an excited state.
b9e90868a05dde7dde4902927bdd792f3123bcd8	Therefore, if you regularly run, you can notice that the pressure goes back to normal, thereby there is an improvement in mood.
53959cc386255ede70cca06dfd3c29bd5a4bb2e7	It is also proved that during the jogging period, one thinks well, that is, a person's thinking is activated to a greater extent, and this contributes to finding solutions that have not been found during the working day.
5342cbcaf324e43d15d6d25ad175017e7f41bef6	The effect of running on individual organs
a72a5b6afe23c1adca4c6254738b6c21b145b43b	Running is considered one of the most accessible and simple types of physical culture, which is useful for the entire human body.
ddcc9527600f3da241e886d3ec2d2a2cf5803220	Regular classes have only positive aspects - a strong immune system and healthy blood vessels.
7003b6374bc7ad1e486b6f9334c8812591443ccf	Jogging benefits the cardiovascular system, this is manifested in an increase in the speed and strength of heart contractions, an increase in the volume of the heart chambers, which contributes to the expansion of the heart's capabilities regarding blood pumping.
ce491eded088bacbe6747760e53faf93f86a5541	And in calmness, running helps to reduce the pulse rate, which, of course, indicates an increase in the quality of the functioning of the heart.
9d25250bd7be93dbed33aa934bddde6a617818b8	Jogging also has a good effect on blood vessels, it contributes to the normalization of pressure.
a0fed8bc1ff1235d58c5d9e1f58c1d9a8757ccdd	People who suffer from hypotension have an increase in blood pressure, and those who have a disease such as hypertension have a decrease in it.
1cb66c2cb3333345f17c739d79a77bfcee466da3	Running helps to strengthen the walls of blood vessels, this is manifested in the very structure of their inner layer and increases the tone of blood vessels.
31c6bb010968639ba25111cef71f94762e88a886	With such classes, there is an improvement in blood circulation, which occurs in the small pelvis, and this is the key to sexual longevity.
7fb82af614be164136fe732210907646e0726037	Improved blood circulation in the capillaries contributes to the fact that the feet and palms will be warm.
139d2b7052e66a4adfbe1b444dd56cb80ba36a76	Therefore, there are some methods that consist in the fact that jogging should be performed by patients with diseases of the cardiovascular system as a rehabilitation.
7c692c982a097c568c4d260a11faf5928e72905b	With the help of running, in particular, the strength of the respiratory muscles, the musculature of the legs, buttocks and abdominal press increases.
4cd516d6d425438af5113d34e86a868a9cd8e8df	The benefits of running for the digestive organs are definitely visible, this is manifested by performing specific massage exercises of the internal organs.
5f5e34bbf236c47ec97d01eb9acb14b3f1f27ca9	As a result, there is a normalization of tone, an increase in appetite and a decrease in the occurrence of various inflammatory processes.
b1b22d6da782652503a71d56c227693f61800e54	With regular running, the blood sugar level reaches the norm, there is an increase in the level of hemoglobin, therefore, the number of its carrier cells – red blood cells.
3eab528b3d05ae2480f3f8f589aa4f81cb8e4e26	There is also a decrease in platelet aggregation and the presence of inflammatory markers.
8760ceab7e923f1b9d6c133929fb7cb8aa9d2ab5	The beneficial effect of running is also reflected in the endocrine system.
1abe832d4a4b1dc38dfb60f0abd9d4fd2f72268f	It consists in reducing the volume of adipose tissue, as well as in restoring and normalizing the hormonal background.
1677b55ac3475e0fa1d4651964b729b085c1d317	At the same time, the skin of the body becomes tightened, the sebaceous glands normalize their functionality, there is an increase in bone density and the mental state is normalized.
23e52e7801f438accc03e771265366aacbe818b2	When is it better to run?
aacb1c1ac42dfcba289cdc9ada99b9d12750c07a	Of course, every person who is engaged in physical exercises, initially set a goal for himself.
0115173dfcb9507668dace221d0b8be6884b585a	Perhaps such a goal is to lose weight, improve the condition of organs or acquire beautiful forms.
f592b23c5da427ea606f663bfa89daa6a5a7a56e	The most common option is considered to be a morning run.
cce7f2fd4b019d3161a8b2aa68606e27102c1a81	Thus, if you need to go to work by 8 am, then you can take a short (30 minute) jog for 6 hours.
2b425b4afa1ed80f56679e17d9eab7c8781685fc	This should be done on an empty stomach.
e7c08f10eb54d8e0f8cbf89fafdd17004eb08832	You can only drink freshly squeezed juice or a small amount of water.
f898c2d15f4414f38093e96d0777059247de8a95	Such training will help to warm up the body, improve blood circulation, activate metabolic processes, as a result, it will give tone to the muscles.
1d7fb27d19944f4ba86cf6ae60005b3a9f23e1ea	While running, you can get rid of 300-400 calories.
21df6bfe46c912444785a9a9b6041c53d921e347	After a run, you should give preference to light dishes.
cf4a98833cff6c4ad60e159fd5108e56391ad096	However, experts say that it does not matter at what time to train, for example, if a jog is performed in the evenings, then, consequently, the active phase of working capacity will be directly in the evening, and vice versa.
16d70e5f7278fbe90f81d4f22bd0ca26d8a3d433	That is, the hours of jogging do not matter much, the main thing is to perform classes regularly and constantly.
6358de728706d21cf505c6ef6ade9c33aceaa518	Having chosen a certain time for jogging, it is necessary to follow it and not neglect the daily routine.
6f28e87d61d414a4710d5b1f2c1e2232c40e988c	In addition, it should be added that runners who run in the morning have a certain advantage – this activity contributes to an easy rise, especially on weekends, while physical activity and a charge of cheerfulness are guaranteed for the whole day.
c23ea9d010a2d49a866648c63671fc01680236de	What to do if running is contraindicated?
a857eaa4e274bdf684af5d8f0f8b53913dbef635	Those people for whom jogging is contraindicated, they can perform a long walk, which is also a certain type of physical activity.
c62ee8730c10e0f582345467dc664e6f748be416	That is, hiking for a short period of time in the fresh air is a wonderful alternative to jogging, while the load on the body is practically not felt.
fed318fd025b57a1f674b614d4e07b9f79a27068	It is advisable to perform hiking in those places that are far from the roadway and various unfavorable places, for example, you should give preference to embankments, forests, squares and parks.
a24d9e09d97daaed5b2be90366ab87386e7e65c8	Such walks should be made with a person close to the soul, so that this pastime does not end with the appearance of nervousness and other unpleasant sensations.
736be81626bdb58b74230a153fa61d822c0e296e	If you want to run, but there are some problems with the cardiovascular system or there are other diseases, then you should definitely consult a doctor of the appropriate direction before starting the exercise.
97d6cfed6bc386c55d3470bc49c007a52d7b5b0d	Now knowing that running gives the body numerous benefits, you can start improving your health, but you should approach such training wisely, and then running will only help to improve your health and well being.
b5bc8a6dbe1a1b4a6df7d7fb2a91b83640b696ea	Rating:
b02ea2a4cbbfc272752b6b275ac2c25e33314dd4	5 out of 5
1948d475deec98f8a7f8b380dcbab825b5fb57db	, voted 1
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5d1b4e43585db370b904def1533e41a16a1a5807	Stress and sex
e3a4ec6647e291b35baba9d2c746baa216dbacd0	Comments (21)
2c9a9bd9901a1fa8293215d14a397f719dcd4d4f	Irina
8dbc711390edee6ac8e9e32c2d230f7026f31bb5	Make useful things for your health a habit...only in contrast to bad habits - it will be useful!
052b003e1240d9ea26f3b8f0cc82d91edc7d34a7	I personally get up earlier and run outside every day, and in bad weather on the treadmill.
88046776acb8cb7802c666f25316a290fd7a4eb2	I do everything with headphones to my favorite music.
0da60628e54dfed3eae2fb612ef5a67a2cfbd588	My husband, by the way, also started studying when he saw my results ;)
23d2a5b5b744f0d33996bbe7fc0b879144940a93	The mood rises in the morning after running and relaxes perfectly...
3ee912e0fd23c20a00f37fe40984a79392aae803	In running, I only see the pose!
878a4a11615ad1ad56b3dd3c4afe5ee0ba537760	March 17, 2014 17: 57
c974579fad5b541fe8a027f224954ef986508310	Wangog
c2c4d862cf0fde278e69e18f7fda03bc46c95163	Thanks! good article)
2fd38c35e6d933746e06485986c0ea21cbab00f6	January 23, 2015 01: 00
1b5dd7e3d53b47d190ad05437489004d28d19115	Anatoly
b776480f9f60a96fe2a97aab8523634f3016d6ce	A great article!!!
46068f5f68ae847ea815319bc214f43277672cc6	May 4, 2015 12:29 pm
1d4a9ef0fb394c25927d521efbd49bdabccf03ff	the sun
1d2193bf153e5d72d21e30b4a88319b60f56ca86	Running works.
f5e3f1aa2d483c988ead94f43f55af8d855b9bcc	Everything that is described is manifested.
a01bf0ed168bc0068e2a7e29697a44a952618b87	I have experienced it and I hope I will continue, although our winters last for 7-8 months.
51c12988990bc76bf06cefec827d5fbb2a6b9d7b	Good luck to everyone and do some running.
e3392723b03fd40551bc44ec24a109029b637470	May 24, 2015 06: 03
b5ed74541ae35aeb5d21edaa234fb5b7a1e3a629	Baymurat
5c37d30b8d15cc133d3906615ea2a02cf0e0c707	by the way, I lost weight and tightened my stomach with the help of running.
a1a1ddc793debc5ee51185fe4295d7d9535fe3dd	Run people and donot get sick!
299eb398f3df77802a0a5da51b50665337f911c3	June 1, 2015 17: 03
3d584abf8b6184e4a51e7b764247b29c52d345e9	Lawyer
3f6be6d7abd9de3dc0318858662c7e84ec5df7dc	I am 41 years old.
e0b6a9d174391d10e182891ef16a8dfc6e8f8b24	I started running on May 1 of this year, I have been running for two months now.
637d641fc6a3e0b998ab5818417c46089fc2909d	I run according to the system for the first 10 days for 3 laps in the stadium, the second for 4 laps, etc. Depending on the state of the body, I sometimes do not increase the load in running for twenty days.
7efdcb3b6e716a719345d969f9a4a23c2e385065	And in each circle I do two sets of push ups, lying down 10-15 times, then two or three more sets from 3 to 5 times pulling up on the crossbar or for sports.bryusyakh. I feel great.
8aa5e925d8584490928dfad0291ec3790f9c6879	At the beginning of May, I pulled up on the crossbar up to 4 times, and now up to 9 times, I think until August 1 to achieve the result of 10 times pulling up and about 3-4 km. running.
03dd2120b64a3e19c63741e8ea70e73515f597e3	The condition is excellent, the working capacity and all other vital indicators have increased.
0c7704ea8993f18c6f74113787a5772725144d70	The main thing is that I feel 10-15 years younger and I am ready to compete with the young people who gather in the evenings at our house.
089e518569c1b85cfe00a8944837850fac8d5b1b	I advise everyone.
d4393293700bb22ea0d39c33780de7279f23ae4f	July 1, 2015 17: 14
64542dbabb81dfd446e0cf4f319567c72ee57c7b	Alex
931d7ffe81cb492f9e1e2b7c71d39335ac6868c8	good article, thank you for your efforts.
0fac23087a540522e6d9ac7f082924a05a19726c	Running is strength, youth, power
aa01ab302f730a7d95e1ac9a3faf42a37c81cd4a	August 12, 2015 10:53 am
bcd4188aeed629f74232c727990281627ee0f428	daniyar
6d187ff0949ed98d6702199b46d34f8be18444a4	Before my leg was broken, I ran 10-8 km in the evening .
7edb22854d76329f0f9c0439e9cce00fc311ffa3	And besides, my work is on my feet all the time and I'm running all the time !
930fd738b0df443a17218562eb4145732458c42d	I was in great shape !
146d565d4c863856472102018978bdad998aa850	Now I canot force myself to run anymore !
6907f31ce44075a7fac82a46f2bebb7973825921	September 8, 2015 20: 27
1a9fdb91ed413d1085a4f8193a805359acecb6e6	Novel
da1c25064e38e65e93796656cf44fb9b19704356	Explosive cross country running https://youtu.be/7dVBe7mrWvE
42e671fb2c5daef34e71d72068f13b00b18b476c	October 15, 2015 16: 21
0dff48f39d8b3988baa3d54696a54fd63218fa17	bogdan
5fce45dcf9dc2ea4420b83b0a3f581885798a229	I run for about a month, mostly in the evening after the robots, the result is on the face. cheerfulness, good mood, and most importantly at a weight of 130 kg.
d12b5595093016fe362b419562365d6792d767be	I feel light and not forced to move.
df415ca7c67beac7aaea7911072a12b394f276db	November 29, 2015 22: 46
60b543bfaaf4e1677077510d003f94bafdf0c999	Dan
e3c48fde6456a818de761c940c8ceaf7a5604e9e	I ran for almost a month, for some reason I gained 2 kg in weight, I seem to eat as usual.
4a19b34718bdbcbffab67bf12500150b5dd5ef49	But I still feel much better.
e7b7e659b1081c6a285a2be0092c24511203299a	December 22, 2015 05: 24
04d843672160f04b9ca13ad37a382cc7681d1f16	Dima
883d19e70c9c1a2c55047d5f8e30ce2881dd0564	Donot be lazy, run.
c6bfdd8979960eb1b6011a11e9d08375feba305d	February 16 ala 2016 18:59
33aba18cf411a90245d9d2ed66c2c7b7563d60b6	Alexander
9914b4129cbdefdd895f906a1e5e7f48aa3dbeff	Good day!
96a266baf9bd1b4fbbab046cf8e07c9df373f602	I run as an amateur, and I have no problems with excess weight.
ecda8a4b76144058aa1e53c2a09b4e3ebd9d2c5e	I work out with dumbbells at home, and I noticed that I canot achieve muscle relief by combining running and power loads.
8e42fa654d1acff68d25cd07a054074b36069595	Running "dries" :-(... and I donot want to give up running, it's such a thrill.
f6d576ebd9627c9266ff16940b059903db7c6be6	I donot know how to make the right regime, running and strength training.
4e2200934d8eeb749cffff80936d38ea61cd1d7c	March 10, 2016 17: 04
25a438624d09944ea6fe0491f427c431903ccc96	If someone has a desire to answer me, please write to e mail dalex85@mail.ru I will be very happy :-)
3fa53f73ed1252e32c176ac6f35802b7c422b4e6	March 10, 2016 17: 10
70f97cb8dc1ff3743738163ccd9054e809fb5e83	larisa
f10b7cf719fa8987d6e30682871c0a3c6b56e4e3	Hello everyone.
a18ec624b0422e96773c0ea2611c81ff3013a5f6	I am 46 years old, I have been running for a year and a half.
ce6897926c443574758ea342cd58d5cb066180d8	I started with walking.
eac4a86d9a4eb9a0b63763d83a8c84914c5bea77	Then I just wanted to run.
a44eac2a64fec28d0e91434aa630459048be8d88	I run in the morning.
91bb266617e23b370aa2f7ca013ddea693880bcb	Great!
7ca09d7e776d016a078f875ebf08bb089c7e9b8c	I regret that I did not start earlier, at least at the age of forty.
56531aa76242800cc741661321f8e8168101cca7	March 15, 2016 19: 26
237c778b214b2c8e797e2fc1bafc3e5884d4886e	The article is super!
589b67d3b5ec342e18274eb5b2f2755f2673d7c6	March 15, 2016 19: 32
c1ba2df818e909036622bfeac69f28cd49092ac0	Thank you for the incentive and in general I wish everyone good health, and for this you need running and the desire to be in good shape.
6590c3a7451cb81dc8eaf0fc24eaf3d884bb084a	Very good article!
37fa08364c6c2728b0614e7bf9a380de66a76545	March 25, 2016 09: 00
1ea7325ced85176d689d52d66503071f05f9ade8	Asel
c3cf7648ac6265acbb6af1036373563203d888c0	And if you run, what will your legs be like?
7825b2bf87ad1f9dda521e1f018ceed31f8e4ea2	(Inflated or...)
d08f045484ed4a1b691481eb11eda472b6b4769f	And how many kg have you lost?
5afe10e37c198b7e1bb89c059b96113cafaf22f6	Please tell me.
63c9c06b0b63e5aa3d7035f48d99204a5a6dedb0	April 14, 2016 19: 49
17e7aa702eedf4c7938d041b7bcbe45b451858dd	Angel
ed8880f890f7fb54b5ba0b6882884a3136053cbb	I want to start running, I'm looking for companions)
f3b2b6312effe0646a839fa6a30bdb1a026d270b	April 18, 2016 04: 57
50d7470b47736c17752cd4bca5b89692f222b7d0	Boomer
4fddbaf0a10ef364b3489f957ababafe1f350ece	I am ready to make a comania come to Yaroslavl or resort better, we will run)))
fb7b018dd88fe64f16aaf76545110b78433a6ace	April 24, 2016 19: 59
bf459526e066f8c1fd1f9d836e8cdb581c7a2789	Anatoly UA
78df9e953808c35f1f76dd499487ca22ccc133d9	There were only two runs :). As a result, only the legs hurt strangely.
d760ee95e5a01f512192b9c36b0a5b1c54fb0fd7	The mood to continue eating.
6955c8fcf4752a475aea21fff5307f9b914f2df2	And also, I installed a special running program on my smartphone (and not only running).
b4b8b7e630327301b528a7cf5b7ed59dc08c00af	The program informs about various indicators: distance, average speed, altitude, calories.
bcdc0a194294d995d0228569d7a96547a0f52f2f	In general, it has become even more interesting - I recommend it.
42682c0cef7e29104cf2fb7a57155baed6c873a6	P.S.
fd258d370beb9eb04f494483715adac40662a1e6	The article is good.
f07dfcaf8d807fccd138a183880a32bb22f9d2d4	SPS.
e933b4bc591e6d76ced6d19b966f53b88a324c52	April 26, 2016 02: 31
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04bda991502952256f3eed70e797efa69d9ebbfa	The use of materials from this medical resource is possible only with the permission of the authors NeBolet.com or with the placement of a link to the source.
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f8240850066f8975b7024bfbc19838145d1f085f	Medicine as it is
3f76640b82f2b55285fa5837331242c262585e7d	Medicine for everyone
0a239bc257ac2512f511790453a27282dd1af5ed	Books Site Map Ask a doctor Contact
75bff056a0733238916a344375bb9fdfaff11787	Running for health
54a1a182e0fc841f73b5728efe5bddd4387402a9	We ran in parks, squares, around our own house alone and with friends, with a player and a stopwatch on our belt.
68b8a64418ab418052fe92ec4911984cb58b26cc	We ran for the sake of feeling good, in order to lose excess weight, and just once again meet like minded people.
a587dd83e5290addff589566c841ea1cb0934054	- Training of the cardiovascular system.
0f1fb625faac1d4a04b331d1fe35aadb6c228572	After all, running develops personal qualities, such as self control, purposefulness, willpower.
113bbc90aa6db877f5f5ba3ca674bc974af2009d	Physically trained people have higher self esteem.
b718d166a6ac4ca4036c77023dce2adeb04cc41b	Another reason to fall in love with jogging (the so called light wellness running in fitness) is a state similar to meditation.
1eabfea702d4e0d9c0091615e2cc51fe65d3a85f	When you find your breathing rhythm, your pace, your amplitude of movement, you no longer control the process, but dissolve into it.
1de1a05d51530a9da7873b34688d9d63ef1ab3f5	An internal fulcrum appears.
3a0166a226e2343d75ee634128578ca186b43f34	You are relaxed, thoughts and tension disappear.
2f11d8cdbb9f9d216fd520e025059e7b48099e03	Listen to your breathing and feel how each step frees you.
e43ad0933b4a85c2121dff351ef56cc126a27f82	And someone, on the contrary, thinks about the questions that concern them while running.
1269b86c9006900e8bb7c589098ef665b13f3a40	Here are some facts that fans of jogging (running) should take into account.
36fdbd385e0d44376b0ca137dcb9fcb4a5f1f2a5	Donot overdo it:
ce865b3335e7356c285504b8bf2870a8fa31bd22	Most often, they start running to lose weight.
ecee46ddec14ca8a84825ce71414e1489a5dfff9	And, of course, I want to get the result as quickly as possible.
7165a3419f62480f1ece0b2256a821223dae6b99	For the first few days, an optimistic runner gives himself a big load.
e71f2d908f6e769f4a56be61e50fad6d88e9ce08	But the enthusiasm quickly drops.
c812cf05d10f721a22ca857a1d8731480707a7d2	And now only a week has passed, and there is no desire to get up in the morning for a run anymore.
86d4abea0fa97c38650d9a73206d565552013a67	It is better for beginners to alternate running and walking: they ran for a minute, walked for a minute.
0a010d5cee421b969e92b9a8b2f1868b8c7dbe10	By the way, walking is considered no less useful.
30568aaba0091d900ecc163c56a34d30029f1649	And in some cases, when running is contraindicated, walking is the very thing.
232e42606581c3fa18aa887b0d1f4e38a25ac0c9	Remember that effective walking should take at least half an hour, or even an hour of your time every day.
3246cf968576bb5c505375462308102aae0e646d	In the first month, the volume and weight of the body increase:
88f5e2c82e4e9af23680f6d71bd09de2b6bafe04	So does your appetite.
2976ec7c4b7e5f796dc355266edd65e2f60c7562	Do not be surprised: the body adapts to new conditions in which you begin to spend more energy.
707529c32e0dd6f482594d1ec030e3330de57481	You should not worry about the volume and weight either – in a month the muscles will return to normal.
f22d3642902a922bbf428bf79608b332d06ca679	At the same time, the percentage of muscle tissue in the body will be more than fat.
d2e7c2f80cb1217f0748b137aca66ac55fd2ba7e	Actually, that's why the weight increases.
9ab7ce342dcef37c99df2f37435cbd8491aa8d48	It is better not to quit training during the first month.
9a694329e1c3e54849a605e457fa912310d03963	This wish applies not only to those who have decided to start running,but also to everyone who has decided to start doing fitness.
8006a5b37e4efae4741d031fd5bfc30abe1fd5e4	Stopping training will not lead to anything good: the body has just changed to a different type of nutrition, and you will suddenly dramatically reduce energy consumption.
eafbe754b399710896980146f49c4112dce4447e	The training time is individual:
f5ce6e1238c799dc27bcdc1234ce63f26629a8db	There is a universal rule – whatever you do, do it with pleasure.
d1c8eccb14b586ba21b901fbdaf3e1450cebd8c0	The same applies to running.
256996c3974e0ccf57a58b2ff1b58f483f590a4b	Choose for yourself the frequency that you like: daily or twice a week.
cf19a6410d3f215f887aa9709c1e00243b32ff53	The main thing is to maintain this rhythm.
09151d1745f2b74b2e38c54c6c2288e95f8a214b	If sometimes you do not fit into the schedule, accept this fact and continue running without moral pressure on yourself.
283f8e6d713cc7c6478489b66bb7f17d94c5497c	Running at a steady pace for 30-60 minutes 2-3 times a week is considered optimal for health.
973940abfa8db35d1b7e5c7ebe31db896defbd2c	Beginners can start with 15-20 minutes and gradually increase this time.
ce67f728fd02ea8dae962acd8294e7f09aa94568	The body must have time to recover.
50574bcc6fd4d570e8d221a1ce5dee95317b7a09	Watch your pulse:
00c92db41d2771848d32b0f77964b9c02cb1dc18	Depending on the age and weight of the body, the pulse should be from 120 to 150 beats per minute.
05892ed121f4daba4bbc1b71451dcb2abde32fae	The younger and lighter you are, the higher your heart rate should be.
1d2457362857ed6e8877a3bab5e450438f2e83ca	It is better to consult a doctor, and at the same time to clarify whether there are any contraindications.
26c2fbd32788cd43fc3c3325198361f1df9a78ac	Before running:
4b8c8de0c323e6a47ec88eb927e7b23f4c3cad6f	be sure to warm up your muscles with a small warm up, and after running, do stretching exercises.
e59216c3cacc6336375cace3a32ec61301992410	Without these procedures, which are unfairly ignored by many, the muscles, to use fitness slang, will "clog up" and lose flexibility, and you will get tightness instead of lightness and freedom.
00bfad5fd4ed891637a95884ca9fbf0ca5d440cd	Before you run.
da8e24fcfccb4b0e796b6d784b0dc9febf0aa446	- Perform a warm up in order to warm up the body and disperse the blood.
a9d22dc3b44c152cec6d0a2c1449b1b5eda38064	To do this, it is enough to walk at a fast pace, so that the pulse becomes faster.
68a083e8fe2ce5f2f3fec69ac3c7f1552b0f3c66	Take a few deep breaths through the nose with a full exhalation through the mouth.
45728b33746e725ac759effb7ec98218a73bdd37	Perform swing movements with your hands and feet, rotational movements of the trunk.
0a0e173a75c8d9cffd4a122aa4bd36d7f5ace827	— It would be nice to stretch the warmed up muscles, especially the muscles of the legs and back.
e8400b1f308b67903a45de5127904ee8442f536a	Useful tips:
e895c577652b97a325349b2d941ebc6cc7b8b35c	- Less unnecessary movements.
59d25859974f9faa4b1c7b6a5a064c4148a4f788	During jogging, people often make a lot of unnecessary movements.
f83c4318454ea11d3904583be234fcbc39943ad5	Extra steps overload the body.
fb0a5ea4a5698fb30bab3fceb644c038fe8edcf7	A slight tilt of the body forward shifts the center of gravity, which helps to avoid unnecessary movements.
f587f06557ad58154b2d95e782c805b96bd505c3	- You need to run straight, without jumping up and down.
86a56172eb11a03f6350312b5434c7af98bc4379	- The feet should be placed gently, without sharp blows on the heels.
2393b96351bd351b457f21299a5baceafff3e429	The joints may suffer from blows.
bf0cd7e8f28d3edd9b524a6692fc873349a058e1	- Less grip on the ground.
0f63a23b3553692bdee8e9753413eaf9d17d0e15	This is not a walk, this is a run.
58fbfdda05c1c85fb8c3e95e785225a2698cc64c	Putting your foot on the ground, you need to tear it off the ground as soon as possible.
8717b5fe347d0aed714eaab017ab2d34a3ea0970	— While running, you need to breathe through your nose.
62ce5d2965ba7f0c8bb5b8ab64d73730a699b973	If a person starts breathing through his mouth while running, it means that the body is overloaded – there is not enough oxygen, and if he also starts making terrible grimaces, then it's time to wrap up.
50a81a6a52ea4770a0b8729ae9bff7bebfc96443	- You need to run systematically, otherwise there will be no benefit.
b8fb9705488035752c434f42a2696139534570ac	— To restore the water balance in the body after a jog, it is recommended to drink a cup, or even more, of ordinary water at room temperature.
d6d2554884084cf040f4d7f5df3f4bf18456ab84	Drinking water immediately after running is very harmful.
4f925bdeecb7be7bcbfa3459d5d8b57925addf7e	The heart has not yet had time to calm down, and it is additionally loaded with newly received water in the blood.
723f2001d82422d54fe5486e84e3ff4afcece862	The minimum interval after which you can drink water is 15-20 minutes.
c8b53c85802a2349e70b8917e8794871b9bd5099	You should drink it in small sips, gradually.
7b4d6b51a2c9a0d6d0841590ce63202d433e67f7	And not much.
2816eef1cc8909084cb74351cace03241be1b874	It is better to wait 15 minutes and drink more.
bcd4cf8b491027be815b48e0f668714fd22b2846	But during long runs, drinking water is simply vital.
5ca30da97c9f01435e2477a6cec5b8caf467ee9b	Otherwise, the blood thickens and stops going through the small capillaries.
59d5f95f58034ea55d4163dfa6ced5f2933cc2da	And her heart begins to pump with difficulty.
18bd033cb6500427c0a4b57ab3bb3f560ece6a63	The rest of the recommendations are the same: small sips, long intervals.
beaacfaa8e6186f17d52e251e129ba485d8d84f7	— After passing the planned distance, do not stop in any case.
40223f43cf1c39cddc356b38218e51a0590b5628	Walk around until your pulse is restored.
f79cac0afeef70fcdd924b2bf83f989631e36a47	If you stop abruptly, there is a sharp outflow of blood from the limbs, which again is fraught with a heart attack.
4d617023cba5485a456167146ab90b56820c14dd	— During a run, the shin may begin to ache.
0f60112544141e2eef97262830f6d52039ccc657	After a run, especially after a good one, on the next, as well as on the second and third day, muscles can hurt — any muscles.
65a435286e4a22ff3ca9ee2901448daf30ba09db	During running, almost all the muscles of our body are involved, and such pain indicates that the body is unaccustomed to training.
258ad2ffaf60da14ec7df0d9d75833b7b6aaed35	The ache of the lower leg indicates the weakness of the calf muscles.
b3199218b0e42ef6f25eb7adbfdf8a6db11e1191	The pain in the muscles is due to the fact that lactic acid comes out of them.
5c09baea6c2a47ad10c1278abf75877749dfe1fe	Everything will pass over time.
57c0b263a4f4bd0a9ee90286be85ff192fe5b971	The main thing is not to give up.
f9e4e5004700f48e9875ef9612bd041dee707ad1	Remember that the benefit will be only with constant training…
bb3995bdda1b422c67d20ca0921bab2e2dbc46f3	More about vitamin C
d831abe73b2dd00308334b2340731e145f52955c	Many people call vitamin C very useful for health, but not everyone has heard that it can contribute to the appearance of kidney stones.
9569c6ee5c9fdbacdd8e1da88398e320f5a2a1b4	Moreover, its excessive use in addition to stones can become a prerequisite for others…
dd9d5e0854ab7093b7cfb828fcaa398d0c4f2f0b	Myths about the benefits of alcoholic beverages
54e4e7deedbafefb5c66f50983ffad15d176a9e5	Some believe that alcoholic beverages have healing properties.
3a7ad01ecd7c77ce0683e4b1fe0479a635f5cbf0	It is believed that these drinks help to get rid of colds, improve immunity, give courage to a person, make him more sociable, cheer up, etc.
644a06c39abcc41cc5fc5e359eaca8bf1c1547ea	However, alcohol consumption can only…
351bf5413e0b799cc21406491f5ee7824755cef4	Useful properties of carrots
222e1e4f38f2fd49ce8a81e94a2d890e7faec765	Carrots are often associated with the standard of healthy food.
69bd1f57403f76979bc9fdaf9ee52de5982f04db	Surely your parents forced you to eat carrots, however, just as you force your children to do it.
c7f86a4450f6edd345548a787f1193472ace998c	To the question: "Why?", you can often hear: "Because it is very useful!".
df316e17de9c36858417ba18e0da4da282dea84a	…
aa876f1457b438d058e3fbaed348cf011830c647	4 comments
c2e8d5201c2f0810e79d1607b4de9c760acb3883	Evgeniy
f414783f1d4816c051e7baa3c1e2577994b53da9	09.05.2012 17:13
ab5d72d0d4d36c13f2acd0731a6064045f0b8948	as for the fact that you need to breathe through your nose, I do not agree, every normal athlete will say that it is desirable to breathe both through your nose and mouth.
0c3730956a0199d4f30496cec0ea9c83b5d6f035	So that more oxygen gets into the body.
03479e70c7f66435bd0c0ef15a1f1a910037ab64	It is especially well manifested in combat sports.
7cf08e5f111549fd32d4c709d695e15b141220ec	And in general, I personally think that it is individual, who breathes better.
88fa846e5f8aa198848be76e1abdcb7d7a42d292	victor
5392e9e027c7b9f40b4a88dacbcf18dab3e744eb	27.09.2012 10:38
1b4a5ee599dc1f46b2827456d2be8948b6aecf12	I'm 51, but I want to run around in the evenings after work for my health, wonot it be harmful for my health???
b0b6a16e5774ed494e7e7b946c5376a99de1e926	Nastya
e7fa9de4c1bf3072b5b979359c9109078d237e77	16.12.2015 17:48
47dd789038b5be168a3ce3fa49a6b8e95be6e9d3	I do not advise you, your musculoskeletal system is unlikely to like such loads.
9b81183cd987fb6b59a0e50f4ab15692c9cd3c8b	Regular walks are already a great alternative.
16205b3eb345ee62835aecf97691cd45f8d3671b	If you want more — fast walking=)
fe652be48bc8d11def0d5ea36e4a57f09f941db6	16.12.2015 17:45
703f529caa8ce97452378c8df8b1108a969078ce	A couple of years ago, when I was doing morning runs every day, my shin began to ache (in particular, the calf muscles), it turns out that it was not easy… Now I have replaced running with fast walking and I feel great at the same time=)
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cfff8cecb0dd4e996fd1556b24110668477d28c4	AND DID YOU KNOW THAT…
13c0e8ecf9d506d9d4fc7fdaa7ea56df1dff81f5	The most common infectious disease in the world is dental caries.
443a4d1874bca2526dbb492c62ec72b6d140fdde	Categories Allergy
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66f364c68ef6d5c22aa1c281c6802453b16b2280	The benefits of running
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1c2cf883c7199d73f8c2ffd939df7f295e000385	Training of the cardiovascular system.
beac19ec2ea4716f1ccc9c425e64e4dc8b68703f	The heart trains, blood circulation improves, and consequently, the supply of oxygen to the organs;
dd2c80c855ae7b94e9c776518fb5338d4312a106	Running helps to fight depression.
3907224e2e5c444c66fedee5cc151aa838129dcb	Running can relieve stress.
5653e0cdf0a17c80a1fa5c4b0c88d9f8bd0a514f	It literally "airs out the head", and for those who live in a megalopolis, it is simply necessary;
ccf59caf6311281c8a58713ea0803c46b33d65fa	Running has a beneficial effect on the immune system, the central nervous system;
71fdb258a36e5a4fac338622aca736ad31f3e7ab	Running helps to harden, if you run in the fresh air;
7b7e4175211fc373b81bed94fbdb80e48b8edc9c	Running develops personal qualities, such as self control, purposefulness, willpower.
2bfcc2ea2e84d484bdab19d5cf9334ffae48fa80	Physically trained people have higher self esteem;
15bff08a43b1ff5832316316da6bdd924a76ebd0	It also helps to keep yourself in good shape, improves blood circulation.
650f21651ee6f60a85a05ee9ec5e08e290c24355	He has practically no contraindications (except for low blood pressure), even people with flat feet can run in the right shoes;
ce33343141689037d753bc673630328e084b26c2	When running, these loads increase many times, due to the so called "flight phase", when the body descends to the foot with acceleration.
1035dbfcca6d3f81968d1d7f9bcefeae82c9257d	While running, the feet should not be placed "track to track", on the same line and, at the same time, should not be widely spaced from each other.
e88e9c7bc2a0523b502deed0888e2aab46e9254f	At the same time, an important difference from walking is that with the correct running technique, a straight line drawn through the center of gravity of the body to the running surface will pass through the center of the foot, and not through the heel, as it happens when walking.
ebb1eb52e4bdbd6fd0a9dfc21f1c8d9ba6b06182	Yes, this method requires special training and skill, but the distribution of the load over the entire area of the foot is a good guarantee of unloading the joints.
571e837f60bbe2af5301fb835be2389c8d5d0f72	The most dangerous mistake of a novice runner and the most gross violation of the correct running technique, of course, is the so called "bumping into the exposed leg".
13c4bec0a6cb2e4897aad2d8b69d00f4400a7907	The impact on the surface is softened by the bent leg and in this case the leg acts as a natural shock absorber, and not a stick stopper.
dbf3025bf3f7969478016833a9679f0c403a9adc	One step smoothly turns into another, and is not a series of blows on your own straight legs.
720f213e1dd46521afc26b9fbd6441e1a31b3cce	If the step is too wide, the probability of "bumping into a straight leg" increases, too narrow, mincing step will not give sufficient muscle tone, and the feet will receive an extra load.
3de0f28b6aba1e2e5f38d554c7709bd5394635ea	One of the main components of the correct running technique is the immobility of the upper part of the trunk relative to the vertical axis.
b344de6f47d8e55e0ff4680198a7806cf4993da7	This is what will protect you from injuries to the spine and joints.
a98c50cb69ad3c25d36401c6d5581fd319c3b392	It is important to monitor your posture.
f02758f112389180739bc0cb70a660989144ba67	Bending the torso forward will increase the probability of "bumping into the leg", a deviation back will lead to too high lifting of the hip and disrupt the smoothness of movements.
f3a3a92d180823d9dc1656681badcd55e31725e5	The arms should be bent at the elbows at an angle of 90 degrees, the hands should not be squeezed.
6f7537952f6277b5546f6b7f8ce6addb0fd08ca8	It must be remembered that freedom of movement provides relaxed rhythmic breathing and delays the onset of fatigue.
e661dfe8049cdbcf4fb2d12c9887be79d5bbd622	The correct posture is also important.
d17966b5bd56479f6bb0579bf2f37ef32134f24b	You should not, for example, lower your head low, this leads to a strong tilt of the trunk and makes it difficult to breathe.
05073dd563e17ce4dac6a81df0540eeb2d96f8e3	It is not necessary, however, to throw your head back - this contributes to the protrusion of the abdomen.
ce07d1e4000b51862c309c32a50c72c0bb85ae20	It is best to look forward 10-15 meters.
761761a5f99601f5d85f069e252c0fe67d637ed1	Preparation for training.
30cd14bbc84b362dee017318c5ef3b24e2d96eca	You should clearly set yourself such a goal: to run.
7c6f2a20c0fc13a1304fd0e2bd01e548f56a1d03	Because this is not for a week, a month or until winter, you will have to run all year round, until the end of your life and in any weather.
cd75ef2f1a2741b27884b3a610f42aab87891f5e	Otherwise, you donot even have to start.
7005185f5a863509e01a83cdb6ad89d43180bbfb	Analyze and evaluate your physical form.
467c6626ff8ac135d49f27a318e061d8617591a2	If the doctor said that the load is contraindicated, then it is better not to take risks.
1d38cf2776acb1ebe7d62ed78623855c4230f73e	Buy a sports uniform.
78daea12bf453138f3c78dcc2479bd6b31dc6f70	Running shoes are a must.
e4986c9972689d3863fad17ce142640fd9f54d5b	Good sports shoes with soft soles will protect the joints from shock loads, and will also be a good psychological incentive.
05fc65a97f36d1d57b84d43b71e8fd26bfb6c07b	You need to choose a place to run.
2e2d8ce364078306a539ca4aebef714604254b6e	It is better if it is a park or a stadium.
3b70aa02235057fa5c44e56040269260174cdff8	Firstly, dog walking is prohibited in parks and stadiums.
9636c2e74722ad0ee7c9db52132124da50eafe08	Secondly, there are no cars there.
119de8d466f07a057ca4122015690ef706847fef	Thirdly, there are paths that you can run on in winter, because they are cleaned.
73632c046d350b4db17b4399746c6766f98ada32	In addition, there is a little nature in the park, as well as ascents and descents, which will help diversify the training.
d938c3cad7f0226a8dc8b2ac34db895f28258e06	Choose a route, study it, to do this, walk it on foot and make sure that there is no danger lurking anywhere on the route.
1c9a9064e5bbeeda7bae0497ab510ae2688ba467	It is recommended to run around a stadium with a special coating or in a park, forest, etc.
6c553dfbed5097d6e304730fa10d248fdd53dfef	It is not recommended to run on asphalt - the coating is hard, there is a large load on the joints and spine.
11a46720db51fe90f5eeb737d1e629c6c99886f9	But if there are no other options , then it is mandatory to run in special running shoes with air pillows in the heel and nose area.
10950e0401f00bee85b1c1bce1b607233cf0c0e6	Recommendations for training.
986042fb5af766115cdca28fdf64c3195133256d	As a rule, the main mistake of beginners in running is too rapid a start.
a1428713651e285f39bf32b422df4bebf3f8def4	You need to start training gradually and eventually bring the load to a certain maximum.
f386e44a0907e9e2147e59d5455714706dcfa822	But even experienced runners need to remember: too intense loads do not heal, but, on the contrary, destroy the body, which becomes noticeable with age.
3f7ad195d6616dc3bbdd2610ef9e814be60acaf2	After all, the goal is not world records, but health and maintaining tone, so you need to jog.
20e04e12e660587d06a10ac0fce1be0bc2590c77	This type of running is the safest for the joints.
09272052091b0b8da878397f7423698d4c399f07	The pace is slightly faster than the average step.
616796ba5709c6c568c7688f2507503c581eafe8	To determine more precisely, you will have to measure the pulse: it should be on average 100-110 beats/min, no more than 120.
e80ed346fe9dd64191e780fbe3917da6abf26311	At first, of course, it will be difficult, so you can periodically switch to walking, and after the pulse is restored, you can run again.
544d18fa3a3b778e95b844fe66da86549e8a6247	By practicing regularly, after 10-12 workouts, you can already keep your pulse at the level of 110-120 beats / min — this is what you should strive for.
09016ca54075c0d184203f2707fd83e059a8f5af	In the question: "When and how much to run" at first you need to listen to the body and gradually walk from 10-15 minutes to 30 this is enough for a full run.
ab6cd2dd996a46bfb7c4ef3a281255ff39327f88	Warm up and hitch should take an average of 3-5 minutes.
8f6ce88ce82d80ea62477cb7a3aaf2a13e041cf9	If you combine jogging with strength exercises for problem areas, the total time will be about 1 hour.
9cf777750de1b59e0957f98e9c218c0e2ef09b8b	Everyone chooses the running schedule for himself, but, in general, 2-3 times a week will be enough.
b9e6f27ddb275149295aab1b153ff2fc8cf9be80	If you want to run more, you can afford to run every other day, but not more often: the muscles need time to recover.
6b9394d494fdd607f6086c3a17ae6325b8f8a109	Another nuance is what time to choose for running: morning or evening?
acb47664c53443e443e957b109cb8d4a39df6442	This issue is being discussed quite violently by running fans.
2f8259337a7a8e23639ad8f256cf779e9fc3b803	There is an opinion that running in the morning leads to heart attacks.
94fe2efeea5f6178f0740318a78a3c77cc2fd2ac	And it has its reasons: the body has not yet woken up, has not rested, and running is certainly a shake - up for the body.
053007f62bd5ae9498934a59cf70c36cdc649d08	So it's better to allow yourself to sleep off and wake up until the end, and then go for a run.
89caaf6e397698bd3de0b9f6cd8ea871f9d4e040	Warm up and hitch.
e7dd6cd8fa5894ddf1e8d89beb107b3da747fbf0	You should not go out on the street and immediately run away.
44750c19deeda7d311747b8ff5ac04860d13e584	3-5 minutes should be given to a light warm up to develop the joints.
3e277882cc6013f599c556454f537cd9989f4072	To do this, you need to do simple exercises like squats, calf stretches, etc. 2 times.
8f83589cd7b3659685c06f97a23249013637203e	Walk at a fast pace, so that the pulse becomes faster.
17984d1636ddee9983937ffe5d06283c32c54974	It would be nice to stretch the warmed up muscles, especially the muscles of the legs and back.
bec127a967cc93a709aa6e78f1c44df9adecabf8	The very process of jogging can be varied, for example, by periodic accelerations of 200 meters.
c22fe0b6baf41fa7a3ed204b9f07966a682794d7	The last 50 m you need to gradually slow down the movement and be sure to walk for some time to regain your breath.
085117957518861ac0d82b6bb223f6ac08e8f8fc	After that, perform exercises for stretching the muscles 3-5 times.
b8d2f977cad365f69f73425ffddf34c22f3ebccd	Useful tips.
90e3a0db709c0fe615992c270a0f0866ee762335	While running, it is important to relax and not try to adjust to a certain rhythm of breathing.
e21a7338bea2647abfb0856c6c82c3ce67549ab7	On the contrary, the rhythm should come by itself, if it is not knocked down.
aa3954ad0013f54e243f5d412caaff5a54933950	You can eat before a jog in an average of 30 minutes, only loosely — vegetables and fruits are best.
36f0301ef2214e7b0cf3c913772062e30c0a3e62	After a heavy meal , you will have to wait at least 1 hour.
c34ff91331785607679943ea52d92c13b1e00284	After training, you can start eating almost immediately.
c1e6ddd219af629b10ed2e84392d714d48ffa603	It is recommended to start running at a low pace, gradually increasing it (of course, if you do not run at speed - then you need to warm up very well before starting).
acf2b3bd59460ad96f222df85421220532f248f1	While running, you need to breathe through your nose.
921abb0fd5d7fbb23f462676f1a8270852eb8afc	If a person starts breathing through his mouth while running, it means that the body is overloaded – there is not enough oxygen.
5be828b74d1e2323012fb0d486d3d25c9ae8b0c1	To restore the water balance in the body after a jog, it is recommended to drink at least a cup of ordinary water at room temperature.
ca5b4850a23e6ebdbdfbafb3b7eef3803d160e7a	The benefits of running will only be with constant, systematic training, while the load must be periodically increased.
37d6aa56ac474eba8b1e79fc35887563b0d1c693	You will feel for yourself when you need to increase the load.
f0e5c7abbf0af37b871dce8c4f8525d000a82271	Pain when running: the main problems and their solution.
d2b470b2189ec4b9e66eea53bb4479584b06c9ea	Knees.
cc68481750ba19608e46ed22a1119ba4f8e8975d	Try to combine running and walking: 1-2-3 (up to 10) minutes running, 1-2 walking.
a7d3ccf3c5d8d14e3d7fca027ca9ba53041910d3	It is best to buy a watch with a signal for interval training.
09dd608e3b083b0ae49e8d9ea4be325da016d917	Also check your running technique.
b54a6b3f7c891db72218f37744c32933bd33d6bc	With a lot of weight, there is a tendency to put your legs wide (ideally, they are placed on the same line), this loads the knees laterally.
67140821421cbe3f9cb88ceafcadb1f17fc9a559	Periosteum, lower leg.
245ab4591c6076bbb4ebbbef7d7814b8a0d96553	The most likely and not dangerous: the legs are too tense.
1264abb219880d298c15af6a472b4746e4aa01a8	At the same time, the contact time with the ground increases (it should be extremely short) and — most importantly — the feet remain on their toes at the moment of vertical (this is an error).
bdf54e409290c3b012d45786842519517bcf42b3	It is necessary to land on the toe, very gently, and — through the heel elastically again on the toe (repulsion).
1d74489ee7227991a9ec11bf6620ccebb1f5d2e2	To get a feeling, you should run barefoot.
e457e88f24f0e0b797c8fbea8c52908a4a22a45f	The main thing is not to bump into your foot.
b0a619b813ea536a6d7fd26456795f83b84cd1a9	To avoid this, at the time of setting the leg, you need to push the pelvis forward, so that the leg is not placed in front of the body, not under the center of gravity, but slightly behind.
ecb28d0584034caed68e7ea7c85a469a6222f9dd	The runner seems to fall forward all the time.
1547d0aa856b6c3cf390a9d0fb65366a88969d51	Also, many people move their legs with a pendulum movement, but it is necessary like the pedals of a bicycle, in a circle.
98dc2c99560e4812d0145bea27348e154d48f25a	Moreover, this "wheel" should be slightly behind.
06d467a205760146352eeb8af53691ee6784b9cd	Like the pink panther in the cartoon runs.
0adedbd5825551d2432381da32d3fda4343d077e	To make it work, the body is vertical, the pelvis is pushed forward, the lumbar lordosis is tried to smooth out (make the lower back flat).
3efbb6f708af90fe1213f421692afecb8b7ae3f7	It is especially necessary to monitor this at the end of the workout, when fatigue appears.
b4bb244d75d5c71eca6cf19b4994571f3883e013	Pain in the side.
31e30fb7854405b959a1982a3f92b44c09c4ffdf	Colic or contractions in the side is an acute temporary pain that is caused by a spasm of the diaphragm.
ca2fa01dc1d5c74286834a7926a3c064ba2d163c	This happens when the diaphragm, a muscle located between the chest and abdomen, does not receive as much oxygen as it needs.
9d88c7de334524a203c89cb853c7a78a579be450	Pain in the right side is associated with an overflow of the liver with blood, and in the left side — the spleen, as well as with the weak development of the respiratory muscles, which does not provide proper expansion of the chest.
3407c3645bb52ed42e38f0d029fab2c25ad51cf3	What to do?
74a906222ff8cb1a8109178224ae6d436d60e852	Stop.
234291751bbf836c93778e3c254bb5ddf2cdfe8b	When pain pierces, it is necessary to stop doing everything, no matter what you do.
d3dd929b552404d84f574f4ca11658ab3685fe7e	You need to relax to calm the cramped muscles.
09046ef1a189a1d2d2a21bcb8fb6bcdd0c315607	Press in this place.
b123fb9c36609c2871b0c993907ab7ea133a0d35	"Press three fingers on the area where the pain is strongest, and hold until it stops; or also massage the painful area with three fingers.
421c32a05c0141b90a5f3698581a2ad028cac6fc	Often this is enough to let the pain go, " says David Balboa, a sports psychotherapist and co director of the Walking Center in New York.
cff0a1005c0a2ede0f678d5e0ae43db9c78f7ec1	Take a deep breath.
9617ffd5f48ae40dca1d9b9e91c5a30c9accd801	After starting to rub the diaphragm with a cramp, you need to inhale, then fold your lips with a tube and exhale the air for as long as possible.
eba544d4a4d68359e2b96c2fe6e06933516780f6	Take another breath and exhale again.
5524c7861b2b3e1a6c3d25f081080688058a3982	Inhaling, followed by a deep exhalation, an internal massage of the compressed muscle is performed.
2d5d8a5da1c0bfad7cefdb86419b5f7ea152943a	In a healthy person, tingling in the side while running indicates untrained.
7c466030e5f34927987729062f086e8e244c465f	In this case, you should simply replace running with brisk walking and gradually switch to running.
cea2f38b9e181f7808bb2cead81592b3bd167ebb	# 4 Nastya 16.12.2015 16: 33 An excellent recommendation is to combine running and fast walking when your knees are sinking.
77fbf89a7f4d9a533423af68df014b65ef197170	Although of course there are different cases and sometimes you canot do without advice from professionals
af64fe7e1fcf0d5cdb801c2a522fed2988d50419	+5
a270803bc3ea46b9704e700a60e26df5a89e0351	#3 Yulia 24.04.2015 18: 37 Excellent article answers to all the exciting questions about running.
abc388ce04953319181a1df2aae17f385ba7de3c	I noted something for myself.
1945d878429d4dc035859f2fb2039cd9dd77f343	Guys, run is useful.
ba75a833dd8684db6ea79026dec6aca44c472a1c	Over time, it becomes more endurance, tone is added and in general endorphin in the blood, which means a positive and for a long time
803263c7002504601e94136bafebea1abd53105d	+3
75b61b35ea1dde8d3aa3eece01eae16626bb9dff	# 2 Botagoz 27.04.2014 09: 10 I have been running for a year, 13 kg of weight loss, it really helps to fight stress and so on, sport is life
e3f53171ce80a9835ed118c19ed40e4b0f2adec1	#1 Inna 25.10.2013 17: 33 Dear!
d7d3c88982aee7f3b9c85ac079979fe0bcf91e2f	We start tomorrow!
c65e6a913fbc6e1f513b7ab206306cf27fee5ae4	Update the list of comments RSS feed comments of this entry
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3ae45a384dee42c0c4b7e68677badc43f74e5bbc	Diseases: symptoms and treatment | / Medical Encyclopedia AstroMeridian.ru "PREVENTION OF DISEASES (vaccination, nutrition) "Exercises" What is the benefit of running for health
5e0724290aac861a088d034c20d7a583730ee72f	What are the health benefits of running
64b140c17f9b820e47110f1d7408f287cd9b2819	And this leads to a set of excess weight and the development of concomitant diseases: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, osteochondrosis.
0cb0609c9c257458ad87476fa28e055404a5f6e4	Do you know what the health benefits of running are?
47223963ee0bdc1ab56289dcb66d975515bbb9f3	It's just huge.
bda1558ef86bacbec2bc25b6a9ab85dd84da933f	And today we will tell you about it.
7c0b751b8a80bc92fa8656ac53cce4b8d552c690	"I will do sports, I will definitely do it."
d0d9233c27f51a3f5a8a459a1f3c9e33c950b3ff	It's cold and wet in the pool, there is no subscription to the gym, and you need to go to the store for the simulator… But there is one sport that does not require any tedious trips, or specially equipped rooms, in short, nothing but a tracksuit and your own legs.
ae9fdc940df6fbd83783ad1bb62c2ef97cab4f0c	This sport is running.
050f7bafe04f9e7c1f0489d2259e99ca5cb90748	Running is health.
0716b8055f0c2d5b716a560d0f14bfa0f20bc855	For the sake of good health, it is worth getting up half an hour earlier and taking a morning jog, the benefits of running for health are huge.
8e7e3d53d23b7f533a55eb294b21f667a889c5a6	Run every day, regardless of the whims of nature, and you will increase your efficiency, reduce fatigue.
2cede1a48027ac2f35867fb32b3cc315b03a5c2d	What is the benefit of running for human health
1ee17e2a7f9a9e905aa8b798c974b0b7835cbd8e	Running is fun.
b07c85a0daec7fa56898507fdd5b4f9fe27561a6	Everyone who goes in for sports probably knows what a pleasant warmth spreads throughout the body after physical exertion, how well the strengthened muscles feel.
742bd834169ee8a90ccb9c50dbd8da8c09e22054	Running is a beautiful appearance.
d17f8aa977505b20c773de0ff514b3780da29515	No cosmetics will do what fresh air can do.
417ae929712e40f61af4527f4e29c088247bfc21	Running is success in your personal life.
33deaaad0ad0d8d58be2115e26fecafe6a9f65e4	A person gains self confidence, and a spectacular athletic appearance conquers others.
cd111f76311ade3a343169ecc2a25d40ebbc23b5	Running is the absence of sexual problems.
caffd8955b37dce3e8f6bb531d5626d46676d9cb	A sedentary lifestyle also has a bad effect on the cardiovascular system in general, on the supply of blood to the pelvic organs in particular.
27aff78646f559323606b5273f4bf859e3f71a6a	Stagnation of blood in the pelvis leads to erectile dysfunction in men and to many problems in women, and this in turn puts an end to sexual relations.
3d4949c2093f9364cf635e80d0022c95e3d18366	A person who is engaged in running, not only normalizes blood circulation, but also increases the level of sex hormones, which causes an increase in potency and makes it possible to lead a more active sex life.
a6697cc37e26b8b1f966865f4827500d7a3367cc	Running is the prevention of diseases.
a2d95aaf8be805bd12f2d051ecb319bfd99886a0	Active running is a serious opponent of obesity, atherosclerosis and hypertension.
2829a6f5d89af625e3bccaedfed3921c4836509e	And as you know, cardiovascular diseases are the main enemies of modern man.
634073a3784a3b949caf78971e459e0eb14a5ebb	But you can insure yourself against these misfortunes for decades only with the help of regular training.
1a25311942399daa2343b46dc6647365071a1829	Should I eat before training?
a6e385146783bb4b7e127b4bea9739ee11a0ab6d	If earlier the answer to this question was negative in all cases, now the opinion of specialists has changed.
8e100c959a1e8d4a2fc83a6d2f93e85499e2a43d	We run with health benefits It is believed that full and strong people will feel the health benefits of running on an empty stomach.
7dad43ced3d2a9f619ce7cb98d87ab5ec7ab34a4	If a person is thin, a light breakfast – tea, coffee, oatmeal porridge will not hurt him for 30-40 minutes before going outside.
37a51d76e251a852d4fa3e5e97233423ef27d138	If you run during the day or in the evening, this does not exclude a fairly dense lunch or dinner, but physical activity in this case is recommended not earlier than 1-2 hours after eating.
9f870e6048c0e32419d60d0844072fbb27eb9c36	The first stage is a warm – up.
2753b80fe0cf3e7a7e6a5750d8981d9cccfb1a77	It can last from 5 to 15 minutes, during this time you need to finally wake up and warm up to bring the muscles into a state of "combat readiness".
447c2a88101a18469266983350187fdb043d2d97	To do this, you can jog a little, perform several squats, swing your arms and legs.
65f65aed6ceba00464a5033f9b626468d06bb24a	The second stage is actually running.
fad872734671f517c5734968b5698ccc2e11bc2f	At best, it will end with severe fatigue and muscle pain.
5d27e07e97db546abb2966617a94aecd3b8e2003	Listen to the opinion of professionals: distribute the increase in the load for a week, and add distance (or speed, or both together) by no more than 10-15% per day.
2bb4fe3391781659d4a40f066c89d0fddbad0991	Stage three – after training.
892dde2ae8bf9e90b58721ee74f753624807ca99	Only when you completely return to normal – the heart stops beating rapidly and a calm breathing rhythm is restored, you can safely go home.
fee6827caccf56e64f63535f714711968274951f	© Author: therapist Elena Dmitrenko
d7b39d6961bc5892d6b9f888b16de67a0b133faf	With this article, read:
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c657d693587ed9117ea5b38813b1db5686cdf4db	The ability to run in a person was laid down by nature, running is one of the main protective mechanisms that allow saving life.
aaa4ab5d4b74918dc4fe6e6347fc331a7add86ef	Even in ancient times, people noticed that running not only saves, but also has a very beneficial effect on the body, activating all processes and repeatedly strengthening human capabilities.
0a97c9ebf31b2d256d3ed067bcb1e52a83456e48	The ancient Greek expression "If you want to be strong — run, if you want to be beautiful — run, if you want to be smart – run", which has come down to our days and is still relevant, is an undeniable truth.
9dd7edaa7ee647d203b501a3a4219ccd47f40cbb	So why is it useful to run?
1d72b7b36ebf1c10bf61588347d5b9d07b5fd361	Running is a very effective, useful and easy to perform physical exercise, during which the main part of the muscular and ligamentous apparatus is involved, the necessary load is also received by the joints.
8f38263ef79e863e1e8affe3143e573ab2e48ec6	Blood circulation increases, tissues and organs are saturated with oxygen.
9d9db774f26fb25d5ee34cf63ac62d9249988409	Running is an excellent workout for the vascular system, as well as an indispensable prevention of heart diseases.
0c12cec725a94f27f65d7c19d4c7f14d514e927c	Running helps to cleanse the body.
63abe11e22480ef72c3220a9228dc186c71351a6	Blood, which moves through the vessels in an intense flow and collects all unnecessary and waste, through sweat (which is also intensively released when running) , this filth is excreted from the body.
29f8faa212e5eb3be6474bfde4cb15da1b61e92b	Slow, long running helps to normalize lipid metabolism, reduces the level of harmful cholesterol – that's what else is useful for running.
16171723472739c839725e11c4602fbfb4354d97	Jogging allows you to burn extra calories, people who want to lose weight, running is shown as a mandatory element.
20661a04e97054ca28427ca9d4171ea4b6ba59d5	Running exercises also contribute to the production of hormones of "happiness", and are an excellent prevention of stress.
9d68624d48153b53f91bac7fcf7a602c7fbfdd95	And if you are running in the fresh air (in the park, forest or on the embankment), under the singing of birds or the murmur of water – then a lot of positive emotions and positive emotions are provided for you.
53e61d425634d952cb94226e65b4ffaa3f8daa0e	Continuing to talk about the psychological aspects, it is impossible not to say that running develops personal qualities, strengthens self control, brings up purposefulness, willpower.
05c38e239743816d8c1c0a90cbaa154ef1ceb5cb	It has long been proven that physically strong people are strong and mentally, they have a sober and adequate self esteem.
ccf12f4a07d9f4ebca791d171aab1b173ee274f2	The use of running: how to run correctly?
c63665548a69fd35384e82de81f48d5556aeea56	If you donot know how to start running, just accelerate your step, it will turn into a run in the most natural way.
13b9e7c8e4db20155332a3fd1f0865dc35b42807	Read also: The benefits of an exercise bike
9367c645acdc45d2f0db8e276bd65d86663fa9f2	- smooth running.
4a051c17b81f7175300b9d282e67770723a1037b	author: Anton Lytkin
5e3b6b14a96140e87089cf39456d1031d29cb504	date: 02.03.2012
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4fa75974d4fa4f99532da922cd911764bb015b29	A good article and the time to start running is the most suitable — spring!
08f62520dd1efde73909407c79d16a07fc132c2c	Yuri
61f53bea8c431e3302a6a46f6855fb76bbd1ee3d	I doubt that the author himself once ran. do not try to breathe only through your nose, when running, there should be a mixed type of breathing — both through your nose and mouth.
2c2c5fc947f62ebda143c5c5b8ce047bb146b692	Jafar
d7ad0357fb3013e2021bbf00e587ad99a1c40eb6	He wrote everything correctly.
a84d05c54d9392d853d171dc7c2506536dfe481e	You need to breathe through your nose.
40e6628052b36606d261db77990b7f0059c435f6	He opened his mouth, knocked out his breath, and was exhausted.
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00e6961ccf2fc3dca5ad3566ad565d29e325d4c6	The topic that will be discussed has occupied humanity for more than 25 centuries.
2b9b3489228fed6791d3b388dda8c7689172488e	It is called a beautiful and sonorous word – temperament.
482a05ca4839d68507d1f9b615697dc8678e3142	Temperament (Latin temperamentum — the proper ratio of parts) is a stable combination of individual personality characteristics associated with dynamic, rather than substantive aspects of activity.
9610236b0411616fd3a4b66dfc580c07c10eb81f	People begin to get acquainted with the concept of "temperament" very early.
0bebd6c20e5dec373a0a1d4aa9884bdd9c3ba4a0	In everyday life, we notice that some of us are mobile, cheerful, persistent, while others are slow, shy, unhurried, that people, getting into the same situations, behave differently.
859ae74f6aecd3b2b0b95944a78339715e84362c	However, behind this wide variety of behavioral reactions and actions, some general patterns or types of behavior appear.
7f95860411e71df915bab4cf2012e011459586bb	It is in these features that the temperament manifests itself.
fc0fd682120ebbfd2265de6033c8857b57ecdc17	Observations have shown that all people are different not only in appearance, but also in behavior and movements.
e526b6078b75c1ea4a5c215585ad65a6f5350d8c	Some have unhurried correct movements, noticeable calmness in their eyes, while others have sharp movements, fuss in their eyes.
cbef4b4727df91379c225537dff3bdc27dcccfd0	What explains this difference in behavior?
27f8a10ca6b9300e7b60040a754616287c48862a	First of all, it is a temperament that manifests itself in any kind of activity (play, work, educational, creative), in gait, gestures, in all behavior.
83f5bada87be862575dd6aff03e0e9512891dfa0	Individual psychological characteristics of a person's personality, his temperament give a peculiar color to all activities and behavior.
7a544038c2b137afdea05a95a1fc78184f817b49	Temperament is the basis of character development; in general, from a physiological point of view, temperament is a type of higher nervous activity of a person.
0188bb85a5670381cad311b19528b8352b53c941	Temperament is a set of properties that characterize the dynamic features of the course of mental processes and human behavior, their strength, speed, occurrence, termination and change.
60f7cb4c6a75ed3ae3a1e781cf3ec024629252bb	The properties of temperament can be attributed to the number of personal qualities of a person only conditionally, they rather constitute his individual characteristics, since they are mainly biologically conditioned and are innate.
87394082dc5d18f3f212eff934870a7b1d5ee8cb	Nevertheless, temperament has a significant influence on the formation of a person's character and behavior, sometimes determines his actions, his individuality, so it is impossible to completely separate temperament from personality.
ff4e6b005735e5b33d840c2564bb5ec5aea10883	The specific manifestations of the type of temperament are diverse.
b7099ad0d3526a30af0d963a8fa26d560c653e42	They are not only noticeable in the external manner of behavior, but seem to permeate all sides of the psyche, significantly manifesting themselves in cognitive activity, the sphere of feelings, motives and actions of a person, as well as in the nature of mental work, features of speech, etc.
359c6ad5693ae8fa35fc04c98281b54d5fc4226c	To compile the psychological characteristics of the traditional 4 types, the following main properties of temperament are usually distinguished:
c0f6f14a67c7b533f98ad0553ac079d57cb66a38	Sensitivity is determined by what is the smallest force of external influences necessary for the occurrence of any psychological reaction.
4b32f23b3d00443656602bda453621c158eb3296	Reactivity is characterized by the degree of involuntary reactions to external or internal influences of the same strength (a critical remark, an offensive word, a sharp tone — even a sound).
114cc0547e9f9582d9a871af148ba1753bcc0d00	Activity indicates how intensely (energetically) a person influences the outside world and overcomes obstacles in achieving goals (perseverance, purposefulness, concentration of attention).
b9905372bb60bc448cdd4ece8ebcf9ca2d221102	Extroversion, introversion determines what a person's reactions and activities mainly depend on — from external impressions that arise at the moment (extrovert), or from images, ideas and thoughts related to the past and future (introvert).
6eada4be47a6e60edabdf41a5cf420e98389e75f	Taking into account all the listed properties , Ya. Strelyau gives the following psychological characteristics of the main classical types of temperament:
f6649732f34eb19e3ecb506441efa126ffe59f83	SANGUINE.
dee3759edf415ecdfaee92d84b001a50c8ef5bf5	A person with increased reactivity, but at the same time his activity and reactivity are balanced.
c37424cdbc04f1438b2503b6765a4008f98bd999	He responds vividly, excitedly to everything that attracts his attention, has a lively facial expression and expressive movements.
f65c526ff4e8b2e2f2248cf1721fbac288d7c07f	He laughs at a minor occasion, and an insignificant fact can make him angry.
fad5e0f0881c1ce2caefe78153e7539f76344aef	He has a high sensitivity threshold, so he does not notice very weak sounds and light stimuli.
1b25b1b44efe6f441a8755db224de36f86c3cb26	A sanguine person easily converges with new people, quickly gets used to new requirements and conditions.
2b3f97c27e87eadd37b512fc3f1a9c1d2832f219	Effortlessly not only switches from one job to another, but also retrains,. mastering new skills.
3deb57f750cd8a8533e9e07cec02d9e9c72776af	Choleric temperament.
c255b608451c66dbb7c47cfc60cf0ea3ea2ded3d	People of this temperament are fast, excessively mobile, unbalanced, excitable, all mental processes occur quickly and intensively in them.
709c4f1250d905bafad7cac012e00da9f21931c3	The predominance of excitement over inhibition, characteristic of this type of nervous activity, is clearly manifested in intemperance, impetuosity, short temper, irritability of choleric.
7d86e22757072e76fa5bff0dc51543771ac6a453	Hence the expressive facial expressions, hasty speech, sharp gestures, unrestrained movements.
fe954ff71d97f3cc67045c4002769b506d433c9a	The feelings of a person of a choleric temperament are strong, usually manifest themselves vividly, arise quickly; the mood sometimes changes dramatically.
5b591a7261607823cdbe3cbc1db62a7354f70093	The unbalance inherent in choleric is clearly connected in his activities: he takes up the task with an increase and even passion, showing at the same time impetuosity and speed of movements, works with a rise, overcoming difficulties.
3124cfc3944191d21ef215547ae6db5c1ccfa8d0	But in a person with a choleric temperament, the reserve of nervous energy can quickly be depleted in the process of work and then a sharp decline in activity can occur: excitement and enthusiasm disappear, the mood drops sharply.
051904cde3aa5f6f46c809eb527044ed504c0208	In communicating with people, the choleric allows sharpness, irritability, emotional unrestrainedness, which often does not give him the opportunity to objectively assess the actions of people, and on this basis he creates conflict situations in the team.
5ddac743d747e6a31e12952ff26cce4654418f5f	Excessive straightforwardness, quick temper, sharpness, intolerance sometimes make it difficult and unpleasant to stay in a team of such people.
67a1e54a24d557a162daff585709cc65b62cd30c	A person of this temperament is slow, calm, unhurried, balanced.
17115104c01f8d8141eb3de6cd2e300ac12672a3	In his activities, he shows thoroughness, thoughtfulness, perseverance.
c0a08a3df7d34261c026c13b2fc45027eee24cb1	He, as a rule, brings what he started to the end.
ea2cc89ba4f5b9b542594fdadb1b159a6314df8c	All mental processes in a phlegmatic person proceed as if in slow motion.
0e9960fd84b3a9b28786124f967116ec38ef2b88	The reason for this is the balance and weak mobility of nervous processes.
c81f82c988ff8c72af6851dc951a9441eb171777	The calmness of a person of a phlegmatic temperament is also manifested in his attitude to the events and phenomena of life, it is not easy to irritate a phlegmatic person and hurt emotionally.
a3700859a025e38710cbb6f4d6a795bfe0d24350	It is easy for a person of a phlegmatic temperament to develop self-control, composure, calmness.
b8fce6dc9aaaa0f82ed88b726e7c0ac917e45954	Sometimes a person of this temperament can develop an indifferent attitude to work, to the surrounding life, to people and even to himself.
40db3b90f72c7b075e750518140535b180c20b69	A melancholic is a person with a weak nervous system, who has an increased sensitivity even to weak stimuli.
238039deecdf223ffde388d70612e8fd9d34e6b8	If the stimulus is strong, then there may be a "breakdown", "stopper", confusion, "rabbit stress" will appear, therefore, in stressful situations (exam, competition, danger, etc.), the results of the melancholic's activity may worsen compared to a calm habitual situation.
8ba3167f639d6136601b28083f268cb1f4d47d68	Hypersensitivity leads to rapid fatigue and a drop in performance (longer rest is required).
821d14ebfde354f6b058446252dd3c4e2c43596b	A minor reason can cause resentment, tears.
d896b06874aee0f479a289d1139efd93e12840fa	The mood is very changeable, but usually the melancholic tries to hide, not to show his feelings outwardly, does not talk about his experiences, although he is very inclined to give himself up to experiences, often sad, depressed, insecure, anxious, he may have neurotic disorders.
6f2222672c2d986db76149fe3b45209835110739	However, having a high sensitivity of the nervous system, such people often have pronounced artistic and intellectual abilities.
feb10b82ce37c772785ea4f997ab456c36136f7c	It is difficult to answer exactly what type of temperament a particular adult has.
2e78d1941d68abd838340b4bce56c82c576b5883	The type of nervous system, although determined by heredity, is not absolutely unchanged.
36e5a58c40deaf5287997379e91cfd5aa02fe3a0	With age, as well as under the influence of systematic training, education, and life circumstances, nervous processes may weaken or intensify, their switchability may accelerate or slow down.
8819ee83c9614f4f4abd3e1a144055a5ca289eeb	Dynamic features of a person's personality appear not only in the external manner of behavior, not only in movements - they are also manifested in the mental sphere, in the sphere of motivation, in general efficiency.
610f3cd263838412d47997ff59c93c77284a17ef	Naturally, the peculiarities of temperament affect in educational classes and in work.
b996ef449fec61fd556494910e0f6d9d4f5d3c6f	But the main thing is that differences in temperaments are differences not in the level of the possibility of the psyche, but in the originality of its manifestations.
d6f961396f123982fee2afa797c9979f33d5ee35	It is established that there is no dependence between the level of achievements, i.e. the final result of actions, and the characteristics of temperament, if the activity takes place in conditions that can be defined as normal.
835cb3f1bb72136f56fa690a230095fc52df5303	At the same time, studies that establish this pattern show that the way of carrying out the activity itself changes depending on the temperament.
2fa0002bc9ecd2ecbb63724067a3b94f5a9322f2	Depending on the characteristics of the temperament, people differ not in the final result of actions, but in the way of achieving results.
9453b3710e31f10d75b875bfe9e01cc46231bae0	In these studies, an individual style of activity was considered as a way to achieve results or a way to solve a certain task, mainly due to the type of nervous system.
3c66d61c40c2233476cdc4fef7c8a43c43157639	The phlegmatic person needs to be involved in active activity and interested.
f5ce3f578a44dae4748d0c7b199e841f10debaf6	It requires systematic attention.
f534d4809fe35de905eceae86fc0daeebe208efc	In relation to a melancholic, not only sharpness, rudeness, but also just a raised tone, irony are unacceptable.
a49628dd8714b517b0d578eae539535858f474a7	He requires special attention, you should praise him in time for his success, determination and will.
4c727bf0602e3e2949a03f7beb513690c50fad69	A negative assessment should be used as carefully as possible, mitigating its negative effect in every possible way.
9b498b7c49e51259978bbfac554abec6b7ad42a7	A melancholic is the most sensitive and vulnerable type, you need to be extremely soft and friendly with him.
aa4e08f5d3fc7827e79542c6c9eb5022494de26a	A person with any type of temperament can be capable and incapable — the type of temperament does not affect a person's abilities, it's just that some life tasks are easier solved by a person of one type of temperament, others — another.
5b81b03eba550ab6c7347bfb4e5668d28a5a5de3	From the point of view of psychologists, the four temperaments are only one of the possible systems for assessing psychological characteristics (there are others, for example, "introversion — extroversion").
99e98944142b1f030efc54c32c9480b239684139	The original concept of temperament is presented in the books of J. Feldman "The Theory of levels and the Human Model" (2005) and "The Philosopher on the Beach" (2009).
e8315c9fc445e8dd118cb6e5ddc927b63483d549	It turns out that a person is involved in the solution gradually, the number of errors and the time for solving one problem gradually decreases.
bd6f0cdef5ed6ced634fd3c91c3445d0a30056b3	Then comes the maximum (plateau), then the heating drops to zero (rejection of the decision, rest).
531042c15411a49a2830aa38dc4851106aa2a6ae	If randomly selected people are placed in the same task flow, their heating curves will fall into four groups.
f3bfdf053755ad72f822383fe208027fad1bf988	TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER
0e24394906ce7e9fcd91c5d40964392d6c9a8a2f	Temperament must be strictly distinguished from character.
ca7fb5be26c4c35ff00c44b42ed5478b9135b212	Temperament in no way characterizes the content side of a person (worldview, views, beliefs, interests, etc .), does not determine the value of a person or the limit of possible achievements for a given person.
5add56bedcf7c571eea275565510b9a30933e5f0	The attitude of the individual, his beliefs, aspirations, consciousness of necessity and duty allow him to overcome some impulses, train others in order to organize his behavior in accordance with social norms.
a2195424e81275fc4446e3a4e16d65d0c774f716	Characteristics of temperament types
ab77e6e7290993ba5a860f5e662292eb65f50781	The studies of B. M. Teplov and V. D. Nebylitsyn showed that the harmonious picture of the correspondence of the four types of higher nervous activity (according to I. P. Pavlov) to the four temperaments known since antiquity is not as obvious as previously assumed.
73f8bcf75f33cdeac018e1ffd6b8c7cf12ba4df3	They proposed to temporarily abandon the discussion of the types of higher nervous activity until its main properties and the nature of their relationship are more fully studied.
fe217ee2b630ecc25f81c88c6b14243cbd344318	These scientists showed the partiality of such properties when applying conditioned reflex procedures to various analyzer systems and outlined the search for common characteristics of the nervous system in the amodal regulatory structures of the brain.
2ba32ff0172965eb7f5d6fb14302d51c0001b7f0	Especially important are the conclusions of B. M. Teplov about the absence of direct parallelism between the properties of the nervous system and the peculiarities of behavior.
cb8c3eda72d14464bca66b14e15164a74008f9ee	According to the psychological characteristics of behavior, it is impossible to judge the physiological qualities of the nervous system.
c770ab0d0455b6d8becd8485ac89feaceae3ddae	Its properties do not determine any forms of behavior, but form the soil on which some are easier to form and others are more difficult.
7e3e6c036b41b64fe7cf1ba4bf8a224ae3e30504	The task is to search for those qualities that determine individual differences in the parameters of general mental activity and emotionality — the main two dimensions of temperament (V. D. Nebylitsyn).
c857b78de869eb4805a276a0358e6d8c5ac60fc8	Thus, temperament is a characteristic of a person from the side of the dynamic features of his mental activity, i.e. the pace, speed, rhythm, intensity of activity of mental processes and states, the degree of emotionality.
f444795da215ad4d4ddcc74682273fee7f470887	There are interesting observations about the relationship of skin patterns on the fingers of a person and his nervous system, his temperament.
3373b2130a5f050b7f4fabe6b4b189d5f7d8d02a	"Scallop counting" is a quantitative method for analyzing patterns on the skin of fingers.
5ff2f1c90d8f6b0b0f2cb266fa152cb7a2c32224	Scallops are a visible ribbing of the skin, forming a particular papillary pattern on the extreme phalanx.
40b4c105c0139af513570cdf836987bcdf5dbf96	If the pattern is in the form of an arc, then the comb count is zero.
561ff4ce44ec25458eeff934cb4bad5f82869b1d	The total scallop score is determined by summing all the scallops on ten fingers of the hand.
ea338c686ae81bfa8732f54ca6a03fadc7745927	The predominance of spirals and large loops increases it.
11033f232593e1b67557ab30361d80dd18ef4862	In persons with a strong and balanced nervous system, "loops" dominate; "spirals" are strong, but unbalanced, and "arcs" are observed in owners of a weak nervous system.
cc3651a1909d9072eab6ba8bccf0d99ec00e73af	Choleric has 50% of spirals, and the rest are loops.
1212c70293cc4eb3e56949878c3ce85155d1f4fc	Phlegmatic — all loops.
c57f191b9a4ed197e6fb33f0849e4b2a5bb358b6	Melancholic — at least one arc, and the more arcs, the weaker the nervous system.
4b7fce463a87b4db29f047390ec1b7d50ea8f555	We emphasize that temperament determines only dynamic, but not meaningful characteristics of behavior.
48b20421bd9270fc091cda19768db08f86e51de9	The same type of temperament can be both a "great" and a socially insignificant person.
19df506d22c4cd54e029aad4f31fe7993ac773c8	So, summing up the above, I would like to note that psychologists from different countries have been engaged in the study of temperament.
cfee87343f4438acc987a2dc955b1f3cb756ca74	The methods of studying it are rather conditional and not objective, but work in this direction is underway and is bearing fruit.
f2bbf1bc8da7e6b1519e702f327e41b24554a795	E. Kretschmer connected the nature of temperament with the chemical composition of blood, his theory was supported by W. Mac Dowgall and the Japanese psychologist T. Furukova;
17271acf20e4efe6338cc47b89a8fc1d37aa3598	Albrecht Haller introduced the concepts of excitability and sensitivity, and his student G. Vrisberg connected temperament with the peculiarities of the nervous system;
342d578d1ffcbdc6b66481ec938db73599551ce9	I. P. Pavlov experimentally confirmed the theory of the physiological basis of temperament;
37160f62dce9cbcc9265c30622aac941108b4717	To.Sigo connected the difference of temperamental features with the physique, and V. Wundt with the strength and speed of change of emotions, I. Kant divided human temperaments into two types: temperaments of feeling and temperaments of activity.
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82d55cf372dd139770e43a55a24346db1006e5ce	Pro Psixology.ru → The unity of the world and the problem of mental development → Types of temperament and their psychological characteristics
027da3424672f2b91d40f3a0a3a749b80c30066e	12.08.2010 admin 0 Types of temperament and their psychological characteristics
2dfa66079d9b7229409430972fd5f1567d78a3b6	Standard
37812a45cd6efade410da40ec68e31320704dca7	A choleric is a person whose nervous system is determined by the predominance of excitement over inhibition, as a result of which he reacts very quickly, often thoughtlessly, does not have time to restrain himself, shows impatience, impetuosity, sharpness of movements, quick temper, unrestrained.
394e115c0b59270b67e8ef8986c703e2ce576fc4	The unbalance of his nervous system determines the cyclicity in the change of his activity and cheerfulness: being carried away by some business, he works passionately, with full dedication, but he does not have enough strength for long, and as soon as they are exhausted, he is refined to the point that he cannot bear everything.
0899118804841cb6d985076357aa732152d010fa	There is a rarefied state, a bad mood, a decline in strength and lethargy ("everything falls out of hand").
cfc6b7d9d552c8956271532508d5129dd4ec9652	The alternation of positive cycles of rising mood and energy with negative cycles of decline, depression causes uneven behavior and well being, increased susceptibility to the appearance of neurotic breakdowns and conflicts with people.
96cccccf105927936021eb0962565632af841e01	A sanguine person is a person with a strong, balanced, mobile nervous system; has a fast reaction speed; his actions are deliberate; he is cheerful, thanks to which he is characterized by a high resistance to difficulties
d7be4ae0f73bb4ece43875fc0d3631cbfd743767	lives.
3f3f0abae3b6bbc8763bc10faae9c15a64fb37a0	The mobility of his nervous system determines the variability of feelings, attachments, interests, views, high adaptability to new conditions.
451b80b397fdb38168751b193e67a36c5b2e33d2	He is a sociable person, easily converges with new people, and therefore he has a wide circle of acquaintances, although he does not differ in constant communication and attachments.
5e022106d435da27587b0d8975c8a0f0f3905804	He is a productive person, but only when there are a lot of interesting things, i.e. with constant excitement, otherwise he becomes boring, sluggish, distracted.
8868dd7b56570222aab10a9b35c81a0046610e97	In a stressful situation, he shows a "lion reaction", i.e. actively, deliberately protects himself, fights for normalization of the situation.
8bd912c0e1843dead7834392b92949ba9b628eb2	A phlegmatic person is a person with a strong, balanced, but inert nervous system.
dfb2cdd5d250e02e62e054a74779f189940496b0	As a result, he reacts slowly; is taciturn; emotions manifest themselves slowly (it is difficult to make angry, cheer up); has high efficiency, resists strong and prolonged stimuli, difficulties well, but is not able to react quickly in unexpected new situations.
c5f1312ea88f9cc5d8ffe89d20ddb22899a9345a	Firmly remembers everything learned; is not able to abandon the developed skills and stereotypes, does not like to change habits, lifestyle, work, friends, it is difficult and slow to adapt to new conditions.
6334c819dcddee3099d37766eddc800047e502c4	The mood is stable, even.
3b58630ae6b2c88e849ef7453d14db30b15f85a1	In case of serious troubles, the phlegmatic person remains outwardly calm.
cdf1265ecc679db321db87a35d3ecfd8fcac747a	For example, choleric and sanguine people prevail among children (they are energetic, cheerful, easily and strongly excited; after crying, after a minute they can distract themselves and laugh happily, i.e. there is a high mobility of nervous processes).
3cc60ab95ef6adf0c73e3ad3f20a16b6700de827	On the contrary, there are many phlegmatic and melancholic people among the elderly.
5fe68f4a6db5826352925e9c91094dfc4c083e76	Temperament is an external manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity of a person, and therefore, as a result of upbringing, self education, it can be distorted, changed, there is a "masking" of the true temperament.
d0f97b7738ee74a9ece7ffb45a5ba0f80c258da4	Therefore, there are rarely "pure" types of temperament, but nevertheless a certain tendency is always manifested in human behavior.
8c53bcad3f4195b222222e32d43f34dd39d9d8ed	Figure 2.10. Characteristics of temperament types The studies of B. M. Teplov and V. D. Nebylitsyn showed that the harmonious picture of the correspondence of the four types of higher nervous activity (according to I. P. Pavlov) to the four temperaments known since antiquity is not as obvious as previously assumed.
8e2aa36971a9fb4fdec36a435d8ad02003c640ef	The following signs of temperament properties can be distinguished:
d594dab5f79454cbab1f8a38fed3f7141a822433	the conditionality of their properties of the nervous system and the constant individual characteristics of the emotional sphere, which include: the strength, speed of emotions, emotional excitability; stability or variability, smoothness or sharpness of changes in emotions; regulation of the dynamics of mental processes and mental activity in general (speed, rate of response).
246b1f7ad40fb88f830e0fe90993b89ea5ab7239	The pattern counts the number of scallops that intersect or touch the segment of a straight line drawn from the center of the delta (three radii) to the center of the pattern.
01fa72d188aa70d3092f5961440df312dc006448	It is higher in men (from 130 to 150) than in women (from 110 to 135).
84bfe2c1a06a5a177913c8953d1a6145095b6c4e	In persons with a strong and balanced nervous system, "loops" dominate;
a51bc5c84dabe5ac60d37068ee60f2d86f545452	"spirals" are strong, but unbalanced, and "arcs" are observed in owners of a weak nervous system.
ef300a4ff2817da11b12650c612a2ef57dd8e691	The productivity of a person's work is closely related to the characteristics of his temperament.
157f9528caf387c0bff225ea444b3a4132c0c52b	So, the special mobility of a sanguine person can give an additional effect if the work requires him to frequently switch from one occupation to another, efficiency in decision making, and monotony, regularity of activity, on the contrary, lead such a person to rapid fatigue.
d0aa062dc2b037963fb4d5be9726a5ab4d299f92	Phlegmatic and melancholic people, on the contrary, in conditions of strict regulation and monotonous work, show greater productivity and resistance to fatigue than choleric and sanguine people.
204803479cbf6fb08c02c6b478aa04d5061f8914	In behavioral communication, it is possible and necessary to anticipate the peculiarities of the reaction of persons with different types of temperament and respond adequately to them.
4e6b65b41a6ba93496a02ab5ca27895c7b97c530	I. P. Pavlov identified three more "purely human types" of higher nervous activity:
8ab5b366fc08918fc4b32876b58a76d9a0961d64	intellectual; artistic; average.
a95ceabd28a0ab2606bf6cf384a9e813918775b4	Representatives of the first type (in which the activity of the second signal system of the left hemisphere of the brain prevails) are very reasonable, inclined to a detailed analysis of life phenomena, to abstract abstract logical thinking.
820672a3de7d032ae6499558d0ffc407f1cac456	Their feelings are characterized by moderation, restraint and usually break out only after passing through the" filter " of the mind.
2e5f2ea91b8e393d2f0508f2ce5e4faf96d3ba03	Such people are usually interested in mathematics, philosophy, they like scientific activities.
d3853264174234e112676069f692b4ae4447a6cd	People of the artistic type (the activity of the first signal system of the right hemisphere of the brain prevails here) have imaginative thinking, it is influenced by great emotionality, brightness of imagination, spontaneity and vividness of perception of reality.
65a9fb971d5f4142bc196e399f074d1025b0548b	They are primarily interested in art, theater, poetry, music, writing and artistic creativity.
8f561edf1e62e69b6c18b13b15f1b616cb89c896	They strive for a wide range of communication.
e2a2d83e44f4a1f9d44411ef750cb7773b333e4b	These are typical lyrics, and they skeptically regard people of the thinking type as "crackers".
a97cd7fd3dba05b40bb618c5d1ec1e19f5b735b7	The majority (up to 80%) belong to the" golden mean", the average type.
ac467f41912a7994a717f87634948a91877d801f	Their character is slightly dominated by a rational or emotional beginning, and this depends on their upbringing (from very early childhood), on life circumstances.
503f8b9bcc2a674d8a850418b6c57d5f22e104e2	Other articles on the topic: Heredity, environment, psyche: general and individual in the psyche.
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fa92b6e027ded03d70debaa28d0c9aec4f1519db	You are here: Students Tickets General psychology Temperament, its main properties.
77c6b8e1376ec1fed4913a06dbc4173a52734716	Types of temperaments and their psychological characteristics.
ec1d45575c792434f0ea29d1d99ddef9120d678a	Temperament, its main properties.
f6ce053e8ffa710e58d49d3a9c4b402585517331	It acts as a link between the body, personality and cognitive processes.
c9acc51f09b223f4484bb94d8043b539a70d8492	Properties of temperament.
2a63a1198d84aff161d28dfaff7d23f92add1762	The properties of temperament include those distinctive individual characteristics of a person that determine the dynamic aspects of all his activities, characterize the peculiarities of the course of mental processes, have a more or less stable character, persist for a long time, manifesting soon after birth (after the central nervous system acquires specifically human forms).
b9f989eebb59cd1c046005d6a81ed5c81a2403ef	It is believed that the properties of temperament are determined mainly by the properties of the human nervous system, which we considered in the previous chapter of the textbook, discussing the problems of abilities.
68c5981a188003ac54b5b44ac143ee86f169591d	The Soviet psychophysiologist V. M. Rusalov, relying on a new concept of the properties of the nervous system, proposed a more modern interpretation of the properties of temperament on its basis.
1e79984ab2b49c77240dac09948c1b255f104caf	Based on the theory of the functional system of P. K. Anokhin, which includes four blocks of storage, circulation and processing of information (the block of afferent synthesis, programming (decision making), execution and feedback), Rusalov identified four related properties of temperament that are responsible for the breadth or narrowness of afferent synthesis (the degree of intensity of the interaction of the organism with the environment), the ease of switching from one behavior program to another, the speed of execution of the current behavior program and sensitivity to the discrepancy between the Real result of the action and its acceptor.
4dc481016842f9e0ebcdf62e63d714c06aad750a	In accordance with this, the traditional psychophysiological assessment of temperament changes and instead of two parameters activity and sensitivity already includes four components: ergicity (endurance), plasticity, speed and emotionality (sensitivity).
e4908c003e79e25aa7676745a7a54f683cb315c0	All these components of temperament, according to V. M. Rusalov, are biologically and genetically determined.
bcf8650befcd9a113914f7eeae23109bbe246c73	Temperament depends on the properties of the nervous system, and they, in turn, are understood as the main characteristics of functional systems that provide integrative, analytical and synthetic activity of the brain, the entire nervous system as a whole.
ec5e251f6451dee942ff407f38702ee231ac419a	Temperament is a psychobiological category in the sense that its properties are neither completely innate nor dependent on the environment.
81d8a7de4776dfc0f7bf14c66da0c0f3c3e64fb8	According to the author, they are a "systematic generalization" of the originally genetically determined individual biological properties of a person, which, " being included in a variety of activities, are gradually transformed and form, regardless of the content of the activity itself, a generalized, qualitatively new individually stable system of invariant properties."
a6714398cdd89339b88e7084a276f923551cbc03	In accordance with the two main types of human activity objective activity and communication, each of the selected properties of temperament should be considered separately, since it is assumed that they manifest themselves in different ways in activity and communication.
5ec049dd297fabb3cb18c8300e775d5d566f009c	Another circumstance that characterizes the connection of temperament with the properties of the nervous system should be paid attention to.
912a404a1e5cd12401145855ebd5d8b91557900c	The psychological characteristic of temperament is not the properties of the nervous system itself or their combination, but the typical features of the course of mental processes and behavior that these properties generate.
728f6c869c2198841e08323e40f98610faa5b735	Let's consider these properties in relation to cognitive processes, subject activity and human communication.
19f27f5fa40c52342cde9b95a49676264dd223a1	The corresponding properties can include activity, productivity, excitability, inhibitability and switchability.
358734952fc4bfbd5d2c1ac118eb38344dc4e9f3	The active side of perception, attention, imagination, memory and thinking, respectively, is the extent to which a person is able to focus, concentrate his attention, imagination, memory and thinking on a certain object or its aspect.
cb67927728949521fde49a9316214b1a51306539	The pace is manifested in how fast the corresponding mental processes work.
bf88b78ccc510cfe47d7ae1c19eaa08f44ba65e0	For example, one person remembers, remembers, considers, imagines, thinks about solving a problem faster than another.
6f759d4c411700f026eb1c70d3ac2f7c72d3e4bf	The productivity of all these cognitive processes can be assessed by their products, by the results obtained during a certain period of time.
b625f143df481b8afc993f520b85e5939937474b	Productivity is higher where it is possible to see, hear, remember, remember, imagine, solve more at the same time.
18d32cef99ad51968c8291b10135fb2ef05a3b4a	Productivity should not be confused with efficiency.
0c6a5368b5485ecc07ad70acfa4ffb03a1235323	A person who has highly productive (in the specified sense of the word) cognitive processes does not necessarily have an increased working capacity, i.e. the ability to maintain a given pace of work for a long time.
533af794819c8978f3ffca6ef437623d30b72b45	Excitability, inhibitability and switchability characterize the speed of occurrence, termination or switching of a cognitive process from one object to another, the transition from one action to another.
1a6b52e24c31a5ebffd4dcfe2c18b05f1eaf31ed	For example, some people need more time than others to engage in mental work or switch from thinking about one topic to another.
a4abaf60b17dc123d9c302010feac1d36d851af0	Some people remember information or recall it faster than others.
dd4bb2811e4462da3a27a2edb9c7dd1c9b66a469	It should also be borne in mind that these differences do not determine the abilities of people.
34adc7227b04fdba8eb25772e1c8ab8f99db3426	In relation to the subject activity, activity means the strength and amplitude of the movements associated with it.
6d0f04ab6423aeab359bdad2d22ddc7fb2bd8986	They are instinctively wider in an active person than in a less active one.
1581e572df328fcef57a9e7e3acb223f6a3b794a	For example, increased temperamental activity in sports generates broader and stronger movements in an athlete included in various exercises than in someone who has this property of temperament poorly expressed.
51da52de619bf47e43d4adce1228a7691855f735	A more active person has a more sweeping handwriting, his letters are higher, and the distance between them is more significant than that of a less active individual.
3560983fb715150eaaa04e86c969c0def5336579	It is more difficult for a person with increased activity to perform weak, thin, small amplitude movements, while it is more difficult for a person with reduced activity to perform strong and sweeping movements.
0a8b6866c64a3060caf6b0eab5f76d91abbb47de	The pace of work in the subject activity is determined by the number of operations, actions, movements performed per unit of time.
b5491c84e853610ddac14cb30b4a848e79689f0b	One person prefers to work at a fast pace, the other at a slow pace.
738e8cc9024227fd64cca4baab81235384fd1a25	The productivity of actions related to movements depends on the activity and pace of work, if there are no additional requirements, except for frequency and intensity, for the corresponding actions.
bbcdfbc5c86bdaaee76741e442668949d0f87818	In the communication of people, the discussed properties of temperament are similar, only in this case they relate to the verbal and non verbal interaction of a person with a person.
bc5ae987c17c71e428f8948382daed2f26531e28	In an individual with increased activity, speech, facial expressions, gestures, pantomimics are more pronounced than in a person with reduced activity.
fcdebf3757e84bcacac42dee12138c0d50411e3c	More active people usually have a stronger voice.
651742f561fcc3c645153a1f1b6e2d5dd6ebe9f2	The pace of their speech, as well as the pace of emotionally expressive movements, is quite high.
ee44e8f5e0a3c90260d0ef30a343fd7d5529ddfe	The communication style of highly and slightly excitable people differs significantly.
b7c66acc29cd767699babcb9bb7fb2962f0e94da	The former react faster, make contact easier, adapt better in communication than the latter.
4a297948c55c4481c7265a0de7aa4315705e54ee	Inhibited individuals are easier to stop communicating, less talkative than those whose inhibitory reactions are slowed down.
8094218754813aacf32d009112e893a39b4a7508	These latter are often distinguished by the fact that they talk a lot, do not let go of the interlocutor and create the impression of annoyance.
14472fd93368e07309cb45a27aa976fe556af79f	They hardly switch in communication from one topic to another, from one person to another.
eceaa55b932610a6c80cf9d7eda1b267cc78b998	The "productivity" of their communication, i.e. the ability to communicate and perceive information per unit of time, is also greater than that of people of the opposite type - inactive and having a low pace.
aa5433ea61ac2d3260b0fbce9a3025040c4f9397	Types of temperament
fffc656f809bb9d72c39772173b2a4efa1f36947	I. Kant divided the human temperaments (the manifestations of temperament can also be seen in higher animals) into two types: the temperaments of feeling and the temperaments of activity.
7c7ff302301e1eb47ace6d5c7a822a47e3bdaba1	In general, "only four simple temperaments can be established: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, phlegmatic."
7b3697e889bf26881a4be3002fb587ed0b0569ec	Of these four types of temperament, the sanguine and its opposite, the melancholic, belong to the temperaments of feeling.
c3e667cc9122fc5a292c6a3e794ba00f481575d7	The first is characterized by the fact that with it, sensations arise in the nervous system and in the human mind quite quickly and are externally manifested strongly, but internally they are not deep enough and long enough.
ba6e18c630c38baf0f9bf94a5f4896abaaafd44e	With a melancholic temperament, the external manifestations of sensations are less vivid, but internally they are quite deep and long lasting.
79f01152ea1af6f6566d8714d7a160fbc3240430	The sanguine temperament of activity characterizes a person of a very cheerful disposition.
ef0c8794cf6f88b0636da63acf5a33cc9d6bae87	He seems to be an optimist, full of hope, a humorist, a joker, a joker.
aae3468a96c4a180cd93b754cc0f7805da6fd610	He quickly ignites, but just as quickly cools down, loses interest in" what quite recently he was very excited and attracted to himself.
bcfbf20bb729b3ae718a495056e549f518196406	A sanguine person promises a lot, but does not always keep his promises.
ca76aa0cb0881388dc9728488104a3dd2664c427	He easily and with pleasure comes into contact with strangers, is a good conversationalist, all people are friends to him.
c80714ac155cab8c0b83f10450b584a7f2b22f51	He is distinguished by kindness, willingness to help.
375ac87758ef6efbc3fd9a287ed1213297eba67d	Strenuous mental or physical work quickly tires him out.
3b1fbe10917ae1e96984ec5177d8a7e3b304fe49	According to Kant, the melancholic temperament of activity is characteristic of a person of the opposite, mostly gloomy mood.
3362a6131026d37e6c12307c678f2309381d8b73	Such a person usually lives a complex and intense inner life, attaches great importance to everything that concerns him, has increased anxiety and a vulnerable soul.
eb5af8a2390ebded9a75fa60ae2dd52678cd19ed	Such a person is often reserved and especially controls himself when making promises.
aaf2477393f91fd59bdec0bd81f50f83d1892147	He never promises what he is not able to do, he suffers greatly from the fact that he cannot fulfill this promise, even if its fulfillment directly depends little on himself.
cf67e60c1ca408c8eca42ed03d592a0e87b834f3	The choleric temperament of activity characterizes a hot tempered person.
74bb7840a7e30a27bf4087e044fcd938cb7e7aaa	About this h eloveka is told that he is too hot, unrestrained.
fb2887db89bd9d5eef9f6dd8f828d880b8c3be40	At the same time, such an individual quickly cools down and calms down if they give in to him, go towards him.
9d461ce33742bb8b3e5ec299ff4691dd3767a247	His movements are impetuous, but short lived.
14461448edab9c507bf9791eeacd3897cadfe499	The phlegmatic temperament of activity refers to a cold blooded person.
8da8a0d5a39ae5d484123b8521d5b0e5c03d47c5	It expresses a tendency to inactivity rather than to strenuous, active work.
858387841736882cebc0098e941716a8e01632a3	Such a person slowly comes to a state of excitement, but for a long time.
1562e7978012b8e693ada35a17df6baef66f07e0	This replaces the slowness of entering the work for him.
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1c365894cc56dd0d59466bf24e8ac56837037a44	Topic: Types of temperaments and their psychological characteristics
470e0c18c863864aee29722e7010668c50afd4a8	Type of work: Abstract
750dbdb61876a986e1a6434c90a8bba95d4ad449	Subject: Psychology All essays on psychology Download Read the text online We will help you write an abstract
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906b29f7907dc542fa0a067ba50195caec07104a	on the subject: "General psychology"
df1c513e79a74e671aa851d1416286692d4cb52d	"Types of temperaments and their psychological characteristics"
208409ffed559a03204711e8976b06e3710deca5	Completed:
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ae2f98a099fe5855c31126233e9c13641ee7fdba	Plan
2473e96bc614a911821242119918a241a41836d6	Introduction
77925d1a9f50a6a2b6648b907b42f665dac83c00	1. The general concept of temperament
f45d4c746705e97d0e8ce6b12d840b573d37dbad	2. Types of temperaments
a2737cf5363c808b3e2530cbe8c1401691d255f1	3. Psychological characteristics of temperament types
e39262defe80a83fac1b793497417432c8b1a879	Conclusion
7175d5be35f5b53c42ea91f4ab3e9e2f6302919a	The famous psychologist Cherlin wrote: "Imagine two rivers – one calm, flat, the other – swift, mountainous.
f817c99b7af2fe2b5ad878a0148c3eb0ab78bc8f	The current of the first one is barely noticeable, it smoothly carries its waters, it has no bright splashes, stormy waterfalls and splashes.
87d2b737de2f6559c28b50a9635957dcc685c9a5	The course of the second is the complete opposite.
f4141593bc049b2910d8db74d96203c793d5447c	The river rushes quickly, the water in it rumbles, boils and, hitting the stones, turns into shreds of foam...".
8a40ad5a74c4ad05b05d2024a6ff3bae0fe9630e	Something similar can be observed in the behavior of people.
badc573031239f7ee99cf35ca57f91a8d459ccb3	For example, if you follow the behavior of students in the classroom, you can immediately notice the difference in the behavior and movements of each.
565817e40bf8c974bf06c308cc6beb9d437fd774	Temperament is the individual characteristics of a person that determine the dynamics of his mental processes and behavior.
9d1295adf6af959b656d65297e508f068c84ee51	Dynamics is understood as the pace, rhythm, duration, intensity of mental processes, in particular emotional processes, as well as some external features of human behavior - mobility, activity, speed or slowness of reactions, etc. Temperament characterizes the dynamism of a person, but does not characterize her beliefs, views, interests, is not an indicator of the value or low value of a person, does not determine her capabilities (you should not confuse the properties of temperament with the properties of character or abilities).
120ef6eea6b8cec99fe80d0ec76735769be66392	The following main components that determine temperament can be distinguished.
8aa36cf9c5da861452a9785403472ffd9602474f	1. The general activity of mental activity and human behavior is expressed in various degrees of the desire to actively act, master and transform the surrounding reality, manifest themselves in a variety of activities.
2a73e41b16aa7f201ee4fdd0289b71c97235487a	The expression of general activity varies from person to person.
9510c712cf69f8020d2fa8cdaba129ebc85b971b	Two extremes can be noted: on the one hand, lethargy, inertia, passivity, and on the other - great energy, activity, passion and impetuosity in activity.
a0b4b869f8991f838e72b4776487fcf000a9451c	Between these two poles are representatives of different temperaments.
5cab218e6a52ea17a111c620fd8b07e2272dad0f	2. Motor, or motor, activity shows the state of activity of the motor and speech motor apparatus.
f763ff4d3bbecd3f7c6523643f2115eda728e727	It is expressed in the speed, strength, sharpness, intensity of muscle movements and speech of a person, his external mobility (or, conversely, restraint), talkativeness (or taciturnity).
c9c14f0ee3c5179090e38039b3d5ce779ee9d3d3	3. Emotional activity is expressed in emotional impressionability (receptivity and sensitivity to emotional influences), impulsivity, emotional mobility (the speed of changing emotional states, the beginning and termination of them).
ad2e6970dac412e5f0824edf63f0e26c5a91fe10	Temperament is manifested in the activity, behavior and actions of a person and has an external expression.
cd14f3292c91a8adb9997ec462149b3d96a470cb	According to external stable signs, it is possible to judge to a certain extent some properties of temperament.
1ad4bbeaae7e418a0938cdb58bfe77727dd6cf33	The idea and the doctrine of temperament in its origins go back to the works of the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates.
3e2118d6b946cbea49d9384a23b35bfd6c2bc0b0	He described the main types of temperaments, gave them characteristics, but associated temperament not with the properties of the nervous system, but with the ratio of various fluids in the body: blood, lymph and bile.
3a45d16f42fca283595ce0025fc72b44aad4fe17	The first classification of temperaments was proposed by Galen, and it has reached our days in a relatively little modified form.
f5a5120e45052ab0982dda8375401f4113f5bab1	The last known description of it, which is also used in modern psychology, belongs to the German philosopher I. Kant.
0acead896a32d6e1dd7abc0a3f33ba3bfc884410	We will use it.
bb5f80d352dd53349825154c64f0ba0720518d28	With a melancholic temperament, the external manifestations of sensations are less vivid, but internally they are quite deep and lasting.
80e96329d8a60208b56355a828a4dfc126bdfb4f	He quickly ignites, but just as quickly cools down, loses interest in what quite recently he was very excited and attracted to himself.
f37eace6e8a28eff6e8e9c60ff600dfd62f2a5e1	Strenuous mental or physical work quickly tires him.
1b07ad8187a5e9c27ad7dfee09901181fed312be	They say about such a person that he is too hot, unrestrained.
cd8a57b7576e6527f63890f048794b823fcf84be	Note that in this classification of temperaments according to Kant, properties are repeatedly mentioned that relate not only to the dynamic features of the human psyche and behavior, but also to the nature of the typical actions performed by him.
1605cf1794f2b28a66c67d21c0b361de5fe477bd	This is not accidental, since in the psychology of an adult it is difficult to distinguish between temperament and character.
1c3b16a3f25f372b2dc70bdbbf6673a2e28b0622	In addition, the properties of temperament exist and are manifested not by themselves, but in the actions of a person in various socially significant situations.
8114aba1df44da2b2a99d3b6e8ad0a8181f00c90	The temperament of a person definitely affects the formation of his character, but the character itself expresses a person not so much as a physical, but as a spiritual being.
c6f6698ecd36b3ae7b209ed05dadfcd676cf065e	Each of the presented types of temperament is neither good nor bad in itself (if you do not connect temperament and character).
d6e5fbb3a9bf278c859950d23aa2753e68c5d9e4	Manifesting itself in the dynamic features of the human psyche and behavior, each type of temperament can have its own advantages and disadvantages.
739155015f60e8693e9047b72ea610b007e9d8d0	People of a sanguine temperament have a quick reaction, easily and quickly adapt to changing living conditions, have increased efficiency, especially in the initial period of work, but by the end they reduce their efficiency due to rapid fatigue and a drop in interest.
db584dcf3689a20b45e3fd3294f2d75a06938ed9	On the contrary, those who have a melancholic temperament are characterized by a slow entry into the work, but also by greater endurance.
895108f0c93ce3e2f7a1cbbde3f27bddd5dbc3ea	Their performance is usually higher in the middle or towards the end of the work, and not at the beginning.
b86cd471382acfa18917cb2079caa9b6c96a733e	In general, the productivity and quality of work for sanguine and melancholic people are about the same, and the differences mainly relate only to the dynamics of work in its different periods.
1724550ebd119660c7b9e9ce124f5e92e4912cbd	The choleric temperament has the advantage that it allows you to focus significant efforts in a short period of time.
18406c8a5d3e6b017bfa69ed0465f3f80a3563ac	But with long term work, a person with such a temperament does not always have enough endurance.
0ab4e92d3929cdd5bb8f0fe6a5f87001d1b9cfb8	Phlegmatic people, on the contrary, are not able to quickly gather and concentrate their efforts, but instead they have the valuable ability to work long and hard to achieve their goal.
41b16f322b63348a320c76352cf61f428b8514a1	The type of a person's temperament must be taken into account where the work places special requirements on the specified dynamic features of the activity.
c4bafa7ceab1e8593bbb12a31fd7e529b92973f3	The psychological characteristics of the types of temperament are determined by the following main properties.
c0383029195e478bf2bb537c5ccd89310a4bc158	Sensitivity is the smallest force of external influences necessary for the occurrence of any mental reaction of a person, and the rate of occurrence of this reaction(hypersensitivity).
6927253eece78ea8404e87a176fffcb42223a44a	If certain conditions of activity do not cause irritation for one person, then they become a strong knocking factor for another.
84ba9a4d7ed3c5c9514df47f40e2e987f9bc5385	The same degree of dissatisfaction with the needs of one person is almost not noticed, and the other causes suffering.
4b24b385ab08ccfec2251f194717f6edef170d5a	In this case, the second one has a higher sensitivity.
dea0c00e8583e4c566d75df14af5ded58fe8544a	Reactivity is the degree of involuntary reactions to external or internal influences of the same strength (a critical remark, an offensive word, a threat, a sharp and unexpected sound).
eda82b4879687aebc56ff2affa58f52218b36fc4	Activity is the degree of activity (energy) with which a person influences the external world and overcomes obstacles in the implementation of the goal.
df18a4c2faff4874feb23ce2e618be3cf27dc859	This includes purposefulness and perseverance in achieving the goal, focusing on long term work, etc.
d9b77dba4f8f5c21bd29fbca8b20d0d37a94c445	The ratio of reactivity and activity is something on which human activity depends to a greater extent: on random external and internal circumstances (on mood, desire, random events) or on a person's goals, intentions, aspirations, beliefs.
357d5ac490ad71394cb3e70d8b5cebee186479d5	Reaction rate - the speed of various mental reactions and processes: speed of movement, resourcefulness, speed of memorization, speed of mind.
05678caf9ddc9b22f016cfabe22a783a5c7bad11	Plasticity and its opposite quality rigidity.
68ae2cf4c8cbb581554db41e8801a7e246f6e1ad	This is the ease and flexibility of a person's adaptation to external influences (plasticity) or the inertia and inertia of his behavior (rigidity).
75ba1426b6ca5ba69d1ef1ac28d466b683eb17ef	Extroversion and its opposite quality - introversion.
154638485b35adcb774ddd8244ca54ef53eafa9c	This is what a person's reactions and activities mainly depend on - from external impressions that have arisen at the moment (extroversion) or from images, ideas and thoughts related to the past and future (introversion).
074152c2f00dce4f287068b00a6f2c6109447cbe	Therefore, an extrovert athlete is inclined to "withdraw into himself", especially in a tense situation.
775c5d75e927ca9b6103e2213109e28ef9a8f8a6	Emotional excitability - how weak an impact is necessary for the occurrence of an emotional reaction, and at what speed it occurs.
dd3d99f4552aa3bc75105c6958fa312953f72c3e	It is expressed in emotional impressionability, impulsivity, emotional mobility (the speed of changing emotional states, the beginning and termination of them).
71ed1dfe1a6329611f4621548de500f7eb52d991	Sanguine temperament.
f59ea8e45ca87236997f492512169167c56a4ea0	The sanguine temperament of activity, according to Kant, characterizes a person of a very cheerful disposition.
cfe563d5797eaa7077562ee7688727455f7bdbaf	Under unfavorable conditions, a sanguine person may manifest a frivolous, carefree, careless attitude to work, business, other people, overestimation of himself and his capabilities.
ea277b066a11797a437546a49e8b1ebecd124f30	The feelings of a phlegmatic person are poorly expressed externally, they are usually expressionless.
a0dae69ad9cf818ecfbb9653758693656cdf5293	In relations with people, a phlegmatic person is always even, calm, moderately sociable, his mood is stable.
5bd9d4d0de65e944442c95a3f0bd48773154684e	It is easy for a person of a phlegmatic temperament to develop self control, composure, calmness.
a8b853b59412f11713651bac9b1ad7be6b162c79	But a phlegmatic person should develop the qualities that he lacks - greater mobility, activity, do not allow him to show indifference to activity, lethargy, inertia, which can very easily form under certain conditions.
f69e7f29b958755d41a02a0a7081340e7d5a56f0	Melancholic temperament.
853d94a57adecd8459261c5ee3b0457e0c81c09b	Melancholics have slow mental processes, they hardly react to strong stimuli; prolonged and strong tension causes people of this temperament to slow down their activity, and then stop it In work melancholics are usually passive, often little interested (after all, interest is always associated with strong nervous tension).
995692ccdadc35512d4b942216932e899b49fa9a	Feelings and emotional states in people of a melancholic temperament arise slowly, but differ in depth, great strength and duration; melancholics are easily vulnerable, hard to bear resentments, upsets, although outwardly all these experiences are poorly expressed in them.
514f4d879be90f389336f492fc2f7241a7da06f8	Representatives of a melancholic temperament are prone to isolation and loneliness, avoid communication with unfamiliar, new people, often feel embarrassed, show great awkwardness in a new environment.
6d6c0fdf0e557bef76f7630cedb3eb4e8eec6791	Everything new, unusual causes a melancholic state of inhibition.
5d05e80bc8245d820d49bbc371683c34599bde30	But in a familiar and calm environment, people with such a temperament feel calm and work very productively.
bf08acece07807f4f16d723ce644e646102900a9	It is easy for melancholics to develop and improve their inherent depth and stability of feelings, increased susceptibility to external influences
f7bc52793ce59e78a9652d2a315d1a51195461c7	Psychologists have found that the weakness of the nervous system is not a negative property.
e04b766e68097e4441c90ef994d2a18587382105	A strong nervous system copes more successfully with some life tasks, and a weak one with others.
fea98fc1c38374fd1da8e69eb9dd89d59e2714e8	Weak nervous system
82faa03fccd0a216bd13e2852e8c4a8ce2cc6163	- the nervous system is highly sensitive, and this is its well known advantage.
7a66c9200397f5f4e805fb55bb3d4182eba14700	Knowledge of temperament, knowledge of the features of the innate organization of the nervous system, which affects the course of human mental activity, is necessary for a teacher in his educational and educational work.
2e90eb7bfada7ae7fd53d1055bb9130b2e0bf636	It should be remembered that the division of people into four types of temperament is very conditional.
eeabbc0d0b0a9ae6019346ce704b02948e1acea8	There are transitional, mixed, intermediate types of temperament; often the traits of different temperaments are combined in a person's temperament.
a6c3451b8d5d61693a8429b6ca8ec02892318df7	All this characteristic is based on relatively recent conclusions of science.
4c13a6d173c4ce982035d91fbb47fcc00e5bcde3	Now we will tell you how these temperaments were characterized in the XIX century, and in particular in literary works.
24935a5f04777d3fad257d96d9286b5d7a2c8ffe	To do this, we used the story of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov "Temperaments".
9b72ec69fae4ae89d8a0a3bb0c85cd0f9c0f5b5f	Choleric:
13de37c2e5bc5fa329cc79ad11890577fb76d3e1	He is bilious, and his face is yellowish gray.
f9324faa6f2a6f708b29f4a1ed494b02c97a4202	The nose is somewhat crooked, and the eyes turn around in their orbits, like hungry wolves in a tight cage.
94478489927e245bf25603a808b40ac8df3aac46	Irritable.
39a5ced65394ad1d49de8c839b00ae7c97d0dec5	For a flea bite or a pin prick, I am ready to tear the whole world to shreds.
3d2ccd852d345878437b18d2b520c16cddf28f61	I am deeply convinced that in winter it is "the devil knows how cold", and in summer it is "the devil knows how hot".For the most part, he is a bachelor, and if he is married, he locks his wife under lock and key.
7f23d27228d65f0e6ad73a240d75f6be37348f46	Jealous as hell.
efae0893f4eddc8b07b63144ce450cc85af1f82b	He doesnot understand jokes.
ad66eb69dfc9c643ae84cb4a457163d9a0deb106	He reads newspapers only to scold the newspapermen.
322ab4646ba4cf1d510b1470a4b4a98b18d72090	And even in the womb of his mother, he was convinced that the newspapers were lying.
4bddc7c286b8be6484aaf622ebd1db2b70f7cb62	As a husband and a friend - impossible, as a subordinate is hardly conceivable, as a boss unbearable and very undesirable.
3c12c1b137b82177cef76722b273a655e861b358	A choleric woman (a devil in a skirt, a crocodile.)
50e66a36bd590570eb4f2143dd5782c232bba24d	Sanguine:
36b1156766d63e51b551f3769933dff5b34f818a	All impressions act on him easily and quickly.
283bef7265267d836922fcfecd2bb0daf523351d	In his youth, he is rude to teachers, does not cut his hair, does not shave, wears glasses and dirties the walls.
2ed33ca3352052561e55d6ccc9c167fa3b5fe9eb	He studies poorly, but he finishes the courses.
e25f44b1a96d5c5ff383d83ce2b8ac39f868339f	Writes with errors.
ecf9112d6b3bf2dc79d1088c4b1b6029bdf9ee71	"For love alone, nature brought him into the world."
77964a970daeccbe2dd72caa13d7e751f3474943	He only does what he loves.
0f54340bbb36129fbf079f01abe5edd04ee00d12	He marries accidentally, is always at war with his mother in law, quarrels with relatives, Likes to read newspapers.
bf89b414a7cc5b9e03dcece98beb16e7ed6987fa	But, despite everything, he is constant in his impermanence.
1d4c51b85627c37e1b6ae871f170d9896098a61c	A sanguine woman (the most tolerable woman, if not stupid.)
baf910d862f0a93700a3525a541ef0af9969cd13	Phlegmatic:
11c42fbeb7cff5fe042843b87c6921651a373a80	Dear man, the appearance is very ordinary.
7ec2ffcecd0158aa89e538a804ca5521c33815be	He is always serious, because he is too lazy to laugh.
893c5e5990ba11ed09aea80fa8639f7e3dd35842	He sleeps twenty hours a day.
915ce275a0e87a771094b8054b1648ae03bc2254	Marries at the age of 30 with the help of uncles and aunts.
0e6d9c04255551bee9a0191844f6e9df5c650e05	The most convenient person for marriage, since he agrees to everything, does not grumble and is compliant.
2ded889b011b1727245c4f8cf4ad9550b46d3503	He is ill only when he is elected to the jury.
a8326eb984a06cbf97a170eba5cca5cff6a63312	He regrets that his children are not whipped at the gymnasium, and sometimes he does not mind whipping them himself.
d1b1a52dc0f3eb25e13b05824fbb070928a4885e	I'm happy in the service.
e624fccfe3b953d1b92b5413d7facd97aba6378c	A phlegmatic woman (a tearful, bug eyed, obese German woman who looks like a bag of flour. She will be born to eventually become a mother in law. Being a mother in law is her ideal.)
488e5265d87955365a8581aa9a4bb144a7d19b05	Melancholic:
f948bdd4ba26e8f8e6faec81457a7868b7a4e09f	Her eyes are gray blue, ready to shed tears.
46ea0f9bd82b2ed5e44dc0b7bd75f69b6fad8b33	There are wrinkles on the forehead and near the nose.
a76d85e1f4fc02f3963285e05362ad85637fb994	He always complains of a pain in the stomach, a stabbing in the side and poor digestion.
f089c399d8023317676d4e9f0ec30092d211a95b	Favorite activity (standing in front of the mirror and looking at your sluggish tongue.)He decided a long time ago that the doctors did not understand him.
ef1750feecc267f5e9cea6905699e1c2411d7f64	He puts on a fur coat in September, and takes it off in May. He suspects hydrophobia (rabies) in every dog, and since his friend reported that a cat is able to strangle a sleeping person, he sees cats as the most terrible enemies of humanity.
418fcede5964c60d91951503a6c0ca8b43dead6b	Marries an orphan.
9e87e160d7691d376fe7e2f0ea2eec68759a9330	And if he has a mother in law, he calls her the most beautiful and wisest person.
da6fc3bfc2f81891968c925484affea49545316b	He keeps correspondence with uncles, aunts, godmother and childhood friends.
99ddf6f4458f8811a6ccdfa6a720e1f5dc700f78	A melancholic woman (an unbearable, restless creature.) How a wife leads to stupefaction, to despair, to suicide.
d23924ac57bfd166661ed936bab7d7ea008f55f5	Temperament is a basic part of a person's character.
661982bec9f372dc74dba5c022d27d42b6f4dbf5	By the presence of a particular temperament, you can judge a person's profession.
d6f3a883e2760b31f0f14290ddcee0f930250e9c	A sanguine person will be accompanied by success in the field of organization and management.
2e30a62dc18e5ce1c4746a5acc5ecedbd0cfee1b	The makings of a Sanguine person are useful wherever mobility is needed, the ability to quickly switch to other things.
f5bf7abc86ee4ab041aab845833f13c4621ccdab	A phlegmatic person is able to solve the same tasks as a Sanguine Person, but with a greater tendency to strategic activity.
6b382e439f9bac093a281e30426e3b6f51c57353	For a Phlegmatic person, both haste and long hesitation at a crucial moment are contraindicated.
5d36c39786aa8c24fcc527b6cd6c8e717e361b53	The melancholic is not well adapted to independent managerial work.
35fe93093315425503cfacba4ff4f6b2e4a4e7bf	He is more suited to accurate work, combined with diplomacy in relations with people.
d2e98444e91602632a8eebb941737977b7db3c88	Choleric people can achieve significant success in work, where they appreciate pressure and unrestrainedness.
5f49526edda11c3484873e51002c10a684771f1f	These surnames are from a number of common nouns: the imperturbable slow witted Sobakevich, the unpredictable life loving Nozdryov.
cd91b69e4146312ef9443291a6fa11bd09402a14	The classics have left us not only vivid characteristics of their heroes, but also an artistic description of the four classical temperaments.
ed5218f6bd2eab4353a06208e45d58f3644eef64	In other words, Gogol's Nozdryov is Sanguine and Sobakevich is Phlegmatic, Shakespeare's Othello is Choleric and Hamlet is melancholic.
01329d3a1da94a03e3cf363850d46bfae1a0872a	It is also possible to determine the temperaments of historical figures.
4feebe1fdff13d91f84542584d0c59109308528d	Napoleon, for example, is Sanguine, Kutuzov is Phlegmatic, Gogol is Melancholic, and Pushkin is Choleric.
2cad0f6e7b9b017bdf10d73fb9cc49931f9c841e	Many theories have been put forward regarding the nature of temperament and methods of its study.
83dfec58c9b22e4649498278e7822cec5c2f9c43	The methods include laboratory, complex, natural methods of studying temperament and the method of observation.
9847a5ced73f5df2199628c82644453563333bf4	Various points of view have been expressed about the nature of temperament, starting with Hippocrates and Galen, who identified 4 types of temperament (these types have almost invariably reached our days and are used in the research of modern psychologists);
1dab66608b009823c02cf53a8611acb837781904	To.
ec523ed442afe0d36d40286a48ce10e9ed64e3d8	Sigo connected the difference of temperamental features with the physique, and V. Wundt with the strength and speed of change of emotions, I. Kant divided human temperaments into two types: temperaments of feeling and temperaments of activity.
ca349b1531d1ff5d65bcf07619bbb51d51b6f820	Based on these studies, the study of temperament continues today.
29056fc1d1c53f72af2136c4a3d6b3a0cbf8ebb6	The list of the used literature
657b19f4f07cde6ebdbfb19d9b01506ef4bccea0	1. General psychology / Composition.
09e4ea7705797cd9858636f9aa93e1492ccc0c5e	E. I. Rogov M., VLADOS, 1995.
04de42eeb9b32e081e3d3d70230868a08c66d3fb	2. Nemov R. S. "Psychology" Book 1.
6e88c1bda95002553d24ab7878f00e000168d8f9	- M., VLADOS, 2007.
934e5b47913952f71a06974a4cb26a4d99f65dc4	3. Kovalev A. G. "Psychology of personality", ed.
3145154dfb3dd2552f11ffd5a0ea10d2bf99f7fd	3. M., "Enlightenment", 1970.
b19be46d2747fe952413a4e5c82520e136c88aa1	4. Merlin V. S. "An essay on the theory of temperament."
b3c64a80540d5dbb798c5d41162b21540db1aada	- M., 1964.
180189956ec49db5c8058b4f4e316c413c39c347	5. Ya.
e95aaba89a78beb58b9a28db579789ca1da36879	Strelyau "The role of temperament in mental development", - M., "Progress" 1982.
9eaf602f7a6e092cf09e98a32fbfe08a3eae2b0a	6. Textbook "Psychology" under the editorship of A.
58ab1e625d46fde9331daf7d8316b65cca422438	A. Krylov M: PROSPEKT, 2000.
e1f8d519b086d75328c75e466edd4c95446a36f2	7. Petrovsky A.V., Yaroshevsky M. G. Psychology.
c5e2116aa774af2e996a931c20590481e628507f	Studies for universities.
fdf3487ef8b289f910e31fe39393cd6d4c1146ae	- M.: Izdat.
adfeeb73332c393b2e024c15081d42dd643d0c83	The Academy Center, 2000.
6cafb159ef20932902f028d84f557503b4f3afc8	Similar works are Types of temperaments , their psychological characteristics ...it is important for each of us to know the peculiarities of our own temperament and the temperaments of others and to take into account the weaknesses and strengths of each other in the process of communication ...
92b46d31d23150368ef4dc41ea57272dcb6e6945	Summing up on the topic " Types of temperament , their psychological characteristics, we understand that ...
5638d17e01a44676ede7997ae93c694072201fb4	Types of temperament and their psychological characteristics Tambov Pedagogical College No.
79413007ed82559d10d44862e1d8e6a1aeab55e8	1 named after K. D. Ushinsky.
f7c8a1c409b22994d4dc9c38a60e5efbdb9b2a1b	Report. in psychology. on the topic: Types of temperament and their psychological characteristics .
f0797b967f52f4daa3dea8c2ab39693b8bd7a302	I have completed the work. student 2 "A" Assessment of the influence of temperament on human behavior 5.
b5298a68059572a56520453338e4c7eafbbc3fdd	Types of temperament and their psychological characteristics .
00498f46e7f0f3e54e61495a23ee1803a1d5699e	18.
96348c28bc4e9995801797359c1ce6b01c0e90c0	6. Analysis of the conducted test.
0950c3e574c4bb1453d6bd56de85df1410895c32	24.
277c94fee08377be75f47394a3e2cd289f07f07d	7. The role of temperament in activity.
e63a0dfdd9ae40c86e0daf1a4ca2a8de1e0551db	According to Sheldon, these types of physiques correspond to certain types of temperaments , named by him depending on ...
922ae82367057c6003a3b126b237f2dd52e3aaf5	The characteristics of the types of temperament and the level of personal anxiety ...constitutional types of physique and makes an attempt to determine temperament precisely through these types of morphological constitutions. ... the four main types of temperament and their psychological characteristics can serve as a fairly good basis.
b024f4979d6b984a18f9f34958492980bfce56ac	Temperament and its influence on human behavior ...that each person has a well defined type of nervous system, the manifestation of which, i.e., the peculiarities of temperament, constitute an important side of individual psychological differences.
b0a7d371cb6bee11198d6694b069447061b4de49	5. Types of temperaments and their psychological characteristics .
9f20bd84c45222800c0d2a5ae9951af6403d446c	Temperament in the structure of personality ...that each person has a well defined type of nervous system, the manifestation of which, i.e., the peculiarities of temperament, constitute an important aspect of individual psychological differences.
5edcfee949eeb01ac2551fc3030766ba3935c282	TYPES OF TEMPERAMENTS AND THEIR PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS .
22de7cda3e9b25fe9a2efa753c99cfa847f6b1dd	Temperament, its physiological bases and psychological description Temperament (Nebylitsyn) is a characteristic of an individual from the dynamic features of his mental activity, i.e. pace, speed...
80c67f3f70edb124e375258f4fecd8977191ae07	Generalization of temperaments was carried out without distinguishing types, but also did not distinguish individual particular properties of NS.
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4f664afc86077c1917ecd19a43481b1c93aee50a	www.Grandars.ru "Psychology" Mental processes and states " Types of human temperament
beba87cdbd51c0a7c6caabed5e785523b7e28bc6	Types of human temperament
eb9109668da497ec1b6a723c7812c460931fc775	Temperament Research
39f83f2d428f5ad8ba000acad5be74ebd97f4115	Sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic
dbd87a64ec2267a176d9934f046da04375665d97	Temperament and character
fcf75d2f7d28113324637c1b0be77b34fef2baec	Types of human character
9753414fe1772e6fd865d747687f22a651dcf542	Character and personality
eb12820745834b2d5d4dc377de44350091222205	Qualities of character
5142a1f1193d34789a382d5cf1d245fb00dbed84	The social character of a person
1d3275ef538741673765cc22aaa9fc0fa78baf34	Character accentuations
a116075aeb6ebafc8159a5954b94e8df1f2e1242	Features of a person's character
030d010d20284b853f82351f7c8b97422f99a98e	Mental processes and states
8160b161036f2aedcdac64f8682616297b96e39c	Mental cognitive processes
d1fd99658f89c79e90b77ae38eaf8d2fe1e0d9f6	Functions and types of attention
ace30198ff6831b8fc1a30527bea39108b23da7b	Types and processes of imagination
2339df87569b290b122ea739531c3ba14906017b	The concept and classification of sensations
5b223dffa69e9bda516e7c5fa3749bfa826f6429	Perception, its types and properties
c5e14d37fdf80820c78fb5a6139bb977ca8a4cec	Contents General concept of temperament Typologies of temperament Temperament and activity Four types of temperament Temperament and human abilities
97c323025805fabc7bbcd6e617c60cb14249fef8	The general concept of temperament
bdac48baeb141c457210067ebb2439682c6df33f	The problem that will be discussed in this lecture has been occupying humanity for more than 25 centuries.
60d65e4c083c357ee22f4db2e2f54fe77397de49	The interest in it is connected with the evidence of individual differences between people.
428653ffaaff16c761f7cb71384ad393e43dcc45	The psyche of each person is unique.
10ce340a268492d9be502c8f74db1fb87abf1abd	Its uniqueness is connected both with the peculiarities of the biological and physiological structure and development of the body, and with the unique composition of social ties and contacts.
6faf4753aa7708a06bfc2b830a93264451084403	The biological conditioned substructures of personality include, first of all, temperament.
596174266e3cbef72f2797846fbad25c3a3477e4	When we talk about temperament, we mean many mental differences between people — differences in depth, intensity, stability of emotions, emotional impressionability, pace, energy of actions and other dynamic, individually stable features of mental life, behavior and activity.
a139410b342e25f6cb042dcb1e7411fcd2483f58	Nevertheless, temperament remains a largely controversial and unresolved problem today.
eb29832f15991b22df2c95e54760a4aba076e20e	However, with all the variety of approaches to the problem, scientists and practitioners recognize that temperament is the biological foundation on which a person as a social being is formed.
ed9dde9afdf7c3e39984e4a191dcef56339f557c	Temperament reflects the dynamic aspects of behavior, mainly of an innate nature, so the properties of temperament are the most stable and constant in comparison with other mental characteristics of a person.
41e5f1e70762817e26438cb8d3ffe4236a51ef94	The most specific feature of the temperament is that the various properties of the temperament of a given person are not randomly combined with each other, but are naturally related to each other, forming a certain organization that characterizes the 3 temperaments.
6269ec9bb1fa6fa1ed6cbb4ff7705e5410060741	So, temperament should be understood as individually peculiar properties of the psyche that determine the dynamics of a person's mental activity, which, equally manifested in a variety of activities, regardless of its content, goals, motives, remain constant in adulthood and characterize the type of temperament in the relationship.
62e6b70c11a362c55f120370109b762350fc15a0	Before proceeding to the consideration of various types and features of temperament, it should be noted at once that there are no better and worse temperaments — each of them has its own positive aspects, and therefore the main efforts should be directed not to its correction, but to the reasonable use of its advantages in specific activities.
3e8fe7aba150977152dc3aa80f0a2092f02661f9	A person has long made attempts to identify and realize the typical features of the mental makeup of various people, trying to reduce all their diversity to a small number of generalized portraits.
bcc6ad91608d449a4ba24aea76b5b2e021b7b3f8	Such generalized portraits have been called types of temperaments since ancient times.
2b8f918210884ff555840a9e784cfbf65591658e	Such typologies were practically useful, since they could be used to predict the behavior of people with a certain temperament in specific life situations.
44c40d9d60af3f79135bbc45ca697592c5c0142a	Typologies of temperament
04a0c22a01ca71796dedb5ca60054f41be4d28fb	The creator of the doctrine of temperaments is the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (VXVIII century BC).
fda8bab805c5e50906c8cac92cb91b22b86e1007	He argued that people differ in the ratio of the 4 main " juices of the body” - blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile that are part of it.
dabc5a8fcae3c505e32b1dd48029a6015e3808af	Based on his teachings, the most famous physician of antiquity after Hippocrates, Claudius Galen (II century BC), developed the first typology of temperaments, which he outlined in the famous treatise "De temperamentum" (Lat. "proportionality”," the right measure”).
f2dd67ebd70323989a2fc3849627099758bc8c76	According to his teaching, the type of temperament depends on the predominance of one of the juices in the body.
6316fa0b95ed3f601166202cbe219023cf8c4a4f	They were allocated temperaments that are still widely known in our time: sanguine (from Lat. sanguis — blood), phlegmatics (from the Greek phlegma — phlegma), choleric (from the Greek chole — bile), melancholy (from the Greek melas chole — black bile).
7e7586fc5347a4858c954f2bdf63b04bc376d580	This fantastic concept has had a huge impact on scientists for many centuries.
f7770299f745d5d61485401e95e275ff83f3ebd3	There were a variety of typologies of temperaments.
16b6f4ddd9e0f21fb9c580d41890b008e97f2e70	The most interesting are those in which the properties of temperament, understood as hereditary or innate, were associated with individual differences in the features of the physique.
eb1f3dc0d902fbbb6a0b044177ec3e0f54f32269	These typologies are called constitutional typologies.
4f1b33fdce6a20d4c2a97e5f76f44ead1f26f7f1	Among them, the typologies of E. Kretschmer, W. Sheldon, etc. can be distinguished.
94477c60f926c045ab5505bd1dc2c30e420ed86a	In psychological science, most of the constitutional concepts have become the object of sharp criticism.
40502c93e5764863fe7bf92c8879346a8d0343b2	The main drawback of such theories is that they underestimate, and sometimes simply openly ignore the role of the environment and social conditions in the formation of the psychological properties of an individual.
4eb8c63697bef130b5656434a95c895317011b2d	In fact, the dependence of the course of mental processes and human behavior on the functioning of the nervous system, which performs a dominant and controlling role in the body, has long been known.
35c3ac575af47d124ae46244bcb15afc5e9d93da	The theory of the connection of some general properties of nervous processes with types of temperament was proposed by I. P. Pavlov and developed in the works of his followers.
b6073b89d9c15f49f6b7d5a2247b9fef6a014f6c	I. P. Pavlov understood the type of nervous system as innate, relatively weakly subject to changes under the influence of the environment and upbringing.
889cbbb8b51c97313338c1db5dab7c8be5a9963f	According to I. P. Pavlov, the properties of the nervous system form the physiological basis of temperament, which is a mental manifestation of the general type of the nervous system.
bbd2ba3c957a2050667b82867a498645bbdf8086	I. P. Pavlov proposed to extend the types of the nervous system established in animal studies to humans.
bf37456d95aeb942384d314da61d44f689b820c8	Each person has a well defined type of nervous system, the manifestations of which, i.e., the peculiarities of temperament, constitute an important side of individual psychological differences.
39405edde0c382127de29af658b37f2b2fad2ae9	They are not only noticeable in the external manner of behavior, but seem to permeate all sides of the psyche, significantly manifesting themselves in cognitive activity, the sphere of feelings, motives and actions of a person, as well as in the nature of mental work, features of speech, etc. To compile the psychological characteristics of the traditional 4 types, the following main properties of temperament are usually distinguished: Sensitivity is determined by what is the smallest force of external influences necessary for the occurrence of any psychological reaction.
842dfc3586d6e19206e1839da6b6fc149364a56b	The ratio of reactivity and activity determines what a person's activity depends on to a greater extent: on random external or internal circumstances (moods, random events) or on goals, intentions, beliefs.
da8309d9a190ceffc35e73eebc17ec9b230d262b	Plasticity and rigidity indicate how easily and flexibly a person adapts to external influences (plasticity) or how inert and bony his behavior is.
718efddffe634175c6b0ae081b9c230276da8c1e	The rate of reactions characterizes the speed of various mental reactions and processes, the pace of speech, the dynamics of gestures, the speed of mind.
d8dda1d86f88142199233f8437159021a3978a44	Emotional excitability is characterized by how weak an impact is necessary for the occurrence of an emotional reaction and at what speed it occurs.
f8f164c4277ed98c8081f0729d7db901f782bb4d	Taking into account all the listed properties, Ya.
5733c7a3b41708e428317f426155936d04e5c865	Strelyau gives the following psychological characteristics of the main classical types of temperament:
3b0e41ff1e1b50fb4008afbbe6aff6fc0b8de27d	Sanguine
c3f0bedb1402ac360e57bb677e8fc9c8717ecc7d	On a minor occasion, he laughs loudly, and an insignificant fact can make him very angry.
8a839c8dd075cdeb1790cf9065ff5ab1c9ec0599	It is easy to guess his mood, attitude to an object or a person by his face.
3465c48a815097e6d5981ad6601a44777fbf1463	Having increased activity, and being very energetic and efficient, he actively takes up a new business and can work for a long time without getting tired.
68ac8fcb508fde3814a759bae4a59bb9df82700b	He is able to concentrate quickly, is disciplined, if desired, he can restrain the manifestation of his feelings and involuntary reactions.
bd3c22d0ef5e2860b77feb6059f69b15a5063956	He is characterized by quick movements, flexibility of mind, resourcefulness, fast pace of speech, quick inclusion in a new job.
1075ef5b1b78d887911a7ba75c98356d36560cb9	High plasticity is manifested in the variability of feelings, moods, interests, aspirations.
99eec5eebaaf0d886cac2f928ae607d01ba55e39	Effortlessly not only switches from one job to another, but also responds more to external impressions than to subjective images and ideas about the past and future, an extrovert.
4c3b9aaeec33db8b0eb05cde7648377361db7be7	Choleric
e3b5db5427c0a08a1aee3d356ec56e7ffeb52ae7	Like a sanguine person, it is characterized by low sensitivity, high reactivity and activity.
5ea422c3d15b138aa79e6e1f0212af094a0fb932	But in a choleric, reactivity clearly prevails over activity, so he is not restrained, unrestrained, impatient, quick tempered.
faebab059a88d5f15a7bbed7fcf1e5bd6f5da55b	He is less plastic and more inert than a sanguine person.
5e661ab432384422324bb9772dfa3494408a03c0	Hence a great stability of aspirations and interests, great perseverance, there may be difficulties in switching attention, he is rather an extrovert.
b2f76d2da8cde1ea392dcb770cd86280ae3e2bf2	Phlegmatic
abae15dc5d9ebec0ef351956834c2adc8352846d	A phlegmatic person has a high activity, significantly prevailing over low reactivity, low sensitivity and emotionality.
3b7b77b72a16abd87624d316dc9dc8f81bc744aa	It is difficult to make him laugh and sad — when people laugh loudly around, he can remain unperturbed.
e8e7c3ad2331662d17d6d5d66e45494f36f5839c	In case of big troubles, he remains calm.
68063e6a893f802f917a4efe071520e56aeb080c	Usually he has poor facial expressions, movements are not expressive and are slowed down, as well as speech.
4b453734c1df57d7877ea250b3b51b90abca9646	He is not resourceful, hardly switches his attention and adapts to a new environment, slowly rebuilds skills and habits.
65efe25ac2bae171a8bfb71926f474a7173d0494	At the same time, he is energetic and efficient.
fe7c6aab67beb2ac06d2c02b5b083aef11b0af9e	It is distinguished by patience, endurance, self control.
c3ba59671a64cea5be631f1fd9d8c55c8b531a57	As a rule, he finds it difficult to converge with new people, responds poorly to external impressions, is an introvert.
074802c1682dc9d9625312286f5c6eb7c8365bcd	Melancholic
06c3cc86936a99164119576e202fd7772855fe36	A person with high sensitivity and low reactivity.
0b84261f28f24dbf643535ba73f7f79ab790fa2e	Hypersensitivity with great inertia leads to the fact that a minor reason can cause him to cry, he is excessively touchy, painfully sensitive.
f973d050657ffeeab998c534e6c10ba69cbb46ff	His facial expressions and movements are expressionless, his voice is quiet, his movements are poor.
45127b14b61b969f498d913227946988488476a8	Usually he is insecure, timid, the slightest difficulty makes him give up.
4ebaff8c865017970d7663a5272511d3564e183f	Melancholic is not energetic and unstable, easily gets tired and is not very efficient.
43fc1e2bfd1de6b078cc0808ea009d3d2af05877	It is characterized by easily distracted and unstable attention, and a slow pace of all mental processes.
ff9a96fecef158b38c17bd0db40d7f6266fd570c	Most melancholics are introverts.
bc4ba8e5642b79660a33f03b9051c5d4def95ae7	Temperament and activity
c762109b3b4a5296b16ba59e879ad1c7968620b0	So, the special mobility (reactivity) of a sanguine person can bring an additional effect if the work requires a change of objects of communication, occupation.
b6f5c0c151d1e6f48ca727842437e4e31669b0a2	There may be a false impression that inert people do not have advantages in any types of activities, but this is not true: they are especially easy to carry out slow and smooth movements.
ff7810e2c5aa415ce74f101d860e94751b1e9837	For psychological and pedagogical influence, it is necessary to take into account the possible type of human temperament.
fb4c2a4c49547bad86f6a037d40eb5d3439a5b41	Tips of R. M. Granovskaya: it is useful to monitor the activity of a choleric as often as possible, sharpness and intemperance are unacceptable in working with him, since they can cause a negative response.
6d26fc0396cbf2b5cbd8114b957e00a255ffc5dc	At the same time, any act of his must be exactingly and fairly evaluated.
29f135296563761e36a7a76bed0704072662e7b3	At the same time, negative assessments are necessary only in a very energetic form and as often as it requires to improve the results of his work or study.
29f7d45f216241264b40b695e7fad7e76bb9ca3c	A sanguine person should be constantly faced with new, if possible interesting tasks that require concentration and tension from him.
d63dfa33e3212fb9b5dc783af093e23247c2782d	It cannot be quickly switched from one task to another.
7ca6b03e71c5aeabcca45b8a4da6551d11574754	About the act committed by a melancholic, it is better to talk to him alone.
763d3d997a90ff6c287e06fc542c542adc1eaaee	A negative assessment should be used as carefully as possible, mitigating its negative impact in every possible way.
39eee35ddbd6112b3b0d3914f898535045535de7	The melancholic is the most sensitive and vulnerable type.
05a7fdc7af748ec77c6d6c38fbfdd93214479cb4	You should be extremely gentle and friendly with him.
4943759a88c563fa766dced88d8e8d8ba1d683e5	It can be considered already firmly established that the type of temperament in a person is innate, on which properties of his innate organization it depends, it has not yet been fully clarified.
9e30911b28861863f9626a7de490b919654c72a9	Innate features of temperament are manifested in a person in such mental processes that depend on upbringing, social environment and the ability to control their reactions.
3e4387a10dd585b6e28994b8e7fccce0bbc741a9	Therefore, a specific reaction to a situation can be determined both by the influence of characteristic differences of the nervous system, and be a consequence of training and professional experience.
439533145549388ccfc32dfbf039cec00a206b1d	However, the limits of possible development are determined by the innate properties of the nervous system.
d6322691077f8cd31c385ee66ba3a089cf9478e7	Professional selection helps to identify applicants with the most suitable for this specialty.
8fbe4bd8bb1d2e657bda80b47c4fd62641e9ba2c	Four types of temperament
c5c58c2a7ef4dbf9e4b4ae82d9c2d025bad455d8	Temperament (Lat. Temperamentum - the proper ratio of parts) is a stable combination of individual personality characteristics associated with dynamic, rather than substantive aspects of activity.
4bfd69163b0d2eeb37ee121a60f925f38bb7dd7b	Thus, the temperament forms the basis of character development; in general, from a physiological point of view, temperament is a type of the highest nervous activity of a person.
09cb0818f0fa50af52ad1a25c3ff9ee7ede433bc	Temperament is an individually peculiar properties of the psyche that reflect the dynamics of a person's mental activity and manifest themselves regardless of his goals, motives and content.
00b205808e89beb2639020e0c74b1e55c04a2ed1	The temperament changes slightly during life, and, in fact, it is not even the temperament that changes, but the psyche, and the temperament is always stable.
a7088b3c5b6eb2c70855c617d29ebdb98ef9dbd3	Four temperaments in the form of visual emoticons (phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine, melancholic) are shown in Fig. 7.
73f844b9437fab1e76a9088f35d8370036d23563	The magic of numbers in the Mediterranean civilization led to the doctrine of the four temperaments, while in the East a five component "world system" developed.
18d864778b8ca9d93124ab2c62755a318e4445dc	The word "temperament" and the Greek word "krasis" equal to it in meaning (Greek. hraots; — "merging, mixing") was introduced by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates.
2b7f2eac8bc422a001941205bd08af7b20af17f4	By temperament, he understood both anatomical and physiological, and individual psychological characteristics of a person.
1653f7d3102abc4c7643fb34eefa6e68d6220bd7	Hippocrates, and then Galen, explained temperament as a feature of behavior, by the predominance of one of the "vital juices" (four elements)in the body:
ba01f4328bbae7a17c1c06a2af6d3a763c61ceeb	the predominance of yellow bile ("bile, poison") makes a person impulsive, " hot " - choleric; the predominance of lymph ("sputum") makes a person calm and slow - phlegmatic; the predominance of blood ("blood") makes a person mobile and cheerful - sanguine; the predominance of black bile ("black bile") makes a person sad and fearful - melancholic.
e9487ea5fda0365192884f9e19b298759ed3450e	Fig. 7. Four temperaments
8e84b241d7e6429529869c09a2f3e4a79646790b	This system still has a profound impact on literature, art and science.
2c618ae2d42cce8cc4621473419fcca18ca76fd2	A key turning point in the history of natural scientific study of temperament was the I. P. Pavlov's theory about the types of the nervous system (the types of higher nervous activity), common to humans and higher mammals.
0cfbbf9a765798160421e49443caabbb1a7f08a7	Pavlov proved that the physiological basis of temperament is the type of higher nervous activity, defined by the ratio of the fundamental properties of the nervous system: strength, balance and mobility processes of excitation and inhibition occurring in the nervous system.
e6f7879953f6a433d5ab217e543ca906b849d6ac	The type of nervous system is determined by the genotype, i.e. the hereditary type.
78ae5917c1f5bd7019b85988fb00629378b2e9f2	I. P. Pavlov identified four clearly defined types of the nervous system, i.e. certain complexes of the main properties of nervous processes.
4211dcb61aba83edf611df71e7be896a63248ac4	The weak type is characterized by weakness of both excitatory and inhibitory processes melancholic.
8fef78f8fb007cf13dc6b978f7f492eabeddeaa6	A strong unbalanced type is characterized by a strong irritable process and a relatively strong inhibition process — choleric," unrestrained " type.
8a3be822aa2af61fbadf3bc7e51523087c5dd8d1	A strong balanced mobile type is a sanguine," lively " type.
eaf6c6c93ae9e306e139232aed571ed8109a41ca	Strong balanced, but with inert nervous processes phlegmatic," calm " type.
536ac4365b020103b242ada7a9a7025418986131	Strength is the ability of nerve cells to maintain normal performance under significant stress of the processes of excitation and inhibition, the ability of the central nervous system to perform certain work without the need to restore its resources.
2e2b84ea1e39874c3220746b08ac0447199ac06f	A strong nervous system is able to withstand a large load for a long time, and, conversely, a weak nervous system cannot withstand a large and prolonged load.
d413901265f50de8346fc08bf8d0befaed0ddfc8	It is believed that people with a stronger nervous system are more resilient and stress resistant.
37a7afef1b18ff0903147accdde101d834f1fe33	The strength of the nervous system for arousal is manifested in the fact that it is relatively easy for a person to work in unfavorable conditions, a short rest is enough for him to recover strength after a tedious job, he is able to work intensively, does not get lost in an unusual situation, is persistent.
fc95a2c13d68dd3c02702b0de766af09b9244d3d	The strength of the nervous system for inhibition is manifested in the ability of a person to restrain his activity, for example, not to talk, to show calmness, self control, to be restrained and patient.
8cdb96bec186e53f9e4c284e97740461efef4eda	The balance of nervous processes reflects the ratio, the balance of excitation and inhibition.
764d73be1e799b1771f212e51945bb42d8eb6468	At the same time, balance means the same severity of nervous processes.
690e4e44653f7a552af3bcca78a297bbab07096f	The mobility of the nervous system is expressed in the ability to quickly transition from one process to another, from one activity to another.
af28c1483cf651898859438d460d6f248bdfebac	Individuals with a more mobile nervous system are characterized by flexible behavior, adapt faster to new conditions.
8612fd6c28e4d0cad645fd8b19e7127ac1531b18	Description of the features of different temperaments can help to understand the features of a person's temperament, if they are clearly expressed, but people with pronounced features of a certain temperament are not so common, most often people have a mixed temperament in various combinations.
dec9b34034d5a669a99fb43e4c627b4f81bd930b	Although, of course, the predominance of features of any type of temperament makes it possible to attribute a person's temperament to one or another type.
a02eadc7012a6fc21e4250ce4779de8236df43b8	Human temperament and abilities
274f65fe9f88bb7644a7311d4987cec82191f811	The temperament of a person depends on:
6cd562fd0541ada2eb6753fda5f5cc81443c731c	the rate of occurrence of mental processes (for example, the speed of perception, the speed of thinking, the duration of concentration, etc.); the plasticity and stability of mental phenomena, the ease of their change and switching; the pace and rhythm of activity; the intensity of mental processes (for example, the strength of emotions, the activity of the will): the focus of mental activity on certain objects (extroversion or introversion).
698863ef52ab748809d0852a97ffc4fd84b78a51	Descriptions of temperaments are quite different from different psychologists and, apparently, include a fairly large number of factors.
b6116bfc7f08b4a9d604b5ac0ca6658cc8e04faf	Attempts have been made to bring the scientific experimental base under the theory of temperaments (I. P. Pavlov, G. Yu. Aizenk, B. M. Teplov, etc.), but the results obtained by these researchers are only partially compatible with each other.
1032c1aa1cb909d5b418a553c40bcc9d32552730	Of interest is the study of T.
459eac4b8e9152883e479fbfef5a85603b59cdbd	A. Blumina (1996), in which she attempted to compare the theory of temperaments with all the psychological typologies known at that time (more than 100), including from the point of view of methods for determining these types.
a53f873de040f6c0c1538c3af7edb72e554bd47f	In general, the classification by temperament does not meet the modern requirements for factor analysis of personality and is currently interesting rather from a historical point of view.
a7b71e2dff31a1691db79816f968308f0f10a566	Modern science sees in the doctrine of temperaments an echo of the ancient classification of four types of mental reaction in combination with intuitively noticed types of physiological and biochemical reactions of the individual.
e12950c73d541763043d3350128837f17b53a0a7	Currently, the concept of the four temperaments is supported by the concepts of "inhibition" and "excitation" of the nervous system.
92f0133a036e166057d4a504d7f40d1f1c30747f	The ratio of "high" and " low " levels for each of these two independent parameters gives a certain individual characteristic of a person, and as a result.
ad23512ceee2374a162982f24fb31f65e1f11691	- a formal definition of each of the four temperaments.
b033091b81e1e333c76d65b853ed75ad940e9931	On emoticons (see Fig. 7), a smile can be interpreted as the ease of inhibition processes, and frowning eyebrows - as a manifestation of the ease of arousal.
b6055ce7b10a864ed1ae6fe2a57f03cc555852b0	The work of scientists on the human genome creates conditions for the disclosure of the functions of human genes that determine temperament through hormones (serotonin, melatonin, dopamine) and other biochemical mediators.
b3f5487adae749f0e099beb6532621ee0a326818	Biochemistry and genetics allow us to establish and formalize the psychological phenotypes of people noticed by ancient doctors.
1d17e913b5161e68a6b52aabb11d2ec390200fd7	They consider the situation of "a person in the flow of the same type of tasks".
e84335fd680c82712534348bfb81fd0ec0d91488	Then they say that "working capacity is growing" or "warming up is growing".
0aa48cab87add1636972b758a207b29efd700b34	It is assumed that each person has such a curve repeated periodically, this is his individual characteristic.
563bf51032b52fcfcc1f182ddd614d4f50dc66f3	These four types of heating curves correspond exactly to the four temperaments:
a6f852f5355ff7118d07e964e0f36b227980fe4c	rapid ascent — high and short plateau — rapid decline (choleric); moderately rapid ascent moderately high and short plateau moderately rapid decline (sanguine); slow ascent — low and long plateau slow decline (phlegmatic); very slow ascent — a high surge in the middle and a return to a low point — and then a slow decline to zero (melancholic).
d4e1667ac1d6209ce25552882fdac4ab14bdf0b6	So, temperament is the most general formally dynamic characteristic of individual human behavior.
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211cea51dd4e76bf1fa8528a52ce1bcb8c5d293d	Human temperament: types and characteristics
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b08726a1f3f27ff2f152952ec3504f2cb1ef929d	Study of the main theories of temperament
0ee9fcab14826eec662168a818bd6e1d09ccda9c	Sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic: characteristics of temperament
0aafb780c8a9287958b294b089025745aae122c0	Temperament and character.
6b391f280c8b67b18c4e123c24753b0eab493f78	Features of temperament
234d8a08a8044e638a42c8b416088ca38b7be055	The character of a person.
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e4af0f5f50cdd2d1fe843fd3600a18eca7adf27b	Confidence and purpose>Types of temperaments and their psychological characteristics
64dd4a01ef4f9f38dfe7bbe84555d06e5371e16a	Types of temperaments and their psychological characteristics
cf8c5675ee6d9f297611f6cd4278918370aea127	Psychological characteristics of temperament types Temperament and activity Temperament and character Conclusion TYPES of TEMPERAMENTS AND THEIR PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS Temperament should be understood as individually peculiar properties of the psyche that determine the dynamics of a person's mental activity, which are equally manifested in a variety of activities regardless of its content, goals, motives, remain constant in adulthood and in their mutual connection characterize the type of temperament.
345d1fa2a40bff3a252afcb48f2c3eae9a6bddd3	They are not only noticeable in the external manner of behavior, but they seem to permeate all sides of the psyche, significantly manifesting themselves in cognitive activity, the sphere of feelings, motives and actions of a person, as well as in the nature of mental work, features of speech, etc. At present, science has a sufficient number of facts to give a complete psychological description of all types of temperament according to a certain harmonious program.
19c5720c17d5ebb6201685bbb5ac64f84306f76b	However, to compile the psychological characteristics of the traditional 4 types, the following main properties of temperament are usually distinguished: Sensitivity is determined by what is the smallest force of external influences necessary for the occurrence of any mental reaction of a person, and what is the rate of occurrence of this reaction.
178c299344db839ffbefb97da2b558d1eafcb640	Reactivity is characterized by the degree of involuntary reactions to external or internal influences of the same strength (critical remark. an offensive word, a sharp tone - even a sound).
0c7e8bbe02ac5cbd782d04c55df3c8e2a0723281	Activity testifies to how intensely (energetically) a person influences the outside world and overcomes obstacles in achieving goals (perseverance, purposefulness, concentration of attention).
3cd19e4d6f980cc38d3100a2e1d235902834582b	The ratio of reactivity and activitydetermines what makes a person's activity more envious: from random external or internal circumstances, moods, random events) or from goals, intentions, beliefs.
592916398b8ac9c717abdef215383a0ef5568131	Plasticity and rigidity indicate how easily and flexibly a person adapts to external influences (plasticity) or how inert and rigid his behavior is.
266e85ae16f33752c2ca74195e5ad88cb23fff1b	Extroversion, introversion determines what a person's reactions and activities mainly depend on - from external impressions that arise at the moment (extrovert), or from images, ideas and thoughts related to the past and future (introvert).
adf97180fc36c73c54e03d79f70e54bcaaad563b	Taking into account all the listed properties , Ya.
1a12087855ae349d77495a68999d858674b51eaa	Strelyau gives the following psychological characteristics of the main classical types of temperament: SANGUINE.
bf33e85b2d0b53e80200a3cf1110286bc65c132b	Having increased activity and being very energetic and efficient, he is actively engaged in a new business and can work for a long time without getting tired.
70260803ce855f6c9628e3242ee91e90b1f7529b	He is characterized by quick movements, flexibility of mind, resourcefulness. fast pace of speech, quick inclusion in a new job.
37e8d03c7631123dff666ee86b96ef841373f8b5	High plasticity is manifested in the variability of feelings, moods, interests and aspirations.
9a81d7b136b1b335002c239bfea406fab59891a3	As a rule, he responds more to external impressions than to subjective images and ideas about the past and future, an extrovert.
ea34aaa131f31d6898efc3512759edb5d8affa21	In a sanguine person, feelings easily arise, easily change.
f914aba3415d5f80e189a3c6e825fcd2d09f5999	The ease with which new temporary connections are formed and remade in a sanguine person, the great mobility of the stereotype is also reflected in the mental mobility of sanguine people, they reveal a certain tendency to instability.
cba84691c0f0df69375f4f8c6ae0777dce4f7cc7	CHOLERIC .
d350d1501ec6de9c207171145b84b0055ac80db5	But in a choleric, reactivity clearly prevails over activity, so he is unbridled, unrestrained, impatient.
9b5a8145b88474c21943f26eae053c5cd46f1fb7	Hot tempered.
a91c9e937c6bdb748425784138923d0535247c22	It is less plastic and more inert.
31eb4a2b3f4bb644f18e7db080681bf234aa0ddd	Than sanguine.
696d01aef450a70ced12096fc2a560e04f34b119	A PHLEGMATIC person has a high activity, significantly prevailing over low reactivity, low sensitivity and emotionality.
d8bde87c59f8402178a9e59a517328b372cf95f3	It is difficult to make him laugh and sad - when people laugh loudly around, he can remain unperturbed.
b46edb07fe300d416d7e02ab8c10e9739088c287	Usually he has poor facial expressions, movements are expressionless and slow, just like speech.
9ec376f53e68081aed7a9dd0e7aeec45ebb8ac51	He is not active, hardly switches his attention and adapts to a new environment, slowly rebuilds skills and habits.
03ad38f170385d6d0f188d184269b338d16f7143	As a rule, he finds it difficult to get along with new people, responds poorly to external impressions, is an introvert. the disadvantage of a phlegmatic is his inertia, lack of mobility.
05d06c877fe704091a00cfdb5cbaac8fc78eec66	Inertia also affects the inertia of its stereotypes, the difficulties of its restructuring.
a1cf9f3886b28cda8a2bd0bf3040a43aada5f50f	However, this quality, inertia, also has a positive value, contributes to the thoroughness of the constancy of the personality.
fd70b2ddbfd98e4a29e1417ad0517e646c2a77c2	A MELANCHOLIC Person with high sensitivity and low reactivity.
1228cd0e76dd162ac231140ef86c616f5855c840	The melancholic is not energetic, unstable, easily fatigued and has little working capacity.
b81198f147bc85f25c9a48ba3ce7a82a96172b00	He has an inherent easily distracted and unstable attention and a slow pace of all mental processes.
52b748ffbef3d21d72b708e9fb60dc396f20721d	Melancholic is shy, indecisive, timid.
4b2513ccd671a8fc74c40c4e2e16246e4fa6fc52	However, in a calm, familiar environment, a melancholic can successfully cope with life's tasks.
bfafdcbcd0f076839dd6360f276ae34d8a0f7cb8	It can be considered already firmly established that the type of temperament in a person is innate, and it has not yet been fully clarified on which properties of his innate organization it depends.
f05db44d20a7cb052d85789fe7511698947de61b	TEMPERAMENT AND ACTIVITY Dynamic features of a person's personality appear not only in the external manner of behavior, not only in movements - they are also manifested in the mental sphere, in the sphere of motivation, in general efficiency.
c2d88bf6976ce21dcc822e34f12314a901d0b69c	Thus, regardless of the degree of mobility or reactivity of an individual in a normal, non stressful situation, the results of activity will in principle be the same, since the level of achievements will depend mainly on other factors, especially on the level of motivation and abilities.
c412e80e3d1de316e86b39f1cfedd6a82add5542	Studies were conducted to establish the relationship between the way of performing actions and the characteristics of temperament.
15ed0f1cabf2b9c4365d6ac570af4b56be5ee0b3	The results of the research of the overwhelming majority of authors, regardless of the characteristics of the studied groups and experimental situations in which the method of performing actions typical for these individuals was studied, show that it is the type of nervous processes that has a significant impact on the formation of a certain style of activity.
d1139b0fd6104c6565e02f7847b9be7097803909	It is necessary to constantly include its active activities and systematically encourage its efforts.
67bb3e1b62ec4c98d5c49647868f38560fd533bb	It cannot be switched from one task to another.
45848327424027b7b86e93b7b2ff9c037ee3de7b	It depends on the temperament in which way a person implements his actions, but their content side does not depend on it.
307974c84cd584730a8eeb08a416fb331ffadce1	Temperament is manifested in the peculiarities of the course of mental processes.
d61640efd30c73bd36089cd0e8b441c3fc103315	Affecting the speed of memory and the strength of memorization, the fluency of mental operations, stability and switchability of attention.
1dd12f52e4eceae731ceb413d186c582cff3120d	TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER Temperament must be strictly distinguished from character.
71a5f9c9cb88f8492643e04ce15036a38c13304c	Temperament in no way characterizes the content side of a person
8900da8a1856b1c990559358239e742a5d833fd3	(worldview, views, beliefs, interests, etc .), does not determine the value of a person or the limit of possible achievements for a given person.
642621762a5aa5c2e9e34f8b2bfd455b12b820ff	It has only to do with the dynamic side of the activity.
7b3c767c9d17392ecd3d178ce19e04b43d563209	Although the temperament cannot determine the relations of a person, her aspirations, and interests, her ideals, i.e. the entire richness of the content of the inner life of a person, however, the characteristic of the dynamic side is essential for understanding the complex way of human behavior, human character.
e49b55ae1c5e8e84875eae1cab192c69ed1df361	The extent to which a person shows balance in behavior, flexibility, dynamism and expansiveness in reactions speaks about the qualitative characteristics of the individual and its capabilities, which are formed in a certain way on the labor and social activities of the individual.
a29f6f66ae55fa81cf11f2d0901fc6d40b6c33c7	Thus, temperament is not something external in a person's character. and it is organically included in its structure.
bc636b69df8e8f2e51064fdb33c83482005c90d3	Life impressions. education and training on the natural basic fabric of temperament - a type of higher nervous activity - gradually weave patterns.
a796424b310ea97b8cdb4df7a1d35a37e17c7294	Temperament does not determine the path of development of specific characteristics of the character, the temperament itself is transformed under the influence of character qualities.
21895192447674ed51f9f66e0423d1ae4d3e9242	The development of character and temperament in this sense is an interdependent process.
f92010b1e3f5159fdc0619f1c4ff413ff485a0fd	Types of temperaments and their psychological characteristics added : 01.01.2003 references to the page: 455031 author: vk.com/alexzubarev | / comments [91] | / print | / discuss in the forum
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7f226262dcb82f5cc1ac47c4000a75b42f92f26a	comment: 30.09.2015 16:00: 12 I think that... narmalno on the lesson saydet read
0a92fab3230134cca6eadd9898325b9b2ae67998	anonymous
d8198800c69a779207a15d3e32e0e0e133c9898a	comment: 05.04.2015 20: 53:20 That's a sensible answer to a chelianglng question read
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11d8e3087433a2d7e6caa794861364d5dcef1c82	comment: 12.06.2014 18:27: 30 I think that...to understand yourself, you need to decide not yourself, but ask a loved one and then you will understand who you are(according to temperament)!
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878f26b62c26f78b2330ee0df0a5ca25abd958da	comment: 04.04.2014 18:05:56 I think that...freaks are full of morons in the world but they also have a place in life to read
4ed11793a650ff1031aac1d62a0ca980a051edc4	comment: 19.03.2014 20:43:36 I think that...very detailed and clear...thanks...very helpful in the school program*) read
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00fa422f75ddff775d4379adceef7d41db541603	I THANK THE DIARY OF WISDOM
2d757ec15fbb36460419a7ea3417216ffc072902	And I gave oral pleasure to a guy I didnot love, but I really wanted to get married.
5d2febe2b949df1cc829e284193eb7a8d4193868	And then, when I was doing m...t to my beloved person, I said that it was in P...
acabe1ce7a7169e17b6662be21fd0334730547d1	Lord, give me the strength to forget him..
1b7545eedfd17dbfc0fa3fe9377eebabe38a1e9a	Give me the willpower not to call him and not to write SMS, not to think about him at night, give me the courage to refuse him.
b661ae9af2930cbf4ecb21417ca42177b2eb7c80	I canot do it on my own anymore ...
4e1bf8d01700762dc74078c6b49741b5ee4c5500	lock dog rip(
2e12f0f6dc94f644265dbaa75b70713ca2134dea	I want 1000 000r to correct my situation in life
7d5134fbe75d89558c477f50f27684f502b99025	to get closer to him, to live together.
a0a19f67e58a8cb6ee0870fa89c2c180798c0011	I now call upon the mighty Archangel Gabriel to take a position to my left in his Pure White Ray.
463b28bc21df95d8e9b996b0f99052e6e4cdb4b1	I ask him to pour his pure white energy into mine...
5ad77e917aa334981e84f52e25c37192f5535457	I thank the Lord God,I thank the Universe for a good trip of my daughter alone to Rubtsovsk, thank you for everything being great,good people met along the way...
29a64a5e911b40d3c73cb619100c38ce93ba5599	I thank Allah for the fact that I have two healthy children.may Allah grant everyone good health!
138c80f4e8fecfb2afe7c2ca1f97c89aa3037509	I thank the Lord God for everything that has been with me for everything that is and for everything that will be with me
f7b73c74a32e3daf88bedada33d0229a1605f008	Wow, lovely portal.
931fc84fad53da077e50c7c4ffb856dca44ed80d	Thnx ...|...
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35bd1478cf8f512bbaa77aa818153222d4d96725	A formal education will help you survive.
53b65a4ef7d78f60ed0e40bdfe1f712f4cb643f1	Self education will lead you to success...
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32c1cee8c17e009ab7deb3a1bd208e8bb8c607c6	PERSONAL MAGNETISM (course of lectures)...
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dc3a6124d9fffc3d2af4fb0279630febc2325f97	11.03.2016 17: 50: 58 Girls do not ask questions when communicating...
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e6ad2df8ba4a5aa2b7863bb04ec603e5d95925e1	insight>>I'm going to get a friend.
aeead9e44c949243c750e88e07b73163a28f286f	Mother in the intercom: he is walking. insight>>My friend is yelling at me from behind: we are not from the military enlistment office, you can tell the truth!!
a4f8daabae410901164480c2eafe9667ee4d6afb	read all the jokes
b1bf8bd3a9a2314e454fc845f302ea6bc4434b6f	Conscious emotions start from 12.03.2016 Online training "Fundamentals of coaching" start from 22.03.2016 Initiation training "The tale of the dead Princess and the seven heroes" start from 12.03.2016
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1de1fdfd0bf3ae5fca9ade98418f165b4d8d8129	Boris Leonidovich Pasternak's novel "Doctor Zhivago" has become one of the most controversial works of our time.
d14443d30b4f9b2a8c9d48652fd0608d05ec1ee3	"Doctor Zhivago" is the final work of Boris Pasternak, the book of his whole life.
08105b66317fc23d4fcb3b6f6987fd4f39184202	It was published in all European languages, while the official publication in the original language was published only three decades after it was written.
e63e5e4529a8eddd3a4ee87242a64be8c8ca7ffe	Today, "Doctor Zhivago" remains one of the most widely read novels in the world
f9d766db8624587fa7c2cfa6c12f01483b3a1a95	"Doctor Zhivago" was created by him for ten years, from 1945 to 1955, and is the pinnacle of his work as a prose writer[source not specified 19 days].
f7c2b4e9e5564f0f73f54b5f09a2cdc8038d22d0	The novel is accompanied by poems of the main character — Yuri Andreevich Zhivago.
dec13f6e42143003b903e02615e69be0fea1a23c	Drawing a broad canvas of the life of the Russian intelligentsia against the background of the dramatic period from the beginning of the century to the Great Patriotic War, through the prism of the biography of the doctor poet, the book touches on the mystery of life and death, the problems of Russian history, the intelligentsia and the revolution, Christianity, Jewry.
42c3ebffc9f43e4621a1854792020505e2680bd9	The book was negatively received by the Soviet official literary environment and banned from publication because of the author's ambiguous position in relation to the October Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent life of the country.
47da948fb1532b329efbc0695a11838543bfd1da	According to the biographer and researcher of Pasternak's work, writer Dmitry Bykov, the plot of the symbolist novel was Pasternak's own life, but not really lived by him, but the one he would like to see it.
425e8fd3b1efd08db0f8acb3c161fb7b9137c43f	Yuri Zhivago, according to this interpretation, is the personification of Russian Christianity, the main features of which Pasternak saw — sacrifice and generosity.
aef0961ebe9b614d3bea96bb579359864fba719d	The real person who was the prototype of Doctor Zhivago was probably the doctor Dmitry Dmitrievich Avdeev, the son of a merchant of the second guild, whom Pasternak met during the evacuation to Chistopol, where the writer lived from October 1941 to June 1943.
9c97de52aa675970601754265f4c0eee35a3ce82	It was in the doctor's apartment that the writers held creative evenings (by the way, it was called the "branch of the Moscow Writers 'Club").
e8456f465fca11b7261bff9a8b306c67c0a8b4f5	On October 23, 1958, Boris Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize with the wording "for significant achievements in modern lyrical poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel".
da63174a9527def7a49b46fa395e47237ede058f	The authorities of the USSR, led by N. S. Khrushchev, perceived this event with indignation, because they considered the novel anti-Soviet.
cb9902b28a0e6cf1ab20b10b7df5a7b5e5e379e8	Because of the persecution that unfolded in the USSR, Pasternak was forced to refuse to receive the prize.
ca00b137c045baca09d43a1fde53cf1c6ae23d8c	Only on December 9, 1989, the Nobel Diploma and medal were awarded in Stockholm to the writer's son Yevgeny Pasternak.
2233a01cb310af65a00d91a52969124dcbe6bd2e	The Moscow organization of the Union of Writers of the USSR, following the Board of the Union of Writers, demanded the expulsion of Pasternak from the Soviet Union and the deprivation of his Soviet citizenship.
17304d6ec2723be8b71e1c495ec2a99527d364cd	Among the writers who demanded Pasternak's expulsion from the USSR were L. I. Oshanin, A. I. Bezymensky, B. A. Slutsky, S. A. Baruzdin, B. N. Polevoy, K. M. Simonov and many others[39].
e8b88a5e27004a9082b513c6f0d48cb6317cf65f	"There will be no Death" is the first title of the novel in a pencil manuscript from 1946.
70b8745ea580e62a96978c7b5f76ca4e83559cdd	Drawing the time of his youth and the youth of those "boys and girls" who made up the glory of the Russian religious and philosophical renaissance, Pasternak defined its spiritual atmosphere as a mixture of the ideas of Dostoevsky, Solovyov, Tolstoy, socialism and modern poetry, which, quite getting along together, formed "a new, unusually fresh phase of Christianity".
aca0d5c45327d0791c2560e9e705bce91f97f517	The writer focuses on the historical events of the first and second decades of the XX century and their analysis.
bfba6ca87f6ecc6ef71d0739d2d047f80ce3035a	Dr. Zhivago-Pasternak depicts his whole life - in 1903, he loses his mother and finds himself under the care of his uncle.
d4607c76b20acbb9529d0f3456e7ea613ebb394b	At the time when they are going to Moscow, the boy's father, who left the family even earlier, also dies.
041a595177ac7a11fee9c482d1e00d218f74108c	Next to his uncle, Yura lives in an atmosphere of freedom and the absence of any prejudices.
dffad8f6bd9de71c9a6dab35e804b4ed6c683a3a	He studies, grows up, marries a girl he has known since childhood, gets a doctor's profession and begins to do his favorite job.
b636375ee5ecfaa1bef7eb613d9d6048da33f3f6	Yuri and Tony had two children, but then fate separated them forever, and the doctor never saw his youngest daughter, who was born after the separation.
a80b6b761b100124d0379a90501404956bb5d1b3	And suddenly the usual and adjusted life collapses.
5b734ff1051bd7871f2067f42e00181b399dc49a	The year is 1914, and even more terrible events follow it.
c0533f3b0343427fe51acddfdecd2d6b4bfb4611	Doctor Zhivago, just like his comrades, reacts vividly to everything that is happening.
4e4a94d0a9c41aebfcbddcc448a429069cb3249d	He goes to the front, where many things seem meaningless and unnecessary to him.
e485addfcfe97bbef03e66875effb251ce291c7a	When he returns, he witnesses how the power passes to the Bolsheviks.
01a5a6835b330008c8d5ac35b7701c3866a8c1dd	At first, the hero perceives everything with delight: in his view, the revolution is a "magnificent surgery", which symbolizes life itself, unpredictable and spontaneous.
27a04009b7c266cfb0d9a335685f0df403f5e5d7	However, over time, a rethinking of what happened comes.
f9d6a3ea3c0b049086ac7d86e202e02e8eccd060	It is impossible to make people happy without their desire, it is criminal and, at least, ridiculous-this is the conclusion that Dr. Zhivago comes to.
e5365f1bbfc84a8faeabd16c821363df53da8ab5	The analysis of the work leads to the idea that a person, whether he wants it or not, is involved in the historical process.
71b868db3754afd49e77b302beac0a85d9e37569	In this case, Pasternak's hero practically goes with the flow, not openly protesting, but also not accepting the new government unconditionally.
68e0a9aa4cbf8291db4e4479898380e6281eefd7	This is what was most often reproached to the author.
8422cdefab1b436774929c3e9e55c62fab57ef63	During the civil war, Yuri Zhivago gets into a partisan detachment, from where he escapes, returns to Moscow, tries to live under the new government.
340b522e8a0e034bfdeea85d4dfa75439513f3cd	But he cannot work as before – this would mean adapting to the conditions that have arisen, and this is contrary to his nature.
0e2fae68d12642cc2db1a8cf208d30583649b5ea	There remains creativity, in which the main thing is the proclamation of the eternity of life.
0fee1e97390d30f0ce8268f119c0b24c89cf6284	This will be shown by the hero's poems and their analysis.
dd3c278e5accf95339eafe955a5550089f9bc61a	Dr. Zhivago, thus, expresses the position of that part of the intelligentsia that was wary of the coup that happened in 1917 as a way to artificially change life and establish new orders that were initially alien to any humanistic idea.
32c8fd81e78a15244396e95354aab4c6c4ac8b8c	Suffocating in new conditions that his essence does not accept, Zhivago gradually loses interest in life and mental strength, according to many, even degrades.
dcfcb7ca7b72eaf2766af9e189da5c873e163b5f	Death catches him unexpectedly: in a stuffy tram, there is no way for Yuri, who has felt unwell, to get out of it.
3236104e08edc0d81bb0783f792925082ee6aaac	But the hero does not disappear from the pages of the novel: he continues to live in his poems, as evidenced by their analysis.
e871de460d0c42b1a080db71f5dc698ed8ef01ea	Doctor Zhivago and his soul gain immortality thanks to the great power of art.
5310c7d684ceec8af5e83e673b39a47a22033fd2	The work has a ring composition: it begins with a scene describing the funeral of his mother, and ends with his death.
6345022f8b6c45106ded7602d99da490c07030ea	At the beginning of the novel, new faces constantly appear before the reader.
8ed064929275080ff7be145dd510e302208f9997	One of them is Larisa, a slave of the elderly lawyer Komarovsky, who tries and cannot escape from the captivity of his "patronage"with all her might.
c154f34122d6948b5ef866465cd8e9f47d3a4000	Lara has a childhood friend-Pavel Antipov, who will later become her husband, and Lara will see her salvation in him.
f5a0133be569f2e621ecb0314361e3f7c0e8464d	After getting married, he and Antipov cannot find their happiness, Pavel will leave his family and go to the front of the First World War.
461e68d42fa2e933d9e7015891d59350f0b9fa5a	Subsequently, he would become a formidable revolutionary commissar, changing his name to Strelnikov.
1c4af4ed6e6a881b27a9185c8753688c758a4e26	After the end of the Civil War, he plans to reunite with his family, but this desire will never come true.
2f0f3efd61841bbc9e578b4e1e2c952af62b389c	Yuri Zhivago and Lara are brought together by fate in different ways during the First World War in the frontline settlement of Melyuzeevo, where the main character of the work is called to war as a military doctor, and Antipova is a volunteer nurse, trying to find her missing husband Pavel.
c0c3d33484fbd3ff688919e714d57293b0718f4c	Subsequently, the lives of Zhivago and Lara again intersect in the provincial Yuryatin on Rynva (a fictional Ural city, the prototype of which was Perm), where they vainly seek refuge from the revolution that destroys everything and everything.
857c2a6b7fbf5ff8714a3cd72d0e6ba682403f54	The description of the death of the main character is not the final yet.
5165111350e3e8eb363621f6d0d435f710fa1bac	The action of the novel is briefly transferred to the beginning of the forties, when Zhivago's half-brother meets Tatiana, the daughter of Yuri and Lara, who works as a nurse, in the war.
be3e38a77bccfa6398be29773df208ac95b6e617	She shamelessly tells the story of her life and a recent meeting with Major General Zhivago himself, who for some reason found her himself and invited her on a date.
88c6e8ab4ea450794a703c40ed8e48e8da175fcb	Lara was forced to leave the girl at the railway crossing.
9e4230fb205fe6a5d5731bf126db5e0056c854a9	So Tanya lived in the care of Aunt Marfusha's caretaker, not knowing affection, care, not hearing a book word.
c9354ea02cf905bf00a5619b513837d534f40b97	There was nothing left of her parents in her – Lara's majestic beauty, her natural intelligence, Yura's sharp mind, his poetry.
cbfed230f8674454e257effe5ae17c17cb783fae	It is bitter to look at the fruit of great love mercilessly beaten by life.
0c2bce9170b957162c714e31cec0ad698fd83bc0	Unfortunately, she does not possess any of the spiritual qualities that were characteristic of her parents, as the analysis of the episode shows.
251d7b44e9b68f2407d2e692aee94d2f57a48932	"Doctor Zhivago", thus, denotes the problem of the spiritual and moral impoverishment of society as a result of the changes that have taken place in the country, which is opposed by the immortality of the hero in his poetic diary – the final part of the work.
eb1265243d4f9ca08527e63fe2881206a6476243	Thus, the pages tell about the fate of an entire generation, represented mainly by Yuri Zhivago, and emphasize the uniqueness of human life in general.
b3dfd59a3c492096755e6221ba2fcb8eab153d99	The poetic entries in the diary relate to various stages of Zhivago's life and emotional experiences.
5449f6806a67f9bf6d755a654fbcc220f3b215d2	For example, an analysis of Dr. Zhivago's poem "Winter Night".
afe7ecbe5dca6c43b1c74cef87f8569d4800667e	The antithesis on which the work is built helps to show the confusion and mental anguish of the lyrical hero, who is trying to determine what is good and evil.
eef75b713612154d0e6f3153f372d7dfeb5b599c	The hostile world in his mind is destroyed thanks to the warmth and light of a burning candle, symbolizing the trembling fire of love and home comfort.
845ad190c354cad16883b2b271ee0b203a615c76	The poems of Yuri Zhivago" - a total of 25-were written by Pasternak during the work on the novel and are one with him.
69210d433a2137881382320bbd53d8f271628aba	In the center of them is a person who got into the wheel of history and found himself facing a difficult moral choice.
9ec46254b6496839ba832442bb1833b58674949c	The cycle opens with "Hamlet".
3ddc8b62a6ad90b169db9092e210efa6ec482f1f	Dr. Zhivago-the analysis shows that the poem is a reflection of his inner world-appeals to the Almighty with a request to ease the fate assigned to him.
5d86796dddc4e76edc3bd3787bd9e64734d5185c	But not because he feels fear - the hero is ready to fight for freedom in the kingdom of cruelty and violence surrounding him.
0a21848c6e171e8cb4e60585cedc4130be6fcfef	This work is about the famous hero of Shakespeare, who is facing a difficult moral choice, and about the cruel fate of Jesus.
408875a919bdc456043471dd070c5f4419674bd7	But the main thing is a poem about a person who does not tolerate evil and violence and perceives what is happening around as a tragedy.
5d8e6550a436e030b0545e41145143881a47b4e2	The coup that took place, accompanied by bloodshed and cruelty, caused the loss of moral values and the commandments of humanism.
b68f1a82a1684ccf189b216b96e476d1feda4e0b	This is confirmed by the subsequent events in the country and their analysis.
ea430e8e899b15920e35614afee90a70d90b7680	"Doctor Zhivago" is distinguished by the fact that Boris Pasternak gives his understanding of history without imposing it on the reader.
2c40282c780610da2e23ca3256f9bc3e6139abd7	As a result, everyone gets the opportunity to see the events in their own way and, as it were, becomes his co-author.
08ffab27ee99c48c2a7a7a1dbfd8bba03cc0a743	Zh. it becomes a generalized image of the Russian intelligentsia in the revolution and after it, it embodies its continuation and death.
2a9e2650ca697cada3bb63bc633ea9b7ac9196f7	It reflects both religious and philosophical searches in the spirit of L. N. Tolstoy, and the duality of the rushing soul, according to F. M.Finally, to Dostoevsky, he is a type of "Chekhov's doctor" (G. Gachev).
f234300f439c6bb92e08f63570b61517ad816be9	Zh. it became a kind of final image, closing the chain of heroes of Russian classics: Eugene Onegin, Pechorin, Myshkin, the brothers Karamazov, Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre Bezuhoe, Levin, Oblomov, the heroes of Chekhov and Bunin.
0d46ecfc3184e2bee0cf2ab98261cee70b54e901	In a special way, the author reveals the character of his hero in his relationships with women.
0f0e7086ccbd9f4d998a603156c03523962a75c3	The main factor here is not love, but the irresistible desire of Zh. to the life arrangement, to the creation of an atmosphere of home, family (in the actual, not in the formal sense), to the appearance of children (he has children from his wife Antonina, and from Lara, and from Marina).
87a3ae262ad4882e621ef62b362c72041437abb1	The very death of J. it comes exactly after he leaves Marina at the instigation of his" mysterious " cousin Yevgraf Zhivago (his image has obvious parallels with the image of Goethe's Mephistopheles).
1200a9a0a834df9852f7b40c2febb938a2aae8dc	The main character of the novel, Yuri Zhivago, whose consciousness is the "moral center" of the narrative, is an intellectual, a person of a poetic disposition, a person who is internally free and endowed with the gift of a deeply original, individual vision of the world.
55c04345d5f53c26fa104207e0759fbb50379b46	A special quality of poetic perception of reality lies in the fact that in the ordinary, ordinary, insignificant, outwardly unremarkable, the hero reads the essential, existential meaning.
3568ca48d7ff509dae569e2e9397ec456d356174	A reflection of this is the hero's desire for a private, "private", unremarkable existence.
4960319d065a1be43b27b7c1be5ae3392e0e5d00	He was given a "through-through sense of being", his integrity and multidimensionality, indissoluble unity, harmony of high, ideal and earthly, material principles were revealed.
488a4b449af81affbfb319ce3382f6ae5808a48e	By the power of an intuitive feeling, Zhivago captures the general pulsation of life, which constantly transforms, changes everything in the world.
9b30ba06e108dde47ee5729a96b62235eae03d5a	Creative inspiration, which is filled with being, fascinates Zhivago, fascinates with the mystery of the action that is happening, turns him into an admiring contemplator.
6a6a09d0342ee09a98416636c8ca79c1d852a4fd	The military reality puts Yuri Zhivago in conditions that contradict his inner essence.
34e5734419adc290ab9ecd68ee60d8267b818a59	The hero goes through two rounds of military trials: the First World War, which ended with the February Revolution of 1917, the October Revolution of 1917, which turned into a merciless civil war.
d9202fc43dfa31d2649c094fd9645f87eb923630	These two cycles have a common plot scheme: separation from home - "untrue existence" in internally alien, military conditions - mental crisis (illness) - recovery rebirth - intense saturation with new impressions - creativity.
bb76d6e75177b8a30bc92c9fb2d1595ab3df326c	The multiplicity of strings models the external similarity of the structure of the traditional centrifugal epic narrative.
6d0269bbaa15df5c32aab47065847a4f2a68abd1	But, more importantly, the polycentric nature of the tie contributes to the simultaneous recreation in the artistic image of " all " life at once, which is characteristic of the lyrics.
ceeccf3a397cab7aa24389d525f6484a72c7eb1a	And, finally, the system of epic ties in the lyrical storyline acts as a single whole, as a lyrical tie, characterized by a special length.
a84e3c9c123a20a413cef473892d8327ee8aa00a	It reveals the image of an early life stage (childhood, adolescence, youth), which, according to B. Pasternak, sets the further direction of a person's fate.
d20a0e957962b1471ac4c6eb4ffbd7dab14d4bdb	In the beginning of the novel, the significance of the non-obvious connection of the fates of the characters is revealed.
87a201b2ecfc9cfb4d45227b4b6db079de143e59	It is revealed at the lyrical level - in the system of motives (the motive of orphanhood, closeness to nature, grace, faith in the divine principle).
65e88cfcf8192a044cf2e657cf533fb6bc13d490	The spiritual closeness, kinship of the characters is determined by the degree of their hidden interconnectedness.
2869d63bced02858d5a08576a0f74e055a936c12	Thus, in the narrative, the emphasis is initially shifted from a specific, visible connection between the characters to a providential one.
853311e26665f8b4e5c960f3c3b3feda04a9ad4a	The action of this higher force that unites their lives is realized in the plot in the form of events, situations that are clearly random, unexpected in nature.
57e6b1d9de891aa23fdee109212921d34549a34b	Their increased concentration recreates in the novel the image of real reality as a single," continuous " stream of accidents.
477926d774cc601a17ba91e634355ac242083ee2	Small and large plot "crosses" represent concrete manifestations of the universal rhythm, the general harmony of the world.
245f3c48b0f6fb16e00f437f0581e2ef602483f8	The unexpected, the sudden in the poetics of B.Pasternak acts as an integral property of all aspects of life - individual, social, natural.
f70e90fca1d270fd12cb2e95c5cf61f92cdbf52e	In the structure of the novel, the traditional hierarchy of compositional parts is transformed.
05cb50ab8392edf0b21633405f12635126ddb10e	The epilogue, the appendix (narrative fragments placed "outside the brackets" of the main action) lose the function of the supplement, which does not have a defining meaning for the whole work as a whole.
0eeb7cda31369abbec5c94adbf6b3e0fcb6749c5	Each element is equivalent and necessary to complete the artistic integrity of the image.
25949bcf0bfa7d38113827f7c469a86325b0ff90	Moreover, as in the lyrics, a significant semantic load in" Doctor Zhivago " falls precisely on the final parts of the narrative.
c15b86f6d894417880d04d91706f0926e1e23d03	The epilogue tells about the spiritual ascent of Zhivago's friends-Gordon and Dudorov, about the newly accomplished miracle of transfiguration.
5bd10ad43c8964b6e5a8ea4379805a52123d361b	The seventeenth part of the novel is especially significant in the plot and compositional organization of the novel.
25f2355e7c8d98342e34ae56f2f8602cf9dbdb3f	"Doctor Zhivago – is a novel about the fate of a person in history.
155e13901cf5385a79451e7b52f527f1fa852d89	The image of the road is central to it.
fb88e6c8d378fb15278290ac6450adf60f087022	The plot of the novel is laid, as the rails are laid…
2a4c3d4466a3f6cfe88bd804060fa301ee681ff8	the plot lines loop, the destinies of the heroes tend to go into the distance and constantly intersect in unexpected places-like railway tracks.
f14cc63f89ff7c85f86b699593a9a65b6f6e79bc	"Doctor Zhivago" is a novel of the era of the scientific, philosophical and aesthetic revolution, the era of religious searches and the pluralization of scientific and artistic thinking; the era of the destruction of norms that previously seemed unshakable and universal, is a novel of social catastrophes.
5cc700fa22d9c19f0a7894e94144606752184f7d	The heroes of the novel are tested by the fire of the Russian revolution, which Pasternak considered a turning event in the fate of the XX century.
0454c8cdee098f818d733e9244207cb93e6adedc	They take different positions in relation to it – and depending on the position taken, their destinies are formed.
bcad6cfc9bcf2c8eafe1fedeb2f89da928526e52	The path that Zhivago chose does not promise victories in the final, does not eliminate mistakes, but only this path is worthy of a man – an artist, a man – a poet.
3fd8f6e925b0813d4b889fbcb56f4616f1747777	Yuri remains himself.
74d660c5ad0405dfd1cad489afcb765fa5525db8	For this, as if in completing a real biography, he is given the opportunity to live his ideal fate in a spiritual biography, the embodiment of which is a notebook of his poems.
30c15abb1ec96aa24f3a56adf41be982305d7424	It is she who completes the novel.
16944879e75764604e34c26607605a79dbfafefc	Reflections and arguments about the revolution in the novel prove that this is not a "holiday of the oppressed", but a difficult and bloody period in the history of our country.
8abe835dd01c496be193dabf6a8c55eb48a742bd	Today, after many decades, it is difficult to say what it gave, for which blood was shed, the country was divided, a huge Russian diaspora arose.
f836c68dc10d5f491d3d89078cbca7fe8ac3966a	Probably, it was inevitable, the country was given no other choice.
03cdf0f849e6dbcd1ca926fcebcc48013827a99c	Is that why, on the day of the October Revolution, many intellectuals enthusiastically perceived it as a way out of the world of lies and parasitism, debauchery and hypocrisy.
7af291f28b3b7b516b3735166d5f1169e7a0cf2a	Doctor Zhivago is an exponent of the innermost, the lyrical hero of Pasternak, who remained a lyricist in prose.
2666b60e43df7171bd8579dab754c2cd062bf760	The real biography of Boris Leonidovich did not give him the opportunity to fully express the gravity of the situation between the two camps in the revolution.
90761644b35da1883b22b0ef884a0581f804d666	In the novel, this duality is remarkably shown in the scene of the battle between the partisans and the whites.
4c885b0e897a9eb280c80f7bbb76c6c1f8f3603a	Doctor Zhivago wounds one of the young men of the White Army, and then finds both this fighter and the killed partisan the same 90th psalm, according to the ideas of that time, which protected from death.
41b744d6542735c3c167d232fb05da21e3d6440a	Zhivago disguises a white soldier in the clothes of a partisan, nurses him, knowing the guy's intention to return to Kolchak's army after the amendment.
f10158b3d58cdfc5ff4bc1aa302594c22ca33c7e	He treats a Person.
4919a7a7dd3057dc21a1db13942a9e8c14ddedcf	The novel "Doctor Zhivago" was created for ten years, from 1945 to 1955.
795b77364fd7fe551d7706f5317fe06746f9d691	Being, according to the writer himself, the pinnacle of his work as a prose writer, the novel is a broad canvas of the life of the Russian intelligentsia against the background of the dramatic period from the beginning of the century to the Civil War.
8692afccac9c5fe01cfe6ab6ebd8c31f34c15dc1	During the writing of the novel, Pasternak repeatedly changed its name.
c404c8f5342ee8769362f3a20cf87f66ec801329	The novel could be called "Boys and girls", "The candle was burning", "The Experience of Russian Faust", "There is no Death".
06f1491df69dc046a791ca86c757ff6195a27c27	The novel, which touches on the innermost issues of human existence — the secrets of life and death, questions of history, Christianity, and Jewry, was sharply negatively met by the authorities and the official Soviet literary environment, rejected for publication because of the author's ambiguous position on the October revolution and subsequent changes in the life of the country.
13a4699e8b2153b93771557c3b0d01012f4d4383	The publication of the novel in the West — first in Italy in 1957 by the pro — communist publishing house Feltrinelli, and then in the UK, through the mediation of the famous philosopher and diplomat Sir Isaiah Berlin-led to a real persecution of Pasternak in the Soviet press, his exclusion from the USSR Writers ' Union, outright insults against him from the pages of Soviet newspapers, at meetings of workers.
611624883a40fb189598aa6bcb4bb022459a01f3	It should be noted that a negative attitude to the novel was also expressed by some Russian writers in the West, including V. V. Nabokov.
89abd8cacd754543de2282f8404e0ee4ae72020c	The fact that the book was published abroad was presented by the authorities as a betrayal and anti-Soviet, while the condemnation of the book by the "workers" was presented as a manifestation of universal solidarity with the authorities.
08bbe0a83288e140d899a4d3bf83452411b9e13c	In the resolution of the Writers ' Union of October 28, 1958, Pasternak was called a narcissistic aesthete and decadent, a slanderer and a traitor.
d5bebcf2880988bfaa9861ad1dd041da1adb2f8c	Then, for several months in a row, Pasternak was "exposed" in major newspapers, such as Pravda and Izvestia, magazines, on radio and television, forcing him to refuse the Nobel Prize awarded to him.
81f36b5faf7587b86d3ce2047de53c6585895fa0	His novel, which no one read in the USSR, was condemned at meetings organized by the authorities during the working day in institutes, ministries, factories, factories, and collective farms.
dc6b9fa22f06fd8f75205c385ea5bda4efff4fe1	The speakers called Pasternak a slanderer, a traitor, a renegade of society; they offered to judge and expel him from the country.
18257be3fc6eab63b2de91f29ca9e54b15c0ce37	Collective letters were published in newspapers, read out on the radio.
ed0514cfd3c35dd14700b1a3e5602905132cb4d1	Both people who had nothing to do with literature (they were weavers, collective farmers, workers) and professional writers were involved as accusers.
338dffc83efec3a88ee2cadc25515a9bbc214380	The persecution of Pasternak because of the novel "Doctor Zhivago" became one of the reasons for his serious illness and premature death in 1960.
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75edc139e45c670be486398f42b9e4a3dc920c52	Pasternak BL and his novel Doctor Zhivago Category: Literature, literary works Type: Abstract Size: 62.2 kb. download
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78ca1cb95faff4bef223934dcad03d6921fe26bd	1. B. L. Pasternak and his
4d9774eb608c2a7e83e88ec7d312fa1311d58e26	the novel "Doctor Zhivago" 2.
8a9400005c3bca2486ac5d4f71c851ac612c4135	The problem
9e7168f4fc0a53824a003a75c4fdcd469d35a5c9	intellectuals in the era of revolution 3.
3bffd002b9c787d8067edb524c8e2b0c728c7123	Pasternak's novel a narrative about the intelligentsia and the revolution 4.
62bd60ceaeedf40c106d2a36b8999aa7f3e6325b	Used literature
51b18f94561e3f8b5977dbed6292095c10b89b53	1. B. L. Pasternak and his long suffering "Doctor Zhivago".
0342a6df8831cf5aebc9186a18f0897894e51124	1. Probably, no writer's creation of the XX century caused such a resonance in the world as the novel by Boris Leonidovich Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago".
dbc65d4125866e694e4f4e866a44848317345ceb	The great poet, who was considered the most apolitical, became a political symbol of freedom and the struggle against the suppression of the individual.
b91a8aa49edd22e87de332fc86a92cd8fbf720e1	Pasternak began writing the novel “Doctor Zhivago " in 1945 and finished it in December 1955..
3697148725a3cec2c41a9960b95398822044b744	Simonov, the editor of the Novy Mir magazine, refused to print the novel and its publication in his homeland was banned for more than 30 years.
6a4edff326fb2e534a6ccffe8e076d6c638148c2	This work was published abroad, and its author received the Nobel Prize.
c450053845e333cc30e65cd118c0204cfbac0858	It seems to me that Boris Pasternak wrote in the novel that he and many other honest, thinking, heart sick people for Russia suffered and suffered in the era of the revolution.
81e8ce0a5f279b7ec087dce8054f376907865d3f	Pasternak's novel is the fruit of philosophical reflections about being, about history, about how the intelligentsia accepted the revolution, how it existed in the revolutionary era and whether the intelligentsia is needed in a country that has experienced a revolution.
3161134633851ee5d214920fb0e67b705cd4dade	In the novel, Pasternak strives to " get to the very essence”.
282c9f94b60e77e133fb4b15da5cfca208556a46	Pasternak was accused of the fact that his book " slanderously portraying the October Revolution, the people who committed this revolution, and the construction of socialism in the Soviet Union, was raised to the shield of the bourgeois press and adopted by the international reaction."
a2075ee076988323585bdfd66dd9085bfc510338	At the general Moscow meeting of writers in 1958, "Pasternak's behavior" was discussed, where a tub of dirt was poured on Boris Leonidovich.
066625ea7a07d52369e86b2056678f52c93454f6	Insults, such as a lampoon, a weed, a narcissistic aesthete, rained down on the writer.
f510e63ba80e45e770e1df8c2a7a6268f8a1266b	During the persecution, people forgot a simple truth – the artist always had the right to say what he said: without looking at the party, at the ideology.
d81904defbd6ff2336a35f7de89c8afa7ed4832e	Pasternak was expelled from the Writers ' Union.
ab3793762be9cddd7f1a5f8c2a7a32a90d3c15df	Much later, 30 years later, V. Semichastny, the former first secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee, will say: "What can you do time – a plenum of writers 500 people gathered.
03cb428120d7710bd95e28d411d2de99c6785be2	And none of them did....
be8f06a530f568105b7690cfd7b4a281a8ff029a	Although now some people say: "I would have to go, not pretend to be sick and speak out against it."
bd84f050901f1a38b9d379f68a369354b9d8b754	The abolition of the shameful exclusion of the poet from the Writers ' Union became a public act.
1eb0471a398e7aa7ec5c7b2f5ef92dbd9aafabf6	The range of assessments of the novel is large, which is understandable when it comes to a work that does not fit into the usual circle of literary representations.
5578677479c171a4817c13e84cc4555613749b07	Boris Leonidovich himself considered his novel the first real work.
21c604fc95c7d3d88e4e1abc888b25bf0124ed2c	"In it I want to give a historical image of Russia for the last forty - five years, and at the same time, with all the sides of its plot, heavy, sad and elaborated in detail, like ideally in Dickens or Dostoevsky, this thing will be an expression of my views on human life in history and much more..."
2c998343f2ce37cbe9bc033f191eb2d61a7881fd	Pasternak wrote in a letter to Olga Ivinskaya.
51e27a3020c55e4399546b13fa09c0c513f961ad	Boris Leonidovich was fully aware that the novel was now abruptly changing the entire route of his life, his fate, but he broke out "the desire to start finishing to the end..."
93410021ad0e22bd5a1e3a21e72dcf718b11a78a	Pasternak felt the unrighteousness of his quiet existence in the conditions of totalitarian power and wanted to atone for this injustice.
a4fc3507b991f1baa44f6177b45c4c0a2b426e94	The creation of the novel is a conscious sacrifice – it is not for nothing that the first of Yuri Andreevich's composed poems – "Hamlet" is saturated with the New Testament meaning.
096250755dc6e3ff0c48877903dffad09fefb99c	D. S. Likhachev is sure that the author (Pasternak) writes about himself, but writes as an outsider, he invents a fate in which it would be possible to fully reveal his inner life to the reader, that the life of Yuri Andreevich Zhivago is an alternative version of the life of Pasternak himself.
f6c3d791469107a91cbe580b6bb9f02f9d041b20	2. The problem of the intelligentsia in the era of revolution.
2d0e5746aae6f95843573322c22ce0a9cde28ece	Yuri Zhivago is a representative of the Russian intelligentsia.
a20cf6c9df38993d0ee01158207bc87c7927b242	Moreover, he is an intellectual and by spiritual life a poet from God, and by a merciful, humane profession a doctor; by inexhaustible sincerity, "homeliness of inner warmth" and by the desire for independence.
098fdfa5b6d47cdbb4e0273d91574e8706e395f1	Yuri Andreevich was brought up by science, art, the way of life of the last century.
576e71cacc399773a1f4081a944b25371c47c887	Hence, the novel contains so many hidden and obvious reminiscences from Russian classical literature.
8abc8f3ebd98bc0c492d37a6ba2e84d95252b3c6	They help to understand the hero, to convey his worldview.
bac1090e2b808aa25916c1f829022a71d2bcc5a3	He has more hesitations and doubts, more lyrical attitude to events than clear answers and final conclusions.
ca53815b7fbb7b73aaac95efd8590b618a35b3f7	These fluctuations are not Zhivago's weakness, but his intellectual and moral strength.
3a5a7e9fc217c68089dc16970c3dccc8529f3dc0	He has no will, if by will we mean the ability to make unambiguous decisions without hesitation, but he has the determination of the spirit not to succumb to the temptation of unambiguous decisions that eliminate doubts.
bfc0801dfa69a1a7f5287fc68e6b973824728c34	Pasternak sought to comprehend the problem of the Russian intelligentsia, accustomed to the idea of the independent value of every thinking person, an intelligentsia that "recoiled from the distortions and perversions of the idea, and not from the idea itself."
352fdfaa0d478e37c5c7d944dd559c5fd495c419	This is not a vision of the war from the camp of the Reds, as in "Defeat", "Chapaev", "School" and dozens of other works.
f85e0e869947de8f7fba9cab69e477e8d9d43fc7	This is not an image from the camp of the whites, as in "The Quiet Don", "Walking through Torments", the film "Running" ( the play "Days of the Turbins" by Bulgakov) and others.
4ccd8227181d6cb34101e10470614079ef5c34a1	No, this is a narrative through the eyes of a person who does not want to interfere in a fratricidal war, who is alien to cruelty, who wants to live with his family, love and be loved, treat people, write poetry.
9afc70ae195571691c4ca98901fedb4149286897	"... If only you can, Abba Father, carry this cup by."
bd3d68295a1d7af3e72fd3c00ba99d5691821954	So he wrote in one of his poems, expressing his attitude to the revolution and the war.
f596616756e1a69db1b97eb5cf9181c68044dcb5	Yuri Andreevich Zhivago is the son of a ruined millionaire who committed suicide.
3a36d8f95ea11b2d7274324351282e7b8b4d425b	My mother died early.
517bcb52622c84e10e4698aae79df00a99e2a9d9	He was brought up by an uncle who was a man " free, devoid of prejudice against anything unusual... he had a noble sense of equality with everything living"...
38b88fcfcb64657cac3dee1143f6f9991d06047c	After graduating from the university with brilliance, Yuri marries his beloved girl Tonya, the daughter of a professor and the granddaughter of an active manufacturer.
4f6b46dd69da0a3a500c24d68c4496fed37028cd	Then my favorite job.
39b3c694654228548585f1a8e3c4d1b7fbbbc58d	He becomes an excellent doctor.
31d85745152f03e477317fe30dc50ec0131ab6c0	Even at the university, his love for poetry and philosophy awoke in him.
0b61736eb9fa8f6911f8b1b4ce1f76851cacea1b	A son is born.
37da7c160a2c4e51574e3da75e15e3aadcc64da4	Everything seems to be fine.
0b05815ce0c7bcc495fc3cc13e1be771f7fc4704	But the war inevitably breaks in.
72cf21539d4eb72691ed6d11619864e9a3ce84c1	Yuri is going to the front as a doctor.
ebf7fdd3898d7d4f609f8169e8eb277acc008dd8	The First World War is the threshold and source of events even more bloody, terrible, crucial.
5802ad83f59c1eb7a97eb71853826f2d1286a54f	The heroine of the novel Larisa believes that the war "was the fault of everything, all the subsequent misfortunes that have hitherto befallen our generation."
57707d43b1d3013e25ae3afdc7c3c9da91c1a458	The author confirms this idea with the fate of many heroes.
f4864fbdc36b174ef2fd42918828f227a872a929	About one, the Bolshevik Tarasyuk, a master of golden hands, they say: "The same thing happened to him in the war.
245b4e5d70a26be4365634a0f8a2bbb034411494	He also studied it, like any craft... every business became a passion for him.
8715d8eb9ce30681fb53830078818f9743503b34	I also fell in love with the military.
8659962ca23e4d3c336b91aee2d45cfb6418ea90	He sees that the weapon is a force, takes it out.
bdf103fb248071b30232dab5c30f18a3c3b9c9ea	I wanted to become a force myself.
3cbf3e82f45c80ba415da4ac3f5df8df5e539575	An armed person is no longer just a person.
0892f662654a6d5efdf94c4e770bfa8434f0ac60	In the old days, such people went from archers to robbers.
82b8ea82e2d072638bd316fc90097a4d501b5b29	Take the rifle away from him now, try it."
5b616cef096eab5be8e2d3e80ed0feda7185c0c3	The fate of one red partisan Pamfil Palykh is very characteristic.
f69c57bd2be703c289e5e3b29b056f4a6fa90fcf	He openly admits to Yuri Andreevich: "I have spent a lot of your brother, I have a lot of master's, officer's blood on me,and at least that.
6de3199e8cbaa4b3860d64985aa9e82a03cbcea4	I donot remember the number of the name, all the water spread out.
2bbfb8013ffd018afccb31d2e30c5e8ac196802e	I canot get one of my hair out of my head, I hit one of my hair, I canot forget why I ruined the boy?
f82bf1f8d15156d7580f12ed8aeb93b36896725c	He made me laugh, he made me die.
b2422c9fec08575cef64075728538aa0e362ee12	I shot him with laughter, foolishly.
a04c4f33bb1a4e0dd0a2ae64db45cf557ecf0327	This was before the October Revolution.
0d0c7c96f80559c0c284fbed482d15498c1504a8	And after all, Pamphilus also begins with the world war.
426492297a4f935854b70bd5cc6fb4c62ed8bf34	But, apparently, cruelty is not for everyone in vain.
87a5818ba15dc0f02ad7510c0d6c65047046729e	His fate is terrible.
19a578efee50bb7d8849f211666edabf1f208678	Feeling retribution for what he has done, he begins to go crazy in anxiety for his wife and children.
91534fa625d2f6571a2803732119093c608fa06e	Finally, having gone mad, he kills the whole family, whom he loved madly.
1ce90b3d0ff535c47eefd94f154b7c23f21e9197	The life of Antipov Strelnikov, a former teacher who volunteered for the front in the world War, also ends terribly.
11cd863ecd1f5375b87fbfe97934877bd1ae056e	In the civil war, he became a military commander, his fame thundered in Siberia and the Urals.
2c2b42261db5f37b8bb2b80cbd1ca919aeb25ab3	"He began to cherish the idea of someday becoming a judge between life and the dark principles that distort it, to come to its defense and avenge it.
8bea54870c2f77b46ffc9d100447605823db5a4e	Disappointment hardened him.
6ac9f84d58f9457de1c40a62f9efc9efb7018e90	The revolution armed him."
84563cecb6f356cc224acc52f19e4afeb0c05763	"He was given the nickname of the Firing Squad for his cruelty and fanaticism."
c18f4a1b85d4f701b9e0745134ee5e515b12e592	"He calmly stepped over it, he was not afraid of anything."
b33079c9a9719a3561b6e4b0f9bdca4e5a9e92d7	But Strelnikov was not a party member, the true leaders of the revolution did not like him.
4b14f71f502c069a392ca7f42a9bd0e2507f8ec3	Therefore, when he has fulfilled his role, they want to bring him to the tribunal.
dcc3eeb0221b86dda6a61d932a2e4be08da4bee0	Harassed by persecution, he confesses to Zhivago: "And we took life as a military campaign, we turned stones for the sake of those we loved.
da174cfa0b20a0adf778cad4a17e8b28023519d9	And although we brought them nothing but grief, we did not offend them by a hair, because we turned out to be even greater martyrs than they were."
95145fbede38980b525c76c77bc3a2908e30d518	This explains the meaninglessness of so many victims.
52e2886dddad6c4a36315582c0e153e1b1f45674	Strelnikov kills himself.
77fa1d19648883592844302ccae06301ca363618	No one needs it anymore.
610ed4d63ae824b8fbcb45d92dc8a6ac3e00b9f4	Yuri Andreevich also lived only a few years after the civil war, because he could not adapt to the new conditions, which suited perfectly, for example, his former janitor.
5b80a280133624856a3749815192e5d990eebbc6	He cannot serve, because they do not require fresh thoughts and initiatives from him, but only "a verbal garnish to the glorification of the revolution and those in power."
a22897a191130c745910b316873514383d34b556	But before the end of the war, Zhivago still had to endure a lot of hardships.
5eaf3ff337ee7c5ac91f051c497ce7aff80f28e2	Roman B.Pasternak is, I think, first of all a book about high love.
3c840569b50e8ef2c7996e0c484471fb558b41bf	But this love burns against the background of such terrible events, is subjected to such cruel tests that it does not stand up.
ca1ca9a2a72a29cc5a290835c77c6f8e16ffd4d4	First, Zhivago is forcibly separated from his family.
812ff6c285e43e2c96c8eab0464b88d127448140	They are mobilized by force, they are sent abroad.
3c6f30e8e5de16d8d6406a1530a0277c2c703098	Then the threat of a tribunal forces him to part with another lover, Lara.
82a7c60d83f0e48d82a8476b0c9c85cf8b3cfcb5	Description of the love of Yuri and Larisa is a hymn to the relationship between a woman and a man.
ede61a539debfedfc2b7410b18e8b51e111c9e97	This should be learned by heart, studied at school, read aloud at weddings.
ad2cf998fcc43d50782dab7dbd3f23e6703d92bb	This is the ideal of respect for a man and a woman for each other.
8971a61f5a2f2c626bc4208aadcc70d78a6b652f	But life is inexorable.
3e38d4156ccf6ec411af00e2bf41a467aee11729	"The doctor remembered the recent autumn, the shooting of the rebels... a bloody thrashing and a man slaughter that had no end in sight.
8b21ce8c9120559c9f7ca55906f6343a1db39bb8	The fanaticisms of the whites and reds competed in cruelty, alternately increasing one in response to the other, as if they were multiplied.
1bef5cbeb8bec0c36dc9ac99bd3890369b2c736f	The blood made me sick, it rose to my throat and rushed to my head, my eyes swam with it."
986a121b4e4d268cb619c4eaca3e55ba0443f4f9	Zhivago's father in law says to him: "Do you remember the night when you brought the sheet with the first decrees?.. it was unheard of unconditionally.
e1b28252d31a72c1323366b6fd4aac6a51bc4c07	This straightforwardness conquered.
ff6988ca0d45def375189b8db7e762b184fa1a2f	But such things live in their original purity only in the minds of the creators, and then only on the first day of the proclamation.
0d214de56120b6b7e9573f922ae933b4cf36749e	The Jesuitism of politics turns them inside out the very next day.
ca9d5126e3f5f734a30afe2696937bbb1b4c6d84	This philosophy is alien to me.
71eba23ffc1ea0262e455933b2363b0582d1bfe2	This power is against us.
7b30b5185e74cfbef3e39cf21a93d1bf39f4570c	I was not asked for my consent to this withdrawal."
eda7da2297137acb107353e18266f040159b8de8	The conclusion that I made from the novel can be expressed as follows: every government should strive to make people happy.
7093d658e31619c8bbdbf5a7c6cf1f4630c5c533	But happiness cannot be imposed by force.
50eafca451fd9e5b0fac7895dece18c1322f4c6b	Every person is looking for happiness himself, there is no ready made one.
b32d161ed85af19f8aafe641e67ab366c255d4d9	And it is impossible for the sake of even the highest ideas to sacrifice human lives, joys, rights that a person is endowed with from birth.
1d19fc1d4b98855a020de2bfaaf6fb5e8ca23a2c	And I want our current revolution to bring as little trouble as possible.
6e260f40388bd194db685cae0338715ac4818796	There is a very deep thought in the book.
92a5d34cf1a02fdec66832c94a3b65404f9f2008	Speaking about Strelnikov, the author writes: "And in order to do good, his principles lacked the unscrupulousness of a heart that does not know general cases, but only particular ones, and which is great because it does little."
bafa6e9c46c23af08732ec4a2ba7685141fcb3bd	I understand this in such a way that one should not think only about the universal, and therefore no one's good, but first of all do good to specific people, no matter how little it is.
3f625c928ef168a2ec8304983377811e3fb7e666	In Doctor Zhivago, Pasternak looked at the events of the civil war from the position of a "non aligned" intellectual.
8320fd946e253dce3159177cc8763b972f5870c8	"...the revolution is not depicted there at all as a cake with cream.
60f4a78b6237f15b2695c43ba068a9d10d390093	For some reason, it is customary to portray it as a cake with cream...
76a382fe7aed23ce5da13dab8ad8caad987b0f93	" - this is from the words of the author about his novel.
9818b270824d9bd81380dbd67ccefde9e82e0ecc	Yuri Andreevich is a man of firm beliefs, the basis of which is the view of a person as the highest value of life.
6bc028367572ca5b56dbef243e699cd604e2584e	The doctor's humanistic principles put him above the choice faced by a powerless Sword that has joined the fight, and is not capable of sacrifice.
26af0cec9d17975a1605a3c1b61ad51ca3654b39	Zhivago does not accept the laws of this struggle, which condemns the people to misery and deprivation.
9f6744cbb9656eea8713fca91cabde47454d7f8f	This is connected with a certain understanding of the hero of his duty, which turns out to be stronger than personal sympathies: the doctor takes care of wounded partisans and Seryozha Rantsevich, a volunteer of the Kolchak army, with equal care, seeing in them, first of all, suffering people.
9c563f9df71d1905ec0732a51886217483d9244d	Pasternak has one of the central problems of the novel – the insecurity of a creative person, the problem of a freedom loving, responsible person who approves, not destroys life.
2650e19997d42bdb141a8b9af80142ddde347cb6	The writer convinces us that the intelligentsia in the 20s could only "hesitate" in the direction of rejection of the revolution.
864882ab0b83cc3a875bd8f9d0934a13f1c5bfde	But the characters of this rejection are different: one proves his inconsistency by this, the other, on the contrary, demonstrates the inviolability of his views.
83ad00b313ba5451dc53b7a828a0bed9e3dda402	"Doctor Zhivago" - with an eye on the decades that followed the" triumphal march " of the revolution.
10bcc1cbf884a3bf59ac2f4bdc76e23f4d89c6f2	The events of the October Revolution enter into Zhivago in the same way as nature itself enters into it.
8c1d622152c047ee441a50479b7525fdd6f083bb	He perceives them as something independent of the will of man, like natural phenomena.
7ec8ffc746a939c071b1a937bea62f5cc0666e6b	To understand Pasternak's attitude to the events, it is necessary to cite a scene from the novel: Buying an emergency issue from a newsboy with a government message from Petrograd " about
059418cd5f375abe6df64bb079f5a501907c10db	the formation of the Council of People's Commissars, the establishment of Soviet power in Russia and the introduction of the dictatorship of the proletariat in it" "Yuri Zhivago, returning home, talks loudly:" What a magnificent surgery!
85ebe079d692fcc07cdad0b799432ac1da56778e	( True admiration of the doctor) To take and artistically cut out old stinking ulcers at once... this is unprecedented, this is a miracle of history, this revelation is gasped into the very thick of the ongoing everyday life, without attention to its course....
36de23cac40d4f27b74ca8de481543c5bb7b3806	This is the most brilliant thing."
1fecb3d4ba4b1744399b04a0f7345c85ff6ab098	After the admiration, real life takes its toll.
9a62e37e8a66d906b29f5f0dcb43445f4036919b	Everyday discomfort dries up Zhivago, the cruelty of the rampant red partisanship repels him, and the cruelty of the whites also repels him.
45478b538f2d1b85da6cc24fe44e9aaf1d046a2b	It repels the indifference of the new government to culture.
c642bb3641869938e72f5f482c8a3e834e3c827e	The revolution, the civil war unleashed "animal instincts", "stripped the state naked".
ed33a73ecb574ed61eb68ff2f7d320c9d3d70e28	Disregard for the rule of law, the cult of violence, moral savagery all this comes from there.
41c68723a0d12753287c092c96b69f5bdfd2ccb5	Looking critically at what is happening, Zhivago sees that revolutionary changes are accompanied by a disregard for the spiritual values of a person in the name of material equality, the rule of the phrase is growing, faith in one's own opinion is being lost.
dd7f4acaaac305e9585f6bccc1585326ff99e79d	The revolutionary process scattered the intelligentsia's environment and at the same time brought its fragments to the surface, placing ordinary representatives of this environment higher than they deserved: what was considered ordinary began to look exceptional.
f06bea167d5a375d8d65a111c1beab1c3e3f5c10	Pasternak has always been a stranger to cleanliness in poetry.
a5d2adff2e3567100a0282b0fb440a88d6190691	The revolutionary events appeared before him in all their naked complexity, and in his novel he shows contradictions in the emotional understanding of what is happening.
b7343ebd5328e0193194e554dc20e4fa5351fd62	Zhivago is an image of the intelligentsia, dying in an atmosphere of "lack of air".
46ec32accc8fd457649db5bab0949236c2885d07	Throughout the novel, the revolution that broke out in the country will gradually "bury" Zhivago.
9d2569b0064c3c7ea795902ea03d5addae63880a	"The doctor felt an attack of debilitating nausea… He was not allowed to pass, they snapped at him… He began to squeeze through the crowd on the back platform, causing new swearing, kicks and anger...
2ec2222b1c8fd39a30648e94337f16305ebbd77c	" Pasternak realized the metaphor the lack of air.
4fd1f61baaa35703894a44636df9ac16c1602a63	A. Blok also said that Pushkin "was not killed by Dantes' bullet at all.
40b1e333c3d11e3a308ffbb0d1c58cf0b22c0f98	The lack of air killed him.
edebd2ee767dac1f15868f18db3eb80eb299cd37	His culture was dying with him."
e152e9149ea2869b92ff61cc687ba54a0d0e7244	And later he will say about himself: "... The poet is dying, because he has nothing to breathe with, life has lost its meaning."
1180d8d1f510c728c93289c5f74c1164921e1175	3. Pasternak's novel is a narrative about the intelligentsia and the revolution.
8c78b5e6c127ce2daaf647efa77462cd56ae086b	"Doctor Zhivago" is a novel about the loss of an ideal and an attempt to find it again, "a reminder of light and harmony in the conditions of darkness and whirlwind".
b1cc9d27d7e80c63165eaca4bb950443494bc613	G. Gachev's view of Pasternak's novel is interesting – he considers the problem and the plot of the novel as a problem of a person in the maelstrom of history "In the XX century, History revealed itself as the enemy of Life, of All Existence.
1c1bf1e9df1e1a5b7330d6b47f1de267644279c1	History has declared itself a piggy bank of meanings and immortalities.
6c5ad386b11fe782cb2c0083feac8709891a83fc	Many people are confused, believe science and the newspaper and are grieved.
8544cd2745376c2f705fbd2e23f5fc5db726839d	Another thing is a man of culture and Spirit: he knows from history itself that such epochs, when the whirlpools of historical processes strive to turn a person into a grain of sand, have happened more than once (Rome, Napoleon).
cfac29abec97ff049133244a73cc24ffcae68d74	And he refuses to participate in history, personally begins to create his own space time, creates an oasis where he lives in true values: in love, nature, freedom of spirit, culture.
d715a3e20cbe9002764c2689638ff4fc6c87300a	Such are Yuri and Lara.
ac3ac704241b5d1d214dba9870ae1ea155245dd1	History can afford to postpone the arrival of truth, happiness.
d61549571f740795931b78485662423f4e261a34	She has infinity in reserve, and people have a certain period life.
30081d7f3481aab7e07b8499f5f0fb7c5c7e789f	In the midst of confusion, a person is called to orient himself directly to the present, in unconditional values.
868851b73f28649b929f3066d41755dd8707c862	After all, they are simple: love, meaningful work, the beauty of nature, free thought."
222189a02af49e708c311d323183c211da7c35d7	The main character of the novel, Yuri Zhivago, is a doctor and a poet, perhaps a poet even more than a doctor.
6d9bd4976f86c341fe4aba1341a7a57198f2162b	For Pasternak, the poet is " a hostage of eternity to time in captivity”" In other words, Yuri Zhivago's view of historical events is a view from the point of view of eternity.
3c354025c03c608cdc914d94b647e849604b0545	He may be mistaken, take the temporary for the eternal.
62d3db1aa775bb0b4531e55356e8edfcab57720d	In October of the 17th year, Yuri accepts the revolution with enthusiasm, calling it "a magnificent surgery".
a2b9b29a2c0db60e42f131502b65c593f7abdba2	But after the Red Army soldiers arrest him at night, taking him for
20e83adc0b8496afa00c1599ad931221766cf88d	the spy, and then interrogates the military commissar Strelnikov, Yuri says “ " I was very revolutionary, and now I think that violence will not take anything."
5b81467da02f0c251c76528f7759863691fc82a4	Yuri Zhivago “quits the game”, refuses medicine, keeps silent about the medical specialty, does not take the side of any of the warring camps, in order to be a spiritually independent person, to remain himself under the pressure of any circumstances, “not to give up on the person”.
28c0b7cd4940828835ab19de3aab19ea46751048	After spending more than a year in captivity with the partisans, Yuri directly tells the commander: "When I hear about the alteration of life, I lose control over myself and fall into despair, life itself is forever remaking itself and implementing, it is much higher than our stupid theories."
cc3a6499f2ac0bb21a611e8f369f419c998f4bc7	In this way, Yuri shows that life itself must solve the historical dispute about who is right and who is wrong.
53cbef42c7ad1ab0eba3ed5ee4b89d779f364ed1	"Doctor Zhivago – is a textbook of freedom, starting with the style and ending with the ability of the individual to assert his independence from the clutches of history, and Zhivago, in his independence, is not an individualist, has not turned away from people, he is a doctor, he treats people, he is addressed to people.
33235202b9dbe4dc951d303d41e21dd3de066919	"...No one makes history, it is not visible, as it is impossible to see how the grass grows.
44c7f4a9417aa34e4d53cba82cb4236ec0eebb81	Wars, revolutions, tsars, Robespierres are its organic pathogens, its fermenting yeast.
d8953a9df52067bf81f445a76b9ceb2616ed8406	Revolutions are produced by effective people, one sided fanatics, geniuses of self restraint.
f9189b8ad0a10de4c2cb5155c77dabb62f473c22	They overturn the old order in a few hours or days.
ef8b5d9b612a57647f0ece09d282dcc00b6e4850	Coups last for weeks, for many years, and then for decades, for centuries, they worship the spirit of limitation that led to the coup as a shrine."
7c5f3d55e5e1bd1e48315b7fbffeaf2d86ad435b	- These reflections of Zhivago are important both for understanding Pasternak's historical views, and his attitude to the revolution, to its events, as a kind of absolute reality, the legitimacy of which is not subject to discussion.
34470f69c926881b81651a02cefc4417553bd9ad	In his final work, Boris Leonidovich tried to express his attitude on all the issues of philosophy, ethics, religion, and art that worried him, without bypassing the issue from which he "ran" not only in his work, but also in interviews, not only before Zhivago, but also after it - national, Jewish.
e4608fccc1235432d9f2dfaa28b736472d5c6e9e	However, Yuri, the main reasoner of the author's ideas, keeps a "great silence" about this.
1f4d95a4b4b45ee3190173f7ea77e0fb3a93ce84	Even in a conversation with Lara, who is worried whether her sympathy for Jews suffering from pogroms is not from one head, Zhivago, contrary to his usual garrulity, only answers her question whether he agrees with Lara's perplexity why Jews so stubbornly do not want to assimilate: "I didnot think about it.
9ac1f155430756ebd39fdb17048be729b7ce1cb4	I have a friend, a certain Gordon.
3fba367ed58d5955678c938a779cf9d1f62ece3c	He has the same views."
f4496217eba0ef43f8114129094e98d3f20226e7	This Misha Gordon, a future classmate and friend of Yuri, first appears on the pages as an eleven year old boy, when he witnesses the suicide of the elder Zhivago.
5a6127773408524dedc62d0c5bc2f1c213d56389	Ever since he could remember, he had never ceased to wonder how, with the similarity of hands and feet and the common language and habits, it was possible to be not like everyone, and moreover something that few people liked and did not like?
95bd837b630172faf329ca9cef44e95f35d7bde4	He could not understand the situation in which, if you are worse than others, you can not make an effort to improve and become better.
7594bae0323c7831b0b8318a07d6b241f8daf886	What does it mean to be a Jew?
f96a34ff00d263fd513b8b85a4a8343756da75e7	What does it exist for?
3659d1306ee59903cc127132b83a7d6b976b5285	What is the reward or justification for this unarmed challenge, which brings nothing but grief?
a202a5b78498f08adb3d9255277e76d017358816	[ ... ] Misha gradually became filled with contempt for adults who have started a mess that they cannot solve."
bbf76d3c626b4e041eaa3180fc1617aafb4e3d27	These are the thoughts of the second grader Misha Gordon in the year.
b07ec5b928f3add4571a2b32259ef1a773d5415e	It can be assumed that this is the views of 70 year old Boris Pasternak six decades later.
43230078f56275b7b37d53db57a3327e5e5f59f4	It's not even a matter of the poet's well known indifference to his own Jewish origin.
5f3205a0fbc7da7520e026325825ee7bd73d3a29	It is enough that no other approach to Jewry is proposed in the novel, while this one is methodically developed and deepened both by Gordon himself, and, indirectly, by other characters unfamiliar with him.
24783b68a67c02aa572bc945582fd24527aa1d7c	Gordon, as a person who renounces his national roots, must certainly convince himself that these roots are of no value and holding on to them is a mistake, not only for him, but for all the only - begotten people.
b1f442fe9aee3d483966ab695328a1cff5ae7adb	Therefore, to all nouns that could be accompanied by the adjective "Jewish" (whether it is duty, struggle or suffering) Gordon, without much reasoning and attempts at justification, hangs the definitions of "incomprehensible", "unnecessary", "meaningless".
685a7909cf06b84a61b409872fe3ae854375bfeb	The same applies to faith.
e5704b36dae0ec60feddd8adb230b35d8c18749c	A" born " Christian calmly reveres the sanctity of both Testaments, both the Old and the New, and can completely tolerate and respect Judaism: There is only one God, and in what forms to worship him is a matter of tradition to a large extent.
135a71951d27790c6138d87cc562663ea19ea604	But Gordon must justify at least for himself his transition from one religion to another, the superiority of the second over the first.
f4d1ecd0c7691f98ca5ea202825533abc7077c63	And then the ideas invented by the Christian Middle Ages are brought to light, but later thrown out as unnecessary and theological doubt: "How could they [the Jews] let the soul of such absorbing beauty and power escape from themselves [we are talking, of course, about Christ and Christianity], how could they think that next to its triumph and accession they would remain in the form of an empty shell of this miracle, which they once dropped?" he rightly guesses what is pushing him to this
939567666486d7cff76e98046caa2eece44b5889	the notorious desire to stop "being not what everyone is, and what they donot like".
c68d4fb4678f98ba6063def803f69bcb70cc5903	In his mature years, Gordon's efforts to "average out" were finally crowned with success.
740e38e68252d807f0a715a7b83c50cf235033e9	The author, it seems, does not want to waste space and colors on illustrating this sad metamorphosis, and he simply" from himself "reports about Gordon's" inability to think freely "and"the disaster of average taste, which is worse than the disaster of bad taste".
6b78bd12b606d4f08e8b0552c1a00e1054d0ef78	The plot of the novel is laid, as the rails are laid… the plot lines loop, the destinies of the heroes tend to go into the distance and constantly intersect in unexpected places like railway tracks.
89a8c74790813dd3156f98676965106f112a0d58	B. L. Pasternak wrote the novel “Doctor Zhivago " in prose, but he, a talented poet, could not help but pour out his soul on its pages in a way closer to his heart — in verse.
877d9828a5ff77a0f29b4be85e5132a00683fbc3	The book of poems by Yuri Zhivago, highlighted in a separate chapter, fits perfectly into the main text of the novel.
c52695471d9db4c85f1535ed69a205011eaa8477	She is a part of it, not a poetic insert.
9fc13e73962f7bb5456ca8a28feccbd57d1a4c9d	In his poems, Yuri Zhivago talks about his time and about himself — this is his spiritual biography.
914ebf8bfed0efd3b85c6b955e83f5ba67af3e8f	The book of poems opens with the theme of upcoming sufferings and the consciousness of their inevitability, and ends with the theme of their voluntary acceptance and atoning sacrifice.
aa204f8935a44d66d4d2f20253aaaece5ae3dd88	In the poem “The Garden of Gethsemane", the words of Jesus Christ addressed to the Apostle Peter: "A dispute cannot be solved with iron.
ad9f51ba49266959c464bc40e1aa87cf75acfbd5	Put your sword in its place, man” " Yuri says that it is impossible to establish the truth with the help of weapons.
9b785d99f9d2079a80c310640bc7cd539775b26f	Such people as B. L. Pasternak, disgraced, persecuted, " unprintable”, he remained for us a Person with a capital letter.
30bb1662a2c4fd36a0b715a5cd73d0f5e160cb96	Used literature: Alfonsov V. N.
bbb53e18bd911c961fb413276724bc5f617a2c84	The poetry of B. Pasternak L.
98b315318525839a8e8736dd10d21bd075f29264	The Soviet writer, 1990 Vilmont N. N. About B.Parsnips: Memories and thoughts.
a3f1ef113c77fd9d906ad546ee64c51bb24bf5e3	-- M. Soviet writer, 1989 "Doctor Zhivago" by B. Pasternak – ( From different points of view).
8faab353dfa088d618170ed88b1f5d9970f340f1	-- M. Soviet writer, 1990 Lyutov V. Russian writers in life Ural LTD, 1999 Maslennikova Z.
df8b6e28f3f61e2486e555c2d15a800e0a4bbd92	A. Portrait of B.Pasternak - M. Sov.
645fafd41ad3663337c2570b672a30f213d5a59d	Russia, 1990 Pasternak E. B. B. Pasternak: Materials for a biography.
a1cf410d7d7f94237abbf7dec4cb07e786c78849	-- M. Soviet Writer, 1989 Similar works: Pasternak B L and his novel Doctor Zhivago A novel about the Russian Revolution by Boris Pasternak.
8790728858403431b78948febd3bdfc4f5aa7d11	Doctor Zhivago A novel about the Russian Revolution Boris Pasternak Doctor Zhivago Pasternak b. l.
bd9795ea24d227421cee18003f604e9d3b155a49	- Doctor Zhivago BL Pasternak Doctor Zhivago Pasternak b. l.
7e34800fc77c2b2fb8bb45ea273e2cba4dc1c7e1	- Nature in the novel by B. L. Pasternak Doctor zhivago Summary Doctor Zhivago Boris Leonidovich Pasternak Pasternak b. l.
e7718b226d639ab2d7a8fc280c9e8f4312482147	- The artistic originality of the novel by B. Pasternak Doctor zhivago Pasternak b. l.
d8c218448f3df253f3fefb4e4d0a5c067490e1d3	- Man and revolution in the novel by B. l.
d6b2ad8b7c8a6e71081c8b2a054d6d6d05fa9112	Pasternak doctor zhivago
50a2152bb0f672022171bb108d0e6a3cdac2b171	© The rights to the database are protected When copying the material, specify the link
d069e0e627fedabc51464c64b3d169b34b3435ad	Doctor Zhivago
9c20114344be4074f9ef75e40dbbf2d44b7e512c	This term has other meanings, see Doctor Zhivago (meanings).
05fcb5747d2079cd6b56c758e63d7a4702b5ccbb	cover of the first edition of 1957 Genre: Novel
08f5db15b965171ac23d3b6a11e760794c6d9577	Author: Boris Pasternak
5afe12f02096ff32b2f1b9d52af51734d8dc3398	Original language: Russian
995a6a35e13d1826ade68bf93eeff4794bba5646	Date of writing: 1945-1955
7d2e0a27a68f97a36522d1c761bf4aa78a5316f0	Date of first publication: November 23, 1957
f4faadf88f0165244bcbe45dca56926d691550cc	Publishing house: Pantheon Books[d]
83870c6b1842e3f85337fd6f3bd2b6e7b4d3d496	Doctor Zhivago is a novel by Boris Pasternak.
ba9477fc9c3075ac585170d0ec29ebb3ae0edf27	1 Main Characters 2 Plot 3 Interpretation 4 Prototype of Doctor Zhivago 5 Publication history and evaluation 5.1 First Editions 5.2 Nobel Prize 5.3 Open Letter in the journal "New World" 5.4 Criticism
812fc307f60f02a908de85b4a5e91e79d8be5f15	6 Bullying 7 Facts 8 Film Adaptations 9 Dramatizations 10 Literature 11 Notes 12 References
d99ddadf5ef6082c5e52dd1c2cd72d7b3c8c05a2	The main characters[edit / edit wiki text]
956d52f39477e152479f5f168008294ce5fa4b50	Yuri Andreevich Zhivago — doctor, the main character of the novel Antonina Aleksandrovna Zhivago (Gromeko) — Yuri's wife Larisa Fedorovna Antipova (Gishar) — Antipov's wife Pavel Pavlovich Antipov (Strelnikov) — Lara's husband, revolutionary commissar Alexander Alexandrovich and Anna Ivanovna Gromeko — Antonina's parents Yevgraf Andreevich Zhivago — Major General, Yuri's half — brother Nikolai Nikolaevich Vedenyapin — Yuri Andreevich's uncle Viktor Ippolitovich Komarovsky — Moscow lawyer Katenka Antipova — Larisa's daughter Mikhail Gordon and Innokenty Dudorov — Yuri's classmates at the gymnasium Osip Gimazetdinovich Galiullin — white general Anfim Efimovich Samdevyatov — lawyer, Bolshevik Liveriy Averkievich Mikulitsyn (Comrade of the Forest) — leader of the "Forest Brothers" Marina — Yuri's third common — law wife Kiprian Savelyevich Tiverzin and Pavel Ferapontovich Antipov — employees of the Brest Railway, political prisoners Maria Nikolaevna Zhivago (Vedenyapina) — mother of Yuri Prov Afanasyevich Sokolov — psalmist Shura Schlesinger — friend of Antonina Alexandrovna Marfa Gavrilovna Tiverzina — mother of Kipriyan Savelyevich Tiverzina Sofia Malakhova friend of Savely Markel janitor in the old house of the Zhivago family, Marina's father
aaad9de7bf75219df65374311532ab5c8986d39c	In another language section there is a more complete article Doctor Zhivago (novel) (English)
1d54038f76d585221b54aac78d042d42e9778dda	You can help the project by expanding the current article with the help of translation.
1cd3b29fc77cb02b583ea320ae0c850204297239	The main character of the novel, Yuri Zhivago, appears to the reader as a little boy on the first pages of the work describing the funeral of his mother: "They went and went and sang "Eternal memory" ...". Yura is a descendant of a rich family that has made a fortune in industrial, commercial and banking operations.
bce2afa0ae680b1ef38719487bed7835b3c5a50d	The marriage of the parents was not happy: the father left the family before the death of his mother.
d96f72d868573f983d66f206f18251574ce4a29c	The orphaned Yura will be sheltered for some time by an uncle living in the south of Russia.
d2f39a14c6135e44626eae28f1674ee5adb2a6a8	Then numerous relatives and friends will send him to Moscow, where he will be accepted as a native into the family of Alexander and Anna Gromeko.
403a52e1100802e0cac6d114d06ebac5428aa095	Yuri's exclusivity becomes obvious quite early — even as a young man, he shows himself as a talented poet.
5a95afe4ac0251d4a4a690c169f31ffdb9c88034	But at the same time, he decides to follow in the footsteps of his adoptive father Alexander Gromeko and enters the medical department of the university, where he also shows himself as a talented doctor.
be0048b60cf7a99d4dcc38a0e2f44a23f6801c0c	The first love, and later the wife of Yuri Zhivago, becomes the daughter of his benefactors — Tonya Gromeko.
2b3a1b82aaf858acbd39d26ae55778d0df373aa1	"Doctor Zhivago"was written at this table in Peredelkin
c0dd18bb3dbf6d0299566d4ce91a1b294e8ebbf9	All of them will be connected in a single tangle by the further course of the narrative.
58a747e913219f09cef50db6468959dd758df931	Lara has a childhood friend Pavel Antipov, who will later become her husband, and Lara will see her salvation in him.
59e904c24ccaa7ce4535d6cb12b75bff5019d383	Yuri and Larisa will meet and fall in love with each other.
d16364856cca0241a73324979b343f5eae385b3d	But soon, poverty, hunger and repression will separate both Dr. Zhivago's family and Larina's family.
3e97bf72c457b8dae92717106e4d1ca3dda3da55	For a year and a half Zhivago will disappear in Siberia, serving as a military doctor in captivity of the Red partisans.
495fefa3c1193c6bee84c31fe33d41762b792a39	Having escaped, he will return on foot back to the Urals — to Yuryatin, where he will meet Lara again.
b02b840b97161082592b99282a9ffedc482716af	His wife Tonya, together with her children and Yuri's father in law, while in Moscow, writes about the imminent forced expulsion abroad.
4e00c32c0066f7fb4c1a873a77f965625f0a5af5	Hoping to wait out the winter and the horrors of the Yuryatinsky Revolutionary Military Council, Yuri and Lara take refuge in the abandoned Varykino estate.
04ae248ffd5519ea6addc5f118985440b659656c	Soon an unexpected guest comes to them — Komarovsky, who has received an invitation to head the Ministry of Justice in the Far Eastern Republic, proclaimed on the territory of Transbaikalia and the Russian Far East.
591767561a2065a3ea917a43a5e2c401b905cfd6	He persuades Yuri Andreevich to let Lara and her daughter go with him to the east, promising to send them then abroad.
058d6ef34ff038c3768bae0a79bff3ae377dffab	Yuri Andreevich agrees, realizing that he will never see them again.
f680e5bc5de01d4630d486c51481f6b5e2c15619	Gradually, he begins to go crazy from loneliness.
815c6451af5e21453127f51bc69840e80c6fabc6	Soon, Lara's husband Pavel Antipov (Strelnikov) comes to Varykino.
897e983ab60ad2feaee3411f62dd69225d8bf32b	Demoted and wandering through the expanses of Siberia, he tells Yuri Andreevich about his participation in the revolution, about Lenin, about the ideals of Soviet power, but after learning from Yuri Andreevich that Lara loved and loves him all this time, he understands how bitterly he was mistaken.
e94ceab976fda250724a4027410ae72f129c8434	Strelnikov commits suicide with a rifle shot.
006a56d37b86f7590bdffc1eb6c89a79b54e0c47	After Strelnikov's suicide, the doctor returns to Moscow in the hope of fighting for his future life.
f83a52689ac3c1f7eb6521c77cf531e059405d7b	There he meets his last woman — Marina, the daughter of the former (still under tsarist Russia) Zhivagovsky janitor Markel.
1d17a4b0ba31dbeb432f4a11c4ebb67480b898c1	In a civil marriage with Marina, they have two girls.
d1992dbf21d7a8e18f799ce132f0acc7bd0d2ee5	Yuri gradually descends, abandons scientific and literary activities and, even realizing his fall, can do nothing about it.
3bae9eaa4618ee517f0ec3b428a45f26d325e97f	One morning, on the way to work, he becomes ill on the tram, and he dies of a heart attack in the center of Moscow.
c0c39ab90d7827fdaa1b9f68382084ffe5cecd04	His half brother Yevgraf and Lara, who will soon go missing, come to say goodbye to him at his coffin.
05481689b721b26b6bfb741ce2b186474d9ac788	Ahead will be the Second World War, the Kursk Bulge, and the laundress Tanya, who will tell the gray — haired childhood friends of Yuri Andreevich Innokenty Dudorov and Mikhail Gordon, who survived the Gulag, arrests and repressions of the late 30s, the story of her life; it turns out that this is the illegitimate daughter of Yuri and Lara, and Yuri's brother Major General Yevgraf Zhivago will take her under his care.
9910bdd96ae5c4f6404ed7e98637da59981de041	He will also make a collection of Yuri's works — a notebook that Dudorov and Gordon read in the last scene of the novel.
44d8658be7f7fddcf51e015cf6c52584753fe6be	The novel ends with 25 poems by Yuri Zhivago.
15f9058026ccc7694166cf13cea0977c3c2ee76f	Interpretation[edit / edit wiki text]
0a0435158f54bf7256e9fdb6a4fd2f769529c60b	The literary critic associates the image of Lara with Russia, an eternally restless fatal country that combines an inability to live with an amazing dexterity in everyday life.
278c3da3a21a1da4c6a6cc9517e04eb42f285077	The author of the 500 page novel imperceptibly leads the reader to the idea that it is not a person who serves the epoch, but on the contrary — the epoch unfolds so that a person realizes himself with the greatest expressiveness and freedom.[1]
a246c185b3d868553ec0ccc98e2dc2109c8f227e	The beginning of work on the novel coincided with the completion of Pasternak's translation of Shakespeare's Hamlet.
0a756f25cd4e9d5c5637ef380520ac90f7ab24bc	February 1946 is the date of the first version of the poem "Hamlet", which opens"The Notebook of Yuri Zhivago".
8c4a9c71518cb4daa13f739edc47236138cd0f69	The prototype of Doctor Zhivago[edit / edit wiki text]
21fc59c1acc4a837e509b455ddc366331424f07f	Academician D. S. Likhachev[2] wrote about the novel "Doctor Zhivago" as about
eb869d841c57ed606c80ef866e55d899ffaf2919	"an autobiography in which there are surprisingly no external facts that coincide with the real life of the author.
5de2c520c74bf272b993f50d54bd592434e85ba0	And yet the author (Pasternak) as if he writes for another about himself.
fb8d57a9ef5e81214b39b475b3332484cf7011dd	This is Pasternak's spiritual autobiography, written by him with the utmost frankness."
52789bfbcc1524c115efbd6fbaeb328984415ec0	Other literary critics have also written about the autographic nature of the work[3].
d705440815560efa60c61e3dd9e58bc27966f3d5	Olga Ivinskaya testifies that the very name "Zhivago" arose in Pasternak when he accidentally came across a round cast iron tile with the" autograph "of the manufacturer — "Zhivago" ... and decided that let him be like this, an unknown, who came either from a merchant, or from a semi intellectual environment; this person will be his literary hero."
0368b294df29a5f3e83bd0784d90fa54764586d9	About the prototype of Dr. Zhivago, Pasternak himself reports the following:
cb5fe149967e32ad0a2143878c41ff3415792769	"I am currently writing a big novel in prose about a man who makes up some resultant between Blok and me (and Mayakovsky, and Yesenin, perhaps).
8d6d2a4e5c2e7f76e33df3407f9e59011eb99dd0	He will die in 1929.
40a009da6293932df9d6018da3344f175a8f4feb	He will be left with a book of poems, which makes up one of the chapters of the second part.
b7c6e218ba82fe62072495fd30a58123eb78832d	The time embraced by the novel — 1903-1945.
af6dfc081883ce02942ed00aa85e79b261b3ebc6	In spirit, this is a cross between the Karamazovs and Wilhelm Meister."
4e9fcbf5dd37933f4400339ee0082eef14cccaa2	- from a letter from Boris Pasternak to his correspondent, March 1947[4]
f8f7b02bab4ed4cc5beb61cd312e3a6adffe6c25	And when Pasternak was looking for a title for his most significant work in 1947, he remembered a Chistopol acquaintance of Dr. Avdeev — and the novel was called "Doctor Zhivago".
ebafb4f18e5189f8ca8a5b54818fbec9022455cd	Pasternak corresponded with the sons of D. D. Avdeev even after returning to Moscow.
f89205dd356b021ad8e7f6f7e6912f92b95edb3e	Publication history and rating[edit / edit wiki text]
4bf600e6534ac57a699e0ae0b9988066a06ebe5c	First editions[edit / edit wiki text]
9351fd686d2075487757affa7387a4ad383fca6a	Pasternak's house in Peredelkino, where the writer worked on the novel
4ea5926086799309ca16737a7625060393cc6aae	In April 1954, a selection of poems was published in the magazine" Znamya "under the general title "Poems from the prose novel"Doctor Zhivago"".
3101ad0858a75126268c37330ee55adde2744769	Anticipating it, the author wrote that the poems were found among the papers of the hero of the novel doctor Yuri Andreevich Zhivago, The publication included 10 (March, White Night, Spring Thaw, Explanation, Summer in the city, Wind, Hops, Wedding, Separation, Date) of 25 poems that made up "the last, final chapter of the novel".
93da9b8988452e6f1e43e9daea5c8d2d56513e56	At the same time, B. L. Pasternak, who doubted the possibility of publishing the novel in his lifetime, especially noted in a letter to his sister O. M. Freudenberg that "... the words "Doctor Zhivago" are stamped on a modern page"[5].
00b05cc331376ea1cbdf3748c8ed015da95eef58	On December 10, 1955, Pasternak wrote to V. T. Shalamov: "...I finished the novel, fulfilled the duty bequeathed by God, but nothing has changed around " [6].
c69f472b7685868b14e20192ed333c8906c2d1dd	In the spring of 1956, B. L. Pasternak offered the manuscript of the newly completed novel to two leading literary and artistic magazines "Novy Mir" and "Znamya" and the almanac "Literary Moscow" [7].
e0c89d1bf6b00eb7c70a8e54af29348ea1f365ed	In the summer of 1956, Pasternak, not hoping for an early publication of the novel in the USSR, through the journalist Sergio D'Angelo, gave a copy of the manuscript to the Italian publisher Giangiacomo Feltrinelli[8].
591d725ee2116d9bb602525b539f9908f4f932f9	The title page of the Russian edition, Feltrinelli publishing house.
5622e75406fea368ac7d5d18e913c4b659e3075e	In September 1956, Pasternak received an answer from the magazine "Novy Mir" [9]:
304b6375e2151681df0273ff30493bda216d4dc3	"...As people who stand on a position directly opposite to yours, we naturally believe that the publication of your novel on the pages of the magazine "New World" is out of the question… We return to you the manuscript of the novel "Doctor Zhivago"".
14eb33c9b61487d959199bac9d47f3501966f407	B. Agapov, B. Lavrenev, K. Fedin, K. Simonov, A. Krivitsky
5d9956cf4166ef4650782ce94a1389325c569ba0	In August 1957, Pasternak told the Italian Slavist Vittorio Strada how recently, under pressure from government officials, he was forced to sign a telegram to stop the Italian publication.
ecd2df70878a18b9cea8b2036cd475d0c3aafb99	He asked to convey to D. Feltrinelli a request not to take into account the new "prohibitions" on his part on the publication of the novel, "so that the book comes out at all costs"[10].
b32bc71dfeb39a5b9e08cc4537ebba67367b3576	In November 1957, the novel was first published in Italian in Milan by the Feltrinelli publishing house, "despite all the efforts of the Kremlin and the Italian Communist Party"[11][12][13] (for this, Feltrinelli was later expelled from the Communist Party[14]).
71068e1b70c2e9acab39ab7bc3af308cf6a38909	On August 24, 1958, a "pirated" (without the consent of Feltrinelli) edition in Russian was released in Holland with a circulation of 500 copies[15].
093c862aa764170675f13e6b1d0d9b056806d582	The Russian edition based on the manuscript, which was not corrected by the author, was published in Milan in January 1959.
9bb5949a3948b7f9388066e822b21d65819c30cf	Pocket edition of the novel" Doctor Zhivago", printed by the CIA.
4b1d9a670b11d0ed54592e1f459075cd80184a5e	The first edition in Russian in the Netherlands and some of the subsequent ones in the UK, in the USA in pocket format and free distribution of the book to Soviet tourists at the 1958 World Exhibition in Brussels and at the VII International Festival of Youth and Students in Vienna was organized by the CIA[16][17][18].
b1ce85047d6b44184edde82bf2ea9078b28023f3	In 1958, the CIA issued a message for internal distribution, in which, in particular, it was said[14]:
de995a62cbb42d205c0f36081219871e9ada068b	"This book has a huge propaganda value not only because of its important content and the property of encouraging reflection, but also because of the circumstances of its publication: we have a chance to make Soviet citizens think about what is wrong with their government if the literary masterpiece of a man who is reputed to be the greatest living Russian writers cannot be reached to read in the original language by his own compatriots in his own homeland."
435cb553dae8c06e8d6a977a24fc82d5787a7a36	The CIA also participated in the distribution of the novel in the countries of the socialist bloc[19][20][21].
0737b129d67c04fb3b12ba65ea6f459376d1a145	In addition, according to declassified documents, in the late 1950s, the British Foreign Office tried to use Doctor Zhivago as an anti communist propaganda tool and financed the publication of the novel in Farsi[22].
34530007b8a0bfc5f926b2d4f3624b01eda02b1c	In connection with these circumstances, Ivan Tolstoy raises the question of how much these actions of the CIA influenced Pasternak's receipt of the Nobel Prize[23].
7a444a29e7879ad39dcd9926ce9d68d7f44227d1	The Nobel Prize[edit / edit wiki text]
41a1a34ebb8448ae97377f3b7472d17a23ca05d9	The authorities of the USSR, led by N. S. Khrushchev, perceived this event with indignation, because they considered the novel anti Soviet.
36ca59d9f26750909943cd1c936c3483796d1eca	Ivan Tolstoy, author of the book "The Laundered Novel":[24]
10b2fe693a38196dcfa468b2cf2ecb4589186321	Because this man overcame what all the other writers in the Soviet Union could not overcome.
c220ca651db5001ae974d470f82b0af7767709e7	For example, Andrei Sinyavsky sent his manuscripts to the West under the pseudonym Abram Terz.
7a91f5766279e211e95dfae0e461310f4041cb41	In the USSR in 1958, there was only one person who, raising his visor, said: "I am Boris Pasternak, I am the author of the novel Doctor Zhivago.
4d8448b3f34b280eaf25d30bde7f6bfa6258f2be	And I want it to come out in the form in which it was created."
0bc2e789385703146871581e3ab192c56e9251d2	And this man was awarded the Nobel Prize.
040a09c69a22245fc8fef65624810857f14daab9	I believe that this highest award was awarded to the most correct person at that time on Earth.
ded13b7dc29e07b80f06bd11ea8674157d739c9c	An open letter in the magazine "New World" [edit / edit wiki text]
659b19aebc47ef355b353ce2dc4fe6f8b62c1b0c	On October 25, 1958, the editorial board of the Novy Mir magazine requested the Literary Gazette[25] to publish a letter sent in September 1956 by members of the then editorial board of the journal personally to B. L. Pasternak about the manuscript of his novel "Doctor Zhivago":
9f00d7b74af7ed3c004a0c8a6fb3cb561ea5d8b5	... This letter, rejecting the manuscript, was certainly not intended for publication... we now consider it necessary to make public this letter from members of the former editorial board of the "New World" to B. Pasternak.
e82a8ca45efb47c426ecfad7a99fd28fa5eb7c2f	It explains with sufficient conviction why Pasternak's novel could not find a place on the pages of a Soviet magazine…
484d1505460b25e3ea9992eadde26b5e4450f34e	... The letter is simultaneously printed in the eleventh book of the "New World".
ea1a1c10fdf8d256cc2782af68c867dcaed4384c	Editor in chief of the magazine "New World" A. T. Tvardovsky.
70334dd2b4a37a3c32285a6722f67f0127b2e7df	Editorial board: E. N. Gerasimov, S. N. Golubov, A. G. Dementiev (Deputy editor in chief), B. G. Zaks, B.
26dabb848df241a10ad4dd26198c7bdd5a213f61	A. Lavrenev, V. V. Ovechkin, K.
c041a0f932248785d217ccc7f059cb9e796119c6	A. Fedin.
18956a40b1f7848020faa526e063d1b3605a9c05	In February 1977, Konstantin Simonov wrote in an open letter to the German writer A. Anders[26] that in connection with the political controversy that had arisen
d56e973777616ff3a5a24f5718f71989c1274241	"...More than two years later, when Alexander Tvardovsky was no longer the editor of Novy Mir, this letter was published on the pages of Novy Mir by his new editorial board in response to reports about the anti Soviet campaign raised by the foreign reaction about the awarding of the Nobel Prize to Boris Pasternak in the form in which we sent it to Pasternak in September 1956..."
9e0acffc4745e46aaecb88ee02f505b419a04a84	In the USSR, the novel was distributed in samizdat for three decades and was published only during the "perestroika".
ed852cece36097b7f561146530bfb6f9fb746e36	In January — April 1988, Novy Mir published the author's text of the novel[27], anticipating it with a preface by D. S. Likhachev[28].
e94ed68420dbbb176b06c0966ab51561d6409300	In June 1988, Novy Mir published a detailed article about the origin of the idea and the history of the creation of the novel[29].
1b2a5e0252326cad2420b0637247b3d32e01b421	Criticism[edit / edit wiki text]
e256a991ccf6531adf976a7a14c0e9b2c1df3c9d	V. V. Nabokov gave a negative assessment of the novel, which pushed Lolita in the list of bestsellers, "Doctor Zhivago is a pathetic thing, clumsy, banal and melodramatic, with hackneyed provisions, voluptuous lawyers, improbable girls, romantic robbers and banal coincidences" [30].
b71d20d0e566752b8252b4170100e61c5a06ca76	Because of the author's point of view on the assimilation of Jews, Israeli Prime Minister D. Ben Gurion spoke of the novel as "one of the most despicable books about Jews written by a person of Jewish origin"[31]
2c0908e7ca1b4324317e8198bc1a9f220fce84af	Bullying[edit / edit wiki text]
c92bd6e1031b25264b438ca3d223e72a8261b611	The persecution began immediately after the award of the Nobel Prize to Roman at the end of October 1958.
5a4dc3b1a3b5d81e06c6226d22b9e2d96bd8c739	The tone was set by Nikita Khrushchev, who, in a circle of party and state officials, said very rudely about Pasternak: "Even a pig does not shit where it eats"[32].
38239e608d888bd6c6c56b30a8601abfa70fd554	Soon, the first secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee, Vladimir Semichastny, used" pig " analogies on the instructions of Khrushchev in a report dedicated to the 40th anniversary of the Komsomol[33].
273b2e0edc56abf4e2cb9c80fb9209e12eff3591	In a statement to TASS on November 2, 1958, it was stated that in "his anti Soviet essay, Pasternak slandered the social system and the people."
d5dc2d5ad046318b1fe8fbc528279ace8ba5dec8	The head of the Department of culture of the Central Committee of the party, D.
4451873ba0833613c00051699225709f30e0360f	A. Polikarpov, became the direct coordinator of public and newspaper harassment.
aec2c08bc5150bf48ce7424e7fe267f48ba1947f	The fact that the book was published abroad was presented by the authorities as a betrayal and anti Soviet, while the condemnation of the book by the "workers" was presented as a manifestation of universal solidarity with the authorities.
3381ca2b9e3d2fab3a79cfb94875330010dd9a94	Lev Oshanin accused Pasternak of cosmopolitanism, Boris Polevoy called him a "literary Vlasov", Vera Inber convinced the Joint Venture to appeal to the government with a request to deprive Pasternak of Soviet citizenship[34].
3e53ad33cd105d99944f63a6228c9046fa7d7d20	Thus, Sergei Mikhalkov wrote a sarcastic epigram to Pasternak[35].
96767efceea1a46e9b79ff02c9d54c15e3916d0a	Later, the campaign to defame Pasternak received a succinct sarcastic title "I havenot read it, but I condemn it!".
497e48eecf340523a36ec8428df56a35299197d7	These words often appeared in the speeches of public prosecutors, many of whom did not pick up books at all.
2b0de98fdaf09ff393d283ce2c85236449d75b00	The harassment, which at one time declined, intensified again after the publication of Pasternak's poem "The Nobel Prize" in the British newspaper "Daily Mail" on February 11, 1959, with a comment by correspondent Anthony Brown about the ostracism the Nobel laureate is subjected to in his homeland[36][37][38].
219d2d75b91c88d80b10d7148a5aab82bbdb5eda	The publication of the novel and the awarding of the Nobel Prize to the author led, in addition to harassment, to the exclusion of Pasternak from the USSR Writers ' Union (restored posthumously in 1987).
dc51c6c6ec9eacbe76023ea506fe8790b46a2c1b	In 1966, Alexander Galich wrote a poem on the death of Pasternak, where there are such lines:
afa4a59fdeed62839fe8a7a3c295faea0c9e613f	We will not forget this laughter, And this boredom!
8f18e794f444bcbfc92edb57150903adf6765480	We will remember by name all those Who raised their hand!
1bef96b7402d8789526bdc7a4332473c4ad6dc1e	Among the writers who demanded Pasternak's expulsion from the USSR were L. I. Oshanin, A. I. Bezymensky, B.
a0eca9f6bd4daa7abaa3182ddfafee71d9a49f61	A. Slutsky, S.
c534660336f0d01f6c8e568315aa45e72279bcc3	A. Baruzdin, B. N. Polevoy, K. M. Simonov and many others[39].
6156e8ec21786af60a9bb2c162384c6dd5e1b8df	No one publicly raised a voice in defense of Pasternak at that moment.
555c3fb24e9777bb504588477d01783d13da8257	However, they refused to participate in the persecution and sympathized with the disgraced poet from the writers of the older generation Veniamin Kaverin and Vsevolod Ivanov, from the young writers — Andrei Voznesensky, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Bella Akhmadulina, Bulat Okudzhava.
936ab05f34bade14286fa60793ef07fa9b53240f	Facts[edit / edit wiki text]
71a361b84e35073523ad6f265b353befe2f546d4	It is widely believed that Perm is the prototype of the city of Yuryatin from "Doctor Zhivago".
07e3c5dae7772a2a56afaffdcd508e5770eaa73f	"Fifty years ago, at the end of 1957, the first edition of Doctor Zhivago was published in Milan.
479d55d9a5acba43a033a6ce5d877fe405a133d1	In Perm, on this occasion, the Yuryatin Foundation even released a wall calendar "Zhivago Time", and in it — an annual painting of anniversary events"[40].
bedd56614c0a9c6c6779d3790bf529ed8e18ac03	Pasternak spent the winter of 1916 in the Urals, in the village of Vsevolod Vilva, Perm province, accepting an invitation to work in the office of the manager of Vsevolod Vilva Chemical plants, B. I. Zbarsky, as an assistant for business correspondence and trade and financial reporting.
78270dc126e78c8c68e0f2182bc9bfe16dd97771	In the same year, the poet visited the Berezniki soda factory on the Kama River.
fc33d70db864b9f127a91d3876e8f1343d10faf9	In a letter to S. P. Bobrov dated June 24, 1916, Boris calls the soda factory "Lyubimov, Solvay and K" and the European style settlement with it "a small industrial Belgium".
24b001f8349680f19648a428c1e5f14136f63b41	E. G. Kazakevich, after reading the manuscript, said: "It turns out, judging by the novel, the October Revolution is a misunderstanding and it was better not to do it," K. M. Simonov, the editor in chief of Novy Mir, also reacted by refusing to publish the novel: "You canot give a tribune to Pasternak!".
690cd7156fba35b868efd285b995d2dbce621476	The French edition of the novel (Gallimard, 1959) was illustrated by the Russian artist and animator Alexander Alekseev (1901-1982) using the "needle screen" technique developed by him.
b45fef73c0ab70469f3312eccced9452b29d63a4	During the Cold War, the CIA paid for the circulation of the novel for distribution in the USSR[11][12][13][14].
6f2de3f274d4d5d64d978cde9fe560b2d59dac3b	"Doctor Zhivago is the main hero of the twentieth century, a man looking for his way, just like our Russia", became a symbol of a new restaurant opened in 2014 in Moscow on the site of the former National Cafe in honor of the literary character[41].
a376e64e57bfdf46a961868c5a46aa5fde0d374e	Year Country Title Director Starring Note 1959 Brazil Brazil Doctor Zhivago (port. Doutor Jivago [42]) TV 1965 USA USA Doctor Zhivago (Doctor Zhivago) David Lin Omar Sharif (Yuri Zhivago), Julie Christie (Lara Antipova), Rod Steiger (Viktor Komarovsky) Winner of 5 Academy Awards 2002 Great Britain Great Britain
171ade18f6d0570f85a2db0d8b9ea940d392cc74	USA USA
ae69f9584ca2cbea03a8eb03754bc57a6a08b1fc	Germany Germany Doctor Zhivago Giacomo Campiotti Hans Matheson (Yuri Zhivago), Keira Knightley (Lara Antipova), Sam Neal (Viktor Komarovsky) TV/DVD 2005 Russia Russia Doctor Zhivago Alexander Proshkin Oleg Menshikov (Yuri Zhivago), Chulpan Khamatova( Lara Antipova), Oleg Yankovsky (Viktor Komarovsky) TV 11 episode film (NTV, Russia)
da0a9df975110e504113104cbddea177c05a0a77	Dramatizations[edit / edit wiki text]
4e99ef02585ca1908832e755b3f5f557176d824d	Year Theater Title Director Starring Note 1993 Taganka Theater Zhivago (Doctor)[43]
7474adb81f1f47fb2699a7dc37ed069afad76995	Yuri Lyubimov Anna Agapova (Lara), Lyubov Selyutina (Tonya), Valery Zolotukhin (Yuri), Alexander Trofimov (Pavel), Felix Antipov (Komarovsky) A musical parable based on the novel and poetry of different years by A. Blok, O. Mandelstam, B. Pasternak, A. Pushkin.
c81ee87a2751899ef984865220db763bdda0243f	Composer Alfred Schnittke 2007 Perm Drama Theater "Doctor Zhivago" Boris Milgram Musical[44][45]. Composer Alexander Zhurbin 2011 "Lyrical Sydney" (Sydney) "Doctor Zhivago" Des McAnuff Anthony Warlow (Yuri), Lucy Maunder (Lara), Martin Kruz (Pavel), Tanil Van Tsyl (Tonya) World premiere of the musical.
c89dd3667264ffb1e60558effcfa4f972af5ee55	Composer Lucy Simon. 2012 Educational Theater of the Department of Theater Arts of St. Petersburg State University Doctor Zhivago Alexander Iovlev 2013 KGAUK "Perm Academic Theater Theater" Doctor Zhivago [46] Boris Milgram Olga Pudova / Anna Syrchikova (Lara), Irina Maksimkina (Tonya), Vyacheslav Chuistov (Yuri), Dmitry Vasev (Pavel), Vladimir Syrchikov/Anatoly Smolyakov (Komarovsky) 2015 The Looking Glass Theater Doctor Zhivago Vasily Zarzhetsky Kirill Pavlov (Yuri), Varvara Shalagina(Lara), Kirill Gordeev (Pavel), Boris Khasanov(Komarovsky), Maria Mekaeva (Tonya) Performance poster
876449e3786fabc0cdc980867db3e3d6526680b8	Ivinskaya, O.
e1869b105209e9b099eec7ef3a42fac992df6ed6	The years with Boris Pasternak : In captivity of time.
8ea4f2660bc938fee5dd750a9f043a617f9339e5	Paris: Fayard, 1978 — - 437 p.
dde3257f28adcfe2b4655ac6185351fada278ca9	Russian reprint: Moscow: Libris, 1992 — - 464 p.
0bebaa215694d38fed089d3c000a55a0e1d5946b	— ISBN 5-86568-028-5.
90e88902e80e78e06dc8a5870a0801e96269dfc4	Tolstoy, I. Pasternak's laundered novel: "Doctor Zhivago" between the KGB and the CIA.
e7e4e8bb7d2785b76ed7628f2a35b128f500e56d	- Moscow: Vremya, 2008.
146e49a5de00c44e56b19861a5677c3d3fe96db3	- 496 p.
9657434c53bea40d0d76238c78cefbbd7ccee2e8	— ISBN 978-5-9691-0405-1 .
8244a7991276c4d42ec99d3c2ab8231f73464234	Tolstoy, I. "Doctor Zhivago": New facts and findings in the Nobel Archive.
29ce6131edb516c10cb7286574caf4e52158b7df	Prague: Human Rights Publishers, 2010-88 p.
d350a2e15ef4c3b0801617872428da7981b7eb8d	— ISBN 978-80-9035-236-0.
10c55990d4a7b512443c26a55926900c16b3931a	Bykov, D .. Boris Pasternak.
037d6c11b8d47f908cb1e6ac3efc07ded2cc9c19	- 7th ed.
01b7d642b8035647c9a2fbc23c566b05ea010ea7	- Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya, 2007 — - 893 p.
04bb0823c0979ddf5358205c21af837f1804e7cf	— ISBN 978-5-235-03027-5.
1de8a776844bae8aca6c50347c9c8837f9c7f022	Kuzmenko, V. "Doctor Zhivago" in the service of the CIA / / Russian Planet.
49ca99eaf68d9811a52f2e61281983415444dbb1	— April 7, 2014.
67a8e24bda7b73ac3277573033c6a66b80615947	Finn P., Kuve P.
c9b50e71435b3798c68c84f7f30ed0cbf48a37e9	The Zhivago case.
bee4b47eeae457ff038b6b13dcfef6fe3ccdf165	The Kremlin, the CIA and the battle for the forbidden book / translated from English/ - Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf, 2015, - 349 p.
d8b29268c85ecf03e5c72a724aa9c0814fde8779	ISBN 978-5-227-06244-4 Konstantin Polivanov.
fbc70d3d092d0b4a3b3c04dad14edd4d91f311d2	"Doctor Zhivago was not the most forbidden book" (Rus.) / / Arzamas University.
74c42ffe27ab6ab8afc3e971f90d2f637e0a59f6	16 of the course" Doctor Zhivago " by Boris Pasternak.
c56052f3e1c659d25e47551f4b50f7401a5f3325	Бы Bykov D. L. Boris Pasternak.-7th ed.
b3a10e851bb352867ecefa1124af64027d660d18	- Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya, 2007. pp.
4560a7be04516b5dc78a49f0d2b6c43d62714edf	722-736 Ли Likhachev D. S. Reflections on the novel by B. L. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago" ↑ Bondarchuk E. M.
7fa51d5c108d40fa74d21c1b1ee2895b7c87c72f	The author and the hero in Boris Pasternak's novel "Doctor Zhivago": the originality of subjective and non subjective forms of expression of the author's consciousness ↑ Material for the essay.
9716cac92f61382b0f955a7538b3fcdf14901479	Zhivago is a characteristic of a literary hero (character).
904296308e9e1b0267d86cc09992c8bcb190d56f	Checked on December 7, 2013.
4ffa3e81f1bad8185e0632e9fc5d8e2ad36442d8	Паст Pasternak B. L. Collected works in five volumes.
7986c2468e439c5f30abb783f8be256d9f46e5ee	Vol. 5 M.: Khud. lit., 1992, 703 p.
dad926da5b01c3ca4a2b2fbc0024644bde3623e0	Шал Shalamov V. T. Correspondence with Pasternak B. L. Паст Pasternak E. B. B. Pasternak.
07e93fef6bc4c8ee1dd3badd1e2aed4e76d4e4c4	- Moscow: Citadel, 1997.
e7c0e7714ce31518f90b331ea91ee2b65e4174ca	- pp. 676, 680.
91eb81959dcc689b7f1f80cec5f21c6d6b9bfae0	Паст Pasternak Elena, Pasternak Evgeny.
d3b86d0ba0d06ca539c74bf8a49bddaf31de904e	Pasternak's correspondence with Feltrinelli / / Continent: journal.
1b294e7b1a0d8db017282b100ba51b312b92e5a4	- 2001.
1531ec5527918df5361f1574eb9a542475fe29bc	- No. 107.
b7b0cf99dea9bb4e1c0644552dc4760d73406b0e	Письмо Letter of the members of the editorial board of the magazine "Novy Mir" to B. Pasternak / / Literaturnaya gazeta.
172714a35ae6bf89b3fd6070fc958b9eff8b6f0e	- October 25 1958.
1f34fd1dac7e525cf3a8b98bd558a8af43d595bf	— № 128 (3939).
5186df6f0e6d84b57804bf8ad934ca70d882cec6	↑ Strada V. He told me in private.
b679bd1da4aeb44d273001304bf50cbc5b78d48e	To the history of the publication "Doctor Zhivago" / / Russian news: gazeta.
8e1ac460799aa7402fa5dc369c95958671099d56	— 1993.
f3aa9f90a4746b4b075314a4eb2fedb9186ab3eb	— № 69 (238).
b1fe1e6682da94d1681c4d1ee9fae7a20c39d122	— P. 6.
9cc38e77f8e13ede5580636802789347bdd541f8	↑ 1 2 Boris Pasternak // A short history of Boris Pasternak the author of Doctor Zhivago.
655ddca8634455c093f246e58f91fe31c8cbaf1f	(English).
0cd047e4bce7e529db60001b4b0cba340137f374	Hoover Institution / / Stanford University.
ef384688c51cc3e7e20395dfdb651bdc1291588b	Verified on April 8, 2014.
ee3e4fce44fbb0478d8e89c5497d37ae010dc6b1	↑ 1 2 Peter Finn, Petra Couvée.
f05ce454261628c2eea081bda2fa6261145dca7a	During Cold War, CIA used ' Doctor Zhivago’ as a tool to undermine Soviet Union. washingtonpost.com (APRIL 6, 2014).
db5cc1b1f9a06bbff592dcdc8191ac53871943fb	↑ 1 2 Peter Finn, Petra Kuve.
3d4bb81f226a6e690396aea5dc7ec36befac29f9	During the Cold War, the CIA used Doctor Zhivago as a tool to undermine the USSR. inopressa.ru.
701c7c1ffd07bebe6525ce387eddf28b29bb0a77	The Washington Post (April 7, 2014).
ab3b02dac9194d4133fa15f88ecd1fb670a02ce9	"The authors John Maury, chief of the division of Soviet Russia, "Doctor Zhivago": "Humanistic thought Pasternak — that every person has the right to a private life and deserves respect as a man, regardless of his political loyalty or contribution to the state are fundamental challenge to the Soviet ethics, which requires the individual to sacrifice in the name of the Communist system" (memo from 1958)."
33834fc0f5a383e55fb7650dac52b3aed75c4af4	Last checked 8 APR 2014.
702c688f9afb5a0f080db59209b999fcfc1f3974	↑ 1 2 3 the CIA published and distributed by "Dr. Zhivago" in the years of the cold war, confirmed by declassified documents. newsru.com (April 7, 2014).
4df800e5854bec02810d795172107456daeeac07	Vol. 3 M.: Khud. lit., 1990, 734 p., - ss.
f818d8e89b737aa7d2c50f7d4c5d845301d3c14c	677-733 Иван Ivan Tolstoy.
80c0ff1d6510d001f158e0b3d352e28fb4f3165d	A laundered novel.
92318110d5b3b2cea4da500631477d41b936c5c5	Riddles of the first Russian edition of Doctor Zhivago.
389f750fd24fa874d5d81b04106fd371a37900f0	Time of Freedom: Pasternak's novel "Doctor Zhivago" was first published by the US Central Intelligence Agency.
018d11e7dbc9c04c1b98e473fd0b59a74d17d0c6	Research by the RS columnist Ivan Tolstoy(inaccessible link history).
7c742007d925b2ece1fa9c198716436e1780ba64	Radio Liberty (December 14, 2006).
41027c52ed51daed24647e64b63e86077be389a0	Verified on September 18, 2012.
91aea65bda5362e32cbe4076b6aba30575679836	Archived from the original source on February 14, 2009.
7c8a8ddd39d20c0d980a813d220b0cf906ebbc2a	↑ During Cold War, CIA used ‘Doctor Zhivago’ as a tool to undermine Soviet Union ↑ The CIA and 'Doctor Zhivago': Explore the cache of documents // «The Washington Post», April 6, 2014, p.
7a8306b2069359d86045ca2347a443e4857867a1	A1 ↑ The CIA participated in the publication of "Doctor Zhivago" during the Cold War / / RBC on April 7, 2014 ↑ "Doctor Zhivago" — a propaganda tool in the hands of the CIA?
0eebd55c7de2f5a4cb60f9974f6e98d504b306f3	/ / BBC on April 7, 2014 Куз Kuzmenko, April 7, 2014.
5fb45594d98c2631e568a98e5eb92d02dfcb41b1	↑ "Doctor Zhivago" in the fight against communism / / BBC from July 26, 2001 ↑ Was Pasternak's Path To The Nobel Prize Paved By The CIA?
1efeb24e16f61256ed62a8e27ad0f14daf7dea8f	/ / "Radio Free Europe" Иван Ivan Tolstoy.
4bdb62827aa71ec9bce62f75fa4fe67e4bd51a14	Radio Liberty В To the editorial office of Literaturnaya Gazeta / / Literaturnaya Gazeta.
fd1c704b4f3e6da98dd5fe8a3ec0c860b4455a17	↑ Simonov, K. Frankness for frankness / / Die Zeit: gazeta.
9a819507a2aefb147599602d5d974d50f30600d2	- 1977, November 4.
f9414c95ce9341dc0acc600f603f74656b23feb2	Бори Boris Pasternak.
4498c7f1aa1a721ae60cab186cad70eab22e5a47	Doctor Zhivago.
acbb1f8233f43b4c9095d1a860cc86a3dc8342c9	/ The final author's text of the novel.
548ef6d2057becd24d2819b111d56e2009d4dd1e	Publ., text preparation and commentary by E. B. Pasternak and V. M. Borisov / / Novy mir: zhurnal.
d33eea076361f6c377c81c4bb79046ff2da80abd	— 1988.
38bee4f45ce009c0a05f129a5eddadad481cd5fd	— № 1—4.
0023fa8dee8569607a838a80a28389a168784323	Ли Likhachev, D. S. Reflections on the novel by B. L. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago" / / Novy mir: zhurnal.
56de420343d3867453016f1bafb96227a84ac5e3	- 1988.
3986eca16f137448a42497607864c399029fcf58	1. - p.
14fb42b64e3a706aa11c146fdf52fc90820431ed	5-10.
e9106b05c5dc45cb20467c6e325a683f063e6b64	Borisov, V. M., Pasternak, E. B. Materials for the creative history of B. Pasternak's novel "Doctor Zhivago" / / Novy Mir: zhurnal.
777f5a5da6e63e4afcda08fb0174605b066c2b68	6. - pp.
0b9b0c233f04c60d45f1e708fa344833137d4a6f	205-248.
465274bd512116e5fd89217f436121eb4a0f6091	Фин Finn P., Kuve P.
23cf56fac760cf409abe9c0b207aa6bdb4fae9c8	The Kremlin, the CIA and the battle for the banned book Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf, 2015, 349 p., - p. 104 Фин Finn P., Kuve P.
289cfa99589fd0cdf794bd4bce3b88661894dad8	The Kremlin, the CIA and the battle for the banned book Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf, 2015, 349 p., - p. 216 Христи Christian Culture No.
371686816aa434894567951f5157f161c2e7f314	2 Boris Leonidovich Pasternak ↑ Vladimir Semichastny: "It hurts me unbearably ..." / / "Tomorrow" Бы Bykov D. L. Boris Pasternak.
766989f299dd1915ff2eab474a3abeb35a0e6994	- Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya, 2007.
04017140b5e293ec0f06f110faf0d6e7b1c19791	788-794 mik miklukho maklay: There is not enough grain ↑ Vladimir Golyakhovsky.
86fde0083d8105f802b06719f4961ba35c5ac69e	Korney Chukovsky and Boris Pasternak.
40c6bb1738f54f398f9bfae1e792ccaba7349810	↑ Regional the book Center of the Arkhangelsk Regional Scientific Library named after N.
c627012bb06d7b8a4a45bfd42e5b320951d53dce	A. Dobrolyubov ↑ "And the noise of the chase after me..."
52af0163459dff2e4618766d043acc49903cb32d	Boris Pasternak and the authorities.
264172cb00e8f7675c71e0aa3f45ac5d9f02bb51	Documents and materials.
8bb011cc016568b72273add7f425771326052094	- Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2001.
f6fde318b60bc0e691ef54d0cc2025f6718b22a4	Стен Transcript of the all Moscow meeting of writers ↑ A conversation about life and death.
3ceda02c8d135801d453cef18501ecbb98ddb717	To the 50th anniversary of "Doctor Zhivago".
3262522b18ab46263a9f9137a42f22143df02803	Verified on December 7, 2013.
03bfa36b8502d9041f125b12b0b2e0418089b5bd	↑ Opening of the week: Grand Cafe " Dr. Zhivago" by Alexander Rappoport ↑ Doutor Jivago (1959–) (English). Checked on December 7, 2013.
a6d57d9dc8a9a4a91b6cae3df296317213f9c772	Жив Zhivago (doctor).
441ba2a6db38cc2e1ca14c59b260ac961b3bfa2d	Перм The Perm Theater brought the musical "Doctor Zhivago" to St. Petersburg (photos, videos).
e2a372e5c90b24ab124bd325d5dcaeba596d54a8	↑ The world premiere of the musical "Doctor Zhivago"took place in Perm.
59c8ba0a7ca67b00efd7f3a49b06a225ff3a776b	↑ Doctor Zhivago.
6a88e25023a97ef6c900098ce8cae44067310244	About the literary fate of B. Pasternak's novel "Doctor Zhivago" — - "Echo of Moscow", December 7, 2008 Ivan Tolstoy.
6b526a5a2e30907e95058999e080d9ad10073381	"The laundered novel".
a5e1e186dc377a4304b8da5448d890c52c88bbaf	Radio Liberty.
dd5739c46d2671ef01f9edb668c469e28ec89d85	The School of Slander with Ivan Tolstoy, the author of the book "The Laundered Novel".
bc0accb5dd004140ee6cc378bcf034816c848623	Issue 197, 15.02.2010 The Plot Thickens // The Washington Post, January 27, 2007
c06a8efecb30f221afbe9a3d409ad46c85e0f4c7	Works by Boris Pasternak
4ee2c78278c0d2b6d77e9983314d2e6c41c0d618	Zazimki
9f03dcf1a5577bd9d485c2140a85afd92c8148a0	Collections of poems
79590f885ac5a49d0a0c9f9fa7344188c82f64c4	My sister — life • On early trains • When it gets wild
ccc9264f7d53f891bf20958dd2a0bd12db58d19d	Yuryatin
da7681e8a2ddcc968728e9a6c77258dc97b452c0	"Doctor Zhivago"
f4c7e1de8e7d0dd73f0f0baac08a7e458f84cd01	Characters and places
f5e963efd1981a6b0c4783efd374db4860a19625	Yuri Zhivago · Antonina Zhivago · Larisa Antipova
c3cfa12de013ee7f180ab330be8400c7bea53899	Yuryatin City
07f8c024f74ca6004ab35b555bdf05dfb7256045	Adaptations
8a7b43d591a174c45d7c9a29ef565e8c9d71dc62	movie (1959)
5bfd4b2d05c08d7428e0f64c88acfc0ba4f8d2e3	· Movie (1965) · Movie (2002) · TV series (2005) · musical (2007) · musical (2011)
d5e066e9e4261e16659b94b2521cf2d3e09a6831	«Lara's Theme»
8a9249681dfd42880310819ab0b6550fe94e89c0	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctor Zhivago&oldid=82151764"
20f9adcd297df17eb43998177745cfa7d44cd0a2	Categories: Literary works alphabetically Boris Pasternak Novels in Russian Doctor Zhivago Censorship in the USSR Books about the First World War Literature about the Civil War in Russia Novels about Moscow
a48dc2491514c584e0fc67d76124b505f19b2045	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles with non working links Wikipedia:Articles whose neutrality is questioned by Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Wikipedia:No sources since November 2016 Wikipedia:Articles with statements without sources for more than 14 days Wikipedia:Articles without sources (type: book) Wikipedia:Translation requests from English Wikipedia:Articles with incomplete sections Articles with links to Wikicitatnik Pages using magic ISBN links
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43be91a12c51aca21921e2619997f9e517a2664d	Last modified on this page: 07: 06, November 27, 2016.
16fff91ad127c635b529ae5a22d9a999015a3ffa	Book: Doctor Zhivago
8d9147b5add724310b6a13889cb9516af3f96a04	Boris Pasternak
93413f10b8e789026c5ffab457146a22db4f2772	title: Buy the book "Doctor Zhivago": feed id: 5296 pattern id: 2266 book author: Boris Pasternak book name: Doctor Zhivago
1301b76332d4442ac0b11d889ed0f045e6d4c0b4	Buy the book "Doctor Zhivago" from the author Boris Pasternak
dbd8b6f3d65e83e054e9a0c8a3189a053c31a009	AND THE SOIL AND FATE BREATHE
5ed8b6ef1decd6530622d97540ccdd29df0decb7	Two years after the completion of the novel "Doctor Zhivago" Boris Pasternak wrote:
1f08d5a037816d7fd237af5c3ec897c5ca05f6d0	"I think, despite the familiarity of everything that continues to stand before our eyes and that we continue to hear and read, there is nothing more of this, it has already passed and taken place, a huge, unheard of period that cost unheard of forces has ended and passed.
57941024527f0d04c52acff01272dc1189f7bfdd	An immensely large, empty and unoccupied place has been freed up for the new and not yet experienced, for what will be guessed by someone's brilliant independence and freshness, for what will inspire and prompt the life of new numbers and days.
2f5776ddedbe7bb97b072874aed17905f5b0e0fa	Now the torment of artists will not be whether they are recognized and whether they will be recognized by the stagnant, belated political modernity or the government, but the inability to completely break away from the concepts that have become familiar, forget the imposed skills, break the continuity.
229efd4909c9f43f5bad5d7bb0983da415275a5f	We must understand that everything has become the past, that the end of what we have seen and experienced was already, and not yet to be.
cb3b9a522941c8aa04c4b22e11515e46f3a72526	We must abandon the idea that everything will continue to be announced before it begins to exist, and allow the possibility of a time when everything will move and change again without prior announcement.
cdd7c18bc34e41c756e0a34db6887def04fed7f5	This difficulty exists for me as well.
d9578b2a8656ae749b6de0f8bf43904c3fc63f00	"Zhivago" is a very important step, it is a great happiness and luck, which I did not even dream of.
9f0637368607c202efca40bd0dc29145f39b9f80	But this is done, and together with the period that this book expresses most of all written by others, this book and its author go into the past, and before me, still alive, a space is released, the unused and purity of which must first be understood, and then filled with this understood."
cc2f193758813b83c4b57826f48a3bed1bf5c537	The author of these lines did not have to fulfill the new task formulated by him during the two years that, by the will of God, he had to live in the world.
f7b49dc10a4b36e533d4c92db7afee249b0b8307	What is surprising is that his work, and especially "Doctor Zhivago", continue to remain the greatest artistic evidence in the new conditions, not only of the way of life that has gone into the past and the destruction of several generations of outstanding thinking people, but also of the right way of liberation from the consequences of this period of oppression and hatred.
87859afc5e4c35dd81250dc29482bb4f19bd5c2f	The extreme manifestations of unrestricted freedom in our time are somewhat reminiscent of the pre war years of the beginning of the century, described in the first chapters of Doctor Zhivago, but at the same time we are completely deprived of the moral and material basis that then nourished and restrained them.
87abae431797f6f440a7624217d2cb5b48bea92a	The huge wealth accumulated in Russia by that time was squandered, looted and thrown to the wind.
e62403f93ac0382547e95eec5c5df5db77b2cd49	The realm of historical necessity and continuity has been destroyed.
e2b617adb4d84d622d25cc63e721285c24e6d53e	Spiritual conquests have always been acquired at the price of tragedies and victims that are inaccessible to a reasonable assessment.
031ecd6efe0b4a1ae8d20d7003dad0c4a9f6b8ed	The beginning of the history of Christianity in this sense suggests comparison with the events of the twentieth century.
2b714d82a427c02a7de05050aead0c42d9911a95	The World War, pharisaically unleashed by the states of Europe, ostensibly in defense of small nationalities, was the beginning of the destruction that put humanity before the prospect of universal destruction.
c3ba0ce88fc1d6a5a3dfafcd1d0868e95560a3d5	During these years, few people managed to remain true to the life affirming provisions of their youth in their free and natural development.
cbd692593785c8984e307b7bde29d47fcf18c328	Such is the creatively gifted Yuri Andreevich Zhivago, who, by virtue of his talent, knows that "the only thing in our power is to be able not to distort the voice of life that sounds in us."
da3aff4226e3a0ae3654ef9fd2fe7fe7d405bd3a	He cannot give up this and, without giving up professional medical, scientific and literary work, nevertheless, he gradually loses the possibility of productive, independent activity.
763f2c466177c381804eba5fa5494d5f73325b2e	His friends and peers adapt, change and are proud that they managed to maintain their external intelligence and resist.
7afb32642ef7f36e813ab905a50c279c59fada70	And he gradually descends, suffers, reproaching himself for lack of will, gets sick and dies early.
2654f6f62be221e895ed2dabf93d48d7633ecbda	For others, he is a wasted and socially superfluous person.
b517a8054182b1ddb8f6b41696cc14e55d1ab623	"You didnot turn out well," says the janitor Markel about him.
ef91efe61e6989f4b8c899d3767725f9b30d711f	I studied, studied, and my work went to waste."
a5943c5daf432c4bc45084bb5d30acabec76454b	He, without deceiving his soul and without losing the clarity of perception, sees the terrible price of the spiritual perversion that his enslaved contemporaries pay.
7e47641c12412ba9a8aa57f24170b6b8731c9096	It is in this sense that the phrase should be understood: "Dear friends, how hopelessly ordinary you are and the circle that you represent, and the brilliance and art of your favorite names and authorities.
e323de207e9daf3eedcc5cb97ef56ad4ee65a113	The only living and bright thing about you is that you lived at the same time with me and knew me."
4422fac42f17b27b37a35f8e08c24d2a4f828c4d	This precise statement of the difference between a creatively free artist and a person who idealizes his captivity caused many people to be offended at the time and largely caused the thirty year ban imposed on the printing of the novel at home.
0b06e6804ac8c808031245106053b3dbcd7c785b	But at the same time, a whole generation of future dissidents read Doctor Zhivago in banned lists and foreign publications, were brought up on it and found life support in it.
6f4df5830e98178394520d58b2403b5f0ff87694	In" Doctor Zhivago", the pictorial (plastic) and musical (compositional) beginnings are strongest.
6fc5e9dabf34e1b8d876807c36e30d158506d688	Even in philosophical topics that Pasternak wants to express with sufficient concreteness, he does not reach the unambiguity of journalistic or preachy determinism.
516daf8cd3f83530c105c17493ef139d0d03c4ee	Its purpose is to allow the reader to see and think through the pictures of the transformed reality for himself.
9724e19bf1a6971c4cfd7029d337d2534bcf9ce9	In this way, he complements the probabilistic interpretation of the course of history given by Leo Tolstoy with observations on nature, arguing that the existence of humanity has not yet lost its living possibilities, that, to our joy, it has remained as unpredictable and unexpected as the life of the forest.
98491cb31a947773cd01896a80b71f7ec003440b	Pasternak writes that "history is what is called the course of history", Yuri Andreevich saw history as a kind of "vegetable kingdom":
00d22cb37e3e8c8b5d53490a559ee62e6c47e144	"In winter, under the snow, the bare twigs of the deciduous forest are thin and pathetic, like the hairs on an old man's wart.
54ee41489f401f2be8638cab14de80700e2aa199	In the spring, in a few days, the forest is transformed, rises to the clouds, you can get lost and hide in its leafy wilds.
8bf7d6774989497691c63cc9df46e99e7951f822	This transformation is achieved by a movement that is faster than the movements of animals, because an animal does not grow as fast as a plant, and which can never be spied on.
04acc46424b5ac1f4ef60456515c03c04d247f51	The forest does not move, we cannot cover it, lie in wait for a change of place.
9ea7e21f484c1d6c345bfa02c794ab0968938ba8	We always find him motionless.
18669ff20a6c887c6867c955bf4068423ae84c66	And in the same immobility we find the ever growing, ever changing, untraceable in its transformations, the life of society, history.
6ce907e32f2cce362ee8947b68802cf498212db0	Tolstoy did not bring his thought to the end when he denied the role of the instigators behind Napoleon, the rulers, the generals.
497a08e9278a2a85281fa12fa6f8666ee4701dc8	He was thinking exactly the same thing, but he did not finish it with all clarity.
80d7f235d1301ebccb96fc80b3ea402e810ebb8b	No one makes history, you canot see it, just like you canot see how the grass grows."
80e60db0766ff0d775f7f03b785341b1083e3309	The Russian Revolution seemed to Pasternak to be the main event of the century, an experimental test of the social utopias of the past.
f36d5df59b7591cedcf598ab268360e4f478451c	He was interested in its moral foundations – the response of life to the imposed restrictions, rebellion as a reaction to the trampled beauty and dignity of man.
a5e73c60310ff3a5db99034d11cdd386f24ea3cc	At first, it seemed to him a retribution for the perversion of the ability to love, admiring God's plan, fruitfully and independently participate in it.
a01c291c4a06f27e059883f230c706fe1db83783	At the same time, Pasternak from the very beginning strongly condemned the political pharisaism, violence and hatred that had replaced public hopes.
87b357961b3eb1b691237611864804d41a89b7b1	Lyrically, these ideas are manifested in the relations of Yuri Zhivago, Larisa Antipova and Pavel Antipov Strelnikov.
930406c12096bd4348cf1773238842d382ae2a4a	Yuri Andreevich obeys love as the highest principle, for him it is the desire to make a person happy, without imposing anything on him, paying the price of his own losses and deprivations, inevitable and conditioned by life.
0930defccf5997a0206b16ad10dc38c6b77a7c7f	Understanding his capabilities in front of her face puts a limit to his activity.
5264a490e0dc912bae58b8db634d781c26df42e7	His apparent lack of will is the result of a sober assessment of the artist, a witness, a researcher and, finally, a doctor who must correctly diagnose and, if possible, cure, that is, help life cope with the disease.
c19216f037980387eef639fe8528415d1afe2e12	His creative will talent, as a "child's model of the universe, laid down from an early age" in the heart, makes him incapable of violent manifestations, which, regardless of the goal, lead to perversion and death.
ed680a29081f49817b78a4b38dd3481e7720efd3	Subordination to the will of life circumstances explains the countless hardships that fell to his lot, the loss of his home, family, Lara.
ff539073a96f596b6fee4c2da27b0cd6e1028e4b	Although Komarovsky is to blame not only for the crippled fate of Larisa, but also for his own ruin and orphanhood, Zhivago immediately loses the ability to defend the woman he loves, as soon as she voluntarily takes the side of an alien subordinate force.
587d5d230009e3fc30011e510a75e5020464c9a7	"Personal interest encourages him to be proud and strive for the truth.
08237d9eb205a0954a5f5c89e324587833f4e8ec	This advantageous and happiest position in life can be a tragedy, this is secondary, " Pasternak wrote, describing the properties of talent.
838801bb8a63cd3562086840f45f2651799ed775	The only strong willed act of Yuri Andreevich, his risky escape from the partisan camp, escape to Lara, release from captivity, is possible thanks to a favorable combination of circumstances.
4a4251f21ab7c0cc8744e93c167ef080f0bd63f8	Life and nature patronize them and build their love.
e01df1360a1fd480609cc61b8d90a6e6d8508d17	"They loved each other because it wanted all around the earth beneath them, the sky above their heads, the clouds, trees...
224adadf2c18651d02f499f6f6bacba3e6b332d4	Never, never, even in moments of the endowment, forgetful of happiness never left their highest and thrilling one stop General modeling world, a sense of atesunate themselves to the whole picture, a sense of belonging to the beauty of the spectacle to the whole universe."..
9170b19fffc29cb73ddb6359d8adbae84f7f0d8d	Pasternak dreamed of great prose throughout his life, but the attempts he made earlier, dragging on for years, remained unfinished.
d77298c0647ee2b7491c83ab057ac61651a3bb82	Excerpts published in newspapers and magazines of the 1930s, passed vali paintings and everyday sketches of the pre revolutionary years of Russia.
4644c2d61a52a832d12fe9f05f050dd7785c465e	But the author was tormented and stopped by the lack of "unity in understanding things"in his work.
83443075dbe3e54a51bed937d0d50c5f792586b9	This understanding came at the end of the war, when there was a distinct sense of the presence of God in the historical existence of Russia.
efc7e819da46f91f04cab14872337e012f6a0906	It came when the people, not broken by years of terror, found the strength to resist the evil of the fascist plague and at the cost of huge losses, incomparable even with the German ones, to win the Patriotic War.
60b58d65b62b41f74aa25218dee4f82d7995f83e	You meant everything in my life.
01d46f269d5bca8ed7779d32604e2c0399d499dd	Then came the war, the devastation, And for a long time there was not a word about You, not a spirit.
d9709096e365c3b42575afeadeb8a81f1772afb4	And after many many years, Your voice again alarmed me.
5bdfa3171d8460f1eefd7eb0c469a18a40592c55	All night I read Your testament And as if from a faint I came to life.
8f4a20604ed4e81457de76cc098ebb0cf7c90d25	I want to go to people, to the crowd, To their morning animation.
155d5ff60b412f550480bd0901136ac7dca12db8	I'm ready to smash everything into splinters and bring everyone to their knees...
45a84dd076f0e3f71b7ea64cdddbcd2a0d5ef854	During the most severe oppression, Pasternak was sure that changes for the better would certainly begin with the spiritual awakening of society.
d288069cac0581cc5bd536a222acb920605618a9	"If it pleases God, and I am not mistaken –" he wrote in the summer of 1944, " there will soon be a bright life in Russia, an exciting new century, and even earlier, before the onset of this prosperity in private life and everyday life, an amazingly huge art, as under Tolstoy and Gogol.
a3fac919974070bf694ce77aed59115ea783fed4	The premonition of this obscures everything else for me: the unhappiness and squalor of my personal life and my family, the face of the current reality, houses and streets, the disappointing opposite of the general tone of the press and politics, etc., etc. By this presentiment I am connected with this future, I do not notice adversity and old age behind it, and for some time I have been serving it with every thought, every deed and movement."
4d2e058fb30e0a1acbc4b752d9e56da522179039	The hopes for the liberalization of society awakened after the victory in the war strengthened Pasternak in his plan and gave him the strength to start working, which he considered his lifelong duty.
fc4febf0c09f9c142a0a6fe99b66f4a478d3123d	Despite the fact that these trends were soon put to an end, the intention to write a novel became an internal necessity.
5e3bce07fa4f7f159a4f45c6af450ee1a7b7bb8d	"Doctor Zhivago" was launched in December 1945, the last changes to its text were made in December 1955.
e8c492eb83857eac435acf9240e145678584c6c9	The consciousness of the inevitability of the way of the Cross as a pledge of immortality is expressed in the poem "Hamlet", which opens the notebook of Yuri Zhivago:
ed4a329e9b6865dcea987c2b9c4063fb3ef2aa15	The hum died away.
322c28a2d255c089ac0a0cb203156f6d14b53d25	I went to the stage.
9c8d28c62e2dc26699478985730de2a5567ceeeb	Leaning against the door frame, I catch in the distant echo of What will happen in my lifetime.
b5d0c1515e003076bade5a708e94c7344276670d	The twilight of the night is pointed at me with a thousand binoculars on the axis.
70d01b8676597ceb616c834428140957f90ef291	If only it is possible, Abba Father, take this Cup past.
4120397bbda93ef376dcb211e22b9248b731e18f	The original plan of the novel was already completely formed from the very beginning, and Pasternak expected to write it quickly.
4c1b125cea30361c62a91180e75c45a7753a0700	"Actually, this is my first real work.
f20abfe4a757ba63e2d745c1894410dafeeab2d9	In it, I want to give a historical image of Russia over the last forty five years, and at the same time, with all aspects of its plot, heavy, sad and elaborated in detail, like, ideally, Dickens or Dostoevsky – this thing will be an expression of my views on art, on the Gospel, on human life in history and much more...
f34b12d4e780f5f55b6f04bef4489232d5d6c563	The atmosphere of the thing is my Christianity, in its breadth a little different from the Quaker and Tolstoy, coming from other sides of the Gospel in addition to the moral ones," Pasternak wrote in October 1946.
0cf9ec3b36d707a55a43000271d887e46aa0bd02	Here is an epigraph from the Revelation of John the Theologian: "And God will wipe away every tear from their eyes, and there will be no more death; neither weeping, nor crying, nor sickness will be no more, for the former has gone."
078a298c59eac2be0c4358c54556925c6b805f55	The interpretation of these words is given in the novel in the scene at the bedside of the dying Anna Ivanovna Gromeko.
51860edefb534af00e231d57ff14a958d9d47010	The immortality of the soul for the Zhivago is a consequence of active love for one's neighbor: "A person in other people is the soul of a person."
1b533cdf8955a728955e3050222b5814942e1ecf	The hopes of this generation were swept away by a historical storm, which was replaced by a new paganism of "smallpox dug Caligulas" (portrait of Stalin), who did not suspect "how incompetent every enslaver is".
531702a238ff1487c561d488015805c1e32cb2ed	The simplicity and truth of the appearance of Christ are contrasted with the pomposity of the Stalinist vampire style.
d85e692c0188d4cb88619fa0b3c3fefbb2147c34	The author draws how to enter the world of "marble and gold tastelessness" (this is not about Ancient Rome, but about our modernity!) Christ enters, "light and dressed in radiance, ""deliberately provincial, Galilean," and the world begins anew: "The peoples and the gods have stopped, and man has begun, a carpenter man, a plowman man, a shepherd man in a flock of sheep at sunset, a man who does not sound a bit proud, a man who is gratefully carried to all the lullabies of mothers and to all the picture galleries of the world."
f25829408884885603df78da7626e2ac5a26951b	The poems of Yuri Zhivago make up the final chapter of the novel.
64585cdd5b6a3a2d66fe1150f0dd3d26e42b317b	Creating them on behalf of his hero, Pasternak found a new freedom and depth of lyrical self expression.
52be68689e122a5f1d51bc10518d91d63aab09ef	They are freed from the biographical narrowness and the forced metaphoricity inherent in Pasternak's early poetry, thereby becoming a reflection of the generalized experience of the generation.
facc371686478ec7b9e0fe70501f47f1960277c9	Pasternak wrote that Yuri Zhivago "will have to represent something between me, Blok, Yesenin and Mayakovsky."
a035283b1770220956e16a352e9a8998a7ed90e1	This made it possible to significantly expand the range of topics that primarily relate to the poems of the gospel cycle, written from the point of view of a direct witness to the events of Sacred History.
45aed8fb87f7bb0052af3f13a7d377cc0398f68b	The novel "Doctor Zhivago" is devoid of any didactic tendencies, which helped him find a grateful response in the souls of people, which his author hoped for when he wrote: "The difference between modern Soviet literature and all the previous ones seems to me most of all that it is established on solid grounds, regardless of whether it is read or not read.
2083ad2328023013da0ae57ba2a758843702d08e	This is a proud, self contained and self sufficient phenomenon that shares with other state institutions their inviolability and infallibility.
2003e58a5b179cc5e6c417c2dcbf919ba869830f	But real art, in my understanding, is far from such claims.
26a4a8aaf792230a8dd5c067e2ded5552a8e96a6	Where he can command and prescribe, when there are more weaknesses and sins on him than virtues.
2106310fab2f7a16d152ee242c10f6fec3990dc7	It timidly wants to be the reader's dream, the object of the reader's thirst, and needs his responsive imagination not as a friendly condescension, but as a component element, without which the artist's construction cannot do, as a ray needs a reflecting surface or a refractive medium to play and light up."
2dd7c09597b0c14efc46079634ef96d4e2de0321	The author's hopes were justified.
ce075be889d1d1cbd884f93b337a2a7e5e5d651b	Pasternak called his novel about Doctor Zhivago pictures of half a century of everyday life.
710a893e906e46de7b5d12417b9e7c64790bc0d8	After the second half of the century and at the turn of the new one, it continues to excite readers and find a lively response in their souls.
787429e631973eea9e280e170ac2c234d6fb0351	EVGENY PASTERNAK
5686d279897f7e15cdb5f5afbe521dc1b3dd2982	THE FIRST BOOK
9987f82f4851a4a2a6ee19ea9430994db8fc7185	PART ONE
6a809bd8219f8140ba73345be733f5b18e01e6c4	FIVE HOUR FAST
22b40b0aa1cb7678505a2ed03cffe480c52104a8	They went on and on and sang "Eternal Memory", and when they stopped, it seemed that the legs, horses, and wind blows continued to sing it along the well worn path.
34e09798ead9f13d8ba755a31bdb625c5986aefc	Passers by missed the procession, counted wreaths, crossed themselves.
e026347560966370c620cef5f3e1e749a618aecd	Curious people entered the procession, asked:
750773e7883e49ff5e92608ed60fffbcba5769e6	"Who is being buried?" they were answered: "Zhivago".
2a69f70dffa6acc65f6b18ad6835e632b3c8084b	"That's it.
5ff8ddcf4da39fbb11da3dfebcb67c244de0e19c	Then it's clear.
49308222ec42989091f9f660388b5a15ed1ada5d	" - " Yes, not his.
0b1f9f1a50ad63c8996d2699fe0db53eeb21fce8	Her."
a0d6605fed3079e509b39d189e3601c84d3afb62	- "It doesnot matter.
c6f6bc686abc4aea48ceb71c1521a2f2bbda0923	The kingdom of heaven.
57150b1eae28fa5d34ad2e18719816a5e5d683bd	Funerals are rich."
d1b502a1891037d2686e2d55ae1ee213b121d793	The last minutes flashed by, few, irrevocable.
a75cf1a8f0c8191fa0a1875551cdbc8ef1de821c	"The Lord's earth and its fulfillment, the universe and all who live on it."
daf49728d11019e8aa7825e2cb4a9c3c571dc9a2	The priest threw a handful of earth on Maria Nikolaevna with a baptizing movement.
6baf400c7aa3ab85f66b99cebee0dceb63dfe81c	They sang "With the spirits of the Righteous".
ec9167829f5876d05e0a6bb7cd467dd502d7957a	A terrible race has begun.
16ddda992007281286975c28281282d30c7dc91d	The coffin was closed, boarded up, and began to be lowered.
3f3d1c8cacd69d415b01da96c0c3836c20437aef	A rain of clods rattled off, which were hastily thrown into four shovels into the grave.
135599140c4e17094b70cf0937aa1ad85a5207b8	A mound grew on it.
8c749fd44e62e3bd8662b12f80064ab645da1eda	A ten year old boy climbed it.
76ee5f4fb9864e153d003a577c3b6eb6efc325fc	Only in the state of stupor and insensibility that usually comes at the end of a large funeral, it could seem that the boy wanted to say a word on his mother's grave.
cf8a1e62d9cbaf9f16d35f22e47dc3682682d3c1	He raised his head and looked from the dais at the autumn wastelands and the heads of the monastery with an absent gaze.
21376fa001b4bea98e03e7a4797a7796c1347ffa	His snub nosed face contorted.
7e4a9181f360f3d876dde37798facdd054a4feb2	His neck stretched out.
234799615a036759245e9f692796b3a9d67bcb4c	If the cub had raised his head with such a movement, it would have been clear that he was about to howl.
f0160e5da7cd863d7224de586b582f3660a26805	Covering his face with his hands, the boy sobbed.
13c008c24488228df6b9845ffb063d9f582c0010	A cloud flying towards him began to lash his hands and face with wet lashes of a cold downpour.
65dddb7c302f201109eaea7941150ebff2fb4196	A man in black, with the rucksacks on his tight fitting sleeves, walked to the grave.
2be0b855f64514b0dca91c41cc5cdc55105c4665	It was the brother of the deceased and the uncle of the crying boy, the priest Nikolai Nikolaevich Vedenyapin, who was cut off at his own request.
844a102719e9cea47537d6ebe0be995e7b69c227	He approached the boy and took him away from the cemetery.
0532d9a56f90226f56b835650cd754c1906701da	They spent the night in one of the monastery rooms, which they had given to their uncle through an old acquaintance.
154ca4c93907d14d56a0d654075e7e470391b124	It was the eve of the Intercession.
83f8b46d1a0880eeb249b6ca62227a4e7b3d61f6	The next day, he and his uncle had to go far to the south, to one of the provincial cities of the Volga region, where Father Nikolai worked in a publishing house that produced a progressive newspaper of the region.
521c69fd43fa19d97e870a1a936de158d36e7234	The train tickets were bought, the things were tied up and stood in the cell.
d2b3f31e6707dec62f0f4d5995f951d6b0e9e62b	From the station next door, the wind brought the tearful whistling of steam locomotives maneuvering in the distance.
ae49b97d519031d9b3d14386846ced3e87e7cca6	By the evening it got very cold.
35fe7d2a2924ec9f2c735c1e042dbc4f870e88e5	Two windows at ground level looked out on a corner of a nondescript vegetable garden planted with yellow acacia bushes, on the frozen puddles of the roadway and at the end of the cemetery where Maria Nikolaevna was buried that afternoon.
75d51da31169b0bfa5c72ea5bcf439a334eac952	The vegetable garden was empty, except for a few moire ridges of cabbage, blue from the cold.
31105200e75bb3d4567302b543660ed309569f6c	When the wind came, the bushes of the decayed acacia rushed like demons, and lay down on the road.
e72f96b4c85c3d7ac09e3760e4cbb402fddf05fc	At night, Yura was woken up by a knock on the window.
afdad8b9fb8d82cd809596da6cfa179ccf548502	The dark cell was supernaturally illuminated by a white fluttering light.
ba4009a180947bebc7b853cff0b421633e8918ce	Yura, in only his shirt, ran to the window and pressed his face against the cold glass.
e9c875205582d22cada96d822b6907d09f2c38fa	There was no road, no cemetery, no vegetable garden outside the window.
4611a08b9ad43453102c3cf3413418c3885d96d6	A blizzard was raging in the yard, the air was smoking with snow.
d4963a8569df79c3f58682d9aea481717dc5fae9	One might have thought that the storm had noticed Yura and, realizing how terrible she was, was enjoying the impression made on him.
9aa2f2a3a7304e03589566fc8c514c8747c3f124	She whistled and howled and tried to attract Yurino's attention in every way.
dc4b77777754ae97d552fc7b9184db09006bbbaa	From the sky, turn after turn, endless coils of white cloth fell to the ground, wrapping it in funeral shrouds.
305b8bbe9de98e7db07836d993b5811b81dbd4bc	The blizzard was the only one in the world, nothing could compete with it.
35697a07d151281816edb4e036cd108cc8824418	The first movement of Yura, when he got down from the windowsill, was the desire to get dressed and run outside to do something.
c20ec6a966a451db8c2f104d386933f7a738a1be	Sometimes he was afraid that the monastery cabbage would be brought in and it would not be dug up, that his mother would be swept up in the field and she would be powerless to resist what would go even deeper and further into the ground from him.
6cd5249d95e6aa541a41a73151fc036059f26254	The matter ended in tears again.
dc66f765b44ff9f259fa0c235ebe425930a3cb63	My uncle woke up, talked to him about Christ and comforted him, and then yawned, went to the window and thought.
0c0671e045c91456eac20f92fb6066a9b748a3e2	They started getting dressed.
29818ea00fa405e6ca42051489b1e225238534de	It was getting light.
9cce2005295e8a6cf0422adb22983da16caa3c10	While his mother was alive, Yura did not know that his father had long abandoned them, traveled to different cities of Siberia and abroad, caroused and debauched, and that he had long ago squandered and scattered their million dollar fortune to the wind.
d9f24cdc807d596fa56d38a4c309716c51ba81f0	Yura was always told that he was either in St. Petersburg, or at some fair, most often on Irbitskaya.
7c19fd411b36dcba991958c07c8978139b628f66	And then my mother, who was always ill, developed consumption.
a2969ed88007c79bb6dea5e84f4fd52720f2f531	She began to go to the south of France and to Northern Italy for treatment, where Yura accompanied her twice.
d3646ccfb37e93f1bf4ac52cff0976dd613311d7	So, in a mess and among constant riddles, Yura's childhood life passed, often in the hands of strangers, who changed all the time.
8b6f0102fc6cf862de39baec7ee5536e531c9264	He was used to these changes, and in an environment of eternal awkwardness, the absence of his father did not surprise him.
dba32e2de8c986f8c4538e159b82008e7f4cc6fd	As a little boy, he found a time when many self important things were called by the name that he bore.
14b10076ad817ef8129d24b60323216f5f9b5b74	Was there a Zhivago manufactory, a Zhivago bank, at home?
7e94a40d66c13b3660a4c6d2e399716025ace17d	Zhivago, a method of tying and pinning a tie with a Zhivago pin, even some kind of sweet pie of a round shape, like a rum woman, called Zhivago, and at one time in Moscow you could shout to the cabman "to Zhivago!", just like " to hell in the middle of nowhere!", and he would take you on a sledge to the far off kingdom, to the far off state.
c4770dc2ab9fa5e57405666638e076076c89cfb5	A quiet park surrounded you.
9de8eed5b10143e683e0df1062e34d7af80166a8	Crows landed on the hanging branches of fir trees, showering frost from them.
62d2045478bbf9e1a8539d4e7608c7487b9552d1	Their cawing could be heard, rolling like the crackling of a tree branch.
e2dc58f84b30cf596797f0f8ef207a352544c3df	Purebred dogs were running across the road from new buildings behind the clearing.
6cd77d4e3dc3ca21a52efe3baacfd7c22bebb38c	Lights were being lit there.
f8d629ebadff20d6d7a6939d942af69551c81a9c	Evening was falling.
bf53a03c4f4c6806b1043818775773db3480169a	Suddenly, it all flew apart.
4d331f8cb277d764dd7d440ff64848ed0ae7f8eb	They have become impoverished.
4d7fd5ac55265b05a067b4a0edcda0c3089c7ed7	In the summer of nineteen hundred and three, in a tarantass, Yura and his uncle drove through the fields to Duplyanka, the estate of a silk spinning manufacturer and a great patron of the arts Kologrivov, to the teacher and popularizer of useful knowledge Ivan Ivanovich Voskoboynikov.
665ca5642df11d992243612b8252b7f4bd038389	It was Kazan, the height of the harvest.
ed930bd84f8dfa53ead45c92c4c6b3f15d91bd11	Because of the lunch time or on the occasion of a holiday, there was not a soul in the fields.
bd09a579e171129508ba92575860852f2e91d5b1	The sun beat down on the half compressed strips, like the half shaved nape of a prisoner's head.
741173af2dbebe3a67d80d0a9176378f7bd2927e	Birds were circling over the fields.
af7e8207f241f5f22df203a9d43284cee870e9a0	With the ears bent, the wheat stretched out in a string amid the perfect calmness, or stood in the sacs far from the road, where, when looking for a long time, it took the form of moving figures, as if surveyors were walking along the edge of the horizon and taking notes.
d9f3b1c7a7b5251f17042430a1fd10d5bd4ad5a8	"And these," Nikolai Nikolaevich asked Pavel, a laborer and a watchman from the book publishing house, who was sitting sideways on the box, stooping and crossing his legs, as a sign that he was not a real coachman and did not drive by vocation, "and what are these, landowners 'or peasants'?
c66e1b30bad8389396e4122e63e2c1e0c2df5c1c	"Enti gentlemen," Pavel answered and lit a cigarette – "but efti," after taking a drag on the fire and taking a drag, after a long pause he poked the end of the whip in the other direction, " efti yours.
d7becf80076c741b99ce36ecb95f699f5976808f	Are you asleep? every now and then he shouted at the horses, whose tails and rumps he kept squinting at, like an engineer at a pressure gauge.
8b429305f8846ffcdd93662d38771ba214e06b48	But the horses were driven like all horses in the world, that is, the root ran with the innate directness of an unsophisticated nature, and the driver seemed to the incomprehensible a notorious idler who only knew that, arching like a swan, she danced in a squat to the strumming of bells, which she herself raised with her jumps.
2b6c1fc674032b6c39f703269c52e31cd7cd5fbd	Nikolai Nikolaevich was taking the proofreading of his book on the land issue to Voskoboynikov, which, due to increased censorship, under pressure, the publishing house asked for a review.
eccb65a0d552ce138207d46a2ec508ade050e962	"The people in the district are playing pranks," Nikolai Nikolaevich was saying.
8086509759d3c6471abd066d90e0e9fbda197763	– In the Pankovsky parish, a merchant was stabbed to death, a horse factory was burned at the zemsky.
f660081cc951e1f9afbb1013ce78829b4fd81188	What do you think about it?
56ce57baf870bc4ff16dc19a523ffc822544fded	What do they say in your village?
7c67262bb12444b1bf9625122d6a6f1d355aa85e	But it turned out that Pavel looked at things even more gloomily than even the censor, who tempered the agrarian passions of Voskoboynikov.
65da7293961ff13b0b50e721f4b7073a0bc51a5c	– What are they saying?
98ca087606ae67aebd6a2fd8e79c2c7b0619d395	The people were dismissed.
c4f4ab1b7ac7bbc9906f9bbfc0f560421d4fd591	Pampering, they say.
40aff9a58da8df88b81f58f78f477af2fea3bad9	Is it possible with our brother?
3cc3a056df47685fd63ec3db280e169c51924436	Let the peasant have his way, because they will pass each other around, the true Lord.
79552ab12a11dd413fe8ff0b11aec2907728cdc5	Are you asleep?
2c59d0cc062c1e92c5a7eea6ebbff8e03e0d12e0	This was the second trip of the uncle and nephew to the Hollow.
2d8b597f7cb93d17b9552b060d10c630093221f1	Yura thought that he had memorized the road, and every time the fields spread out and their thin border covered the forests in front and behind, it seemed to Yura that he would recognize the place from which the road should turn to the right, and from the turn the ten verst Kologrivovskaya panorama with the river shining in the distance and the railway running behind it would appear and disappear in a minute.
fd0dfe6384448b2bc638fa44164be03b7529be88	But he was still deceived.
17e00a7d38bf164d3f6d6819fae0e2d4b6fc0b44	Fields were replaced by fields.
1e2f6760ae5cdc9afac13e4e4a92a9ca95e50f06	They were again and again covered by forests.
7aa6a5cd7f8710bdfebc5a5f20d30a99e6252fb2	The change of these expanses set up a wide mood.
e557f764436a660f02f7f8dfb93b19f2f6e5a692	I wanted to dream and think about the future.
2c1a1f80603c80bd5ab3d4cefbc7c97043cee937	None of the books that later glorified Nikolai Nikolaevich had yet been written.
90106cbcb86d987bd1a3955f749b4c8894ea5c79	But his thoughts were already determined.
ff09fe25a2bed0a25005f6ffa99601274b4310d9	He didnot know how close his time was.
ff681f50f997458aec0e901889344f6698da040e	Soon, among the representatives of the literature of that time, university professors and philosophers of the revolution, this man was supposed to appear, who thought on all their topics and who, except for terminology, had nothing in common with them.
01f7b60bd949530e2227dc55d4f5443b10ff57ee	All of them together adhered to some dogma and were content with words and appearances, and Father Nikolai was a priest who had passed Tolstoyism and the revolution and was always going further.
e565a3d66b118ea46b3b409d86cd95ceed8d3511	He longed for a thought, inspired by the material, which would draw an unfeignedly discernible path in its movement and change something in the world for the better, and which even a child and an ignoramus would be noticeable, like a flash of lightning or a trace of rolling thunder.
c67a4f8171b7aadbf786e7266f3ed6082d4b1099	He was hungry for something new.
6bc92445494615ac445d8fd3f970777bdac6aea5	Yura had a good time with her uncle.
0952d3d1819202c8b085b5ebb529068b9d38c606	He looked like his mother.
1aeeddb0d62ac3500008bdafc17bc06c26cb6729	Like her, he was a free man, devoid of prejudice against anything unusual.
693b91352cb23464f1058942c7e911aad67c0e84	Like her, he had a noble sense of equality with everything living.
60b114f53093399122ee5e573aa094d3dc5a7584	He, like her, understood everything at a glance and was able to express thoughts in the form in which they come to mind at the first minute, as long as they are alive and do not become meaningless.
fbdb01b40353a6c1772127ee6322b2bd214952ce	Yura was glad that his uncle took him to the Hollow.
2d4e70022b7795294b8c40e0c6555e1b8e700fd0	It was very beautiful there, and the picturesqueness of the place also reminded me of my mother, who loved nature and often took Yura for walks with her.
f9c38d08ea1e7418876f0218b3778b79b0c804d2	Besides, Yura was pleased that he would again meet Nika Dudorov, a high school student who lived with Voskoboynikov, who probably despised him because he was two years older than him, and who, when greeting him, pulled his hand down with force and bent his head so low that his hair fell over his forehead, covering his face half.
f0224395e7d8f031de44ead77fddcd9d57874e8c	"The vital nerve of the problem of pauperism," Nikolai Nikolaevich read from the corrected manuscript.
fc028497a917ef5e8b483a545cf76ac04d14c18b	"I think it's better to say – with a being," Ivan Ivanovich said and made the required correction in the proofreading.
314d8b39ccc63623431b5224400944f9e1bd49fc	They were studying in the semi darkness of the glass terrace.
c02ae23fba439864d320be46effd355867e5641a	The eye could make out watering cans and gardening tools lying in a mess.
be102dcce216c7b8975d5379be0c4c24ef81f05b	A raincoat was draped over the back of a broken chair.
8a18cc88c9d29c9857474795053760860cadef1c	In the corner there were waders with dried mud and the tops hanging to the floor.
a003aca863d4eccc67a75f866e6e780e4831aed7	"Meanwhile, the statistics of deaths and births show," Nikolai Nikolaevich dictated.
5019159d175f782fd68fcca0b5c1b9b1d5f35f27	– It is necessary to insert: for the reporting year, - Ivan Ivanovich said and wrote it down.
3a7945e6956b56c0bfb15ab5abf77c0ae6c0c460	The terrace was slightly skewed.
4f77c24424ec4459dc75a5f783a4133bef631a9c	There were pieces of granite on the pages of the brochure so that they would not fly apart.
20f55515fce4459088853f98185d94d61502f6fa	When they had finished, Nikolai Nikolaevich hurried home.
42985695f7afc2720ad7487e0ce06921c7c1a2bd	- A thunderstorm is coming.
c7fb2ac93257efdd839ef07380d0469725285c2f	We need to get ready.
079f44a7695b2ea16195d3a90c69f0ce1428551d	– Donot think about it.
538db867a478db9b16cb899ebbe4dcf0141d3f1d	I wonot let you.
38fbb45969d9c5a8db3e70bc8fe32da791d09980	We'll have tea now.
8a9f304ee6ddf378e2da28e8478e1e3509f550de	– I have to go to the city by the evening.
f611a9f5f2679a8d096bf0835c55040ba6d34012	- Nothing will help.
394e199e49f45a02385317c2b333920842c4c468	I donot want to hear it.
367d2a855a9ef443d0620d67b18ad727db893c8d	From the front garden there was a smell of samovar burning, which drowned out the smell of tobacco and heliotrope.
76a53b1454e086d7f87985efc781bf75a9660ed1	Kaymak, berries and cheesecakes were brought there from the wing.
b46fcfa51981fb0b1c6d610afc11c9b2de82d59c	Suddenly, information came that Pavel went swimming and took the horses to the river to bathe.
4fe4ff031faf5fa0c7ad9c79617f15d2a24dbdde	Nikolai Nikolaevich had to submit.
fe0b0d3be8be3818bf217ae65a1914a991d8f6e4	"Let's go to the cliff, we'll sit on the bench while they set the table for tea," Ivan Ivanovich suggested.
e69fde2afd3152ecbceac5033e75f69d232570fe	Ivan Ivanovich, as a friend, occupied two rooms in the manager's wing of the rich man Kologrivov.
c72eb4533f61218b5699ac4f085d0a11029d8bd1	This house with an adjoining front garden was located in a black, neglected part of the park with an old semicircular entrance alley.
68cb0109928bd7b3327e10ee6172adc47795f058	The alley is densely overgrown with grass.
fcd307ccb6163d15e18cf016cfa7a2cdca8a4d03	There was no traffic on it now, and only earth and construction debris were carried into the ravine, which served as a place of dry landfills.
f23f9c3c7e6c633261842b73cde95b5be7baa67c	A man of advanced views and a millionaire who sympathized with the revolution, Kologrivov himself and his wife were currently abroad.
2d23681064ec53aa3a89097337f524942f1fa7b6	Only his daughters Nadia and Lipa lived on the estate with a teacher and a small staff of servants.
191f7bb37ddaa11b4c972a485fb7b5701a28f335	The manager's garden was fenced off from the entire park with its ponds, lawns and manor house by a thick hedge of black viburnum.
90cc4c5dcdf6a1b1a0d90808700e2e332cf28aa3	Ivan Ivanovich and Nikolai Nikolaevich walked around this thicket from the outside, and as they walked, sparrows flew out in equal flocks at equal intervals in front of them, with which the viburnum swarmed.
ac88b591c3106673f56ef455bbf35c972d10d3d3	This filled it with a steady noise, as if water was flowing through a pipe along the fence in front of Ivan Ivanovich and Nikolai Nikolaevich.
32a90747fd74fc776d1edabf403ab612e49eea84	They passed a greenhouse, a gardener's apartment, and stone ruins of unknown purpose.
0d0f74ab82e888ea17a2534a0846044a87be97ea	They started talking about new young forces in science and literature.
ad8baba613d288d71554ece209456ee8766a1627	"There are people with talent," Nikolai Nikolaevich said, " but now different circles and associations are very popular.
c81d5024f7762f477fbd40630d0b2d98fe96fba6	Every herd is a refuge of non giftedness, whether it is loyalty to Solovyov, or Kant, or Marx.
ca45361479e36af018ff3cbe91e9bc5c0e2b4269	Only loners seek the truth and break with everyone who does not love it enough.
d672d3597413b466fb7da45fcbf2061f17d2a747	Is there anything in the world that deserves loyalty?
e3a57db2757808160a3d115d51c031c7c5b583f5	There are very few such things.
28c8312838f0b4c53fa7764ab5c1e21527780518	I think we should be faithful to immortality, this other name of life, a little strengthened.
bbc165e55385b7e09288e8400d2eb1a1d551542a	We must remain faithful to immortality, we must be faithful to Christ!
4114cc629279ad07fcf12f719c88ae2d30778393	Ah, you're wincing, you wretch.
eeb1fb8153ea2c5463a5ae3cd02935644b0c90c5	Again, you didnot understand anything.
ed19e4daf680976381cca3bcedd3d1bd2b34f575	"Yeah," mumbled Ivan Ivanovich, a thin, blond creeper with a malicious beard that made him look like an American from the time of Lincoln (he constantly grabbed it in a handful and caught its tip with his lips).
eff8fb42a84370e03ce89d541eb7b8c69d30f35f	You understand yourself – I look at these things completely differently.
1c80b4a8b5f97698d3d3027b3b6d43d8a3e64aac	Oh, by the way.
294b44baa437e16f19dc413c6abd750a84bd037c	Tell us how you were cut off.
4b99b97d07e80cec07b64a807edb0c03cc634a71	I've been meaning to ask for a long time.
5cf154ccb01d9df4c466f7cff332933f0a4acb2a	Have you been anathematized?
17ae658334b782ca42a93c0e20ef2387f3e37506	Eh?
da29dd983344e2328877fab8c8e497729d1a6194	– Why digress to the side?
171709d981f49f1f2f768d84edf16b5fb8b13c0d	Although, however, well.
7d1790094450fc05a1466efc08886eeb097658c2	Anathema?
d5ff10789fb006d0ce7da0e3a86802593bd33d5d	No, they are not cursing now.
9a669704a227cbebfe3d1560c90a695671d993f6	There were troubles, there are consequences.
4ea59fc4d4666330216a05353bf597f7093a85aa	For example, it is impossible to enter the civil service for a long time.
9f707b5733d82d6a88422815a34c2aaf8ac33810	They are not allowed to enter the capitals.
19b07503489774246ec65ca89a852d93e2adf1b9	But this is nonsense.
8dbeb61c4941df2a803b9a34b041c105632fe179	Let's return to the subject of the conversation.
6a8d51c5754d7d6cf1d531567062b022bf014578	I said we must be faithful to Christ.
a989223d995dad347eb63ed17963ae2b8b5ca9e2	I'll explain now.
9c0e0ba1892e1a8aa334236a9d76f7f0a0fd0777	You do not understand that you can be an atheist, you can not know whether there is a God and what he is for, and at the same time know that man does not live in nature, but in history, and that in the current understanding it is founded by Christ, that the Gospel is its justification.
f7a16ea17347ed838d832018b9964b22beddac62	And what is history?
cc2908571fe3f0666fb0e9f974c9a2bda69b3f64	This is the establishment of age old works on the consistent solution of death and its future overcoming.
77081e4ce58058a44ab240b66feb21218bab9acf	To do this, they discover mathematical infinity and electromagnetic waves, and they write symphonies for this.
b5b08a92d7eeb646db46af37a2b2e3f5811918ec	It is impossible to move forward in this direction without some lifting.
46bb4daab9b5104ce9fb6a5532d561d68a2de380	These discoveries require spiritual equipment.
f3a3da471282c8cc431a6c083598557bd0e73ab4	The data for it is contained in the Gospel.
a4297994b1065d88e60ab63e0d0b511a4c4312c8	Here they are.
036220d363c44a961373e3421f9bb50f80fa10c0	This is, first, love for one's neighbor, this highest kind of living energy that overflows the human heart and requires an outlet and waste, and then these are the main components of modern man, without which he is unthinkable, namely the idea of a free personality and the idea of life as a sacrifice.
07fa86c7efa07afb52a07ee52a60abe6b2ca6173	Keep in mind that this is still extremely new.
922e242d0b0bffdcf0686ebc7ab705f82fbf1b35	The ancients had no history in this sense.
1b46ec653949f7e58d910793ca081f7f9e108015	There was the sanguine swinishness of the cruel, smallpox riddled Caligulas, who did not suspect how incompetent every enslaver is.
47b203608fec8718ee3c3297fba5915a92649982	There was a boastful dead eternity of bronze monuments and marble columns.
da7d158b19bb1dff14ec937ecbc415b02dc4f858	Centuries and generations only after Christ breathed freely.
1d97c36ae2eff02878f7eec800fe48ebc30aad4b	Only after him did life begin in posterity, and a person dies not on the street under a fence, but in his own history, in the midst of works dedicated to overcoming death, he himself dies dedicated to this topic.
6e86e2ff26284be98cc93212792c90fdeb921a7f	Ugh, I'm already sweating, as they say.
5bddc0064074b49a136911b9152610d40c577da6	And at least he has a stake on his head!
a7b5cfe3a1f3783481c394a4aeafb93eb86a3daf	- Metaphysics, my dear.
c281ebd52f116fae1b3e18ab78adda4d67ca159a	The doctors forbade me to do this, my stomach does not cook this.
3586bbce29ec3e04b813b3fdf62c91e2f44d37d4	- Well, God be with you.
a4ebf7b26e714933ee2c22cb898eeaada59cf1c6	Let's drop it.
35e459d93bddb769b241d1956fe26bfafe911040	Lucky guy!
47067dde7f4caa819d87de86359cc2162d87c3f0	The view from you is what – you will not get enough of it!
e88a11195e99ae28fc1d44a57cea07d2d3bdd8e4	And he lives and does not feel.
5cb095312b97e9ec25b320d6e29991b09473ab2c	It was painful to look at the river.
473d5398154c6485e291330bf2e3cb71fae141b8	It shone in the sun, bending and bending like a sheet of iron.
280062efafbf24c6953da640ac6ceb8a4500b33f	Suddenly it began to crease.
cbe451fe47d614955f3dabfea905dec13f8683de	A heavy ferry with horses, carts, women and men sailed from this shore to that.
9ff4c694c395c1fbe871bf898c8be5ac6812818f	"Just think, it's only the sixth hour," said Ivan Ivanovich.
6b4e1ac9463550800d54ab76f4482b227368e918	- You see, the ambulance from Syzran.
e8c1aac562005beff07b9e98b7b8174ef66b7f2f	It passes here in five minutes and a half.
db9ed5a4fe3dc009697641ee5fda20f755119d82	In the distance, a clean yellow blue train rolled across the plain from right to left, greatly reduced by the distance.
0896cefaac36638eb423308f1d480fcc71ff2df3	Suddenly they noticed that he had stopped.
e7ee951d8aebac16f4a45fa1d2bd24f8696fe060	White balls of steam rose above the locomotive.
f9db1a99c8b48e7640b729653b8d0b7268eb270e	A little later, his alarm whistles came.
19d23c0a7fbdfd8e6bfbbee7480d1c8934387298	"That's strange," said Voskoboynikov.
a366f4fc8d2abb71521b1404ed654d15aee10aea	– Something's wrong.
a7d327bbec3de279e339faba3041fda6ff8d3709	There's no reason for him to stop there in the swamp.
607d35b8da8d4cb2ff7fb6703ca86d66220bd4ae	Something has happened.
0cd93f74459f46da666618f9c5eab005fcc3afde	Let's go have tea.
9b66bd45110caccf58b5df37fb7e609cd0bfb771	Nicky was not in the garden or in the house.
13f15f05ba3d44392ae4209d1d15a23628a3cc40	Yura guessed that he was hiding from them because he was bored with them and Yura was not a match for him.
27e29f978dd282bbf52dcc3651322e36ac97458e	My uncle and Ivan Ivanovich went to study on the terrace, leaving Yura to loiter around the house without a purpose.
15c95e9e23ae5cee8ce46e8a7f63932836f5c7ab	There was an amazing charm here!
29faec69ee883d29921c1fe6f5676430ff85caf8	Every minute there was a clear three ton whistle of the willow, with intervals of waiting for the wet, as if extracted from a pipe, to completely permeate the neighborhood.
c4504a1eed9c6c0e177c0b790982ddac489d7680	A standing, lost smell of flowers in the air. rigvozhden was motionless in the heat to the flower beds.
3dc80e36196d8b4ed4e8a05b6e9984c6c649c14c	How it reminded me of Antibes and Bordighera!
c6f22cd83edce4f1f89fd68ba0c9462827ccafd2	Yura kept turning right and left every minute.
99e1d11aaece0d79688f5f45b063422484bcf165	The ghost of my mother's voice hung over the lawns like an auditory hallucination, it sounded like a Yura in the melodic turns of birds and the buzzing of bees.
a7ac9ff83bafcf3933091d55c01a8e64ae5dbdd0	Yura shuddered, he kept imagining that his mother was talking to him and calling him somewhere.
0bd090c2b2c9b7d1c2df38bdbb9e29a615b6588f	He went to the ravine and began to descend.
cada1c9bf442d1dde77f9ad686cc4aa1483a63d7	He descended from the sparse and clean forest that covered the top of the ravine, into the alder that lined its bottom.
9c16cb514e7bcd4004b8526afacf83233f699575	There was damp darkness, windbreak and carrion, there were few flowers and the jointed stems of horsetail looked like wands and staffs with Egyptian ornaments, as in his illustrated Holy Scripture.
3c652caa6938982012a6cb737828202c100ffacc	Yura was getting sadder and sadder.
aa9df22a86af70095323d75091381f77fdb54d5a	He wanted to cry.
f41e8e02734007e08cb947dc16c25c070c45c714	He fell to his knees and burst into tears.
958a57628875e997d795d1276b41cc1b3c84d889	"To the angel of God, my holy guardian," Yura prayed, " confirm my mind in the true path and tell my mother that I am happy here, so that she does not worry.
1a7aac27097887f097aa01d95754f4bcfb267557	If there is an afterlife, Lord, make Mummy in paradise, where the faces of saints and righteous women shine like luminaries.
5585d9f67d34806daa0a70a6249689925254e089	Mama was so good, it canot be that she was a sinner, have mercy on her, Lord, make her not suffer.
62006114d9e1a35a37408b4c9f543b3ba5f98da1	Mummy!
f03d94527a56aa536966da14fa7661ec34de1f14	– in heart rending anguish, he called her from the sky, like a newly venerated saint, and suddenly he could not stand it, fell to the ground and lost consciousness.
6b5779e594ed1dd53dc7065f2f96e07dbfeb744a	He did not lie unconscious for long.
2913db337cbe6f8263e4c24e2acfc114aa1a7133	When he woke up, he heard his uncle calling him from above.
8cd3b33475409572852a6c2d2f1d06c8929d7d5f	He answered and began to rise.
3b63040ef541d82f97cfc159416a21ed5a15836f	Suddenly he remembered that he had not prayed for his missing father, as Maria Nikolaevna had taught him.
69e55f0bf7214731d0f70fb506c23e01f12d1d77	But he felt so good after fainting that he did not want to part with this feeling of lightness and was afraid of losing it.
1c19616972313c5b2aad95ec0544ee8bceae5ab5	And he thought that it would be all right if he prayed for his father some other time.
ad9f40dc3b0f56c302f247553d231ccd725c1882	- It can wait.
8b1c4338d6ecc88876cef57a83b45bf4257dd709	He'll be patient – " he seemed to think.
b2ba75abca42ec33eea372ab3cb0d08eb624472e	Yura didnot remember him at all.
dc3c8ed84d4451e7518afd89abc3b97f3069c3c5	On the train, in a second class compartment, a second class high school student Misha Gordon, an eleven year old boy with a thoughtful face and large black eyes, was traveling with his father, a sworn lawyer Gordon from Orenburg.
a11ef67bf8eec3df31cb0ef246aecf6b24e7d788	The father moved to Moscow for service, the boy was transferred to the Moscow gymnasium.
b450441efb5d7cd6f7598e4c291180a7f2f51e9b	My mother and sisters had been there for a long time, busy with the troubles of arranging an apartment.
92b928157c49f7eff8053ed4c9594d4b337d22c8	The boy and his father were on the train for the third day.
4ca1b0f067228c1d562b8d7f7d65df24c4fc2c58	Russia, fields and steppes, cities and villages, flew past in clouds of hot dust, bleached by the sun like lime.
2fa603298c38660b2a3e767dde2c64b9f62a7aba	Carts stretched along the roads, turning heavily from the road to the crossings, and from the madly rushing train it seemed that the carts were not moving, and the horses were raising and lowering their legs in one place.
a79e92428e98825a05ab57e578c3f532e7d3f553	At large stops, passengers ran like mad to the buffet, and the setting sun from behind the trees of the station garden illuminated their feet and shone under the wheels of the cars.
58e7fe8d3fc2ea80f5f5403f271b43215eec3f5c	All the movements in the world individually were calculated sober, and in total they were unaccountably drunk by the general flow of life that united them.
d2e12baf2f039abb9236fca4647eb89423bd983f	People worked and fussed, driven by the mechanism of their own worries.
9e0a59b8e1aa688dfbf6955dc7b20da3ef8ecaf1	But the mechanisms would not work if their main regulator was not a sense of supreme and fundamental carelessness.
03d8d66b5b5154a7bb0da44cacfb980302db81b2	This insouciance was given by a sense of the coherence of human existences, confidence in their transition from one to another, a sense of happiness that everything that happens is happening not only on the earth, in which the dead are buried, but also in something else, in what some call the kingdom of God, and others history, and still others somehow.
5df7dbc976ffcfd1203d11fea94c0783e09318a7	The boy was a bitter and difficult exception to this rule.
527f0b0ff9a79054b7d6732d839cb7698764b6bb	His final spring remained a sense of preoccupation, and a sense of carelessness did not ease or ennoble him.
12aa1e699736381860fae039742a2cdd22a68fc5	He knew this inherited trait behind him and caught it with suspicious alertness
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ea963d5d73d680715383dcb52f495357310b347d	Home Art and entertainment Literature "Doctor Zhivago": analysis.
59de5d04b222c51aa6e0a5f92d3e3d889df67c7c	"Doctor Zhivago" - a novel by Pasternak
a4967bb2747cf8507f964261245e40a33285e49b	"Doctor Zhivago": analysis.
e4a13eb437f52c1da74fe9f8d926c001bf662213	Arts and entertainment Literature
9d1456dea1927b05f8fe24a55649af91eedcc9c6	Alyona Fiedler
c3bbd1339e2594c26ac082a7275208f1f17690d4	May 5, 2015
5772b0e91a817503f57d79e959c1e5c749a22dfb	B. Pasternak's novel "Doctor Zhivago" is often called one of the most complex works in the writer's work.
8e860cce5572d58eb8b02b60073b2c288c3642c8	This concerns the features of displaying real events (the first and October revolutions, world and civil wars), understanding his ideas, characteristics of characters, the name of the main one is Doctor Zhivago.
8f0ff566bf7ee8f0c5254762d3fcb84b7d3189d3	The analysis of the work about the role of the Russian intelligentsia in the events of the early XX century, however, is as difficult as its fate.
1b53cc7105619f559abfbd1d6a8916b02370a8a6	The first idea of the novel dates back to 17-18 years, but Pasternak began serious work only after almost two decades. 1955 marked the end of the novel, then there was the publication in Italy and the award of the Nobel Prize, from which the Soviet authorities forced the disgraced writer to refuse.
963201c30d163c5fefdf8a4c2b588d41c375ddef	And only in 1988, the novel was first published in the homeland.
9fd4f18f26d174a172c9b5f74a5c7268214a32c9	The title of the novel was changed several times: "The candle was burning" - the name of one of the poems of the main character, "There will be no Death", "Innokenty Dudorov".
c0ae49fb2bc76dfa5b001e6e1da2df63eab71c31	As a reflection of one of the aspects of the author's idea - "Boys and girls".
a84b63d5bf786f100abded749420123f37ee4479	They appear on the first pages of the novel, grow up, pass through the events that they witness and participate in.
75e85720e473103f938cd024855d2c4d4843f8a9	The adolescent perception of the world persists in adult life, which is proved by the thoughts, actions of the heroes and their analysis.
01eeb7dd882990d376351173b7a74cb8d7a3c4c5	Doctor Zhivago Pasternak was attentive to the choice of the name - this is the name of the main character.
fa19b27193386fcc3fec96abbd24d6a057e9acf1	First there was Patrikiy Zhivult.
9f2b716ecc20b8bed200df41343b0b0debe8ff5f	Yuri is most likely George the Victorious.
bb3622020617fb108abce234aae828ef7cfc4848	Zhivago's surname is most often associated with the image of Christ: "You are the son of the living God (the form of the genitive case in the Old Russian language)."
218a1dd9660383422c464c8b1aa37391db0a592b	In this regard, the idea of sacrifice and resurrection arises in the novel, which runs through the whole work like a red thread.
fab4901f7db34e1e28cbb3ccfb00360446592e5a	The image of Zhivago The writer focuses on the historical events of the first and second decades of the XX century and their analysis.
a75d2cb70a2cfe7ac132fa9e80b1ee199356868a	Dr. Zhivago Pasternak depicts his whole life - in 1903, he loses his mother and finds himself under the care of his uncle.
0979386f44d9392aef1f152f430926c952d9b7d5	And he also awakens an interest in poetry – he begins to write poetry – and philosophy.
8764b81b2cd4d9ffbeb28dfe3760712420ae2b39	The reader sees them through the prism of the main character's views and their analysis.
7695e77cfd9d9c677accd0d3856e408d999613e4	It is impossible to make people happy without their desire, it is criminal and, at least, ridiculous this is the conclusion that Dr. Zhivago comes to.
f737a276b492e288d780c21ea408f42c87d1c054	The appearance of a candle (for example, a young hero sees it in the window), personifying life, is symbolic.
de309dd36e9bea99687200efa7cc5b8dee5004a6	Or snowstorms and snowfall as a harbinger of adversity and death.
0d16e6c91430685623b2920052b7ca661d1305ae	There are symbolic images in the poetic diary of the hero, for example, in the poem "Fairy Tale".
08aeb2a8efb87042ddf49cade281f244466fd0bb	Here ,the "corpse of a dragon" - a victim in a duel with a serpent rider embodies a fairy tale dream that has turned into an eternity, as imperishable as the soul of the author himself.
8e6adb07cd83beb7373454928f6cc8890d6ec77e	Poetry Collection " The poems of Yuri Zhivago" - a total of 25 were written by Pasternak during the work on the novel and are one with him.
2168dd06a57d97fe6d003b0ff27c41e003164283	Dr. Zhivago the analysis shows that the poem is a reflection of his inner world appeals to the Almighty with a request to ease the fate assigned to him.
72663e7a67cb18a2ef90252dd7e780d558d4ef7a	The meaning of the novel Once "... waking up, we ... will not return the lost memory" - this thought of B. Pasternak, expressed on the pages of the novel, sounds like a warning and a prophecy.
ff37ceef0bbf41205da055b5a6bad6739f4ec6a6	As a result, everyone gets the opportunity to see the events in their own way and, as it were, becomes his co author.
c5abb5a88e8658ea1c6b1904f41e9463e6b49d02	The action of the novel is briefly transferred to the beginning of the forties, when Zhivago's half brother meets Tatiana, the daughter of Yuri and Lara, who works as a nurse, in the war.
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6114e1b0ca1455d05193b820a04ff38ee460a6ca	Summary: "Doctor Zhivago" Khachik Vasilyan Summary: "Doctor Zhivago" Khachik Vasilyan Boris Pasternak biography, life and work Natalia Semenova Analysis and history of the poem "Winter Nights" (Pasternak) An Tail Olga Ivinskaya: biography, photos, years with Boris Pasternak Tatiana Pixanova "Winter Night": analysis.
aff65db946d91672a6743f8dd656cbc868e8503d	Pasternak's poem "Winter Night" Ekaterina Fomkina Analysis of Pasternak's poem "Hamlet" Svetlana Pavlovskaya "Doctor Zhivago": the history of creation.
cd92dfe66e50f42cebb965d973c3eb08b06c82de	B. Pasternak, "Doctor Zhivago": summary Katerina Logunova Work (summary) "The most important thing", Mikhail Zoshchenko.
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a396c356a21d86b5f5fbda3b4d9138fc98da3656	Boris Leonidovich Pasternak's novel "Doctor Zhivago": summary
562e651ed9e37e713138f8bfbfb90cceeb0e36ea	Home "Soviet writers" Boris Pasternak "Boris Leonidovich Pasternak's novel "Doctor Zhivago": summary
899fafe3d29a3adee0df0cdc89b2b7c586bd1441	They were read by the West and categorically did not recognize the Soviet Union.
aad75bc9774ffc949d8de2c8e12707e766eab0a7	Abroad, he brought the author fame and the Nobel Prize, and at home – persecution, harassment, exclusion from the Union of Soviet Writers.
ae9d2b564f6667ee9aad85d876722443b16ccdc0	Years passed, the system collapsed, the whole country fell.
c9f464ed3681a7866721b2b79a7928389caff847	The motherland has finally started talking about its unrecognized genius and his work.
603c683226a75982b79af23222798f48b01c0c29	Textbooks were rewritten, old newspapers were sent to the furnace, Pasternak's good name was restored and even the Nobel Prize was returned (as an exception!) the son of the laureate.
f8b880b4a46303689dc8b69ed2daf6bbe2f83f6c	"Doctor Zhivago" has been sold in millions of copies to all parts of the new country.
f67356beabe168d7e8bb57709a08cb588b80a7ef	Yura Zhivago, Lara, the scoundrel Komarovsky, Yuryatin, the house in Varykino, " Melo, melo all over the earth...
79e15199396cef64042619524f6e8296d365a181	– - any of these verbal nominations is an easily recognizable allusion to Pasternak's novel for a modern person.
5f76f69a4ffe78bfb349f4eade607ee119ce789d	The work boldly stepped beyond the tradition that existed in the twentieth century, turning into a literary myth about a bygone era, its inhabitants and the forces that ruled them.
1b7dc0e96f4da0c8c385e6776f3431a21b5aeb24	Today, the authority of "Doctor Zhivago" and its creator is indisputable.
3cff78c4543a3d0942d6b8bf5db684bd9cf3b9a4	And the story of Dr. Yuri Andreevich Zhivago began in 1945, when Boris Pasternak sat down to write his main prose work.
de12d108c5e52d530d58c5fbdb268d3743db080b	History of creation: recognized by the world, rejected by the motherland
b63c6b5f2861e9f085415ccdc7792eed1e40abbe	The idea to write a great prose about the fate of his generation appeared in Boris Pasternak back in 1918 However, for various reasons, it was not possible to implement it.
451975a9646f4a9c7a903bcd3b612ccaf062d098	In the 30s, "Zhivult's Notes" appeared – such a sample of the pen before the birth of the future masterpiece.
c796b067adf822400f9e61e4c9f3e4f7c4562c0b	In the surviving fragments of the "Notes", there is a thematic, ideological and figurative similarity with the novel "Doctor Zhivago".
0d0327fce03d7fed5ccfcfa62b16e8f148f4f63c	So, Patrick Zhivult became the prototype of Yuri Zhivago, Evgeny Istomin – Grommet) - Larisa Fedorovna (Lara).
ccd2376ea0c8d3b9d04b51ab9eba2d31d7b082a6	In 1956, Pasternak sent the manuscript of "Doctor Zhivago "to the leading literary publications – "New World"," Banner","Fiction".
e4ce565309c539b5b423fc28b1d6f7475453d831	All of them refused to print the novel, while behind the "iron curtain"the book was released in November 1957.
514089c1a07d4072d95eabf27335f029fc5ece76	It was published thanks to the interest of Sergio D'Angelo, an employee of the Italian Radio in Moscow, and his compatriot publisher Giangiacomo Feltrinelli.
34dfd4c911419310f632dd27bcbc638373868781	In 1958, Boris Leonidovich Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize "For significant achievements in modern lyrical poetry, as well as continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel".
71db4c075b6477c840f8b7026fefe8ca0c39baad	Pasternak became the second Russian writer, after Ivan Bunin, to be awarded this honorary prize.
e0dfd0b916a9d7e2d733180c9f2829ceb1ae3afa	European recognition had the effect of an exploding bomb in the domestic literary environment.
0c3a0e08951e89a634217cad662cbeb39f8262d4	Since then, a large scale persecution of the writer began, which did not subside until the end of his days.
882b68a3c4d444f8017c3844301a6a1521678efb	Pasternak was called a "Judas", "an unscrupulous bait on a rusty hook", "a literary weed" and a "black sheep" that was bred in a good herd.
4faf88b65a6faae39bdc02253cfb8fe9c5166a80	He was forced to refuse the prize, expelled from the Union of Soviet Writers, showered with caustic epigrams, organized "moments of hatred" of Pasternak at factories, factories and other state institutions.
e27d64368e9ef6cce74004220858864c27b1250b	It is paradoxical that the publication of the novel in the USSR was out of the question, so most detractors did not see the work in their eyes.
098fd5442b2f3ddd24f824c0111dcf0f389ee8e9	Later, the persecution of Pasternak went down in literary history under the title " I havenot read it, but I condemn it!"
a1a24865c7242e8d4718724a9faad9a640cc150f	Ideological meat grinder
fbe56362d741cf4e789b31ae200a5af1df2319ca	Only in the late 60s, after the death of Boris Leonidovich, the harassment began to subside.
7b9379b4ee93b32b2d32b1facc60039304869c5f	In 1987, Pasternak was restored to the Union of Soviet Writers, and in 1988 the novel "Doctor Zhivago "was published on the pages of the magazine" New World", which thirty years ago not only did not agree to print Pasternak, but also posted an accusatory letter to him demanding that Boris Leonidovich be deprived of Soviet citizenship.
f0baf7efa6dba5a99f23eebc5bde0081ba0a41ee	It gave rise to a number of other artistic works – dramatizations and films.
b6840e05f7a5938edc78a7f51e107f8ee7f08f5d	The novel was filmed four times.
9d8c9dd8354a85457f0927c2e884601a9cb331fc	The most famous version was shot by a creative trio USA, Great Britain, Germany.
e7a35b6bc74092bbbdf8aff35517db4d0794a322	The project was directed by Giacomo Campiotti, the main roles were played by Hans Matheson (Yuri Zhivago), Keira Knightley (Lara), Sam Neill (Komarovsky).
9f0169b8d263e5c47115e5e689d5980f9834dd14	There is also a domestic version of "Doctor Zhivago".
27f96a7c4edeea97c082f32a3d34932a59a75cd6	It was released on TV screens in 2005.
ca2a907fa39b1af285c89347100867b9285549e9	The role of Zhivago was played by Oleg Menshikov, Lara Chulpan Khamatov, Komarovsky was played by Oleg Yankovsky.
240f6db55fdb2ae0f4d6a0f0861930c103f947de	The film project was directed by director Alexander Proshkin.
6567c0f0b9034a571f4cab42f4c2d958700fa8f0	Book One: Zhivago and the Antipovs
bcbfa2e117ad30dfea3b80c0d00f6f7eed34ef56	The novel begins with a funeral.
6facaa5ae3e5163e83d2da25acec3ead29164e23	They say goodbye to Natalia Nikolaevna Vedepyanina, the mother of little Yura Zhivago.
9bd33b26c3a20db25ebcf45d13c1a4ea587fb2f1	Now Yura has remained a complete orphan.
63c524da82355d7713d77a390546014491dc75ab	His father left them with his mother a long time ago, safely squandering the family's million dollar fortune somewhere in the vastness of Siberia.
016fb45990951ffb7ef9bfd99b94b15c07e27683	During one of these trips, after getting drunk on a train, he jumped out of the train at full speed and hurt himself to death.
fd54dbdcf97c2d5db6e25811623bdac4f8eb85d9	Little Yura was sheltered by relatives – the professor's family Gromeko.
5874dcb123ac20f959efa654e77617fb877218be	Alexander Alexandrovich and Anna Ivanovna accepted the young Zhivago as their own.
ae2c9eb700d09bda9f2ea861c8314a14e52fa75f	He grew up with their daughter Tonya – his main friend since childhood.
86f3d71b8321f75874c2a5a52b69b45187adb099	At the time when Yura Zhivago lost his old family and found a new one, the widow Amalia Karlovna Guishar came to Moscow with her children – Rodion and Larisa.
50f006e6a4019e14f866a0e6f90986a26a4925a3	A friend of her late husband, a respected Moscow lawyer Viktor Ippolitovich Komarovsky, helped organize the relocation of Madame (the widow was a Russified Frenchwoman).
f494c9fe5c60a2ade2091bd767ebd96e41801d0d	The benefactor helped the family to settle in a big city, arranged Rodka in the cadet corps and continued to visit Amalia Karlovna from time to time, a woman who was narrow minded and amorous.
465a3d7dd61a7c4f27af99ed1af755d602cf2be8	However, interest in her mother quickly faded when Lara grew up.
3ad90177f311941200badadc51a210eafef820bc	The girl developed quickly.
89d689d528650982055b1da7c785659a760bd9ab	At the age of 16, she already looked like a young, beautiful woman.
b15ed96840e17f7771710c9bc51032f58c0ca9c3	A graying lovelace seduced an inexperienced girl – without having time to recover, the young victim was in his nets.
96d778abd69b61d91524f3c9ac0aa25ad38b598e	Komarovsky was lying at the feet of a young lover, swearing in love and blaspheming himself, begging to open up to his mother and get married, as if Lara was arguing and disagreeing.
64babcdb05deacbe125ed549a9e28027312536be	And he continued to shamefully lead her under a long veil to special offices of expensive restaurants.
f07d4885e0f01f96a272dd80c3275de2b02f41ac	"Is it when they love, humiliate?"
bd8fce98e62bce77934b47fc6f320b0c6aa9b0f2	– Lara wondered and could not find an answer, hating her tormentor with all her soul.
1e562d24b49c2de0e7423990e23506a8d58e5d82	A few years after a vicious relationship, Lara shoots Komarovsky.
7f00f72a4f195b7117cb1d1a88d1a09404534bb2	It happened during the Christmas celebration at the venerable Moscow Sventitsky family.
371b407329a94fe173a389b1073e472262f0ebe0	Lara didnot get into Komarovsky, and, by and large, she didnot want to.
3a1c6435d79d7d7a43333fde1a200682e760dd2f	But without knowing it, she landed right in the heart of a young man named Zhivago, who was also among the invited guests.
cf05690f337c42413f9b048e9ab626a2343bb3c9	Thanks to Komarovsky's connections, the incident with the shot was hushed up.
3741fff15f6877a9994a05b78ac37da76e1486b4	Lara hastily married her childhood friend Patulya (Pasha) Antipov, a very modest and selflessly in love with her young man.
28d89775c1521166f8e720f4792f1f89e3a9d06a	After playing the wedding, the newlyweds leave for the Urals, in the small town of Yuryatin.
a723effe8cd36a2d8831e2abc4ee6149cb8f4b76	There their daughter Katenka is born.
2a6774dd37af594dda87e2ab8cf75385d242cc87	Lara, now Larisa Fyodorovna Antipova, teaches at the gymnasium, and Patulya, Pavel Pavlovich, reads history and Latin.
b5a3baf3ee7f238c49e3677ba0534718baf43aad	At this time, changes are also taking place in the life of Yuri Andreevich.
ff6ca4978b47dfcd571758b7c58bbc23311da8df	His named mother Anna Ivanovna dies.
9b25cdac8d13fd370ce53fb8cae76bc4bacd807b	Soon Yura marries Tonya Gromeko, a tender friendship with whom has long since turned into adult love.
ffcc2964f0a867669f6745bfa45bc7cefb7ea017	The measured life of these two families was disturbed by the outbreak of war.
6fa5776bbd5aef94e45508e85b13369e3b98b9c8	Yuri Andreevich is being mobilized to the front as a military doctor.
67eef57ab9559e246e94035a5a277f0b24d46735	He has to leave Tonya with his newborn son.
ac7b2d5be1230349e3866e8253ef0bbb794e839e	In turn, Pavel Antipov leaves his relatives of his own free will.
e23c5732dec6fe4899c39a78618f79bf44238607	He has long been burdened with family life.
a514d6a712a8ec17087f1c5b3d86619adc6487f3	Realizing that Lara is too good for him, that she does not love him, Patulya considers any options up to suicide.
888b75ed59a731664eaaf1544ed0b7ae09e8ec4b	The war came very handy – the perfect way to prove yourself as a hero, or to find a quick death.
044580c713c49c2ff65855c37fe6baee8497eb90	Book Two: The Greatest Love on earth
b75e70438da083fd4ee35cf6febb1753653c8c6f	Having sipped the sorrows of the war, Yuri Andreevich returns to Moscow and finds his beloved city in terrible ruin.
e85176990d343cd0ff402a4367240136d22b2857	The reunited Zhivago family decides to leave the capital and go to the Urals, to Varykino, where the factories of Kruger – Antonina Alexandrovna's grandfather used to be located.
c8d074f931ab6f223448e8626004d1a132e55ce4	Here, by coincidence, Zhivago meets with Larisa Fedorovna.
160030d8b372f7a5b945cfff539dada2904828e4	She works as a nurse in a hospital, where Yuri Andreevich gets a job as a doctor.
e95da90034a62c4ed8fa955d5e2cd16c858f93e2	Soon, a connection is formed between Yura and Lara.
6f66d49bf3c9050a09fa9b82db028ed342572dcb	Tormented by remorse, Zhivago returns to Lara's house again and again, unable to resist the feeling that this beautiful woman causes in him.
41a5ebbdcc6e1bed844fb80563e87754dc431832	He admires Lara every minute: "She does not want to be liked, to be beautiful, captivating.
41ffad9d43a7925b7f1cf5c5c7e15d8026ea57b0	She despises this side of the female essence and, as it were, punishes herself for being so good… How good everything she does is.
530d8820ed621bc3ffd7408148ba82fa06701188	She reads as if this is not the highest human activity, but something simple, accessible to animals.
8774eb95b128adb93a4eec4e1374b99798dd33ab	It's like she's carrying water or peeling potatoes."
8226bbf99bcb839b5172ab4f486a9b6a775f7f1d	The love dilemma is solved again by the war.
3e48fb7b1de23dd15dfb3b40b770eb94b96a6706	One day, on the way from Yuryatin to Varykino, Yuri Andreevich will be captured by Red partisans.
3157dc6f587f345cb5c49a1e621dd16fcd80ce9e	Only after a year and a half of wandering through the Siberian forests, Dr. Zhivago will be able to escape.
d6a98afdabe73583e660e2e946d2029c4edbc067	Yuryatin is captured by the Reds.
edd987ee007615b81c965651eb56af331f696d20	Tonya, her father in law, her son and daughter, who were born after the doctor's forced absence, left for Moscow.
a5c653eb09215e45a805eb5015e0b04ee68f121a	They manage to get the opportunity to emigrate abroad.
f051cdf27b8c5fb5bf24b4ac72326a469e3b0097	Antonina Pavlovna writes about this to her husband in a farewell letter.
1459276f1361c8d19ee25ed2a9ed7c9ca50a2078	This letter is a cry into the void, when the writer does not know whether his message will reach the addressee.
aa73a60ccc9d95343c91fb17190fc64f7a305679	Tonya says that she knows about Lara, but does not condemn the still dearly beloved Yura.
ee001a48e6cafe994553004fa260d0987a19324d	"Let me cross you," the letters cry out, " For all the endless separation, trials, uncertainty, for all your long, long dark path."
1ac3cf888052cd3696ac09bfbdc784034ce0c22e	Having lost forever the hope of reuniting with his family, Yuri Andreevich begins to live with Lara and Katenka again.
915ea2303954926a049ec1fbb97cd641c9729c54	In order not to flash once again in the city that has raised red banners, Lara and Yura retire to the forest house of the deserted Varykino.
5e925f02ff9abbd21df02e4d5f75f7cf8122b35f	Here they spend the happiest days of their quiet family happiness.
0ea396ded25ca3cd9a8f40403ae5964f5b3f97fc	Oh, how good it was for them together.
1faf1178d775648112b05f40080e2408de1f5723	They liked to talk for a long time in a low voice, when a candle was comfortably burning on the table.
c522cc6cc37780862617976f3a444ee98fc277ad	They were united by the community of souls and the gap between them and the rest of the world.
cf0c4975deddea8c5219dcb2d82e67dd9738bdcb	"I'm jealous of your toilet items," Yura confessed to Lara – " For the drops of sweat on your skin, for infectious diseases that are carried in the air… I am crazy, without memory, I love you endlessly."
b8af6bcb61cf573294495beac50ec68f8163600c	"We were definitely taught to kiss in the sky," Lara whispered, " And then we were sent to live at the same time as children to test this ability on each other."
341dfe7135b0c3d3ead845bb1bbba9f99462f25b	Komarovsky bursts into the Varykin happiness of Lara and Yura.
eb5aebfee0e286d948ebf996362e9c7e60af382c	He informs them that all of them are threatened with reprisal, he conjures them to escape.
b31cdacd0f46092950d12297fda4c58a4f8c701a	Yuri Andreevich is a deserter, and the former revolutionary commissar Strelnikov (aka the supposedly deceased Pavel Antipov) fell out of favor.
6f051d14232fbba712d4c3229a1502f44b0adc34	His loved ones are waiting for an imminent death.
1d2d8906d9dde21156777ec672da58351dce1727	Fortunately, a train will pass by the other day.
92791bd2fe6170c944cc524a83cb46e0d302f14d	Komarovsky can arrange a safe departure.
c1ac1b4521554a729edc8ca05c58763e20188970	This is the last chance.
44eab329afd0a66fb454c9640ae63322db15ca3a	Zhivago flatly refuses to go, but for the sake of saving Lara and Katenka, he goes to deceit.
a0ac0cbfdbe793ba3cb20ccb213344c4e8b3193b	At the instigation of Komarovsky, he says that he will go after them.
3592d50fbc01c20adf21b746aabebf7c497ec4fa	He himself remains at the forest house, without really saying goodbye to his beloved.
4be41935f4e371e92857c161f4843c4c2c47e2be	Poems by Yuri Zhivago
fe6d4df5d0eccc8e808e878c0cfd2293c5fe7ac3	Loneliness drives Yuri Andreevich crazy.
120485155c46c51b88c87a604568c1e171b20a7e	He loses count of the days, and drowns out his furious, bestial longing for Lara with memories of her.
fb77686b5233069aa1fddc322900002b657b400b	During the days of Varykinsky seclusion, Yura creates a cycle of twenty five poems.
da627306832a34d09a71cfd689b668e009f6abba	They are attached at the end of the novel as "The Poems of Yuri Zhivago":
7f9254d0178f03f89d445f9b9eb3cd7972c1b10e	"Hamlet" ("The hum has subsided. I went to the stage");
b409766a9b3785b1f6f8334b107d4e1fab2dd152	"March";
7131f19d593d1378845644a62ccd408b7f987436	"On Strastnaya";
b5c667990868e9aed75ef1662e42c10790f052c9	"White Night";
b070eea57184a240aaaede54b02b4625d3a2af53	"The Spring Wanton";
11853b394c59e5e6547d956d1743cd72aaf7fc0e	"Explanation";
360c6ff7f4f0dd46a7212bad23964ba67e0c3946	"Summer in the city";
1235fd1e40d2ab840984d9d15c15938d06566082	"Autumn" ("I let my family leave...");
cbe52955e59f4636b64c6e38243ddb0d3f793e0a	"Winter Night" ("The candle was burning on the table...");
7880bc56fcab369cd94ab01ded8fe21992bd3e0e	"Magdalene";
56aa3129ac93c34cebdbce91fa308c07f01b42dd	"The Garden of Gethsemane", etc.
f64bdcd27be0f7d1bbe97ac94dc68b8fbabfa22c	One day a stranger appears on the doorstep of the house.
fefb7c0c4496c27a4d687f52191c630506c77da3	This is Pavel Pavlovich Antipov, aka the revkom Strelnikov.
e17228915affb1e947ef0356d5c5d3153a10eff8	Men talk all night.
174e5c5f119007465234d2630c9d65f6020a26bf	About life, about the revolution, about disappointment, and a woman who was loved and continues to be loved.
1b2a308ea70f3e2cfb985f3cf09b0905ad1656ac	In the morning, when Zhivago fell asleep, Antipov put a bullet in his forehead.
de2468f3c5133921aa3254a32eb022c32b9d68d0	Return to Moscow
45521a7de2a6b61e676f57978a807742040cb833	It is not clear how the doctor's affairs were further, it is only known that he returned to Moscow on foot in the spring of 1922.
ff4074c729c60c01b851e5eb9ba0ef9b2bfc00fa	Yuri Andreevich settles with Markel (the former janitor of the Zhivago family) and gets along with his daughter Marina.
222227dca43c572796ae78947413cbb053b3b0f4	Yuri and Marina have two daughters.
77045bea3ab9d7404b9667d1d593240ca7122361	But Yuri Andreevich no longer lives, he seems to be living out his life.
99a8aa4ec6f6fb93e1c6be404a518b930690a9ed	He abandons his literary activity, is poor, accepts the submissive love of the faithful Marina.
554c4707e6b3bc3346946e3aa0e7ade6f85436ef	One day Zhivago disappears.
6443ef7fe169e816f33a7df6be4bd49bc99ec5ef	He sends a small letter to his common law wife, in which he says that he wants to be alone for some time, to think about his future fate and life.
de28e7a580ecd38324259df1e941c0aeb7f15a1b	However, he never returned to his family.
929143f1259eb8bc7baa57c8b868318ac5b695f5	Death caught Yuri Andreevich unexpectedly in the car of the Moscow tram.
a692a03bc121849b99691e9dbf96eeef271a793b	He died of a heart attack.
d363f03e5b37dd97e554af62f682ec5d8e605dac	In addition to people from the inner circle of recent years, an unknown man and woman came to Zhivago's funeral.
ca8c9431ba466c16e27fe37445a6d46ba6a6cc74	These are Yevgraf (Yuri's half brother and his patron) and Lara.
443e232638afe2078f5a90f4b987698fb8a74de6	"Here we are together again, Yurochka.
55902da1d898e05f37acf9c9d2f4ee069eef41ae	How God brought me to see you again...
fcdcde0d47f494d03d0cb600a8c6fcffbbf8dbba	– Lara whispers softly at the coffin, - Goodbye, my big and dear, goodbye to my pride, goodbye to my fast river, how I loved your whole day splash, how I loved to throw myself into your cold waves… Your departure, my end."
7111104ea2ab0dbd88466cdfa6834d406390f379	We invite you to read the biography of Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, a poet, writer, translator, publicist – one of the most prominent representatives of Russian literature of the twentieth century.
32e5e2bd9f7de9e7fe96511cde39d9f995db1e70	The greatest fame for the writer was brought by the novel "Doctor Zhivago".
cc88907f601f72de610e75908744a88d0ac5b2cf	Laundress Tanya
d7a47daa5f9613c38f1d908230989b4eb0bd671f	Years later, during the Second World War, Gordon and Dudorov they meet with the laundress Tanya, a narrow minded, simple woman.
7bedd77d5c8be736c8995e27cf4c3d3219fb3237	Gordon and Dudorov soon realize that Tanya is the illegitimate daughter of Yuri Andreevich and Larisa Fyodorovna, who was born after leaving Varykino.
58d036fc9ec880b7109a0577a3a57ca5bee49b5c	"This has happened several times in history.
3d909d4047350fd05a4daaeccfcbd61313405724	What was conceived perfectly, loftily, became coarse, materialized."
a3d4504d149f63093a99f43ff792ea5ad9e84aa8	Russian Russian Enlightenment – the Russian Revolution, Tatiana Zhivago turned into a laundress Tanya.
d36c86bb99a3315c43bf0ab8ce47c5993731bcf2	Posherit
c6ef74aa4d59febd232fc4fbca73f555a3db2af6	Biography of the writer, poet and publicist Boris Pasternak
c9911fdfc754512827095150260a1ddaf3796c29	Vitaliy11 November 2014
5d202e08c1406f3ea54329ea12b98c055f0517a8	16 comments
6829dd45c951941935c161be3d381db9114a4b6e	November 13, 2014 Victor Reply
e0ff4ac1ccdcb7b1ce5040ec1c905b690802dfa6	Many thanks for the article, I was born in the USSR and didnot even know who Boris Pasternak was.
abeef5feb50f306b6a4686179fce5ed1063524e0	About three years ago I found out about him, now I decided to get acquainted with his work.
417a9c52e09e6b8e86bb2a666d3ca232e75aebf2	In my opinion, this is the best novel of the USSR.
7728a49316ad7a5c7cfd97fa78387c162c19bdbd	It is very bad that earlier our government closed access to this writer.
61303b47ccbe8c43392286665dd57ea67209d786	In general, I liked this novel, I advise everyone.
1f5dfb186c16d6efd34818dc4cafdaaf2ef2bac1	Tell me more famous and addictive novels (the best in your opinion).
f8242c56e8900b8e2cbb3b0551681303b82a11cb	November 13, 2014 Valentin Reply
31201de0e70e71007304bac3bd070bde7eb6781e	Thank you for trusting the opinion of our site, it will try to select only the best books.
0563479aaaee89fd972b59e401877c634af05bd0	There were many talented and creative people in the USSR, and only a few of them broke through the concrete of the communist state.
5622c9a736739980ec01b2c4f28ac26c0b14d850	November 13, 2014 Victoria Reply
695a594b5b7e598d333820c34ea275a076cceb99	Just yesterday I started reading "Doctor Zhivago", where the fate of little Yura, who was left without a mother and without a father, is traced from the first pages.
6f2a974a5fbb1192d55b6b11f9561667fb4f0828	It is good that later Yura found a new family: a professor, his wife and their daughter Tonya, whose friendship develops into adult love, and they become spouses.
d107ade47bb2f8f25f69d2207e98c63eb997ac81	If possible, I will try to read "Doctor Zhivago" further to learn the history of the heroes.
16dac16311ef33e2cfc9e446994ec07832fe57e7	November 14, 2014 Maria Reply
c4e9f51c8a50742d1e598db61605a356e93b6c60	A very interesting article.
29b02a95d1c87835905d48cd72ffbf0440890acb	My acquaintance with the work of Boris Pasternak began at school, when we read and discussed excerpts of his works at literature lessons.
f7bb3d598936cb1d2062ee3afbe83ea0d25709b8	Now, from the height of the past years, I reread his works with great pleasure.
d038290ccaeb16697d6a55d0609f663fc5d5b3ce	In particular, "Doctor Zhivago" finished reading quite recently.
8620e13e935c8898664d06ef35de6f23f2b1a538	A life book, a plot, an interesting one.
b195d367c028a8434f7878a935eea7336e979cd2	November 16, 2014 Valentin Reply
50de24f02cbbf5c2fa3a872606fa2491a88028e5	How good it is when students do not ignore the school curriculum, but read the books that they ask.
232a83e112da3d04587fa40f3675ba55ed571a0d	It is good when a child learns to understand and read a book in advance, this habit can help a lot in the future, it will help to form a good worldview and not get into unnecessary company.
fb5af20904615dbf299db0e98ddddd1b509dc7c3	November 14, 2014 Igor Reply
44781a464e6697d444de00fa2c6009d2d897034b	I was writing a test at the institute based on the novel "Doctor Zhivago".
c4ff4c14cb351f187421f86e46c3da0fca981594	The novel is interesting not only as a description of the revolutionary era of our country, but also allows us to understand the people who lived at that time.
421f0197e46146d8659005f7deec51d2fb458423	What I like about the novel, it does not, like in M. Sholokhov's "Quiet Don", divide people into red and white.
9c29c9de49957899033ec88f0c19fe1f04414178	Each person has his own truth, for which he is fighting.
dc4add2a726ef0e919eb33db0cff938d6c05336d	And the author does not take anyone's side, whitewashing some and denigrating others.
7deadcd1216ae05473f152fa9ffd7737a81fafcc	It simply reveals the reality of those years.
6fabca5fb9284ba0ea34f30b3b89a1065ba8a60a	The fact is that in the Quiet Don it is shown that this is an artificial division.
f2889154da68e6f7587fdd74c719cb630d4061dd	The younger Melikh does not have to choose which circle of people he belongs to, he is carried away to the red then to the white, but his soul does not lie to any one, he just wants simple human happiness, he wants to protect his land.
5f1e1a2b346bfb6402487d03b4ad173db73e9435	November 14, 2014 Victoria Reply
15e80a94b3f74dfbd87d8055718c4a151735a96f	November 20, 2014 Alyona Reply
5fd3a801a4a55b27ad40b36f8f469d9a7e81b255	We passed "Doctor Zhivago" at school, but I could not master it.
e0eeea61170ec9a86e2c92902075328f3af0d6df	Very difficult to read.
dbe59b2b269eb5b52e227921bc89f3b97424039f	I still canot finish reading it: I start and quit.
c06ac7ed488e23f0023e83a7d1a49af466dc8dd8	Because of this, I can not fully understand the genius of the work.
3c4ad7afc99577b7991e53b3daf2011e1d0bf8e3	In recent years, I have swallowed Tolstoy, Zola, Chekhov, E. Proust in one gulp, but I canot eat Pasternak.
73be1915ec38aaa90d15ed01cf5dcba1af540221	I have read the summary, but I am sure that it is necessary to read the book itself.
37ca9db8f1090ece68366e3464377207e04d523d	I hope, sometime later, I will be able to enjoy this novel recognized all over the world (except for me).
6c9b81b2ef0bf1a73c89b1f926873b70b7dd677d	November 20, 2014 Valentin Reply
b19adf9128849362e32538e86bb34d7685391fa8	In general, of course, if you interrupt reading, you will not be able to catch the spirit of the work.
ddfc18fb5fa48ac0444718aa62903989b251020a	You may perceive the information, but it will be difficult to keep all the characters in your head, to track the chain of events.
0824eb3353b82d9af8988517c3cb0b445a92edbc	December 22, 2014 Tati Reply
67d1a88e983d3b1cfcfb17c2a70336d2c36b1195	This is a classic!
7b7eec89552cdaacb465e56b5619f620b5d94544	Everyone should read this great work!
352c95da97d09b28fe43265e6581f99009af9586	The book is really amazing, it's a whole life!
8c75a448b1334391150d6e963a85d2ad5feab0d5	Incredible love, friendship, honor, self sacrifice, the pain of loss… The atmosphere is addictive, as if you are experiencing all the events and emotions yourself.
b55be7f9e8a6219bda7fc6de1f120bf1eecdfabb	I think everyone should read it and experience it, plunge into amazing events, and, perhaps, rethink their life.
0d8d72c17555e99bbcde753cc545c11b26de47c5	December 29, 2014 Irina Irina Reply
8b9af195370dc3bc9827aaa89eb3e69a1e276a45	I read the book "Doctor Zhivago" quite recently.
1638069e565627da3080ad4e5e17716114cbcb40	My daughter was asked to read literature at school and I read it with her for one thing to help her understand this book.
744a6f3c0d61e5ab8df833ff20fa24d7c12bba0f	The book is easy to read, but it causes very complex feelings.
1b7b36221f1214f42e0144b8c935db8edc8b6cb8	A difficult time, broken destinies, a destroyed country.
15d4ed1d466fcbd13a30eb34d88cb2dd5b18e967	That time required a tough, purposeful character, and weak people put a bullet in their forehead or just went with the flow and found themselves in a swamp from which they could not get out.
fba90e1004bb3e20354891b46e78b97f6e5bc100	February 1, 2015 Victoria Reply
5ea1d4bf90f2cb557aefe13c6926ba45a2e9b1f7	I am reading an article by Inna Leschuk "Boys and girls in troubled times" - a review of the book by Boris Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago".
35679f0a38079dd7d9feae0075b328a9fa90c47f	Here is a small excerpt from it, maybe someone will be interested: "... The author of Doctor Zhivago was not satisfied with his life, his behavior, his creativity.
afd30c60b1ac7c37236819a6ce7ec6640db56d60	The creation of the novel was a conscious repentance and a conscious sacrifice."
ed8c7f79a0714086b90946a6175be199fb188d5d	Pasternak was a Christian and, according to the author of the article, grieved in his novel about the desecration of the most precious thing that the Creator rewarded man with – his God likeness.
80fc81e6f020bb883810d253facbbf562cb9290b	February 2, 2015 Valentin Reply
bdf80c4337b1cd96b15f7131fe9445a76e77ab39	Interesting fact, I didnot know.
f3a22049468e8992f1ad4b7d18d3955fae912d6c	Well, it's hard not to agree with him that every year people are trying more and more to destroy the image of God that is in their souls.
2f4d3d1dc7961db1a820ed2689b7c22a6e4b969d	November 9, 2015 Olga Reply
d77fa7b8dfe854af71966977f3016348ca783cba	I cannot agree with the fact that everyone is trying to destroy the image of God in man.
f25b77028f5114adf5d0b19ffa94e6b1fc95f9ba	Those who do not know God and do not seek to meet him are being destroyed.
f5db4b28b22aeeba5e5fb7b3ddabb57a0f3520d2	This happens for various reasons.
b377ead8e7c5c406322659b61bfe73c996640556	Many simply do not know where and who will be able to help at least read and understand the most amazing book of all time, the Gospel, which has everything to preserve the image of God.
e639b5c9bd47e304e521243b9db8f0d2490acffa	November 24, 2015 Valentine Reply
6d3f14e357a94d993d19b465619330b1d474bbf2	And it is very sad that people do not know about the Gospel.
970f20c1ccc98ce4c6296f6238fd92e95fd855a6	And it is a pity that the main church of the country pays very little attention to the Gospel in order to convey it to people.
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697e731783a3e92511c23df10b6333d23f9a82b9	victory", " after such generosity, the historical elements turned to cruelty and wisdom of the dullest and darkest pre war years.
2b6d1db0eea9cfc4ba015b8c33c9f9d6e596b1ae	" (232, 97). The writer is "no longer able" "only to put up with the administrative painting of the destined", considering it necessary " beyond submission. to do something expensive and personal, and to a more risky degree than it used to be, to try to go out in public" (187, 221).
18b85efe9d0dcaed90e22d1209c3c827c42307cb	The novel "Doctor Zhivago" became an expression of B. Pasternak's extreme opposition to the state system, which leads to the complete depersonalization, averaging of a person.
4e08c9c8485e3b411a0473d8a3429b0dc6eb6183	As rightly said I. Kondakov, the novel of Boris Pasternak "opposed ideology, psychology, and politics of totalitarianism solely as works of art (and not as a journalistic essay, a philosophical treatise, political doctrine, albeit dressed in clothes fictional)", "as art for non art aesthetic - unaesthetically, as the work of an artist trying to survive in the struggle with the circumstances precluding art, artistry, recognizing the only "nuts and bolts" tasks" (210, 529).
f8337750cbb585b63d50a80f93ffc86bf2f4065b	Roman argued, deeply humane view of the identity based on the idea of exceptional intrinsic value of human wealth and the unique originality of his inner world.
f6893a74762892ac4afdae76ff5cb1c9d54b3e05	This is the initial position of the author, the disclosure of which is carried out in the artistic whole of the work.
5418cf287b95024cfefad66e2086720549cfee1a	This is the essence of the lyrical concept of personality specific to the XX century.
006df79e941d4b59b516d9a98d1960480889cec3	In the history of Russian literature of the last century,the novels "Three Years"(1895) and "My Life"(1896) by A. P. Chekhov, "The Life of Arsenyev" by I.
6f945000ea78641b1200d6f43ffde279927398c1	A. Bunin (1938) were considered as lyrical.
a42f2065e761901d5a10e274830e40a9da23b4cc	Their uniqueness is explained by the special, rarely encountered quality of the artistic talent of their creators.
9da576c06a4840286d1099e431ca62e8fabe7ad1	It allows you to create an epic work with such an increased poetic density, which is equal to the poetic density of the verse.
7139e2fc42ededa778946db095d014bc893e3312	"The definitions of concentrated depiction and penetrating emotionality, which usually appear only at certain points throughout the vast length of the novel, here move in front of us in a continuous sequence, "V. Dneprov wrote about I.
98d15d3ebeff0929a0afeb2dbd150a4fa1a79310	A. Bunin's novel"The Life of Arsenyev".
7398feece958a91778ae948f6a3e992c28bd2e76	- This definition does not come immediately to even a great artist, they have to bear and save the days, months, years" (32, 526).
1eccd3e6381ed142010c3c9562e36dc27139618a	A lyrical novel by V. Dneprov, "it may be only as the fruit of a long life of the artist, as a result of huge work on finding and collecting accurate take of reality" (32, 526).
274934e36e82c08ac4c9249756d9d21c9a19eec7	The novel "Doctor Zhivago" tends to be lyrical 27.
79032342b23420978bf5dbdd8c9c3201809535f3	It was created at a late stage of creativity, and for this, according to the definition of the contemporary writer D. Spassky, B. Pasternak "needed everything. poetic arsenal".
0f5435b1dc978124077cecdfbdb0577e20f61786	The purpose of this study is to identify the artistic originality of the novel "Doctor Zhivago" through the prism of the author's problems, since the position of the author in the work represents "a certain organic center, which can simultaneously consider and how [product - approx. E. B.] the core of his heart" (76, 15).
7bd55a16386005bcdde306742e2946a92375a1d3	The goal defines the objectives of the study - the study of subjective and unsubjected forms of expression of author's consciousness in the novel.
e93bb28dce1d060a983b8a604533c3da188f379b	The solution of the tasks is carried out based on the methodological principles of literary criticism, theoretical provisions on the problems of the novel genre, developed in the works of M. Bakhtin, L. Ginzburg, M. Girshman, V. Dneprov, D. Zatonsky, B. Korman, N. Rymar, V. Skobelev and others, which formed the theoretical and methodological basis of the research.
ba33de397b85ffaa3fb673eadb6b2f2c84ebc43c	The structure of the dissertation is subordinated to the specified goals and objectives.
6402124f2eb3b76a625191a81088ed157878ef3a	The first chapter is a historical and theoretical excursion into the field of Russian lyrical prose - one of the significant, but little studied phenomena of literature of the XX century.
793d0285c829c9916182b6bcbcd97822d8a6ae15	The novel "Doctor Zhivago" is thus considered in its broad context.
d177edc565d85854b0966c3928d784a4d7fa97a6	The further course of the research is carried out on the basis of a combination of theoretical positions and a concrete analysis of the poetics and philosophy of the novel.
1ae8f49ff71d5397caa56e34fd0226ae8e5e6d97	The second chapter is devoted to the analysis of the subjective forms of expression of the author's consciousness - the images of the author, the narrator and the lyrical hero.
529396b8097281a319181a8b426eeea156046a51	The third chapter reveals the features of the plot and compositional organization of the work: the originality of the beginning, the beginning and denouement of the novel action, the specifics of the extra fictional parts of the novel (the epilogue and the notebook of Yuri Zhivago's poems).
213fa1e20828e35a8a68d500bfaff4929e3e2b86	In conclusion, the results of the study are summarized and promising directions for further study of the novel are outlined.
5f738869e3b28b4f1b2f97db6c883a3798c2a875	The bibliographic list attached to the dissertation includes 413 28 titles of research devoted to general theoretical problems, the study of the poetic and prose heritage of B. Pasternak, as well as biographical studies and memoirs about the writer.
f660d1900e80d7cfd3b8240457a5e3261ed02204	The pronounced autobiography of lyrical prose caused the need to carefully study the facts of B. Pasternak's personal and creative biography.
459fbdd2bfe25b10c3628f47c82feef339452774	This material, called "The Chronicle of the life and work of B. Pasternak", is placed in the appendix to the dissertation.
ffbbc64cda9994abb39a4de233c5f14ca9b10bfb	The practical significance of the dissertation lies in the fact that the developed material can be used in general courses on the history of Russian literature of the XX century, in the preparation of special courses and special seminars on the work of B. Pasternak in the practice of university and school teaching of literature.
bfa6ef6d94e177ad882d7663d04e2fa1f54a2fdf	The appendix to the dissertation ("Chronicle of the life and work of B. Pasternak") is a kind of compendium, systematically and quite fully covering the events of the writer's personal life and creative activity.
0a2b1505d5a5f43fc3537c5586638d98bbb585af	These materials will provide practical assistance to school wordsmiths and philology students.
fafd192e3756ec6e9fdd5fc4b11075d2751facba	Conclusion of the scientific workdissertation on the topic "The author and the hero in the novel by Boris Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago""
d596fbc03124fee483d4cdc1b0c7de1f4d9b7f1d	CONCLUSION The literature of the XX century is distinguished by a pronounced attraction to synthetic, hybrid forms of reflection of reality.
edfce5278007bf9cb5e380fc60001ef971473ea9	They arise as a result of the erasure, "blurring" of clear boundaries not only at the secondary level between genres, but, more importantly, between genera, that is, at the primary level.
dc06937310cfef5b8a09fdf7db3471e35494c3af	The activation of this process leads to the enrichment of literature with borderline, two gendered genre formations, which are characterized by a special flexibility of form and an extraordinary content capacity and, therefore, are able to adequately capture the full breadth and diversity of cultural thinking of the epoch.
614e99b23c8ba7d9d2f5b12d97f5178eb3472299	This kind of phenomenon is lyrical and lyricized prose, which has a two gendered, lyric epic nature.
545ff5ed4726d73eed92ca557b363499ba3d5331	In the dynamic interaction of the lyrical and the epic, which forms the generic basis of lyrical prose, the priority belongs to the lyrics.
80f236ae35cb4a1759da003a60ba6a2db0b9088a	The lyrical principle does not act as a trend concerning certain aspects of the narrative, but as a law that organizes the artistic whole.
bb1b9352967f3b93682def1014f7a805119d010b	The epic is crowded with lyrics, but it is not completely absorbed by it.
c7ec83d2f6f5db1559cbed63113c99b0e635339d	Moreover, being saturated with lyrical content, the epic in the new conditions reveals its deep, hidden semantic potential.
ff67cea336f1ac586ad1749c568400a320be8675	The dominance of the lyrical principle radically changes the nature of the reproduction of reality.
a77c174eb73cbda5d40d59b25ab3430a35757ef7	Objectivity, distancing from the world are replaced by the element of feelings, close contact.
25268ab7986c5b9ba5abc7ee752c01e8b5ee99f8	Hence, the main feature of the lyrical narrative is the reproduction of the worldview, and not the worldview.
79759ffd7731c4cc820e003199f519dea5845ac0	Therefore, the events of the external world are presented not so much in a detailed description, but through the prism of thoughts and feelings about them.
71cc36570aaefce165fb0c52982a6b72bdc57ce8	Their external insignificance and prosaic character are an expression of a simple but deeply human truth of existence.
7ee10cc012fbacf968a9f6e7c5a14c2c114b7100	The poetic image is created through the ordinary, even the banal, and in spite of it.
6d8a4f98b8d038ac6ea0e43160b35c6ecabcba10	The artlessness and simplicity of the speech structure of lyrical prose enhances the sense of authenticity of spiritual confessions and at the same time acts as a sign of deep poetry.
a03eb3c9bf3ca275c4051dc0173b8a3db5a24b45	Lyrical prose is aimed primarily at the full and all encompassing disclosure of the inner world of the hero, which is achieved by a special selection and arrangement of the material - its "lyrical division".
50c3b4492210b123fa9b07c9a3a632acc12e4f30	The subjective position of the protagonist is the "highest instance of moral truth", the moral center of the work and is outside the object evaluative sphere.
29e810504cb080286c46240176c2cf8329c4e65a	The author's consciousness is equated with the "sovereign consciousness" of the lyrical subject, who acts as the author's alter ego.
12f10d81f064734ce985705efaeb5655e3b7f157	The appearance of lyrical prose is due to the reasons of the intra literary order and the general laws of time.
54b0b19d3d64f87f9ee6a0615121b87640b87f47	On the one hand, Russian lyrical prose appears as a kind of reaction to rationalism, didacticism and schematism, that is, anti artistic tendencies that prevailed in the literature of the 40s early 50s.
38ee685a241e77a5ea8920a97148fb0035dc7aa1	On the other hand, the formation of lyrical prose, its small and large genres, reflects the urgent need to affirm humane values.
590bab6699faa1b7e6993a24a86cc11f3ce12996	The XX century is characterized by an unprecedented increase in world contradictions.
3f0a7147981287ce9fcca3c71da91690f473450b	The profound social thinker Pitirim Sorokin called the twentieth century "the bloodiest and most senseless", pointing to the" impoverishment and awakening of the beast "in man as the worst of the social and moral consequences of" imminent wars "and" bloody revolutions " (Cit. po: 242, 56).
f002860648d80de7513632968d61f6c32f1a7166	The state of general disharmony of life actualizes, puts in a particularly acute form the whole complex of traditional problems associated with the existence of a person in society, nature, the world as a whole.
51761b85bb85d94885f56e48cff495f841edd677	Literature, responding to the demands of time, goes to new ways of solving them.
d32d423ada9a16323c8232b7f362731056ebb94f	The lyrical concept of personality, specific for the XX century, which forms the basis of lyrical prose, reveals the exceptional value, richness and unique originality of the inner world of a person.
53aac3f4f26f30a1c253b4425e4b88156d91b7f1	Love for man and the world is, as in the lyrics, the initial and defining principle of the lyrics coy prose, its "constantly solved problem".
c99ea790c2b341afe1a0bc192d69a5faf0bb8156	"Talk . about a feeling, it means to nourish it, a whole range of feelings only grows by mention or expression.
07384f3a72673c158dfba19246f4af4007b5d77d	That's why love or some kind of it is so declamatory, " wrote B. Pasternak (371, 195).
0d75470afd3af9b74920f4ee186dead147969a76	Thus, lyrical prose has a great power of influence.
926324892ff30a7e92b87db813765b0fbd592742	Its "increased suggestiveness" ("the deployment of a semantic link in an unexpected semantic chain, and the omission of logical links, the suggestion of unnamed ideas to the reader" (406, 343)), is aimed at the fact that ".man, having read and understood, will be unable to actions that are contrary to his human nature" (268, 8).
ba06166ef05b56de91139a7f606a297a155da441	The lyrical prose, involving, in contrast to the traditional epic storytelling, closer, closer contact with the world, transforms a critical attitude to reality, or rather the opposition, in the artist's desire to find a way to unite with the world.
8504e3c1fed7a8a44b7bc4e05b16d237fdcc0955	The basis for solving these complex tasks becomes for the writer his own inner world, accumulated spiritual experience.
82aa34319e7434015b41dc5eb0d73f39884061e2	Comprehension of the contradictions of real reality occurs through self reflection, attempts to understand oneself in time.
986811ed601d30331a6e54b78a1bb282ebedb054	The artist's life experience, being transformed into an artistic image, gives him a special persuasiveness, reliability and influence.
29a309f9bce64cf842d719ebb972be2cbe3d6ec1	It is no accident that lyrical prose appears in the environment of autobiographical literature.
e224a13ddd5ae35a4a20100f07be4c7beb9cab5d	The artistic features of lyrical prose are expressively revealed in a large genre form - a lyrical novel.
570167796898335892140bb38c2a65407dd7bf84	"Doctor Zhivago", completed during the period of active formation of lyrical prose - in the 50s, has a very specific generic nature.
f010dde5b6b93912c401b5588e0750de4104d195	The epic and the lyrical appear in it in a complex unity.
f64c1c056a14de938f737ca0c3e49029a0205923	However, the lyrical principle, acting as a force that reveals the highest value of the inner world of a unique, autonomous personality, is extremely active.
1add3a4f91d6a84b734063ce522265849498a277	It comes to the surface of the narrative and clearly takes possession of it in the second book of the work, trying to turn the novel into a lyrical novel, forming structures within epic structures that are characteristic of a lyrical novel.
2cb34646305badd474dbd3abf80e60c6678134f2	Due to historical circumstances that removed the novel from the literary process, "Doctor Zhivago" was for a long time out of the sphere of attention of Russian criticism as a whole.
9fc9ba4ff31399215dedafd43fb61ade31554a67	And in particular, the novel "fell out" of the process of active comprehension of the essence and originality of lyrical prose, which took place in the middle of the XX century.
4c532a9f7ab2da92a22a9b4dd833873cb1660776	Roman B.Pasternak is distinguished by a special scale of coverage of the cardinal problems of human existence, the fundamental issues of existence that have become aggravated in the crisis era, at the fractures of history, and the nature of their understanding.
450fd42559618ddeabf9f819d394a01cb7304df0	Numerous and diverse studies devoted to "Doctor Zhivago" in foreign and Russian criticism and literary criticism, testifies to the special quality of the artistic image created by B.Parsnips.
383509e6a3f3b0fd9455b01cb09606cca459a5cf	Its essence lies in " a certain flexibility. in the power of the inner form", which is able to "excite the most diverse content" (Cit. po: 99, 111).
b79643cf160053e07f35e03a170438266bd8a59b	In this regard, the definition given by Fr.Freudenberg, who called the work "the book of Genesis", looks extremely accurate, thus emphasizing that its creator managed to "embrace the immensity", achieved amazing inclusiveness in the image of reality.
b173ad0ed8f518198ea79599a20a88ce1f0164d7	In this statement, the other side is also important.
dd629caa1672984495a6fd3c70ab01fc8f3f415a	The novel "Doctor Zhivago" asserts the eternity and indestructibility of life even in the most fatal, disastrous epochs.
3b3585ce287ce37409d97ac5a191900a488d1448	Within the framework of this study, such aspects of the poetics of the novel "Doctor Zhivago" as subject and non subject forms of expression of the author's consciousness were considered.
f3e277cbd42342eea4da3c87d445933fec4bb5f3	The author's position is "a kind of observation point, from where, to use the expression of N. V. Gogol, apparently to all ends of the world" (76, 15).
9261442938e8e5445dad8d290ac366f0cc46b5be	Therefore, the study of the author's problem is the primary basis for answering the question of the artistic integrity and artistic originality of the work.
e4b19c3f6efba4ba13b8fdf36a8c4d4ca46ac926	The study of the poetics of "Doctor Zhivago" shows that in the dialectical unity of the epic and lyrical approaches to reality, which underlies the narrative structure of the novel, the lyrical principle tends to a dominant role, which significantly changes the relationship between the author and the hero in the work.
e4a6a39b7b4ba9a44b469327f9c3c4606850f979	In the novel, we are dealing with two subjects of consciousness that express the author's position with a greater degree of adequacy - this is the traditional epic narrator and the lyrical hero.
b427454c36fb4cdad77b1c0d8717a41566e0531c	The desire for epic breadth, orderliness and calmness makes the position of non necessity in relation to the depicted reality relevant for the author.
7f727f05e9d1f7ccde6a7f1a31718aa2a1e1419f	The incompleteness, the limitation of objective knowledge, in turn, is overcome by close contact with the world into which the author enters.
22dc2ece70ec0b39d1e41c5e5c2d89b79162e255	To gain a comprehensive, full fledged idea of reality, the author plunges into the consciousness of the hero, endowed with a poetic attitude.
986c27496d44e13b60fc40e7e6c55c76310dffce	The harmonious integrity of his inner world becomes a support in the creative search for truth.
082e3c7743b5521e8f1d708793aaad879410e735	The fusion of the author and the hero acts as the main genre forming factor in the lyrical novel.
12223a6c11755165ce106789d52d62fd7b0c46cb	Paintings of half a century of everyday life", recreated in "Doctor Zhivago", are thematically divided into "peaceful" and "military".
4a5262855f86261ff68471f4de03345fda0531bd	B. Pasternak brings together two epochs in the work that are strikingly different from each other The narrator (the epic hypostasis of the conceptualized author) is the leading subject of consciousness in the first parts of the novel, where the image of the pre - war time is recreated one of the main stages in the formation of the personality of the lyrical hero.
a4358b1f2177b3e06ea8840086c19d8188dc51e2	The degree of correspondence between the minds of the author and the narrator is extremely high.
b1a5724e88d92dd9a4223fedd3fbd81df49a87fc	The distance, the lack of identity between them are revealed only in the relatively few fragments in these parts of the narrative that reveal the consciousness of the lyrical hero.
9794f4136a49e30ad95b574143b5bd849926973a	But it is in them that a certain incompleteness of objective knowledge about the world, the knowledge that the narrator possesses, becomes obvious.
4646189bfa0d63e73bd0f17d1043a16257dd128d	The narrator's position in these fragments loses its dominant character in relation to the hero and turns into "co presence".
af933bb778243fbb0aa844177a5304085a527710	The chain of these fragments is a kind of prologue to the priority position of the lyrical hero in the subsequent parts of the narrative.
c06e41cf2b2ddf40320cdc51b05a276ed53fda13	Moreover, at the culminating points in the course of the further development of the plot (in diary entries, which are a sample of lyrical prose, in monologues), the lyrical hero is released from the" co presence " of the narrator.
079bd3983b923a245558d41fd23b4855f863d0d8	Zhivago's subjective point of view becomes the only one.
64a0528c6d75fbc2931b352cd28d74b944709794	The author's system of views is revealed by the chosen angle of view on reality and the dual, lyrical, epic form of presentation of thought.
1d7981ebc2e385247cb5bde66d232c664431d383	The peaceful time of the beginning of the century with its stable, adjusted life appears in the guise of everyday life, everyday life, which are in a state of latent metamorphosis, in the" little things " of everyday life, which, in the author's understanding, carry a high, existential meaning.
6050a03c1edc6023bd7409ff99618e4ee2f35133	The evolutionary, progressive movement of human destinies along a given channel reflects the interminability of the life thread that stretches from the depths of the past to the vastness of the future.
fec07bb4a2886ea60e3f3f48dfd7497bd9ef2395	The heroes fit into the existing way of life, into the system of moral values developed over the centuries, into the reality of being, accepting this world as a gift from previous generations.
6f738a7087e570f2317e4ebebc53fc6e87e5fcf8	One of the leading ideas in the novel about the connectedness of human existence is expressed openly - in the form of a lyrical digression, and indirectly through the building of close "communicative rows".
59bd0b2a71a03be324afe99b629de0f83c372474	The poetic attitude of the author is expressed in the images of "inconspicuous" (contemplation of a rural landscape) and open (musical evening, Christmas, wedding) festive events that capture the triumph of universal harmony.
1956b7967bb6e7728e86ec2d9ddf68c9950b32eb	In their depiction, the epic extensiveness of descriptions is combined with lyrical understatement.
4ae8d31bdc58ad40270cc828524c4ca7ad93c3cf	Focusing on a significant event, the author does not describe it in full, but focuses on its presentiment or "afterword".
45205e286effbec7bd63b6e0a40f133ecb35abac	An epically detailed, detailed reproduction of material objects (for example, a festive table) serves as a visible, visible equivalent of the beautiful, located in the sphere of the ideal, that remains in the novel in the form of the"unspeakable".
8cdaf047a2b7a7a688abcbeff9e4218c9bd72cdc	However, already in these parts of the narrative, a number of signs indicate the activity of the lyrical beginning.
29f112cae1c5f583e6662dab32e47c56cf350a9a	Firstly, this is evidenced by the metaphorical, "cursive" (B. Pasternak) form of depicting the social structure of the pre war period.
56fad445665a72c90a64199214ce6532739591ec	Large layers of epic material are represented by the metaphorical image of the house, its spatial characteristics.
95e4ad3792031412071e1cff91523de097cdd9a8	In an extremely compressed, compressed form, messages are given, brief information about the prehistory of the life of the heroes.
885f87570633dfaaca254b94c98f49965a32ebd9	The epic material is compacted, crowded with an excess of the lyrical and in its context acquires a new quality.
46614c0a22dda4e065e61eda426fc77f0a2d7b6a	Its significantly reduced volume evokes the feeling of a vast whole that exists undeveloped and thus contains a potential multiplicity.
400f8e44e45c6a1b79175521084b084f6d2569e3	Secondly, the image of the characters close to the author is characterized by an increased level of conditionality.
74d224087cfbd4e18840164b1ea930da07224f7e	As carriers of spiritual experience, they do not have a specific visual appearance and are revealed in the ideal sphere - through their thoughts.
00da8fd2f8ab1c9624df55280f9fb6194e3a220b	The lack of specificity of their appearance makes them multi faceted, which in turn reflects their inner versatility.
08d6fcf630b34eaeca71369db20315e5c3636cda	On the contrary, the secondary characters are depicted epically in relief, as carriers of the typical, what is alien and hostile to the author as the embodiment of human narrowness, gregariousness, stagnation and conformism.
8619601781a2743083a7276a491c7a17817272e0	Thirdly, the system of the author's historiosophical views is revealed in the form of monologues of "autogenous" heroes or dialogues that tend to monologue speech.
e19707879cf35e2322755c97dce9d2e082a08a62	The author is interested in the idea of "living", not separated from the feeling and, therefore, not distorted.
28a2f0ecf5c48d11377ae9ce77cee2ee2a34bd68	The utterances of the heroes are the culminating points of the creative processes that take place in their lives ears.
252ca4068fa2d9e190e2eacc67a92a0aaa60cca2	The events of their personal, inner world, embodied in a verbal, material shell, become facts of the external, general world.
ae2d19fa8dcfd6045244ecada1b62c6feb703aef	Therefore, the monologue form is so important, reflecting the integrity and depth of the judgment.
b1a27f09cba4bf83b16e9e322c169f8147167fb8	Making a speech is equated with a serious, significant act, which is prepared by a combination of internal, human and external, life circumstances.
3d34c72917c2d6fafa805d995afcc3659a4e8b8e	This action serves the general harmonization of the world, adjusts reality to the higher principle, which is present in the responsibly pronounced word.
1518da45e03804bbb375e6e0fc1e2df88856f43f	The stability and integrity of pre war life acted as a kind of guarantee of the priority role of the narrator, his omniscience and omniscience.
1741392f9137be4241d532bf730b851213310aed	The lyrical hero becomes the leading subject of consciousness in those parts of the narrative in which the military events of the first half of the XX century are recreated.
4c488fde1cb9c30f5c171c00a00de9cd751284bf	Thus, the center of the narrative shifts to the inner world of the lyrical hero, which is a repository of spiritual values that have not been destroyed under the influence of the destructive trends of time.
f7381677fda5e8e42e6fe1969bb752fae16aa965	The image of reality through the prism of consciousness of an internally integral, not alienated from itself personality and, thus, overcoming decay and chaos is the essence of the lyrical concept of the world and man, which is the basis of the novel.
c80330af32ffac06ce911935c58789769627bd03	The destroyed world comes together, is harmonized by the inner world of the hero, is restored on the basis of eternal, universal values, the main of which is love.
252bb634f7cb647b97424a57cd05fdfdb2808c59	The comprehension of this catastrophic period, marked by the seal of the violent destruction and destruction of the former way of life, is carried out in a lyric and philosophical system based on a deeply humane idea of the triumph of life and faith in the immortality of man.
0bb43d4bd0a40e08db1aea11ea9a8112af148ade	The consequence of the life affirming philosophy is the idea of the naturalness and regularity of the unity of a person (part) with the world (whole).
461dbb330491eeda5b46413a0c78a8ca943c0187	Therefore, B. Pasternak considers the set of circumstances under which a person is alienated from the world as an imaginary reality, an untrue state of things, which therefore cannot be the main subject of the image.
e7e7f8849a64807bc9f130ee3d92375e1c652a0b	This is most expressively realized in episodes describing the brutal essence of wartime.
b6db253a28ad71d71a853c9d6921775165adc7e0	Self denial of military reality is the first semantic layer of the depicted.
650824c2a879d78982dce27f8350922d2444790c	The main content of these fragments, hidden in the subtext, is the image of a peaceful existence that lives in the soul of the lyrical hero.
13b2a450f8f5c2302ccbb9fad4819ed9be3fe083	Zhivago contemplates it in his memory, actualizes it with the power of poetic imagination and transfers it to the context of the current moment.
603a857eb090144c2a59455e405f0f40eee3acff	The disfigured, monstrous reality of wartime, passed through the poet's soul, loses its unambiguity and opens into the infinity of the eternal, asserting the indestructible beauty and integrity of being.
bdcda4e444bfaeb54d2b029c1fda87592b17093a	The author is driven by the desire to gain the fullness and integrity of knowledge about life, to comprehend its true content hidden under the cover of rough reality, to return to reality, which has turned into a" scolded fairy tale " (B. Pasternak), the halo of a miracle, a poetic mystery and thereby get closer, reunite with the world, which has acquired alien features, has become unfamiliar.
e82508cf6c4f146cca65e2d42b5f6db82f62f7bd	According to B. Pasternak, a thing that is directly revealed to consciousness in the act of contemplation clearly reveals its essence, and, consequently, the experience of such perception fixed in the word becomes universal.
8540d0e53bed3eed7625f91f8ebf04c5f459b088	Thus, the novel "Doctor Zhivago" not only captures the idea of a felt being, but literally "contains" it, contributing to the destruction of "an impenetrable glass wall, a whole system of mirrors", which gave rise to a person's alienation from the surrounding world, and restoring the connection with life lost by modern man (Cit. po: 102,36).
c8abfb2761781581d8f2c826640d90929da196b8	He was given a "through through sense of being", his integrity and multidimensionality, indissoluble unity, harmony of high, ideal and earthly, material principles were revealed.
765d471a7c33c3ddedf4f38ffa99dd571d1cd531	Zhivago perceives the First World War as a terrible destructive force, destroying primarily the physical world.
c67dd778628f0bc089bf701953e94e80da97289e	The civil war appears as a mass psychosis, an obsession of people who have lost their idea of humanity and who are involved in a monstrous process of mutual destruction.
af24590571587d08788ab05195ae396a8d6bc38f	Revolutionary transformations turn out to be a matter of pure politics, the result of the struggle of people striving for power.
db9591c198ee752a35f70680705587ccbcd0fa6a	However, once caught in the cycle of violence, Zhivago is not alienated from himself, is not exhausted internally.
23d9e0a566fcfae97a4f5007e496db68c892569d	Each round of his spiritual development is marked not by the acquisition of a new ideal, but by an unchanging strengthening in the former, original one.
99f82aa1a208ae84a9aea3c0ee952d56a09e8474	The hero progressively comprehends his deep essence.
a6242ffd957f07045163abed509480d59ded62e2	Therefore, the path of Zhivago's inner search is a steady ascent, and not a set of losses and discoveries.
706784e4920829822736cef50d7bfa1cbec31c92	Inherited wisdom, tested by personal experience, is translated into its own, individual truth, necessity and life goal.
0b07f9fae89bff0a5cc9148996f38e7ffb31c3ce	The transformed ideal, becoming a source of inexhaustible inner strength of the hero, makes his creative activity directed outward into the surrounding world more intense and fruitful.
b18eeaa86e64281a50867d2deff92780ead2e176	Within the framework of real action, the active self deepening of the Zhivago, its movement towards the "absolute" appears as a gradual, increasingly increasing alienation from society.
f93a6622f87a074be678b21ae3167c35e8fbbe7c	The voluntary recluse of the hero acts as a result of the completed process of" individuation", as the acquisition of selfhood through the synthesis of the contents of superindividual being in an individual form.
d32709063a0d5d5229b0cf21a3ca4fd62d19fa6d	A person who has discovered the whole world in his spiritual depth is endowed with selfhood.
bef12eb1ba01e4d527bc1396101264373304a8f1	Therefore, the isolation of the lyrical hero from social reality does not narrow the epic perspective, but modifies it, transferring it from the sphere of earthly reality to the sphere of the ideal, spiritual - into all existence.
b13075f05a506a0ffde28814e6dae30706f9b230	The character of the transformation of the personality of the lyrical hero explains the revival of the narrator's priority in the final part.
86f135cc69449e535b75f4cea11eac635c1f144e	The objectivity of the narrative in the denouement of the novel's action acts as the equivalent of lyrical understatement, understatement.
43a5c5078f9456c7695554ada156fa2ca618102e	The spiritual life of the hero is revealed as a mystery about which it is impossible to express a direct judgment, its meaning lies in the "unspeakable", is read between words, is deduced by the course of the development of the novel plot.
4dd2034e465fb56b29356c5240f3fa66a199007c	The objectified description conveys not the essence of the inner, deeply hidden genuine content, elusive and indefinite, but its external signs.
51c8ab254fe58ede6e0eb1766ad89767934caa5f	However, objectivity in the denouement also acquires a different quality, which is born of the merging, unity of the minds of the narrator and the lyrical hero - objectivity becomes "lyrical".
909a5bb6dfb5ed4ecd653a45ef4ba35f9bd2996c	The plot and compositional organization of the lyrical novel has a number of specific features.
84acce60b1b3498d5039996225f6e8d7b6596580	The narrative structure in "Doctor Zhivago" is a duality of lyrical and epic storylines.
743ce5060a8481bc7d4c75d71910ce99fa7fc30c	The peculiarity of the lyrical novel's architectonics is the result of their complex interaction.
3af3f94518110aef66bc532bff7c5be418fb11d6	The epic line is the core of the narrative and sets the chronologically consistent development of the action.
1e168721c23bdb606e2ff7c0653b98badc9d3e15	The reduction of the plot outline, which is the basis of the epic plot, is made up for by the richness, excess of extra plot material, which forms the lyrical plot line of the novel.
ef58cd869e5a63e2bd9ba4b2e1ddf44e72dc6442	It reveals the author's worldview.
0e1a100cf2997053acd80167134116ce3a970373	The specifics of the plot in "Doctor Zhivago" are clearly expressed in the plot of the novel action.
732b9834c59d8b81002feb5f06e8a422f3b434f9	The epic storyline opens with a system of ties connected with the fates of various heroes.
7adfe332bd71f90eb6124a2f6f4c524b6ea3c1ca	"Childhood and especially adolescence are more grandiose than the rest of life" (136, 471).
2212c831fb0bc5f4441e9ef2137b93c29b6bbac3	The beginning of the lyrical storyline reveals the source of poetic thinking, and the process of its subsequent formation is the content of the lyrical plot as a whole.
717a54c7a8f8278dcfc3e97644e49fa842cb74f6	In the beginning of the novel, the significance of the non obvious connection of the fates of the characters is revealed.
c9d2720bcae6909a4f289211f75204bd1b366990	The invariant of the random principle at the level of micropoetics is the motive of the unexpected, the sudden.
468e4acca543c5976bb2e2cc097f745ba96fcf85	Destroying the state of habituation, inertia as lifeless, unnatural, this motif strengthens a special, creative rhythm in the development of the plot.
6b05171da0f1061075c6ec5e5c0fee93bc19b2ea	The epilogue tells about the spiritual ascent of Zhivago's friends Gordon and Dudorov, about the newly accomplished miracle of transfiguration.
9ad22970a32d991b03e6625bbbcdc3d23c0bda11	The system of reminiscences in the epilogue actualizes the content of the main stages of the doctor's life path, which creates the effect of his invisible presence.
1fee8f9bc7f79f47eff032e19c27b67657150dc4	Thus, there is a overcoming of the completeness of the action, which is generated by the death of the main character, the fact of completeness, which contradicts B. Pasternak's philosophical thought about the infinity and continuity of the life flow.
210b63dad626b2ab79994ddb278dfab988543829	Poems, being the most characteristic compositional layer of lyrical prose, make it possible to judge the culminating, culminating moments of the life of the characters.
ac714a94e438f3e8343c45803c1e0f9fb1db3745	The notebook of poems reveals the creative otherness of Yuri Zhivago.
a7426729355e806d99af5c6fe1e3f05f3d9d32bc	The idea of immortality - one of the general ideas in the novel thus finds an adequate embodiment in the symbol of imperishable art, inextricably linked with the timeless and imprinting it in the word.
ef722c5fddeb1f8e14f47095b9b9d6ff0931a3e3	The culmination of the poetic cycle is the image of Jesus Christ, which crowns the lyrical storyline, leading it into the infinity of eternal life.
76f2749b5288424e670c22fda9153987f9ed23b5	The structure of the general novel composition models the shape of the triptych.
9185ab4e47dee0a77804e975f45bd4f0beef01ba	This is the path of the lyrical hero recreated three times: the earthly existence of Yuri, the invisible presence in the destinies of friends and, finally, the spiritual otherness of Zhivago.
c2c69992c69c3b764383399db234c4cdc1ab40bc	This composition reveals the interaction of forward and backward perspectives: the movement from the past to the future and from the future backwards.
e0470ff3ea34f95f099b22cfb1db2f73e24ce253	Thus, the main structural principle of the plot in "Doctor Zhivago" is in close accordance with the recurrent (returning) principle of "building meaning" in the lyrics.
8207594a5b48c06a81ece08b9eaff80f133f3817	This study is the first stage of understanding "Doctor Zhivago" in the context of lyrical and lyricized prose of the XX century.
9a419f8d24007b4cfb58032309855b6c5c3836cc	Its results allow us to outline some of the most interesting, important and promising areas for further study of the novel.
f5c8f975ebc73a5fc3c16006cf8616419307a1c3	The problems of interaction and interrelation of the creativity of B. Pasternak and the Austrian writer R. M. Rilke require close attention.
24e472a96623e3e0da9313df47b5503a3a215184	If there are already studies in literary criticism and literary criticism that establish the typological and even genetic similarity of the poetic systems of B.Pasternak and R. M. Rilke, then in the field of prose, this problem remains open.
09bf8025b8bf0e52dd7d9a8246d71c8efe38ece8	B. Tsasternak's attention to the work of R. M. Rilke is characterized by a special constancy, which convincingly proves that R. M. Rilke was not a youthful hobby of B.Unlike many of his contemporaries, Pasternak spent his entire creative life in a dialogue with the legacy of the Austrian poet B. Pasternak, starting with his translations of R. Mrilke's poems and ending with the creation of a novel of a special type.
71b2288df02f5c6c73f4af24a05217bfaf50eb43	In his comments on the novel, B. Pasternak pointed out the deep relationship between "Doctor Zhivago" and "Notes of Malte Laurids Brigge": "I want to give.
4eebf58710a2dc364ef62ae0469c96ee0f82885f	You will understand about the novel, or rather about its spirit.
c4c3dd9b500080157f31af5aad3de3a6d12baa0f	This is the world of Malte Brigge.
e649f70f9924d7777cb9199cbb8bcab7c48e45d1	A very sad, very encompassing, full of lyrics and a very simple thing" (5, 540).
49f88e1930a747e61f3964946c7a560694b68817	" Notes of Malte Laurids Brigge " by P. M. Rilke is defined as one of the first lyrical novels of the XX century, where the novel lyrical form appeared almost involuntarily, has not yet crystallized.
86fb9df827ad677c69b15de185693327f7e35868	In the novel by R. M. Rilke, which reveals the devastation, the destruction of personality under the influence of an inexplicable, disintegrating world, chaos, subjugating a person, the emphasis is not on the subordination of a person to the external world, but on the possibilities of integration by an autonomous consciousness of the "new reality", the knowledge of its innermost content, the "absolute".
7c0134ad4b9aff8ab1259258601db0794a6fb685	Because of this, Rilke's novel is considered as one of the first attempts to overcome the "new reality" directly lyrically, one of the first exits to the lyrical concept of human existence specific for the XX century.
a9395b52fc45b205cc0c8a87380d61cf26bfb7ce	The establishment of the typological similarity of the two novels will allow us to better understand the specifics of the lyrical novel form as a whole.
fb3df71339b078de6572d91e585ac4691dfbdf5d	The novel "Doctor Zhivago" is the final work of B.Pasternak, who crowned the writer's long creative search, the realization of that "physical dream of a book" (4, 366), which possessed B. Pasternak almost from the first steps in literature.
c0ed769d58a826c5e92fc05b334628c9ceeee234	The desire to "make the experience of his life artistically accessible to all mankind" (3, 6) and the desire for a wide coverage of reality had a noticeable influence on his poetic work, giving rise to a pronounced tendency to epize lyrics.
029c04fbe2494b2716c7c0b38b50a508c1692436	In this regard, it is essential to study the path of B. Pasternak to the creation of the lyrical novel "Doctor Zhivago", which involves considering the novel in the context of the lyrical epic poems "High Illness"," Lieutenant Schmidt", "Snektorsky", "905", as well as poetry collections and, above all, the book of poems "My Sister Life", which brought B.Pasternak is famous.
1254d2d82fee94f3a8c4bbb5b91c9e11364aaf4a	Turning to this aspect will allow us to explain the regularity of the emergence of a special novel form in the work of B. Pasternak, as well as to identify significant signs of a peculiar and very complex evolution of the lyrical form, during which its novel possibilities are revealed.
4801d5386e7b869fe7dbe0646eb8e8665bf70516	List of scientific literaturebondarchuk, Elena Mikhailovna, dissertation on the topic "Russian literature"
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c982887769ffa18f59e28c907a8bcab4b526f0c1	Vol. 2: Poems 1931-1959.
0447006aacae5b221ba0150fcad42c77dc00d79c	Translations.
829d9813808592117ec3f8fc318db6570cc7574e	Moscow: Khud. literatura, 1989. 703 p.
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6b8a67cb1756a7dc10c92ee4a613dca46fa7d1df	Danin D.
0fe44cb163800659be0e1af91ca0749b02011c9e	The unequal duel of man with God.
ca8e3b6c0be2a402127e43db431a04ac54867de1	Reflections from the book: "This will become a proverb with us" / / Science and Life. 1989.
ab3d3e64149fd43ac8dec3faf6e75ecd2cf2158c	128-139. 135.
8c911b6e0b9f68ff09f3a0c1f077d2092e316e1e	Djurchinov M. L'antinomie romantisme realisme dans la poetique de Pasternak / / Boris Pasternak.
b41139fa5a94f9d4692f867a98b9e405d2503862	Colloque de cerisy la salle.
2741a1b8ce4a4aaaa060f7119ce0df70e0d8751b	P. 95-102. 136.
66c6e61ee1904bd6dce3dd45b31e7f5e004c1bde	Yevtushenko E. Volchiy passport.
fae0063ac90cf02b7058de44821eb1777b9ea43a	M.: Vagrius, 1998. 574 p. 137.
be38de2767cd4ba3bc72c836f10b426fcf321f41	Yevtushenko E. Martyrs of Dogma, you are also a victim of the century // Literary newspaper. 1996.
8a704f70398a5ecf69dfbc2fd487925ddeed077d	October 16.
f5ace3cc22837816f101e7c4c46bd075672b8818	N 42. p.
c9dc941c9c9f8984175b36a6588a73e7aad82dcf	3. 138.
5cee85e4b29a2e08e33affbae81b13d8f6ef67a7	Erlich V. Boris Pasternak and Russian poetic culture of his time / / Boris Pasternak and his times.
5c9fa1584e892ada30881652293faf8d5967d912	Selected papers from the second international symposium on Pasternak.
8945104b29ec15cd3a52fda3b8a7a529b3fddc04	Berkeley Slavic specialties, 1989.
4c2a50de9425602f6f9316121c35da2ab3976c8d	P. 32-45. 139.
6ae4fb3cfdb9fafe6b5102a99a4fbfc24e7a3064	Zaitsev B. Eternity / / Word: Literary and artistic monthly of the State Publishing Houses of the USSR and the RSFSR. 1990.
beeaadae9f8fbd7ecdd9875afa4fb9bf3ae4cd75	50-51. 140.
fcccd49b64716cf3a4b7bf020df55705aaf31af3	Zaitsev B. Path: About Pasternak II Literary Review. 1990.
c35fae59c75f2907454fe406130c467985badbed	77-78. 141.
b25f2663e955963556795af5324f57f9bfd9b5de	"Eternal Childhood" by Pasternak // Literature and art in the system of culture.
267d2183f41192645c219eed398087821c83ac53	Moscow: Nauka, 1988. pp.
7d441aa36a657c2cc0d907c1d02a9749a3f5e092	471-480. 142.
24a422659d4ce064827a6b8ecd9a22cb3ace4b68	Iskrzytska I. Boris Pasternak: Ethics of culture / / Studia Rossica Poznaniensia.
005c78338fac610ed82379d1cccf604c1ff15a60	C. 55-60. 143.
417d6291671e3a4b0753ab253000f35f500f774a	Katan Yu.
5cf9d47f28996d6f82458028e1e15da71861148e	About the" Apelles line " of Boris Pasternak.
c969070341d91fa521d3540019e61d661453289f	An attempt at comprehension / / Literary Review. 1996.
650081f2eec2860fa1edcddc7674b2784799a674	N 4. pp.
32fff3a54b9f2b772d86a07792a68f0fe928f54e	43-49. 144.
8465dc63a6fdf0fe983dcb49eb8652dfff79d9ab	Katsb.
fc58373c626e532bb983103fc755a16cf48ee6f0	Embassy of Music//Soviet music. 1990.
48e8327a8f4d640fc8c0e34babf00af4faf2a2bf	35-41. 145.
d51eb691f08631d0bc61596c501b1209bf6f9437	Klimova D.
a0f74a0e158496c7fb85b2ee0dee12748855d968	On some unresolved issues of textual criticism and publication of the works of B. Pasternak / / Russian literature. 1990.
39af8a0b7759973740bc05db6f55666e67bf10fa	233-236. 146.
9196d1a5ef6d38202b231a5f52be6ff76d78fbba	Kopelev L. L'univers fausten de Boris Pasternak // Boris Pasternak. 18901960.
a097c63b833d2c248bdee0dd68bf55c572680793	P. 491-515. 147.
f08177441aa8f649e8865c6db5ae972e28cc4418	The artist and life in prose by B. Pasternak / / Philological notes.
7a8990c2eb5cfd58b491528a4fdd6e738331b39c	Voronezh. 1997.
2c7d6b22c04dfd80cf0e97a497825011d07506af	Issue.
85dc8542fef8d7a50a90953cec4a9992cfdaceee	8. pp.
696c87b1615fc84d299cb95f36d63711da1c105a	72-82. 148.
1e8fbf03ef2c2fba878e566761f0728e25a893c0	Kuznetsova M.
2f75c16ec1e172d89b698e16eb371d9e96a21534	So they begin to live in verse.
58446d7b99956ef67910fffd087b6764c901f765	/ / Librarian. 1990.
768a7a3761b86b1d54a6eeab07196e0007a1d3c8	56-57. 149.
e0940c399b6b9060fae4e7afe080cc847f207b72	Kushner A. Notes in the margins // Questions of literature. 1990.
72094199479036b2419eee37dedb6c7dec529606	129-158. 150.
75e15c15a87767d91b6bc5dab979a0e983795d9b	Chiaromonti N.
9c654e9f7c844f0f8a390cba08b3a08eb652e431	The Paradox of history.
fba2c10a043ca52fcbe7adb8b4a06fc6edc734d2	Stendhal, Tolstoy, Pasternak and others.
a03cb6a8bb2381ef45c4dcdbd50ba6a1ae32256f	Edizioni Aurora.
a526bacf8e4fd8efe63608880d31d0589c8f9569	Firenze. 1973. 205 p. 151.
f957ab2f7c0bc9eb09d8bca06b1e092298e9f43b	Levi P. Boris Pasternak.
66e5e3b23953f4a80b3a12cd2b705a1bc6f70660	Hutchison.
8ba53f1832346a0f2a37bb6d61bf93d897950177	London Sydney Auckland Johannesburg. 1990. 310 p. 152.
3f6d7f017a3898131d5dfd06c34c225ba957cd47	Levina T. Passive wealth: Pasternak and Russian painting of the 1910s and 1940s / / Literary Review. 1990.
ca5c6b754baf7aafe5b56c48b5bd08a6c379de9a	84-89. 153.
e25e3c448f409006bfe0aaae78515693dd9e7795	Licht R. "Both creativity and miracle working": (Experience of spiritual biography) / / Volga. 1990.
2294cc83d0c2457194f805c674c88b5079e08aff	N2. pp.
ca638198da130826e12c45002cf905391d4ec572	149-163. 154.
0cb6f27b9440b915d045d8bc0db492dfadf07755	LukyaninV. Word space/ / Ural. 1992.
0cfdcf0443a339c90bfedd4a1ccdfc5aa128abd9	N3. pp.
da54d751ae0f35530bb32bf6a684da1b4c5e1dec	3-5. 155.
ea5b32f803b058b7363a94e147f649fdc475c97a	Mallac G. Les idees esthetiques de Pasternak // Boris Pasternak. 18901960.
be4cd98691819d73b0bbe0c052cdc4a3585be5fe	P. 63-81. 156.
ba4ee915a431dce93489f2edf0447fd010d0421f	Meylak M.
e756dd0b07c1cafb0db131d233f6bd0bc77d68a3	The second Pasternak readings in Moscow / / Questions of Literature. 1989.
62968b9856130305f58e278ec9d78086adf9af68	N 7. pp.
a404eaa9dcf8e80e5ff06c4dd88bdea46ed3c968	272-278. 157.
ca722cb2dd91e35a008f0e4b67eeb6d35b543ac8	The Jubilee year of Pasternak in England // Questions of literature. 1991.
3268e074b6d757965029880289471977bf9207b5	N8. pp.
758e9c93d0e5b16f48d47b7937ccfde802dc075f	239-250. 158.
2b4c8bed4867f13be3279b4b5caa9a230356680c	Merkulova T. I. About the "existentiality" of artistic perception of B. Pasternak / / Philological Sciences. 1992.
f2f553c96682a65c53467e14e1dcf95996823ee9	3-10. 159.
896747317f3c12af99d839e98204f4be37c19f3d	Novikov V. Echoes and grimaces: Pasternak in parodies and epigrams: To the 100th anniversary of the birth of B. L. Pasternak // Literary review. 1990.
c965664a3c2f091acd07f5d8b70c252f5a403b06	N 3.
75126e9baec974ee20dd8da9c54715ac6ebc1d47	SLOVO.WS answer books
86cc56a22a8abfc196e45978abfb45eb302c83fb	1 class 2 class 3 class 4 class 5 class 6 class 7 class 8 class 9 class 10 class 11 class
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92c300ac3ad238356f9e790f473444477713ce10	search for the answer book
8bb8fd17a251e51c313830e82f241fbab005c82f	Abstracts Brief contents Biographies of writers Essays Answer books Cheat sheets Topics (oral topics in English) Winged expressions Textbooks Characteristics of Presentation and dictation How to put a link to us?
550ecb6185c8eea93d48705eb4aeba1a4702d1ca	The material for the essay.
7a03cc918685b8aee50d641a9e16ffc12ba6e673	Zhivago a characteristic of a literary hero (character)
eb5577dbc0da86905c43a0cb53d22f9f20a25c59	Zhivago
3ee13af5e118fef50058f9a79bf2455b3866bdfa	ZHIVAGO is the hero of the novel by B. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago" (1946-1956).
d9af2740640232045e60615d69a5d0de6df41d72	About the prototype of Zh.
ac7741c01460df415fc46413933e052b168087ac	Pasternak himself in 1947 reported the following: "I am currently writing a big novel in prose about a man who makes up some resultant between Blok and me (and Mayakovsky, and Yesenin, perhaps).
bbd03be6360c271d4669cc546ed4247c7cd17973	In spirit it is a cross between Karamazovi and Wilhelm Meister".
11103deecb03fd628820d201772066dd7b798531	O. Ivinskaia shows that the very name "Zhivago" appeared Pasternak, when he accidentally in the street "stumbled on round iron tile with "autograph" manufacturer — "Zhivago"... and decided that he will be here, unknown, came not from a merchant, not that of palaentologists environment; this man will be his literary hero".
3716af1bb226ecc63ee2fdbbdea7bcf450c48d1b	According to the memoirs of Marina Tsvetaeva, Pasternak in 1918 dreamed of "a great novel: with love, with the heroine".
8a609d892e8887dc50212bdf9b120f2bdd5354af	In the manuscripts of early prose sketches of the early 10s, in a fragment called "Death of the Relics of Ni", there is a variant of the name the poet Pur vit (from iskazh. frantz. - pour vie for the sake of life).
73497c7bb009011fecb81e2c282bf406a5cffe3c	In the 30s, Pasternak created fragments of a novel called "Notes of Patrikiy Zhi Vulta" (the semantic meaning of this name can be understood as "knight of life").
dc571876b4296471affbc5a74714232b9c8a06c3	All these names — Purvit, Zhivult, Zhivago make up an emblematic triad, symbolizing the "philosophy of life" implemented in Pasternak's work (the most famous collection of poems by the poet is "My Sister, Life").
0ff68ca31d745e452c337614dd6b5706cfe2e859	There is also a "historical and grammatical" interpretation of the name Zhivago — as an adjective in the Church Slavonic language in the genitive case.
01d32a2f7065d3839b734fa2d71baaa878e2623e	The title of the novel in this case also acquires a symbolic connotation: "doctor of the living", "doctor of life","treating life".
1fe9f08d0cfec6e2e44f7ac58d03fc5d1e01df5e	The spiritual prototype of Zh.
0925132ed65725bc74fd5399274b99cf01c0a168	Pasternak himself appears, while the novel is "an autobiography not of external circumstances, but of the spirit".
3adfd64b39ba0c5a154e782b9cd8496e057ede18	It is impossible not to take into account the fact that the beginning of work on the novel coincided with the completion of Pasternak's translation of Shakespeare's Hamlet.
fee9cb7d64b3ad50c79eda716e400e7b34fd2526	(February 1946 is the date of the first version of the poem "Hamlet", which opens the" Notebook of Yuri Zhivago".)
83abdf0239d1a16e43406b8211241ad060f0c4c6	The process of writing the novel itself was almost synchronous with the process of translating Goethe's" Faust".
c6a292bf2951cde4cf829017076c84840e2bd7f2	(Faust — doctor Zhivago — doctor.)
ef60d19869942faad67013198ea12265fe1b8b65	The image of J. -- this image of a man living in an era when "the time", he loved hamlet, understand Pasternak as a victim ("the drama of duty and self denial"), by fate elected "judges of his time, and as a servant of a more distant".
c12ac78a1a8e1b2b1efd1add9f3c188c71019a65	But unlike Hamlet, he has no desire to "die, fall asleep" — he realizes himself as a person who needs to bear the whole burden and joy of life — not to "step in step", but to treat the sick in spirit and body.
90ecc1e92acb3e3b08eba3f58f2dcd59eba8c19c	Many researchers of the novel raise the question: was Zh. a "weak" or "strong" hero, a person?
038675bafff83545944b2315777f1c224c0a9096	From the point of view of "physical activity", pressure on the world, Zh., of course ,is a "weak" hero (for example, Anna Akhmatova reproached Pasternak that his Zh. is a "ball between historical events").
c611f56ba4c186b516c942258cc791d70dd1e01f	However, Pasternak himself, apparently, proceeds from a philosophical and religious understanding of power — as a force primarily of moral opposition to evil, a force that requires awareness and decision making.
63ee72ec69c7731a13ce97859b5b7609b18848cf	In this regard, J. a "strong" hero.
57abbc6b1dc7b068d8c1abf5d207e0ff58fe3bbf	He survives in two wars, without allowing anything immoral, after three attempts, he still leaves the red partisan detachment, writes books that no one ordered for him (A. Gazizova).
e53703ade8cb28ba1ff3cf02628bdbc97c1c0b3a	Pasternak, who believed that "nothing but the moving language of images... can express itself to a force that lasts only at the moment of appearance," when creating an image, J. turns to the word, the magical and inexplicable power of which, as he believed, helped Goethe create the image of his Faust.
0318b90f5b7c849c212c8494b7c9f78667044c6b	Pasternak, like Goethe, wants his hero to" ... by instinct, by his own will " break out of the impasse."
224327583d77671fbeb223ef32520ccf1cc67e8d	The temptation here is not Mephistopheles, but the danger of confusing "his own, personal" revolution with the revolution of "another, universal".
58cb768f65e5338768b1333bf81af6ea4bf1571a	This temptation is given to the hero of the antipode of Zhivago the Antipodes of the Shooters, who plunges into the chaos of hatred and revenge, leading to suicide.
de979c9da76039471ca200b2e4062cc89809a5c7	(Some scholars see in the image Antipova Parallels with Pasternak's assessment of the "late" by Vladimir Mayakovsky.)
385e57ac874afb3df47542d0c928a70366c64c26	The image of J. Pasternak expresses the concept of "vitalism", "vitality" ("vitalism" — Guy de Mallac).
fd9fb038d3ea10e02d8befad55a8f662b07d13a4	J. perceives life through the lives of every person, every thing, every place — and the whole universe, "And not that said only the people.
e7bbad4e5da7c46747d6c63e7a78b328ea78221e	Stars and trees converge and converse, night flowers philosophize and stone buildings rally."
14d16c8d4e2374a492f794b5365e435c899567ec	In this sense, Zh.
c45548d71262b4e10e0370b323a4e2a79c5acb5c	— not only an epic, but also a lyrical hero.
a40f5698e48e2c0e2af7d39945375560f9b1f9d7	In the novel Zh. he is also a poet, "a man with a very strong creative beginning, like the doctor A. P. Chekhov".
d3e86fcd10565d41ffc56db279be4c6b0982766e	But Zh. he believes that " art is not suitable for a vocation, just as innate gaiety or a tendency to melancholy cannot be a profession."
8f39930dfb868ce8ddcd3b1eb22de3be7fd88bf8	Lit.: Wilmont N. N. About Boris Pasternak: memories and thoughts.
c1a265007bfb678fdc1f91fb69bb098ef0dde812	Moscow, 1989;
7d723f9476f2412ff485766fd1574a25d8a03131	Ivinskaya O. Years with Boris Pasternak.
6c450b1630b69ad7f3d0dd1685feb959ea9049d9	In captivity of time.
5ce5459eb2cc4266b70e0003815d7ce8b6e97a0c	Moscow, 1992;
affa040f3cd9cdbbfc59a4dec2e5d0411ef25dcc	Ga zizova A.
77b11fbb84fbc18e466bf664f3ed938ce3b11ef3	A. Synthesis of the living with meaning (Reflections on the prose of Boris Pasternak).
c000472f94e0eb92c014438741c580ec2d1667f0	Moscow, 1990;
944e2e208385e0baf721aea3bcc840b074579066	Fleishman L. Boris Pasternak.
8c8430acfc94ba0af75a06dc79aec47a806c6800	L., 1990;
b3b3617dd92ccd4f3f374923412901d8600dcd50	Mallac G. Boris Pasternak: His life and art. 1981.
af5aff2e9d1c7bddc01b9a6553413d9b05d1a918	All characteristics in alphabetical order:A B V G D E Z I K L M N O P R S T U F H C H W S E U I
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8b76713312d43b67e757f429b220e6935592fc15	Home"Literature of the 20th century"Boris Pasternak"Doctor Zhivago
2d2f5670027fd7ac05f7181f76d0211a0b63ebf6	Book title: Doctor Zhivago Author: Boris Pasternak
a71163e42f2be8ebf0f78f17d2c858db0d2e8d73	Set Aside Read Download on Liters Read on MyBook
1b50afd590886fdc4de368ed212738f5c35e6219	Publishing house: FTM Tags: great writers, the Soviet era, the fate of man
5a4d2cc390c9e21969907688d071ccf6ac352f1f	Abstract Read Online Covers
8bac65cab45ba9ce74d2cfd2fd3f4574f44f3b07	Download on LitRes Read on MyBook
17d5a5c726ed3f94078b9fe0fde41004c079154c	This novel brought its author world fame and the Nobel Prize, the award of which turned into a frenzied political persecution for the poet, accusations of "treason to the Motherland" and as a result cost him his life.
a67b720c03ccfd88f5d596d4acc29154f5736648	"Doctor Zhivago" is a novel, the very fabric of which is more convincing evidence of a miracle than all the doctor's reflections and the author's generalizations.
4a23fd28003ef615dc2f4afb2576866cbf6624c8	A person who writes like this has endlessly experienced and changed his mind, and his main feelings in the world are admiring emotion and tearful compassion; of course, there is a place in his world for contempt and cold detachment – but they are not the essence.
19d8d7b3986f31d464907d69debc9cd1665f5c84	Pasternak's novel is a lament for former errors and their victims; those who do not share the prayerful enthusiasm for the world are worthy of pity first of all.
83c30b3303218ec5162c325d48f0308a2548936e	It is worth rereading "Doctor Zhivago" exactly when it seems that it is not worth living.
4f8377a799e06924b017e797c52a33d13fd6a471	Then ten lines from this novel can do the same thing that love does in one of the doctor's poems: "Life has returned as unreasonably as it was strangely interrupted once."
27baab99ff9b0eb9e7ca824479072571e5834c96	In our electronic library you can download the book "Doctor Zhivago" by Boris Pasternak in epub, fb2, rtf, mobi, pdf format to your phone, android, iPhone, iPad, as well as read online and without registration.
104845a00f6f32662eb0ee9fdfaf723cf3180277	Below you can leave a review about the book you have read or are interested in.
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1865a0ed1795c4700194c69b6d0eeefd25ffc345	Other media
988bc6977516d8aa38f7d4124cfaec49fd8822e3	Other books by the author
e182d370274d8192f12fc4d8ce5392273d285d33	The Candle was burning (collection)
b35bd5c22ca6689209e66ccc11c1ef55a2155d95	Poems.
b82bfa5bb9a7c85ce203da01ba0d5f6524fb271f	Letters from Tula
dfa325e391e56c358aea4a744009cfafdc42b3a0	Lovelessness
526a5d5ba9f3725c3be37db6231e14b6e98f3414	People and Positions (collection)
236edeb838e9749c76756d79950249a4cc10b96f	Leave a review:Add a review
5e479b4bdc4d860ab85ed38f5bf974e419a1408d	Reviews of the book "Doctor Zhivago"
fd3f1298c4dd955c108a520d572e371962ab7aec	uuu113 July 29, 2009, 18: 24gt;
b2526c5cd5aed172352d434f5c7a23c47085992c	By the way, I have not met a single person alive who would like the novel "Resurrection" by Leo Tolstoy, and after all, the writer is great;
797fc223b18ce960139a0580d08d6c908ef9eb27	I love "Resurrection", in general, I unconditionally love" Resurrection " in Tolstoy, the rest is under a question mark for me.
96066e36b756e2924f2cf82d82d0c3304a0f3f2f	As for Zhivago, I like it and donot like it, I still like it more than I donot like it, when you read a love scene where water lilies are "yolk with blood", or you come across another crazy metaphor that you donot immediately understand, and when you understand it, it seems almost monstrous, and then suddenly it reveals itself in all the broken beauty of Pasternak's lyrics (oh, sometimes it's just a prose poem), it becomes so piercing, and you realize that you love Pasternak, and then suddenly he becomes boring – some flaws with the plot, or something, some unwritten characters, some kind of incompleteness, but, on the other hand, this has its own meaning, like a postmodern portrait with a half – erased face, personifying industrial loneliness, Zhivago is the same homeless shadow– like "apothecary from Ampurdan, looking for absolutely nothing) against the background of the revolution, and only nature is deafeningly beautiful) - here, sometimes such thoughts come, and then completely different, that everything is complete and perfect, the characters live and breathe, the doctor the most lively of all.
c454e495ba7c7bcdf235bc9abe94bcc4c7b4b109	Not a hero, an ordinary person who found himself in the wrong place at the wrong time.
fa3f5a846884c9b50975e9fc2cd9548a3328560a	And the Pasternak revolution is wonderful.
9aedeae46746c81a0b225a7cb9d9aa27dfc4f6ac	In general, it is interesting to compare what kind of music someone has, what kind of music Bulgakov has, what kind of music Blok has, what kind of music Sholokhov has.
7ac3dafc75f688628472c0102fdb8b39e98a3ed5	And I liked Pasternakovskaya.
a322f697e1b0dae60ee63c100387c18bb724ec28	I donot know if he deserves a Nobel.
7aa3d2d34d4ba1639196920f92e23160feef11bb	I think he deserves it.
4536807ce7241b4dedc1d5b10058e4ef2e287688	In any case, more than Elfrida Jelinek)
fbe01f2ec6b72bee11e6c84804c003086aea3a01	+1+-
6bcd354a846e7f86da2ac189115cbbea4cbc9ce0	debrad November 27, 2011, 14: 07The greatest artistic success of the book is certainly Zhivago himself.
314e0b61f3794144d78678a9cdc1c5e2a14b3c39	Just for the sake of this acquaintance alone, the book must be read.
9831098f4dbd468b5454cb68e0056e0363b06b54	The main character turned out exactly as it should be.
912dfa7624349c8451ce7707bd23d642c015fbed	The intellectual is in the last stage.
7ed00a3ca07066e06d08f5b6882cc8b1742e11d5	Smart, kind, gentle, delicate, all understanding, sensitive, original thinking.
6f0bcf245502a42435d3d15b63cd20161b0d82e5	Weak willed, infantile, unreliable, cold, indifferent.
0125dcc9fc5fb09d64b2fc5286ae0faf76ba660e	Indifferent to everyone and to everything except his own ideas.
139986243c31994afa8a0a003970b19ef90c7ee8	Neither to make a decision, nor to commit an act, nor to become a support for loved ones, nor to feel remorse.
e939f92b604a195786368cf09904066f00bac021	Here are two heroes of the contemporaries of two Nobel laureates.
892130bff74ea83d7bcbbe90fd2f785e3d27e18f	Grigory Melekhov and Yuri Zhivago.
0df068506430936a13826a234e003c83cb423d5c	Melekhov is uneducated and unpleasant in communication, but you feel a deep sincere respect for him.
ea6c40128666a676341ed34fcb9f452dc4f1af08	Zhivago is a nice intelligent person, extremely interesting and pleasant to communicate with.
e76c05c07147c90d4b4d3381ff9e2300b503ddf3	It is impossible to respect him.
a02cf6ac6eb5f6567ad58fb4f33654a1a859b932	0+-
76819ce693c9b78b19d2757143e28fe33c8c669b	Lucky Fox Cub June 27, 2011, 12: 55 counted hard.
38cb9584753be23106b6dd260a3f711428eaa094	Not a binge, but in several receptions.
62310e2262f8814adb83e1a5a70095513e0eb561	Heavy text, very heavy for perception.
0a3807287e6bd84bc6909d31dafc1f1bb4dd1174	I think that the book is too much.... unsuitable for the age of the average student to include it in the school curriculum.
d919612387e489786e93250f1cb6101f4eb4f66e	But!
d3c8195e811f56041f763e188f92816479596ce7	Despite the complexity of perception, it must be read.
10eba171d6c28f072110103549fa109d63f93da7	Absolutely necessary.
db9877bfaf69764eb96c951949c2d82c8663968c	A sad and bright book about the era of change, written by a participant in these very changes.
7d260187ca7cee1b9b37a54e9f966188c75aa84a	Apparently, due to the fact that Pasternak is still a poet, the structure of the book is somewhat chaotic.
f24c70f156955d0cbc720b5138e25ad6b55ab203	It looks more like a diary.
f17eac2153842eee4b841f2562009828e270ee06	Then every day and the movement of the heroes ' souls are described in detail, then important events are described in two or three words.
b9aa14a0abee9b33c13ed85f94ec123383d256c4	When I get lonely, I remember his poems "The hum has subsided.
63bc83a124ac6024e079b78fa76dd9def16ec3c8	If only it is possible, Abba Father, take this Cup past…"
3b9103b16fe7c56b353ac572eb899b84b94fe52a	Gaskov 04 September 2010, 06: 09 I'm reading, or rather, listening to an audiobook.
7f13112a087ece32e795a12c27e4ff80b9e2de70	It seems to me that none of the books I have read so far has caused me so many contradictory feelings.
181e59ab9c8f92317a88fefc394f40650a29818a	From admiration to an almost irresistible desire to give up this painful and endlessly dragging narrative.
da1360771eb04ae34d76b0be12b9366bd7a41bd5	To be honest, I donot even know if I'll listen to the end, although there's not much left.
ea9a6537a0e1c22e8814f901c6238261dc681d67	It seems that the author has already said everything, the death of the hero is already looming ahead and for some reason I want it to happen faster, so he is tired of it.
42e4cb2056932c10716698cf2134a955c16490d3	And admiration (no, not admiration, but rather shock), primarily by the fact that you find in places so obvious your similarity to the hero himself.
3a7b0f05834d5f2373691d3c79c87c1a4b76de9d	I understand why the work was not printed in the USSR and was accepted as anti Soviet.
20e67744e1350052c0b409b8297d308b661791e7	It is not just anti Soviet, it is the most anti Soviet of all that someone wrote before Pasternak and will ever write at all.
dff48db952bc24f7cfe91d92bda025cf081a7369	Because it does not hit consciousness, consciousness obeys logic, which can always be challenged.
4487abd9ec1be256e4ac4ef08487a767bf237fec	It hits the feelings, and that feeling of disgust for the Soviet government, for those who spun this whole diabolical machine, nothing can wash it away.
985ffcda8ffff6260fbd30d144d53679ae8ba27d	Probably, Pasternak did not show any real ideological communist among the numerous characters on purpose, and there is a feeling that some devils or vampires are turning this whole meat grinder.
06b33c0874e4f4b5fa9b43019862eba804d0726a	I donot think that this work is more worthy than other works of Russian authors of the Nobel Prize, and I am sure that it was the anti Soviet content that led to its receipt.
6c885447fd623de530902ae6afaac189b4447b46	But the fact that this is a really outstanding work is, of course.
bec373b04d4bc9f22f4a89ba6b8fb87f945840e0	As for his style, which often just infuriates with its tiresomeness, and you canot wait (I'm listening and I canot skip the paragraphs), then I remember what you can expect from a poet.
c23f72775fe2c6c47a271df5266c13b28ebb0fa9	Gogol called his "Dead Souls" a poem, I think that this applies even more to "Doctor Zhivago".
b8aea003c81cc7421077dbe769e1ee4fad4425d6	In short, read, or listen.
3ccd715908576d7a918a202e41490127a650e0ef	You may like it or not, but in any case it will be strong.
8709e5768e7e7644c9bf93e3120772c4ca6289fd	Veterinar September 14, 2009, 09: 47The book is brilliant, of course.
531d58c6265f586153caac1937cb226c9fcc76f2	Zhivago is shown very colorfully and vividly - "the mewling intellectual".
6df1bb2db26f3d0fc4ada4d44cf3f134819b800f	At the beginning of the novel, the doctor causes empathy, sympathy, closer to the middle bewilderment, then pity, contempt, then just want to spit and not finish reading the book to the end.
fbb649f4b3be77b472677842b3c782f272761e21	Vasisualy Lokhankin was mentioned here to the point, the doctor is the same insignificant being.
66a2fd83b484c724e25a15172aeb559cbddaf9d9	You're a MAN, a breadwinner!
0590c10c66608b833f4f901defdb070ac16ac83f	Revolution, war, devastation yes on..the army!
ed2fe1a91c462b1635ee311bf3e72aa60938f1d8	Save your family, save your children and your wife.
dada6b09e774aceeb8431e4d315dc411512d3e88	And who was shown to us?
0bd11352f53977337e9b05fd75d46027a94b2678	One family has gone abroad – it's nonsense, why will I rush after her, I will find another wife.
44f2a949c5a981457a34de0ef031ece6c81e0583	This one was taken away ay yay yay, well, okay.
e95e19bde207109201af8638600db8c85ac61d30	I came to Moscow – I found the third one, I set up children with her – and into the bushes, they say I need to be alone.
f0bfde6ffe8c90626a27a8d3b371801d66a09cc5	And all this against the background of empathy and reflection.
6e411847041a99ba57f32e1a1377ecfa90c61bd9	"I have to work" - read, dirty the paper, smear your snot with a pencil.
bca630f22d95bdccedf912d1ea585a9ab26dd8d3	Who are you writing for, you snot?
4f342d9c16d8bef7bdffa5e5606d043da84bee1d	You've fucked up everything that you can, who needs your daub???
de44f993fe23ab340eae0fd6090c4c20c78c0bab	For posterity?
53a756ebe4ce350b7d717ba7206035d457311f52	They are building a new life, they are not up to the experiences of a loser slug.
507cc64f9f1b30abe4e455d1811e4899ba7f48d2	For children?
90f059234a843fd1db55bbab5542bcb826f65477	You donot have any children, you left them for your poems and "work".
774f491e844672012d75aeb01fab64257380ba0b	In general, I read the book and decided to speak out, sorry if there is a lot of text.
2eb0eb542b54490cbe0cf37d199a4a86ea0d7886	I would like to think that the author specifically showed such a person as an anti example for everyone, and not as a hero.
c1bebbd2cbc263376bccd047e9a8c272009111fc	PS the book, I repeat, in my opinion, is brilliant.
1301db818d2de519db88f2c2c685cb5b8deaa36a	Vrednaya Z July 09, 2009, 08: 41 one of my favorite books, I read it after school, I really liked it, the language is soft, feelings, characters are all in the palm of my hand...I donot want to stop.
e1487e15e6a232a6bb810f6f4858397d7f759732	Andrey Matveev 09 July 2009, 01: 15 I think, hardly anyone will argue that Pasternak's novel did not work out.
08414cdeed16824671ab5fef23113525c3b1212b	And the point here is not in the famous phrase of Akhmatova ("Borya's novel did not work out, what can you do here"), but in the fact that Pasternak was still a poet by the nature of his creativity.
733bd703f991549a3181baf0130b335771bbda24	The main drawback of the novel is its frank adherence to the plot of a fairy tale.
0d7fa5ebac7712f910e9b925d18be5b3cd49234b	It is clear that a fairy tale is not the plot outline that is suitable for a novel about a tragic period of Russian history.
e902981062ddc158991d34b3d9916ed1534531fa	Therefore, all the plot twists look so far fetched and sometimes funny that the novel already loses a lot in this one.
ec4c3b1023df9add2f6683768da71e913f2eb539	The language is also not impressive.
553569479d37bfe73aa2cfef85455602e7f5fad9	You can keep silent about the characters of the characters...
9d4f24c29b166c2363373e4f07ebfd0aab78c984	But here's what's interesting: there is an opinion among experts that Pasternak DELIBERATELY wrote a bad novel.
c31bd98cdf8e1ccc7964b0786b1554afc68ea22d	Something like an idea: the common people would not understand otherwise, but I write for the common people.
79449be9fd4db7e7ed5595bb4d4922eb97da3d73	This point of view does not appeal to me personally...
0c3dfbb60e40848c0ad232278745c3b59ff37467	Vrednaya Z 02 July 2009, 09: 28how sorry that giving this to read at school, beat off l love for the classics for a long time.
0441d754be469c4cc77a5099c05feec76f72d6cd	I read it much later, I really liked it, because of this work I began to read Russian classical literature.
7cf91cfa7e070e0f77e356aec3e76f5b0418af40	MMaria 03 June 2009, 10: 39, I'm not worried, it's just ridiculous – that in book reviews, that in reviews of perfumes, people who like something classic, those who do not like it are in a hurry to write down in the narrow minded, spiritless and incomprehensible.
046d59055e810885ca4a6912bc07c9d16ce3eaf5	And there are a lot of classics – there is enough for everyone
ef23f18fdcc32ff8cb57c52ba6d9ca9a3666feaa	VooDoo 02 June 2009, 22:052 mm A sudden kick has come to your spirituality.
15ba52826a7281103db034b6d93dcd8d421cf35b	Not to love "Zhivago" is a very very serious puncture, almost like falling out of love with all Russian literature.
08fdc2f4d976df4e93ad57d0a2320898ce694422	Get ready now to serious organizational meetings to discuss your lack of spirituality.
dfbc06e07e4996b92ee7a8ea03325a1337e40af6	P. S. you do not love what you want and how you want and most importantly donot worry about it, and the questions they donot ask if literature is not yours, and there is no need to torture yourself, and your literature will find you anyway (or you like will work).
97e1b3cf7d1119ad8b2c5f201781947e6c13bee6	MMaria 02 June 2009, 21: 44 thank you for those who loved this book, but, alas, I tried to read it myself (and more than once)... and she condemned Pasternak.
bd06b682d4c355fa2dd2bb7018e3d44977b1d417	First, the more restrained the feelings of the characters are shown, the more they usually touch me.
4e1e9d98498047913f8f36938b2689ed32c3844c	When I read that Komarovsky beats a dog, afraid to feel like a person, it only makes me smile.
32aad0690d7da96447dfaa1210505f1a3e9bf44f	Oh, my God, Jane Austen was still bantering over a kind of rrromanticism, and here the 20th century after all!
acb3b557cc716b321e270521ea549d1b882f5de8	Secondly, I still have a strong opinion that they want to offer me an adult as a positive hero, who, in a situation when it was no longer about sugar, salt and matches, but about physical survival, consistently left his wife with children to the mercy of fate, then a great love (as it turned out, pregnant from him).
fa97c29335415dac9e50c16e31ffffe4136bca41	In the film, by the way, this moment was greatly smoothed out by the same people who write about the fans of science fiction and Dontsova who have grown up to Pasternak – you're wrong!
f3a843e813ab9d70ad5a58b3419b6130ded6c7b0	I donot like Dontsov at all, only I donot have to like all the classics.
bbdf5ea51e005d8d7e2546ed5e839e0b746095da	I enjoy reading Lermontov, Thackeray and Chekhov, but I donot like Balzac, Evelyn Waugh or Doctor Zhivago.
5638fb4945615e6fddd2efd58d792ccf07cff891	And what about my spirituality?
42c3603b78c14562e790925360cfee478184bb58	Dmitrieva Sofia May 23, 2009, 23: 14 A very good book!!!You will not regret reading it!!!!!!!!
cb5630cc8c3c61afcc263f0783e2976e237d3b37	Vaylet March 28, 2009, 09: 02 A powerful and great work of the author, it reads well.
79908be13586f54e347d7489999f72ce0883ec34	Unusually conveyed: a love story, the life of people in difficult times, a great description of nature.
7858a4bb98a9b5c18e9a5b244c61f7d5608d8574	The poems included in the novel are very heartfelt.
038d1250e79a4bee0073a0624bb889a1263a89d4	[altavista] 09 march 2009, 00: 33mvf67 we will never understand each other)) you know, it's even funny)) I also read Krylov's fables)) but in general, I will remain with my opinion) It is difficult to understand Pasternak, you need to know the history well, you need to know that time)) And not by reading "light" literature, such as fiction and the like, to draw conclusions about something more) plus do not rely on the opinion of someone who stupidly makes money on scandalous facts of bygone days))) Donot you think so?)
363ced259099d744d3f4a419321d961457e21a6c	[altavista] 07 march 2009, 23: 10mvf67 you know, it's easy to condemn and throw mud after the death of a writer)and arguments appear, and facts...) and my tone is absolutely similar to the tone of negative statements)) pay attention to this. and yes, I was brought up on the classics)
85a2e84cac8e42b42c04dec15e487225f1ff81eb	[altavista] 07 March 2009, 12: 20 obviously, most of you read at most this fiction.
5179ce8d851af53ec0a2f5af8a0c995374a55c0f	It's stupid to judge what you donot understand.
3bd8e48b76b24dcc06b74df63db1c4c54bf2df62	As someone said here that you canot fuck with Sholokhov.
54617c8dbe52a532219d3df31efd8dfe5bc395be	So it's not for nothing!!!
4633f1d047d0c75a7d8fe073f6db00a07fc12d05	Pasternak stands apart in Russian literature, so the comparison is meaningless.
ae6a94563a1953e09fa08d12cc8516089f12e323	And in general, they wouldnot have given him a bonus just like that.
8d3a87dc5bea3e845242b3a88747595f268e2712	So if you donot understand REAL literature, read consumer goods and donot show your limitations here.
2e36dc7b7d5d3b4fb04fa6cff5030316f7967519	Girl February 22, 2009, 13: 19The book is just super!!!
6b7cff1c00cf6aa949ec7fc8268d1de239baa048	I really liked it!!!=))) But the film by Alexander Proshkin is simply disgusting!!!=(((
0ff705afea58239445c81cfebb89fea18785bf92	SorrowJoker November 30, 2008, 17:362 russkiy patriot Not figasse!
5b7684ee5b7bc398085bcf3f7ba4522aa2156525	Well, what is he alien to?
3340a91c3c6c54c61ddc6c0284e1d4aca3b864b3	Excellent poems, good prose.
f2337c623c0c89a8e376d3b856cedef0b9de633f	Or do you only perceive the creativity of ethnic Russians?
496158b3cde050c69fbec2dab57cfd484284f0e4	And there is no excessive attention, IMHO, someone reads, someone does not.
3198055cfa99dd457dab56d9019a85571c4ece68	If you are not a physicist, then it is, of course, for you everyone is Einstein.
46be2d4457fa5443a715aec788595939076eb8e7	The personality, of course, is contradictory, but the scientist is very well known, I donot think that any of the Russian scientists managed to say "everyone"about him.
6187676485dfb88fd5b9465c29b9730a7e311320	For you, apparently, it's all about nationality, but this is just narrowness and inertia, blame it already...
c8b18b22cce5824da8d78ac55f1aed0f36c3785d	Skilfaret October 28, 2008, 13: 26The real classic!
df3be4c5011b444435d92d8eed075c7610ba0395	The great legacy of a great author!
5c49aad6a88a9a0a5e8723d282da222cdea5c601	As for the scarcity of the language of the book, I will allow myself to quote the Torah: "Every time you discover the greatness of the Most High, you find his modesty."
1672c9427a428b0254bb97d9c05e99af39c6ec7e	LONLY LOCLY September 29, 2008, 23: 09For me, this book was just a revelation, I donot even know how to say it better.
701bdf62a7c559091a0c3e71fe9bf7b1d1c5e1f9	I read at school, I liked it, but that's all – I didnot understand a lot.. it's too early to read this at school.
1769f7fb076388e467f2e460bb9680f455cd468b	But then I reread it a few years ago, and now this book does not deviate from me in any way, it is constantly somewhere inside.
a57adfcc19e44d01420189ef4fdc966a37a29ae0	I keep trying to find a pure light in it, not overshadowed by grief – I canot.
5d7d2e4dd45150241d8af16f3b74113a3eb223bd	Therefore, it seems that everything in this work is REAL alive, rushing, not retreating from the good with hopelessness, and therefore always suffering.
06fe39ac09f7dd403663e936e93846907a4e5e35	I was struck by the poems.
90281b10a9d093075da33af2fb3ea3a24b9c7ae0	I love Pasternak's poetry for the fact that it is open to the end, everything is expressed in the poems, there are no innuendos, sincerity and simplicity only.
98fb0186ddcaaf1a70f96fffac92afa0298adf70	Especially in the poems of Dr. Zhivago.
498e10abddf566f2a1e6de5389d646114a1f161e	In general, this is one of those books, the understanding of which makes a person higher.. and it takes away his peace.
4b8b1898e52fa9b1d9d3f8a8e53640c42c030ee0	371Pontos September 29, 2008, 19: 55 One of the best works of Russian literature.
39d871519dc11743f1198eb910afd4a366418427	I read it without looking up.
26c2ace0dbe2928440334a416c9478b5998ab2ae	The level of Mozart's requiem.
3e875c5e356f88784ecf75b117cf96801507820f	The only difference is that Mozart sounds optimistic notes of hope and faith in the resurrection against the background of the deepest sorrow of farewell, here is the truth of life and boundless sorrow.
06721699c41b379c267429caaa167abc56192669	For those who deny this novel look into your soul.
515aac0d0b3bee66480376121badcef855cbbce5	Yuri Zhevago is sitting in each of us.
a489aaf364c24003f73b8599c04cf9a2cb2368a3	Who has more, who has less.
5c0f6c590c67004cded78e89d2889ef40f762dc5	If not, then fate has deprived you.
118005602f54e50376089050568945b52e95f148	Anonymous 09 July 2008, 17: 49 I read it sometimes with tears in my eyes...
db61dd4ab8e70ba3f1bddf2dd65662c2da967f5e	To say that I liked it is not to say anything, I was not impressed by what I read!
de529ade993b6a716accfff4e007e86bec6fece1	It is comparable only with a Remark.....I recommend that thoughtful, educated people, lovers of Dontsova and other reading materials, it is better not to start.....
cb82075d16305c9fd7f98e109adf098e793b3e8e	zav June 30, 2008, 23: 11The long boring ordeal of an unnoticed person.
531888fa646ba21530fd4800190549f2ace39e6d	It is written rather drearily and is a sample of anti Russian literature.
44601479e5d66f0f04f66a8cff5177bbdc819654	For the older school age, it is a matter of familiarization to know what Pasternak's prose is, and there is no point in reading it like this.
5ee4fbfb66bae16c1aedc3c015e8d5dce103551b	It is better to spend your time on Gorky and Sholokhov – these are wonderful writers.
cd67839cbd7637e6eb54dc037648609c42e7beae	They wrote about life, and Zhivago tastes like cardboard.
5a96d10d87014c391112d6272dad58a0d21bf282	You read and choke, and choke... who needs it?
ecdea54b3df50b45068d5e458a28af90f30d587f	Diashat May 23, 2008, 16: 31 I did not take up this book for a long time, apparently intuitively.
bc711d10a336b869a0c6553f471c2b48ad38f36c	But at the age of 31, she took it.
3a77d968ad9730a33b75d7483057feef153b5cda	I read slowly and with pleasure, I worry about the characters.
f6f46a8f9204b8ea87245d165ae7e3401e3db444	I am shocked to the core!
19d44c4b53c789a1c02f05e198b2d3b6254b4b24	It seems to me that this work deserves a Nobel Prize.
d7b0e32df9c963fda5ef6110dba0c1d9c594f00a	I admire the characters, the description of nature, philosophical digressions, religious reflections, I admire the love of these people.
9ef184c9b9381bdc678cf00e94bfd76ef9621a86	They didnot have to make a revolution, they didnot have to be Strelnikov – they lived THEIR lives.
88719496f3f39da0b0ff0e78e795a8dfba49bfbc	This is not a reflection, it's just people with a high spiritual structure who are able to experience this light, this love, thank God for nature, see her life, her beauty, in those inhuman conditions, and could not become others, and could not live differently.
fffeb142454416e04fe35a29fd8b3c5ea97c79b7	They sailed in that time along the path of THEIR life and this life of theirs was also the life of the whole people.
fea957f4bb9b8a991ad89a96c2889e9b4e35ab46	They simply carried a different charge – to remain human in spite of everything.
b853f391147918af201a0bf34be461d9ef3a8101	I went to work today under the impression of another excerpt from this book, I went and thanked God for allowing the author to give birth to this miracle in due time, for the fact that there are such people who have seen and see all the beauty of this world, who are able to love so nobly, so piercingly and fill the space with light with their spiritual strength and warmth.
a1894c4f0bc582d036af713a8e299fdbcfbcb24a	They did not need to tear out the throats of others, they did not need special actions – they were much stronger than those who tore, shot, yelled, lied, i.e. did not reflect, created the plot, according to those who did not like the book.
12d6e9ebb1c6cdc1388a44b6cdb120efb5610d7f	With external inaction, they were much stronger than many!
93b298769a8f70c15fb762a2bbbb9430bb6acc69	This book is about the main thing – about the life of people who remain people, not in the context of heroism and heroism, but in the context of one human life.
38cd82683cc247266350dafcb0a4d17414906abd	AnO April 24, 2008, 13: 47 I did not think that there would be such different reviews.
eca5af936bf4033db0765ff9a83f2fb151ac659e	Although in some ways I agree with you.
f2bf55fba1d3e3e5ffac56530abbeeb571a3a8a3	In some places, I just admired and swallowed the chapters in a minute, and some places I just wanted to skip.
85828ec6b5a7f056306929daf85af523999aa542	In general, read and write your opinions.
c7e69bef3aeceac43f05516a338ee4e23daf4bd4	Aliska77777 02 March 2008, 13: 41pasternak is just mediocrity, it's so easy to say that the king is naked, and not to look for something in a verbal, mediocre set of words
e6c99490cc43149dafb4b56e6ea837337d35ec93	ssm17 February 21, 2008, 21: 16 How simply and terribly it is written: "Suddenly Strelnikov started talking about the revolution."
3089951edfd2099bb547373d1f487919b3935ea5	And a former working boy, a former teacher, a former soldier and a former revolutionary commander draws a line under his unfulfilled life.
59cf40d026e76efe8e692fb7e049dc06f7574405	One high ranking, let's say, weirdo called the collapse of the USSR the largest geopolitical catastrophe of the 20th century.
f4cd364c4d7483224238e49ff39ddf4ac75d818c	Lies.
84c8e0888d0e3f8d3d0eaf9f25df5f168e21a0ca	What happened in the early 1990s was just a finale, even a kind of catharsis, purification.
b5312de2e96be7dc130a11ddfdf3011ca400a2f7	And the catastrophe occurred 70 years earlier – when our Homeland turned into an Evil Empire – a monstrous chimera with quite frank symbolism (the globe on the coat of arms they would have drawn a machine gun to make it clearer), for many decades. it posed a threat to humanity.
f21ecd59ee5ffac86f3f739c3e56fd160df34d2c	"Doctor Zhivago" is a book about the burnt generation!
a5cb2a05c6ebc9146fe3cbfcdb66d88912a84bf5	About people whose souls were burned in the fire of the First World War, in the fire of the red terror and the civil war.
bf5b9cab1d0578c7a2b0fc4f7a4c9f785967b33b	Pasternak created a monument to his generation.
e46e3fec5a0027e6725e032ba35d3de3b70589c6	Not everyone likes to admire the monuments.
19f879fa726ec4ff2e9191fbe8f204e89293428d	But we simply have to respect them.
68fe0ec45cd74d7dd75b3e9886b3c0864b1e2143	Lyubasha 06 February 2008, 19: 12 For some reason it became so scary after all these reviews...
6470782124695fcc9f843564922ef17a84509218	I read "Doctor Zhivago" back in school.
735e36f95631d58f30899d2ea9eefb005c3625a7	And I got a great pleasure.
93cd1e83d21c534667fbdbb4f1a8c89b89b81858	Yes, undoubtedly Pasternak has a peculiar style of presentation, like Sholokhov or Bunin, for example.
ca44babbd3a3110ca5bd963c58c7ce01da57d2eb	But it is only necessary to overpower yourself a little, and now you can no longer tear yourself away from the book.
3120295aad4e758b67e46d36a8fbd304a226dbfd	Roman the great.
2a3d29c5fe7d87a7eab9fd824dcbc45835eddb92	And this is exclusively my point of view.
bcdf2ddd859d07e2471e7b45a64ed54b766f2243	And it became scary for this reason: the majority of people poison Pasternak, as he was once poisoned in the USSR.
4413e28e0b1f74e16d26edd3bb5b9327e75e0d98	In my opinion, this is wrong.
507edd065715557e14fe6d6fda4b50c6341e7b5c	If I start from this work at all, then I can say to myself that when I pick up a book, I am not interested in the nationality of the author, or any gossip about it, but only that the book turns out to be good.
1f77579d0e08c3f6ae4bab1c9c501df244965f3a	Aferuk 08 December 2007, 12: 36If everything was so fake, there would be nothing to talk about it for so many years.
d8ad61377a417d92e74332b144fa67e1c1ccd73a	The Nobel Prize? a scandal? and how many scandals do we remember around really inflated and fake personalities?
93e08656d832d013188c03122e3370697092f56c	No, it's different here.
294d80423f89362e111e6109468f11e5a6d85d3c	And it's not even so much about the brilliant cycle of poems by Yuri Zhivago, and even more so not about the national question, as some particularly active reviewers are trying to present it.
dc8d554a18bc0bfb92fa04346fbbe29fa34ea484	The fact is that all this happened, and the author personally knew the prototypes of the main characters, and he was already a mature person when the events described take place, that is, he could feel all this in a Pasternak non standard way and give us the opportunity to be present there in this environment, to participate mentally in these dialogues of the main characters and of course (I canot disagree with dear Sweetie) the great Russian (please note) nature is undoubtedly not just a background for the narrative, but one of the main actors.
fe02a9a65835a7e2ba763319a3163a7be567142e	This book will be read and re read precisely because it is sincere.
f2ab919d59ce2031bfbd415a8b15020b49c72732	Well, poems, of course, are immortal.
d3dc8a7641082dea022ea47628b2d6efff93bb08	dimetra k November 28, 2007, 12: 59 So, she was called Tatiana...
f4e64dba5322d6d711c50b719d801aaee66c3d59	(at the request of Gaelic Monster) "Einstein's formula" for the photoelectric effect: hv = 1/2 mV**2 + A Ce is the classical definition of the energy received by the body, which existed a hundred years before.
69740b328c227aa7baee0df2cee44285933f0771	It is spent on the work performed by the body on the environment (A) and on the communication of kinetic energy to the body.
e706977815f8cdac1be401d6719f9ed70d9afbbb	Here E. did not invent anything.
cecbe8a95f807ea4cea888eaee236677a5b84ff4	The received energy itself was also determined without any participation of E., because neither" v "nor" h " was invented by E. either.
d6ed66afc9b5d4bc5aab40165847627ab728e0e8	Here is what is said about E.'s contribution to the study of the photoelectric effect in the physics textbook: "The explanation of the laws of the photoelectric effect was given in 1905 by the German scientist Albert Einstein on the basis of the hypothesis of light quanta.
7e280ea4097bf9abf49b393856d22be3a22df256	Following Planck, he suggested that if the radiation of energy by atoms occurs discretely in the form of portions or quanta, then its propagation in space and absorption by matter occurs in portions (quanta)."
634bc648b301e740dea9ddfb27f47f1819f21b26	Next comes the famous formula.
9c3aedc2239553ac62489faaa9ac4fb7912f84c4	Yes, my memory failed me, the third law is the law of Stoletov.
1bc7e5b8cb7a12d7cda57c30afe5d5479ab80e5c	And no one gave him any bonuses.
6909a647c770a55ba1e168bbad43701c6136411e	But the Bar was given, but not for the "Einstein" photoelectric effect, but "in recognition of his merits in the development of physics thanks to the discovery of energy quanta."
afb8cf21bf4ea9cea9d3dfa1b398598fbbed0899	I hope it is clear that it was P. who discovered quantum energy.
6ac5e2f13687a90bb597cc81cb6dbade1b6862fb	I admit, he was inaccurate.
fa960d6cbde992b0ae5b6750bbbcd38c39cd154a	Now, I hope, accuracy and justice have been restored.
e07aff60446a8d43529bd2af282263909ca5f20c	You will say, de, that after all, what kind of talent you need to have to bring everything together so beautifully.
3da33b5d1c666eb42d2f9044c18b3474ea7f5179	Yes, you need to have talent, or wipe your pants in the patent office, where talents are piled up.
3186224634e2ada568c8d88387d0979f61c0f81c	And then, with his wife physicist Mileva Marich, everything will go, to
56e1c57e4c9d86945cd6e0a5583db12a01ab6453	About "Doctor Zhivago" Home
aae7a1c307cfee4cf6b41fcac9680ba8a44f4a31	Life and work
997d9215fa26998474a49899ab817308fec5b619	Photo Album
e13e0554f557ba882751e261b5a60777b337bea6	Creation
619d65e1ae1a2704aa306451ac2a75a0cde345a8	Bibliography
0623f3df6688b6f075811eab2dc9a6fcc59f4cec	Hosting from uCoz The novel "Doctor Zhivago" was created for ten years, from 1945 to 1955.
a1f5382392914cd57d24fec2ed89e0418bf22de0	The novel is imbued with high poetics, accompanied by poems of the main character — Yuri Andreevich Zhivago.
3b2589c24530034291bb02888e00d7de1c369dc2	For example, E. G. Kazakevich, after reading the novel, said: "It turns out, judging by the novel, the October Revolution is a misunderstanding and it was better not to do it," K. M. Simonov, the editor in chief of Novy Mir, also reacted with a refusal : "You canot give a podium to Pasternak!".
f9692d7b1c557488d5de358b5e7553bcd14e90b4	The publication of the novel in the West — first in Italy in 1957 by the pro — communist publishing house Feltrinelli, and then in the UK, through the mediation of the famous philosopher and diplomat Sir Isaiah Berlin led to a real persecution of Pasternak in the Soviet press, his exclusion from the USSR Writers ' Union, outright insults against him from the pages of Soviet newspapers, at meetings of workers.
3bf6f5e99ac34d87f59533d945fabacd61bd6dad	Among the writers who demanded expulsion were L. I. Oshanin, A. I. Bezymensky, B.
96f8ee733498904fefa9617fdda59c56ea400b20	A. Baruzdin, B. N. Polevoy and many others (see the transcript of the meeting of the All Moscow Meeting of Writers in the section "References").
6be6e0f16e9c8ce1a1553694d3b6f10ffcc5233d	And THE SOIL AND FATE BREATHE Two years after the completion of the novel "Doctor Zhivago" Boris Pasternak wrote: .. "I think, despite the familiarity of everything that continues to stand before our eyes and that we continue to hear and read, there is nothing more of this, it has already passed and taken place, a huge, unheard of period worth of forces has ended and passed.
2388c83f80c6f6cbe48d230c8e7f89e28f8a1ce5	In this way, he complements the probabilistic interpretation of the course of history given by Leo Tolstoy with observations of nature, arguing that the existence of humanity has not yet lost its living possibilities, that, to our joy, it has remained as unpredictable and unexpected as the life of the forest.
c293c4efc5318eae9621026bf0825dcc6a1c2c58	Pasternak writes that "history is what is called the course of history", Yuri Andreevich saw history as a kind of" vegetable kingdom": ...
6861db330c4f1f80c152862660d4da3ba54501f5	" In winter, under the snow, the bare twigs of a deciduous forest are skinny and pathetic, like the hairs on an old man's wart.
d01f77bdd0f12d7f2fd98a3164bc68a1094cc488	"They loved each other because they wanted everything around them so much: the earth under them, the sky above their heads, clouds, trees… Never, never, even in the moments of the most gratuitous, forgetful happiness, did their highest and most exciting pleasure in the general modeling of the world, the feeling of their own belonging to the whole picture, the feeling of belonging to the beauty of the whole spectacle, to the whole universe"...
e8d57d595b4ab6af7935b2b0a9d50d77f733da9d	Pasternak dreamed of great prose throughout his life, but the attempts he had made earlier, dragging on for years, remained unfinished.
e4882d4341a41f85deb6fbb1942b9d6b4087831f	Excerpts published in newspapers and magazines of the 1930s conveyed paintings and everyday sketches of the pre revolutionary years of Russia.
7691b932129e1d114ec170d4e85f17498d602408	This understanding came at the end of the war, when there was a distinct sense of the presence of God in the historical about the existence of Russia.
e47463bbfab16cfbebe2298546b3ec7b82d48295	I'm ready to smash everything into splinters And put everyone on their knees… During the most severe oppression, Pasternak was sure that changes for the better would certainly begin with the spiritual awakening of society.
febf84549c63be9ebc954e90bc46129896a3be15	The consciousness of the inevitability of the way of the Cross as a pledge of immortality is expressed in the poem "Hamlet", which opens the notebook of Yuri Zhivago: The hum has subsided.
7c30fd76d1a63674e7b2575f524d77b779bb4381	In it, I want to give a historical image of Russia for the last forty five years, and at the same time, with all aspects of its plot, heavy, sad and elaborated in detail, like, ideally, Dickens or Dostoevsky – this thing will be an expression of my views on art, on the Gospel, on human life in history and much more… The atmosphere of the thing is my Christianity, in its breadth a little different from the Quaker and Tolstoy, coming from other sides of the Gospel in addition to the moral ones," Pasternak wrote in October 1946.
51e58a44ea7b6fe29b3a0258b540e81421e25ac4	Here is an epigraph from the Revelation of John the Theologian: "And God will wipe away every tear from their eyes, and there will be no more death; there will be no more weeping, no more crying, no more sickness, for the former has gone."
38fd559bd858a72eeadf963c654b42087e0be966	We often do not think about the fact that Nefertiti was a real woman of flesh and blood.
2c5a916343cb8d3304ec6acf1ab9ad5719ff5a56	But neither beauty, nor wealth, nor power guarantee cloudless happiness.
ccf3b52b45a4a156218a6e6e43b680f97433faed	She went through all the trials, ascension to power, the death of a child, disgrace, she was idolized during her life, cursed and abused after death.
7864c8e445acfe848b3fe22b39f5dd854bc08776	But we will always remember her like this: ...a calm and beautiful face, a mysterious half-smile...
6d59dc7ce3fe3b62acbe36ba8dba1efefe326386	Once, many years ago, I first saw a bust of Nefertiti and was struck by her almost alien beauty.
094e7867da10caadbcd16988ef41b2a7405203cf	Unfortunately, there was little real information in the press at that time – more and more about her husband, the famous heretic Pharaoh Akhenaten.
2acfc4356b0245e15260b3570d8bcd43d5eef0fc	Now, after years, we can learn much more about it, but still very little.
d81d3c60900e285cbc5bc7652cb1e49e4d30489e	We don't even know where and when she was born, we don't know how many years she lived and why she died.
df1d5a1a65aaa624cdb1cf38f91cbc706fcd85be	No wonder-three millennia have passed since then, papyrus scrolls have decayed, stone has crumbled, empires have disappeared without a trace, rivers have changed their channels, and the fact that we know more about Nefertiti than just a name is already a miracle in itself.
0b73f8c47bb52e75ac25a31899f6c517ba434da9	Many of her statues and images decorated temples, she was often painted next to her husband, often in the family circle and even defeating the enemies of Egypt - so usually only the pharaohs themselves were painted.
474ce2186011b5f2334ddea11cf36fb12fa9bda6	She reached the peak of power by the 12th year of Akhenaten's reign, when we read about her in the inscriptions not just as the main wife, but as the co-ruler of her royal husband.
9127a2cb0c689df69679dfab63d3ad639eb05438	Shortly after that, her daughter Maketaton died of an illness, and just a year or two later, all mentions of Nefertiti's name disappear.
bec668958545d5a589fe962377d62adae9293de4	A version was put forward - the queen died during the plague epidemic.
fed1dc7bc9529b1dc0bebaa472563f10f38374e5	However, until recently, the main assumption was that Nefertiti simply fell out of favor, with the rise of one of the younger wives of Pharaoh Kiya.
90bf0fecbb760b0deeffd2f3cf032ae17349fc8a	Historians considered Nefertiti's inability to give birth to an heir to be the reason for the disgrace.
a427918c4b682d0487adc9a1499f7a12501d422f	The next wife of the pharaoh after Kiya was his own daughter by Nefertiti Meritaton, and almost all references to Kiya were destroyed.
45bcd551fa707a05aabf6ec2a8d3e0a1268c1d56	Perhaps it was the daughter's revenge for her mother.
bd7ca5be1999cc82175039de18b8a8b26fe7f534	But Meritaton herself could not give birth to a boy to her father, only mentions of two daughters from this marriage are known.
0d58c6499e790acb2ff4274a6da5989054905396	However, the assumptions about the disgrace of Nefertiti were recently refuted by the discovery in 2012 of a semi-erased inscription dating back to the 16th year of Akhenaten's reign (his reign lasted 17 years), where the following line was: "The great wife of the Pharaoh, his beloved, the lady of both lands (upper and lower Egypt), Neferneferuaton Nefertiti."
9ea2fd752f6342117327c988bda5d263594d5514	This meant that the status of Nefertiti as a great wife (queen) remained unshakable, despite the marriage of the pharaoh with Kiya and with her own daughter.
27d6f01e0b61091875071ac1a91d6eb9fad82a3f	With the accession to the throne of the heir of Akhenaten Tutankhamun, the priesthood began an all-out attack on the legacy of the heretic pharaoh.
17aa65db44aadb524d1883c6ee19a2245450a648	The temples of Aten were destroyed or abandoned, references to Akhenaten were destroyed, inscriptions were erased, steles were destroyed.
1c341e8c6235850f0bbb1477f6038fcba2a337d7	At the same time, the tombs of the pharaoh and his royal wife were probably desecrated or even destroyed.
7569546b2e3e112bffe4c2aa3bc6630da9dfc74f	Next, we are on the shaky ground of assumptions.
8ecec8cd30d0d7315ea72001f92331a038618200	What you will read below is not supported by all Egyptologists.
01b000d6460d9cfe60948a48b2b19ec0503f906b	The point of view is controversial, but it has the right to exist.
8d09cf9202b2029454f8b2364d0d50ef74391778	I inform you that the mummies of Nefertiti and Akhenaten have been found.
388b61a531a3b2317fc6a8973f13344991775e52	The destruction of inscriptions on tombs and ritual objects is quite sufficient revenge from the point of view of the priests.
f776fc3f821bf30d6b402365c44f63d4e0607414	After all, there was a mention of the god Aton in their names.
de409d5c7b843c7a93857b6dd91ac3b28d9a9628	They took revenge not so much on the pharaoh as on his god Aton, returning the cult of the old gods.
1f622ac80cd4707f0aababea8070003d68278c8a	The destruction of the mummies of royal persons themselves, whose divine origin was beyond doubt, is an unheard-of sacrilege even in relation to a heretic pharaoh.
c215cf06054b4ff88381e95e0446d7deada53d2b	The discovery of the mummy of Nefertiti was reported ten years ago by Joanne Fletcher.
b9f17bcc622afa48fa0c34822d80a90561d73182	According to the mummy, a reconstruction of the alleged appearance of Nefertiti was made.
026a27a8a680a7165d02f413bb6b4668ad65a284	The famous bust of Queen Nefertiti in its mystery leaves far behind all the masterpieces of world art.
1d784a7cef0eb0740d941d2e72125117c32327e7	It can be called the "Mona Lisa" of the Ancient World.
033b36c077dde18539d82a04712292744ebd5929	Despite the fact that it was created almost five millennia ago, it is perfectly preserved - a woman is looking at us, whose facial proportions would be recognized as perfect even today.
47cb63992e34cd06c80b3d81c4b03b1a4d859f56	The bust was found during his expedition by the German archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt.
a471ca5e1f76be217e2c321ab5072b5ea7e44561	In his archaeological diary, a meticulous scientist wrote just one phrase opposite the sketch of the monument: "It is pointless to describe-you need to look."
120acce1e7e66f315d204f399231facf70e787c0	This bust was created by the ancient Egyptian sculptor Thutmose.
dffddcfd0bcbfca0480a663564c0ed2285abc774	It was a real revolution for ancient Eastern art.
f705272b737489a74bd5759a9efe03a524fa4ccb	In 1913, Borchardt, having previously smeared the find with plaster, took it to Germany.
f363f47a8a1dc02b12c9b00839aecb8903af47c7	After 20 years, Egypt was outraged and asked to return the bust back.
69f1602920ac1b987950291515fae18913e35284	But Germany refused, which is why all German archaeologists were forbidden to work in Egypt.
818e936182480a6efa842c2404869eaf3950e24d	The largest Soviet Egyptologist Yuri Perepelkin wrote the name of the queen as follows: Nfrtt.
a55358ae8714c3ee8dbd5e40097c5c7980236764	Most often, "Nefertiti" is translated as "The beautiful beauty of Aton, the beauty has come".
9a63d3c3936b362558ba8e52c95c32106fc1c18e	This word "came" has occupied the minds of historians for more than one century.
c1acb68601a905310e28bffbd26c1734de2996fa	So far, no clear evidence has been found about the origin of Nefertiti.
ba077c6aa672f3396297ae1b3a1f8a04abdf3de3	According to one version, she was an Egyptian, since a foreigner could not become the main wife of the pharaoh in Egypt.
c74500b8dac838ceb1f36451609d34b12ec9e1b1	According to the Egyptian versions, Nefertiti was either the daughter of Amenhotep III, or, more likely, the daughter of the dignitary Aye and his wife Tia.
7a5671a470256d9904cac8550ea55454718b1db0	Nefertiti's younger sister Mutnedzhmet openly called Tia a mother.
a4ad0accd5008e9e30cf5284e8314f9897867291	According to the" overseas " version of the origin, Nefertiti was a Mitanni princess sent to the court of Akhenaten's father, Pharaoh Amenhotep III.
f08683eafa5bf5916bb4d1bd9e9d6e6555fb0fab	None of the versions today can be considered completely convincing.
114087214ac51f54d3dc4779acd9cc9b154bef26	The origin of Nefertiti is still a mystery.
dcdfd0a790fec3f8b8e81b0179a0382457cbaefb	The great wife of Nefertiti was the wife of an unrestrained reformer of ancient Egypt.
960a52fe391b1e8c5dc83095813b6a6187cb7bc8	Amenhotep IV moved the capital to a new city - Akhetaton - which he had previously built three hundred kilometers from the former capital-Thebes.
27ceae08f45222c8aaa71577c8a90cc5a8ca0d57	Amenhotep carried out a serious religious reform, raising the sun - Aton to the rank of the only deity.
7edd3f5cbf7d32ba490b3132b9b47b36026e3eec	He took the name Akhenaten, which translates as "useful to Aton", but among the Egyptians, dissatisfied with the overthrow of the old gods, he was given the nickname "The Enemy from Akhet Aton".
077aec0885c5853562786f5e8748999972192f64	This is how the chroniclers designated the king in the scrolls after his death, not wanting to pronounce the name.
3e3597ec2bab84841a1b41caa6904e1be6ab7a6d	What Akhenaten did was colossal in its scale, and researchers note that he did not do it alone - Nefertiti helped him.
e6fc27c28c201076bc79f60367b6a31612fb4eef	They left their palace together early in the morning and met the sun.
fa88e2991114df22121c3444d506f9c861502a94	Nefertiti herself conducted religious services, and prayers were offered to her in the temple of Aton in Thebes.
9ff696ee6449a03d430ed170aa0cc321db02b270	Nefertiti was also identified with the goddess Tefnut — the goddess of moisture, the daughter of the Sun Ra, and could depict the queen in the image of a sphinx.
fd5faa0d6e1e54fe3ff707f606d1f4144b16a32f	The disintegrated triad "She leads Aton to rest with a sweet voice and beautiful hands with sistrums," it is said about Nefertiti in the inscriptions of the tombs of the nobles of her contemporaries, " at the sound of her voice they rejoice."
a30a7248aedcfd48c29539d9a38b3c54b9bfd2fe	Judging by the surviving images of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, their relationship was something more than just the union of the eldest wife and the pharaoh.
e7860e7e8c5575f351fb86cc1484302c2674e6af	In fact, Akhenaten created a divine triad, at the base of which he was with Nefertiti.
7053479aee41d8290313c3557ec09b36997c6f94	The royal couple was depicted in a frame of brilliant processions that replaced the great gods of the traditional Egyptian pantheon.
17f09d6182ae56e9209765388a2f3e3e0f694209	There are many quite everyday sketches depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their daughters.
7fde412c0f5caa279df081d6de8e38dd931f04e5	Nefertiti gave birth to 6 daughters to Pharaoh, and the death of one of them - Maketaton - disrupted everything in Nefertiti's life.
36e3d6eb7123730551b113583ce61e6b2c1bbb01	The Egyptian queen Nefertiti ruled together with Pharaoh Amenhotep IV, better known in history as Akhenaten, more than three millennia ago.
25931a3f86d8be02a8710d885e72dd844e75dbc3	The sands of time swallowed up that long period of history, turned everything that surrounded the queen into dust.
6b000893370939799879a2b750ba48b388a485f0	But the glory of Nefertiti has survived the centuries, extracted from oblivion, she again dominates the world.
3c35476acee1cf86c4e0cf7a91c2afa24b5a07d6	In 1912, during archaeological excavations in Egypt, Ludwig Borchardt, a German archaeologist, discovered the workshop of the sculptor Thutmes, which was clearly evidenced by clusters of stones of different breeds, masks made of plaster, unfinished statues, a fragment of a casket with the name of the sculptor Akhetaton.
2df1db26a08f0a4aa71ebf9f47290a136788f134	Secrets and riddles about the life of the queen were tried to reveal with the help of various hypotheses.
094784bbef5ce7f9512eb65b460905d2ada2da17	We can say that since then her name has been covered with worldwide fame, which has not faded until now.
d53e6c051b45fc788cfdfd1489f282931096d137	For a long time, there were only isolated mentions of it, not much information can be found even now.
9bdac9e65b212f336cb6ffbd97afa9da792a0947	The scant information gleaned from references on the walls of tombs, inscriptions on cuneiform tablets of the Amarna archive, became the basis for the development of many versions about the origin of the queen.
e22342487731fc1373a09ca4695e9949ffbc42e2	The "perfect", as she was called, was an Egyptian, but there are versions claiming that she was a foreign princess.
b0f50c9fea0b23b0ab36e4224aa058a1c0ef85c1	Egyptologists have built several hypotheses about its origin.
228ffa9cdba85b23beb92650372abd6b2c910739	Some researchers believe that she is the daughter of Tushratta, the king of Mitanni.
bc57afaa2d19ec4951b6a48e85389d644ccd7e91	Nefertiti became a widow early, and after the death of her husband, she was declared the wife of his son Amenhotep IV.
5b189152f6af8cb0f34944a76317fe0391016b16	Nefertiti conquered the young pharaoh with her incredible beauty.
ccc87e085edbc75d46b5d22ec88890aa6be13086	It was said that Egypt had never produced such beauty before.
39595c98d53da887eb6ecb1ea7264f6f52fc74a4	Queen Nefertiti soon became the" main " wife of the ruler.
2f00c11951cd280b6b6d37b24d28dc135ed11379	This kind of confirmed the version about her Egyptian origin, because usually Egyptian women of royal blood became the pharaoh's wife.
b0407213f9b6fa486c43eda9613622975b382559	It is quite likely that it could also be the daughter of the pharaoh.
03cee2badccff8a92ca71a5ad1211ac5ba202955	It was also assumed that Nefertiti was the daughter of one of the people close to the court of Akhenaten.
2ce0c4c7ed2cbc4defd59bd9b1fb110832143010	The queen struck not only with her extraordinary beauty, but also with infinite mercy.
dfabd3af7c640088a70b69057d0cc3a9fed2e701	She gave people peace, her sunny soul was sung in poems and legends.
242f4177fdffd2a9027cfba629a48cb1b277d992	She was easily given power over people, Egypt worshipped her.
7c4e1373b2c5e288023aa5566848be6b88d053f2	Queen Nefertiti had a strong will and the ability to inspire awe.
55bf45ff05bdff406d279bd75af78f70192b5e95	Ancient Egyptian papyri, drawings, bas-reliefs show that her marriage with Amenhotep IV was ideal, was a symbol of respect, love and cooperation.
78b7c6237bde1d16c2c86764d9f74cfe59051150	He called himself Akhenaten, "pleasing to God", moved the capital from Thebes to Akhetaton, erected new temples, crowned them with sculptural colossi of the new Aton Ra.
aaf7602f5cb0c3275a507a85e7a9b36a2d664c72	An intelligent and strong wife helped the pharaoh to break the consciousness of the whole country and win in such a dangerous war with the mysterious servants of the cult who subjugated Egypt.
1736858a8210ae055e97498cd37b72747bf99fe4	Most often, she was depicted in a headdress, which is a high blue wig, which was wrapped with gold ribbons and a urei, symbolically emphasizing her power and connection with the gods.
a6a2903ffde466d2637dcc29cf2847b200d0a991	But no one dared to openly oppose the ruler's wife, rather, on the contrary, offerings and gifts of petitioners were showered on Nefertiti.
df194ad9fc40d0c0b9726a1f0bb3109aaa4925d4	As it became known, Nefertiti (Nefertiti) was born in 1370 BC, but Egyptologists can not come to a single answer to the question of where and in what family she was born.
1ef08b51508cf9cf9424645939ae7e976d5b39df	Most people are sure that the secret of her origin is hidden in the very name of the queen.
150e923aa944cd72c4e29c9ced785f1cb9d51d42	Nefertiti is translated from Egyptian as "the beauty who came" - it means that she came to Egypt from another land.
09afbc02c1d3360490b94df8f6579e2d1e652c52	There was a version that Nefertiti was the daughter of King Tushratta (Tushratta) and Queen Juni (Juni) from the neighboring Mitania – the kingdom in Mesopotamia, where the legendary Arias lived.
d82035d0192136aacac67b371a057849680d84e7	Her parents called the princess Tadukhipa and brought her up in the traditions of the monotheistic Aryan religion, which taught to worship the sun as the only deity.
ffd9ba41211ca303e5912655bacca7fd5cf12943	Probably, 12-year-old Taduchep was sent by her father to Egypt as a gift for Pharaoh Amenhotep III (Amenhotep III) to the "House of Ornaments" (harem) and became one of hundreds of foreign princesses brought to give birth to the lord of sons and meet old age alone…
f07a1a96aa1c710cc53c55d1b0e937966f1f84b3	Shortly after Nefertiti's arrival, Amenhotep III went to another world, and according to tradition, all the wives of the pharaoh were to be sacrificed and buried together with the ruler.
4246f8f9a866cd14a197f9e8a11b9669e7f8c340	But the son of the deceased, the young Amenhotep IV, saved Nefertiti from death and made her his wife.
3c95fe865a423e496dbdc96cb9d93f8f9112336d	It is not difficult to guess that a strong love pushed the young man to such a bold step.
e2b39b4cd60d33ae1f71eab283cb63735362c98a	He signed every state order with an oath of eternal love for God and Nefertiti.
49afeb54b732b20ace06fd95ffa5bee9d3b16a52	The husband called the queen "the lady of joy, pacifying heaven and earth with a sweet voice and kindness" and "the delight of the heart".
cc9fd37c6fe73b95f41f56919cafc0007e8298ba	So, how did the ancient master depict his queen: charming square green eyes, thick black eyebrows, sensual full lips, an elegant nose, strong – willed cheekbones, a swan neck and a miniature figure-Nefertiti looks just perfect.
662618c51e9618ed70cf9278c5ee774e68fe617f	But, like any fashionista, the queen knew ways to become even more attractive: she painted her nails with henna or liquid gold, took baths with sea salt, rubbed scented oils into her skin, powdered herself with powdered minerals, made up her eyes with antimony, smeared her lips with berry fudge, wore translucent linen dresses of kalaziris and spectacular jewelry (two earrings in each lobe).
0dcb88ffd3ce0e1e3936ba8095333c61f2a35cdc	The pharaoh's wife adored wigs with pigtails, multicolored strands and shiny hairpins, having hundreds of hair in her collection.
b1357c003508b916e28c941c6d7913ba4943ae73	Nefertiti was a virtuoso in politics and the ability to convince: she renamed herself Nefer Nefer Aton ("beautiful with the beauty of Aton"), advised her husband to abandon the ancestral gods and accept her religion, proclaiming the only God-the solar Aton, after which Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten ("pleasing to Aton") and built Akhetaton – a new capital in the Sahara.
6f17614a9fee45b85b9ed04fc9c409add21ea66d	The pharaoh declared his wife a co-ruler and ordered her to fulfill any order she gave.
c5bd93f17dd687013f6a6ac8e258cbcae01c9193	Nefertiti decided to destroy the ancient temples and start persecuting the priests of the old faith.
1ba03bb5d51afdbee37e0b4b5ee93e07efd9d721	Akhenaten was introduced to a beautiful young girl named Kiya.
938d25a5f0ec22f01b85717674f9018b96a5454e	Since this period, the name of Nefertiti has been carefully erased from all inscriptions and images.
64ec8d456e0a78098659935afff4dc2e6fe5baab	Akhenaten was simply fascinated by his new wife.
5c54cad469c898040c938b379c347d34ce0e9b38	A luxurious gold coffin inlaid with precious stones was specially made for her.
074fb02abf1f454bdf4231b7ec127e58fc54b65a	However, the marriage of Kiya and Akhenaten did not last long – the ruler after some time got bored with the eternal chatter of the young beauty, and the pharaoh sent the young wife back to the harem.
018424e2b7262382731940c4700f25100d191a0c	Nefertiti at that time lived in the province and was engaged in raising a boy – Tutankhamun, who was to become, later, the husband of her eldest daughter.
b95405805a5acdd83199b6bdd119bdd7a2bb4e9a	After the breakup of Akhenaten and Kiya, Nefertiti proposed to her former spouse to marry their third daughter, the young Ankhesenamon.
456a888859557fe09b6dc7d1e9442a7a2a4fd924	As shocking as it may seem to us now, for ancient Egypt, such marriages, especially among the royal families, were in the order of things.
8d3aaba5c22944b6965d4f41bbb68185c2f5bc02	However, soon, in the eighteenth year of his reign, Amenhotep Akhenaten died.
cdff6eb71b279bd2245b3d4dc151897674da0a4c	By the end of his life, the pharaoh looked like an old man, despite the fact that he was only twenty-nine years old.
51342e6edc9745e5c4adfd5e2035bce396fdabf8	The cause of Akhenaten's death, according to scientists, was a spinal disease that tormented him for many years.
cf1aa724ec9f641dd74188de16383597a0d71dac	Together with the pharaoh, the new religion, so diligently instilled by him to his people, also passed into the past.
95668816223d1f8b7f3a24e247d912db1335d517	After the death of Amenhotep IV, the throne was taken by his son-in-law, the husband of the eldest daughter of Smenkhkar, who handed over power to his brother Tutankhamun a year later.
29397ead66fc6cfd711a4a04b753fd72ae8ba922	The new ruler immediately restored the old religion, rejecting the cult of the god Aton.
bbf7d603f26ffccd83c9a70dc91152e08ce5efee	Tutankhamun again moved the capital of the state to Thebes, where Nefertiti returned.
68c5ded9973b80cff800f708e7f72459c49e68b0	Many nobles sought the hand of the beauty, but she did not marry again.
f93ab67aee0d1930c012b48f9c9821d133163efc	However, according to some inscriptions, it can be judged that the former queen was not a recluse either.
102ee1d826a180ffea4b81d0b0b1f5dcbb96f9bd	In all probability, she was not disgraced and had influence at court for the rest of her life.
ff407ccbec0e503411181011e3c25b2c3609eb78	In ancient papyri, she is called wise and visionary.
2c00252f9b2daef910e28385b84d13710191889a	Archaeologists have discovered a statuette made by the same sculptor Thutmose, which depicts Nefertiti in her declining years.
5fcf5c4c53c2fb0d4b8f617bf63096d5df2a096b	Before us is still the same beautiful face, but with traces of fatigue.
ee92764153533c173b88732b0b502707248ebbe3	The love of the royal couple became one of the main subjects for the artists of Akhetaton-the capital of Akhenaten and Nefertiti.
ffd5601f7d270b28d79fd578a78e0894cddfebd8	Never before have works appeared in Egyptian art that so vividly demonstrate the feelings of royal spouses.
15341366fb1b465b71be2c24bdd83e5afd9f3008	Nefertiti, "a beauty, beautiful in a diadem with two feathers, the lady of joy, full of praises... full of beauties" with her husband are sitting with children; Nefertiti swings her legs, climbing on her husband's lap and holding her little daughter with her hand.
1fc5a3b01d37549acf6f5aeb2035e6abea956d8c	One of the reliefs discovered in Akhetaton depicts the culmination of this idyll-the kiss of Akhenaten and Nefertiti.
d616c8158a674cfdd58b24f2788269936805482e	On each scene, there is always an Aton-a solar disk with numerous hands holding out the symbols of eternal life to the royal couple of ankhi.
294c88f2f8412a2d1f346c0cd31544e8c3e7ea4a	Nefertiti played an extremely important role in the religious life of Egypt at that time, accompanying her husband during sacrifices, religious ceremonies and religious festivals.
66c239088dadf0ad903c5dd9816e1f71e495ef0b	She was a living embodiment of the life-giving power of the sun, giving life.
55211728b0d70c05d95409821c1120a02ff556b4	In Hempaaton and Hutbenben, the great temples of the god Aton in Thebes, prayers were offered to her; none of the temple actions could take place without her, the pledge of fertility and prosperity of the whole country.
28ff8038b767918ab73fd817ab16cf1efc2755f3	"She leads Aton to rest with a sweet voice and beautiful hands with sistrums," it is said about her in the inscriptions of the tombs of the nobles of her contemporaries, — at the sound of her voice they rejoice."
ae83ecf697ee2c4e8eb1e40dea9ddb140fd2d144	The walls of the hall, erected by Akhenaten in the 6th year of his reign in his capital to celebrate the Sed ceremony, were decorated with colossal sculptural images of Nefertiti, identified with the goddess Tefnut — the goddess of moisture, the daughter of the Sun Ra, standing on the maintenance of world harmony and divine law.
c1cebdb28d1ac72f95ab99d7f6fa49c11ad626d3	In this hypostasis, Nefertiti could be depicted as a sphinx, striking the enemies of Egypt with a club.
138f599ad38cdea045ce15baa5d635c1a2b1dee8	Having great power and authority, the queen was most often depicted in her favorite headdress — a high blue wig, entwined with gold ribbons and an uraeus, which symbolically emphasized her connection with the formidable goddesses, the daughters of the Sun.
e0626d35b45938b93a6f938403c48b5a910a8516	Nefertiti was not found or identified among the mummies already found.
c83337f4a15a12006cf143fdf77a203001bdfd2c	Before the genetic study in February 2010, Egyptologists assumed that the mummy of Nefertiti could be one of the two women found in the tomb KV35, for example, the mummy KV35YL.
8007a8dfee08af542816e62ec61f0dc994a4c160	This hypothesis was put forward in 2001-2003 by Egyptologists Susan James[6] and Joan Fletcher, who pointed out a number of indirect signs confirming the royal origin of the mummy, and announced in the media that they had found Nefertiti[7][8].
1efb21b5101e0a16d74dc6aec5a104d8d1136792	In 2003, a reconstruction of the mummy's lifetime appearance was made; it was stated that it was very similar to the bust of Nefertiti[9].
784e87b95e1e64134b4bd5a29310ac9aa155e9ab	However, other Egyptologists, including Dr. Zahi Hawass, criticized Fletcher's version most harshly, banned the work of the British expedition, and declared the wig found near the mummy a "planted fake"[10].
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b01007572708c6f7139c75a9e0070cde537cc2cd	And soon I discovered something shocking.: Joney
3f010b2a036b3032b5c345567ba95cfe3eb0719f	When the author really kept his word: Andrey
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6044bebacab7d9c716c6bd5a21b79373b0324b16	But soon everything became much worse!
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087ed323a151a07c6bcd46bfb19f9756f6446424	The beauty of Queen Nefertiti.
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404f26e41fa45f5140b6e333b52ef04edc6772fa	Hot • Best • New
909a0f601255bb135e642e5cc1e6548bf6d3e089	(17 photos)
844550ab738ea00a30b8da99f16182fb8c79d223	Author:
ca2913c1c9815479968e8d813245a76d942aefec	Lysykamrad
a2afee6029ba55bd37a204cd42887f1958d930b7	December 02, 2013 11:05 am
fb1accf49d8e3ce91114c08df6d494205fd551d8	Tags: nefertiti ancient egypt history mystery
42f23e8b703cc2fd1fc849d69610a4cfec60d7bc	69849
0716d9708d321ffb6a00818614779e779925365c	17
ad99f92a648ba0b98c8bf2ad8a966d0cb697a77d	If you just admire Nefertiti and she is the ideal of beauty for you, then you should not continue reading.
783a9f72a8b0e69b8fe9cb079185823c1c82d660	Perhaps you are shocked by some details of her family life, or you do not want to see a disfigured mummy, possibly belonging to the queen.
5833564bce33e573710bdeb800d2e99a72018351	In this case, just do not open the publication – it is not for you.
6cd0f39b2d8d1c9f6759c67d6b23cdafb0c4e8e0	But we will always remember her like this: ...a calm and beautiful face, a mysterious half smile...
4a02a259bd4a1383da96b0cc1a698b508ddfd431	We donot even know where and when she was born, we donot know how many years she lived and why she died.
cbca0ab710b4405ede3213279dbc66931e022bc2	No wonder three millennia have passed since then, papyrus scrolls have decayed, stone has crumbled, empires have disappeared without a trace, rivers have changed their channels, and the fact that we know more about Nefertiti than just a name is already a miracle in itself.
c1ea9c0eb0e2e369159f0d388f8d3d015eeec7ab	She was a great queen and bore Akhenaten six daughters.
65502904911fb7678a3c12e68d73536086e5f654	You can name the names of each daughter Meritaton, Maketaton, Ankhesenpaaton, Nefernefruaton tasherit, Nefernefrura and Setepenra, but does the enumeration of names tell us something about her?
ae30eec69298510e7fb90d5f492b81b9b85822ba	She reached the peak of power by the 12th year of Akhenaten's reign, when we read about her in the inscriptions not just as the main wife, but as the co ruler of her royal husband.
5159cb79ba442134b9418bf9c80d4a1d1fd7b167	However, the assumptions about the disgrace of Nefertiti were recently refuted by the discovery in 2012 of a semi erased inscription dating back to the 16th year of Akhenaten's reign (his reign lasted 17 years), where the following line was: "The great wife of the Pharaoh, his beloved, the lady of both lands (upper and lower Egypt), Neferneferuaton Nefertiti."
458e3fc0752a1d0487b19c1bbec3d1f1381092e8	There is reason to believe that Nefertiti survived her husband and even ruled for two more years under the name of Pharaoh Neferneferuaton.
dd73ffe454501da010673b075e4d0bbd338b245d	With the accession to the throne of the heir of Akhenaten Tutankhamun, the priesthood began an all out attack on the legacy of the heretic pharaoh.
c0af811d4422bc2e4d57c7a4b046ed6d86ac4bb1	The destruction of the mummies of royal persons themselves, whose divine origin was beyond doubt, is an unheard of sacrilege even in relation to a heretic pharaoh.
3a07a2a50fcf0a609660d269268f241f5a89efcb	I will not tell you about the violent reaction of the Egyptological community to this discovery.
c9860b2660a7a2833bb933e404bfa8a02eb24980	I will say that a lot of people did not agree with her, everyone was looking forward to the results of the DNA examination, which the Egyptian authorities did not agree to for a long time.
282dcb2a08e623786a1244868eacbd541ad991b0	Only in February 2010, the examination was carried out, but its results were not widely covered in the mass media.
38d63074ff2b68650b20b3380e16dec6e8dcb305	The mummy turned out to be the daughter of Amenhotep III and his wife Queen Tiya (Akhenaten's father and mother) and the mother of Tutankhamun.
7967b7487dc0ce312c8db6c04194df091bf8b7f2	Most Egyptologists agreed that the mummy belongs to one of Akhenaten's wives.
385fcf54cb08ded743d3b9888d1fda70f7da463c	Egyptologists interpret these results in different ways - some see this only as confirmation that Nefertiti was her husband's sister, since her title confirms this, others deny her such an opportunity - after all, Nefertiti is never directly mentioned as the daughter of Amenhotep III. I am inclined to accept the first point of view in this matter, since it is possible that one of the names of Nefertiti is still on the list of Pharaoh's daughters - we just donot know yet that this name belongs to her.
c9d66a5d8d4699a785f39d8d5de512b8e1a99acd	But this is not all – DNA analysis of one of the male mummies of the same burial showed that it belongs to the father of Tutankhamun and the son of Amenhotep III, that is, quite likely, Akhenaten himself!
e88fb0dd4604a9d1afc9e604f80f7a13d4945ca0	So, Nefertiti still gave birth to his son – he became her seventh child.
5f9774f661bd5df9618ee33d68e3afab7aacae8d	So, the most famous royal couple in the history of ancient Egypt has been found (with varying degrees of probability).
600b07636bfdd52bed673af06718e760def0c656	However, in the same 2010, the study of the alleged mummy of Nefertiti gave another unexpected discovery.
2da9271f4c711f0e6f7115ab1226a13a59bfe2e4	The mummy was significantly damaged, as it was believed, by tomb robbers.
9529d14cbdfb12a6d7ea87288756c0ad488113e0	The attention of researchers was attracted by the damage to the mummy's head - its cheeks, mouth and jaw.
0718fe4f54f0993c66214cba95db38d4f037a629	The study showed that the wound was inflicted during life and turned out to be fatal.
c5a7c159bfa67ef0156031606918ef9d1bce328e	Nefertiti was killed.
c258c30ccdcb6442302515e761c9af262d894cff	Probably those who benefited from it, who put the young Tutankhamun in power and ruled in his place.
69f0fb0b3b412a8f2aab9bceec237de64511c338	This is a dignitary of Akhenaten Aye, who, after the sudden death of the young pharaoh, became a pharaoh himself by marrying his wife Ankhesenamon (Ankhesenpaaton, the daughter of Nefertiti).
f6fdf4dc2e4bfc873336d57222ee5dfaa7f3ce06	The story of Nefertiti could be concluded with this.
41fa7bed251614b3a3d5b2e178111ea077b8b5ef	But the research again presents surprises.
4836ee527e8a5fae78a7c58770eabe242d63d260	The famous, well known painted bust of Nefertiti, after a tomography performed not so long ago, revealed another secret.
92a0ce3980bad7a3f4c898c7fe206c02b1014b6c	It turned out that the stone bust, covered with a thin layer of plaster, had undergone minor adjustments.
2377370fe2e0d20d13f35d21669f5b82158b0a50	Wrinkles were removed, the shape of the cheekbones was emphasized, and the most noticeable thing was the shape of the nose was changed.
542addb18fb1e13d0e53d473009d34bd8cb68c6d	The original statue has a slight hump on the nose and a small saddle below it, which makes the tip of the nose slightly snub nosed.
a510de24a7b7143307f02c1deff37b215491fbfa	It is these characteristic features that we can observe in the alleged mummy of Nefertiti.
39e2ccd9cfabc0fd4175a1d7981a1bd8a76dde4d	All known sculptural images of the queen were found in the workshop of Thutmose in Amarna.
d1757bb420036afb48fa445c0a794e262526da4e	Usually, when talking about Nefertiti, they illustrate the material with two of the most famous images – the famous bust made of painted limestone and a small head made of quartzite.
38dba6592c5192ca717b5f8e7f10f0d5ff129e05	We will be able to see several more statues of our heroine, less well known.
3de655604224dbb2bfa3477676d0df473d3212e1	After all, you are wondering if her body was as beautiful as her face?
1beac74b22ba0770b8ead303ee2628604d5d74c8	In the summer of 2003, a scandal broke out.
93ae2b5855ac35bd6c1f4601d60ee3776e78c45e	Two Hungarian artists created a nude bronze statue as a "model of Nefertiti's physical beauty", as they claimed, based on her real ancient images on reliefs.
49bc69eaf9e37e75a38e8d937be69847c9ef232c	The reconstructed "body" and the famous bust of the queen were combined and exhibited in the Berlin museum.
eba4d97451bc2459e8829fbc5193d552c02c54d5	The Egyptian Antiquities Service, headed by Dr. Zahi Hawass, protested, in their opinion, such an image offended the Egyptian queen, and the treatment of a unique ancient bust was called barbarism bordering on vandalism.
10749adceff885afad9dd0c9f554d9473b290999	In fact, the artists who presented the queen in an image close to the canons of modern top models clearly flattered Nefertiti.
b436c577ad19c5c5d3dddb352b460dc936677247	Judge for yourself, how could the queen, the ruler of millions of subjects, who did not know physical effort, diet and moved on a palanquin, look like?
21e9ec478b4d0849bd0db34de66d451e961d70a3	Thin shins, fat thighs, a round tummy and a rather big ass are provided with this lifestyle.
7e7033341fffd17864a279c2ef37b99813eb7767	If we recall Nefertiti's swan like neck stretched forward, then we can also add a stoop to the portrait.
0931d19629e31a3e082c963e23496cbe965ba238	Donot you like it?
2c4bc201b4e4bf6d794f6e1549f66ba1b103c963	Well, do not look at the photos of Nefertiti's sculptures and you will not be disappointed.
b273286912e4d0c45c3f73db8c2cf34043496c29	One of them shows the body of a young beauty, slightly covered with a thin transparent cloth.
1d240b5d8a98d93aa0c8aeb036fa8a2349bb7ef1	But not everyone knows that there is also a statue of an aged, middle aged Nefertiti.
3da2ca86ceb12bf9472e3cf44fb8537544a49fa0	Time has left traces on her face, her look is tired and sad, but despite all this, she is still beautiful.
b32ed6a711f9eb54f27fc2f14bb502b2bd56203f	Nefertiti means "The beautiful one has come".
d9e6df98cdc2781aff0ae1479d0148e9bba9fa44	She came to this world and brought her incredible beauty to it.
3cabc5de5186ecda44aac04e8f8286df097c5483	And after three thousand years, we still bow our heads before her royal beauty.
cbee0ce3eecbdbf1c2e0bcace761e8be4512d80b	The Young Lady " from KV35, the supposed mummy of Nefertiti
92c56b25913bf6d5e6a2b9e1183f623aa59e3c1d	Color photo of the mummy
99c9ef286e58bd43fa0e4835e5e9af3c66ee0b71	Reconstruction of the image of Nefertiti by the mummy
2a6a506af3219f61244d54d024b4a7e8e16ee22b	Results of tomographic examination of the limestone bust of Nefertiti
b7756c5f446d4dc4088918ea5a0a0eb39b21caeb	Reconstruction of the image of Nefertiti after a tomography of the bust
d409a7a5b81eef7627063ab9455278314f1008f8	A German bandit looks at his crime."
35b35709cc3d58bf3e4d89bcd07963e7b54f0097	This is how this illustration was signed in an article on the first page of the Egyptian state newspaper.
29d73d1ea1f99fcf08d518ecb46beb6cad56d486	The article itself is called - "Queen Nefertiti was exposed in the Berlin Museum".
d5a7bad3d390991d4848ee0c91050fe43202d140	In fact, the body on the bronze statue was covered with a thin cloth, just like on other real statues of Nefertiti.
752aed89751d55943483aca36b2c11e0ffd8150b	The torso of the young Nefertiti(?)
3638caec792a29edb3d3d30d40ed08b87508e04b	Rear view
dc68462a32c7db01e8f632ab3931f77f3329052c	Middle aged Nefertiti
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b26fbebde55549a112368eb1417f5f37298dde5f	43 comments
0c7b92f042eb04c3407a1e7dd309d37af6b6b9bc	New ones first
2f21168c3507740a677a21d229408774e018c382	First the best First the old
49ddc86434b40e8dfbd913fd7d301f37c1e76148	Lyuba Loskutnikova
b88f3f52389f54a5eb48b59ff458cb772e63db5c	11 months ago
07ef9abc683dbdcdaa1aab4e040c906ea8aa41fd	There are no secret rooms in the tomb of Tutankhomon.he is buried in the skoromny crypt where they could not find him for a long time.
9f39c97ab528c151ac8b8acbff6e02c729e171d5	To answer • Link • Complain •
c170919703acb3ccdc5dcf79037ef44a48daf5b5	Share " Vkontakte Facebook Odnoklassniki Twitter Google +
a51aaf40baf9dae3f137ffab3e468aae9d787fa9	−6
1f52464e5f61efc677c547a01013a73882504355	Alexey
732d9772597f5442243fbae2b9afaa8ea761f55d	Nefertiti Ukrainka bula bo Ukraine is the motherland of the world
ef42fb3a121e9afdbbeb0b110ea6c7783d40c0b5	8k
3e978fbf8aad93b7520fcec25f666a8823b47615	Phoenix
72412f9f4f2be01bc8ac559a46ab84549097dffd	Alexey 4 weeks ago
e126f46946ce8c9c508f46076d6a7ee3dae62140	Nefertiti bula ukrainka bo Ukraina batkivshchyna svitu
075fdf25dcdf524fea54f9e26ceb4e358e0db358	there are a lot of Muscovites
7ada35954aa7327918e3fb1b9f7ff8e0c59433cc	−2
c060579c625f63933da27a0c13c610005c3108a1	Oleg ))
fc201e3ca08008462a897a84d8fa84146a360916	A year ago
2b6cc55c5c4ec4ac141d87639a207999f7e0a8af	It has long been proven that the mummy from KV35 is definitely not Nefertiti.
c476b358c2133806cb278c27f373764fe1b3fc8a	Moreover, in the tomb of Tutankhamun - the stepson of Nefertiti, secret rooms were found where Nefertiti may rest.
4d9936f16aad50c361705eb5f56741b655b27576	Elena
cc51d969cb69511ac586eb9efab6236669ade526	Nefertiti IS A BEAUTY.
f429155c2cac473dc23ff4a0a353bd7fb3c1cfe7	Polina
901d027507648314e49553fa711691476148adda	3 years ago
13f0b112f2f8dd833a1e6cc48a94f5d6484859a1	Wow, she's really beautiful...
d072e100f84221cfe2abd4616f0387685719b362	Okay, someone's chest, and someone's face)))
725295f5de2d6851172a1a308a96fdcbf01abb82	29k
abb7216ab022ba7ebaf9cd71633e0bd813c29f61	Thank you to all who responded.
d9acfc447477c7a898219cd1929642167bc0d290	The author, that is, I, Lysykamrad, thanks you for your interest in this topic.
c3f67186fa46e5ad1b9c052826169f08666bc171	Michail Karmanov
713707b26e0367ffe9983a79a5f2a59b62a09942	I'm interested, but what does a woman look like in our time who gave birth to 7 children?!
5f1cd7c3fb68ae7c679f8c33966610670d32ff1e	205
fbb461a375a479be7c0f504374deda9873607730	Jorsh
2c249e9f4218563870d2a7c2020993c1bf4b9a7e	I WOULD BLOW )
9636c122dddb8c468f2d31de2032514abd4ca25f	2k
5f833908f6815dfd6758bd49fac8fbf125aa7ea9	Alexander D
094161586de6df62158794c82bc478e3506aba31	Jorsh 3 years ago
721275cd1b6870d71d686f12ed23fba86ba192e6	and I would have watched you blow it!
448ed8c89e0cfc0c3e4cc1415d4f99d9b33c99a6	36k
2ac5ec9614e65b0b005abfea7f0d3e4961d5adbe	Anton
776528a242e1120ddc7ec46e2c39f6b0804dd64a	it looks very much like a face.
c7f26c3355b7fe73ebbff1285690b4260a06f2fe	43k
e816e499a9202eaeb767b46c3db20db26931eaf8	nenaez1234
0a0a216a5365a30f77a525d73fe1c67b171d5a89	The information is interesting.
f5e544101bfb92687441861cdec71e034351099e	About the beauty of Nefertiti.. hmm.. well, here is the taste and color..
6fa550e3843ac3c9c854bd6d24a9fe63e9896f3c	I remembered for some reason Anna of Austria in "The Three Musketeers" .. Constance..
e7937f25d1fd2a13a02e76809d3178b4004ca6ab	My lady.
a525883de2c28ae573c852b69224624a6243bee0	Probably, I like the Slavic type of face more..
6ce600e313276a6b2ac416380100d98902d02730	−352
af62b28470cee653ed370155db5150eb9cfefbc9	Pasha3d
bb8ac48ea85e95ff9ebeb049503cc1a41c0f84dc	The Egyptians had a rule of one hundred percent realism in art.(as far as the artist's skill allowed) Even the pharaoh was always depicted with all the physical disabilities.
55515e172b409ac26728b5cf7cb8ee77fd1d80e2	Therefore, these sculptures most likely correspond to what was in reality.
70d378e2db9bf5333fbb2e6ea19785c9553df0ca	Reply • Ssy lka • Complain •
0462de0b2890e69d855df97f90f523e1bc983fde	10k
d90e596bc32075b8f695e5a840f7008c80108d60	Zlobnij
4b9109ef217322a3ba4455e92a033d88bac69357	Yeah... the topic of tits is definitely not disclosed... maybe it's for the best
668f37d8c8de8ceafa1092495a78aaaa0efef934	461
550edca51795e58d22e7483792a5b5e9465eca05	Niko
8302b12cc7ce88d0e594da95fc05bcd5417d392f	assface
f37ee7aaa330db4e80c8685a95889df08983d427	3k
59b2752aff7080e0e64ef31feb06414896140d08	mihaz
ebeb630bc7b592c68b7976453d282b0c6114003b	who did it?
10bec2497a8fd4cdcacd232fea00335b7b9271d7	12k
aedc47b5f623a99f78c513d65b95027cb4a1b52d	VALDER
aa4fc787fae0a838b04b0cba236ff5ace6e1f25f	In the Museum.
f8a6c65124795ddac86ea1650f8eaed9e6587102	- tell me whose statue it is, I donot know...
0618341e5bb4072f62594d575265de52867bfc31	- Nefertiti...
08b0b2b56e5d101dbad666454d23e1e50b94e1f0	-yes, I'm not crying ,I really donot know....
b0b5763969228253cea4e67f8edfa5b8e2610af3	VALDER 11 months ago
1dbb3ba19e72348d838c62672b93136e7f7e4394	Taras Shevchenko
e29f7b5c0960d53d40bc673a6b2cccd378f24e4b	929
ca623db64138a22b417ee02b37e0e42204712d8f	Alex82
ef8859377e7b4f56a32961bcab8bae3f858c5d2f	"...The mummy turned out to be the daughter of Amenhotep III and his wife Queen Tiya (Akhenaten's father and mother) and the mother of Tutankhamun.
3fe3cecad00155c1a96979b0a5359a3528a6c1c1	So, Nefertiti still gave birth to his son – he became her seventh child...
cfbdaa8f58cece19b615637b8d2e0c624bed44df	" - canot you write more correctly?
46f14f5d677f9fd608fe8a776bc0273f86f6a8cd	Santa Barbara is something.
f0f2d0ee920b9a734606635f8ddcba5ab1ba8742	Or it reminds me of the joke "...in the end, I turned out to be a grandfather to myself".
5c1a7c278d45c7885c36d82222a1f39eea666d74	To understand, you need to take a piece of paper, a pen and draw circles and arrows...
472b07b9fcf2c2451e8781e944bf5f77cd8457c8	21
a17f72c5ccbec0f46add1bd50c47f97ea2078e2d	1k
e66ca67b03e85fd74803117aed8611566efe3dc1	Elena Petrova
f7d6f3f25db68b338f3d00dc4dbb7f9e9ae530cf	personally, I was interested in the shape of the skull in the photo under this inscription "Young Lady" from KV35, the alleged mummy of Nefertiti"
2c82513e25c553dfece46c99b6462368eb7f1b40	993
8ce1a60b523f7c0ded73e2237c285d24a7153276	din84
abcd176ecd5aa1efa1a92047e5a0fefe6cc8efc9	Elena Petrova 3 years ago
686bf20f193e901358862dc49cb8a1c6e9dc574e	They had such a fashion, among the nobility, as a child, the skulls were deformed in children with special screeds.
d539a6a8d129d12cb599821f553abaf8ff1fe8d5	The Indians of Central and South America practiced the same bullshit.
9fd3b43b2bc31a3e30d57a82a2ffd53c43f91b1d	13k
bae30996b5eb5f989c54daba4ea7a6094aed11b4	hitden
0dea7cab21de6697c69aa18c8fa20aad78f92605	din84 3 years ago
92e824712db1dbba768a382b90f2f14fa70347d2	How else did our glamorous ****not even think of it, and then all the half measures are some silicone, botex...
632667547e7cd3e0466547863e1207a8c0c0c549	31
e4bf68886e1947ed3f957315535e2418c4c138c1	24k
3c5c3d76b613b73b6ee0fc14288329cff2617051	Lito
72aafe0e14a941640545f93aafb4f4218f1c4560	hitden A month ago
3e889d44150218b91ddfe9d2fbb73867b8324462	Barbarian doctors interfere with the development of standards of beauty.
8f59e322d9e5c98d8039e23641c227cd196c18c9	5k
03697dc2260da9535bc8ff0b41cb8d9304c05d6d	Raccoon
9f380a12be25b23095ec93fd98d17d302245db21	Tin, Nefertiti some kind of ladder.
8effee409c625e1a2d8f5033631840e6ce1dcb64	55
148f29f679588417945bd8f6e984c0b2eb7a45e8	Magician
f7bc2c4227cbc7bf3dba236135bc1c7b23230bc8	at the" reconstruction of the mummy " - some Paris Hilton
9dc3bfc2ddc8e4f4ff5afbbf6f8b138671b13e9d	Andrey
94a58831dfa531f17bc396ab6dfed05cb17d049e	I'm in love...
2a4d496e41e145a76517638a15636e5d7dde86b8	Show 16 more comments (out of 16)
50a279de829f2dc398ac2ac7c9367508ea4b5df5	Show all
d5ed391fee33b3b624d161ca4d6436702c2b7f9f	(from _)
f7b753383f09b5161c371a1890b95277347905d1	Author, add a link to your blog / page/profile and get an audience!
b5f0e2b354fa08d9ec3eee978fb410dd4b9693bd	29417
6856c510fef5f41aaac2c78de51907951eb366ce	Other posts by the author
e3e097dc79d8161b2a2448f6c0930a8b081cd013	469
62866ab415331d03c03849c24f528450f246e375	426
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e114c448f4ab8554ad14eff3d66dfeb3965ce8fc	105
93e097e319c2db13edf06f45c4dff4f741394c0d	496
5d2f9b2561c73415f712a967da907afca0106e68	How to screw up your business, or Schizophrenia in the minds of entrepreneurs
41f448afc82647d1376ad508aec1ebe28826b8f7	346
fa755791d0509bb06ae715a2072de724815ed84d	139
43814346e21444aaf4f70841bf7ed5ae93f55a9d	333
7f35419a058e19d2b75e962dba149bddedec7606	284
453f7c1fd312526c4a71dd282994f5ec5c0f2b23	Collection of jokes in honor of March 8
6b0f4d999089662690c5233e0ddea57d297a9a0a	289
4af7f9edc0f545f4de769f2e9e763df919915cab	243
99674bf4642394dceb76b91ff7f5a227455e9ea1	We are not fools.
d974d8440dbb737fb7057b758dbd4c610842b209	We also want to see the other side of life
77873674e5df0c6b070f8dd195293533838ca7a1	424
752ae7bdbb96bf25280b55990570beabf2048ce0	195
e460db8339d0256eabb8c7aff66f7eb985adc0cb	Lard in brine
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0ec09ef9836da03f1add21e3ef607627e687e790	234
fbc888abf7e402c2577fbfa753f4b10d653a42b5	The first lump cigar, or your own tobacco in the Leningrad region
51eac6b471a284d3341d8c0c63d0f1a286262a18	456
7a95563490d87e3621966d553f06078acb822585	420
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bbcbb1e844266f4abdfc29b3d8a64628607fa47e	303
440c1d2c04e2d4fced772d7b4f9a27d018a7548f	Everything is on the case and nothing superfluous
c30749cf5bc74c7c3a7e5c8411512825e95333a8	380
3d5bdf107de596ce77e8ce48a61b585f52bbb61d	218
cb4dd52770e258826c4174c36202b18f649e262f	323
b7eb6c689c037217079766fdb77c3bac3e51cb4c	51
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0588f59014485510aac3bd9fdc2695c7b2a0d559	337
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bc60205da2555fc0304c24d2a1b8532bba3350e5	636
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9077e84b6b98248e0d79c8a2d0fc48b21c870711	This was no longer the case in tank history
df518c2e0702a3bec12b032911d3090d9bfef76c	275
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b6e7a22c25e9e7146913841b0995288c688f9bf8	361
12c6fc06c99a462375eeb3f43dfd832b08ca9e17	22
29350804a152f35fbef4117a6a434deee760dee9	270
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c439c60b7bf00fc6d80b76312309f8dc6107f635	257
87591d41695b903f899add2dbf9b2f9d63482ec1	The soldier stayed by his dog's side until the very end
6c4c04be8f82a4e053bde03dd716d59c841cfda9	436
a165fbd61c277745f187eaac7182d9c05d0d1171	203
6886cf2db900d070329b4405e0085cd85a4c5753	A 4 year old girl brought help to her family through the winter taiga!
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a89d9d0e53cc5cde639ce0cd02454fccca432e12	The doll of Karabas Barabas
3a69aa1b60febf635d84cdca387928f10062450d	533
9e071a3a594a8964cbefe784f8a6afaa94c0de17	136
269a912180c9425ea008a959ef010c6c3549fbbe	They donot choose their neighbors
63843e04b0f7a32d94539cf328ed335d39085a56	611
e1a864f0b77f6c89794827a9035355dc8d052622	137
90af7edbfd8a161a7f711504a114aaf5bf597f9f	355
268c65be98458c908a10f7a43ba9daf4795bfbad	How I made a stretch ceiling in the kitchen
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06df5ceddc2022a0a840f58e84eaf227ff17775e	The famous "Azure Window" collapsed in Malta
887309d048beef83ad3eabf2a79a64a389ab1c9f	26
c66c65175fecc3103b3b587be9b5b230889c8628	64
f471130bba127e0bcceaacd28d85b4bdb2225e41	Allegedly, "the C 400 division did not notice the F 35 attack near Damascus"
c74ebde495c7e48791df1c1f15da6398cad9ac50	The history of the "Lucky Strike" cigarette brand"
f6e1126cedebf23e1463aee73f9df08783640400	25
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82ac1087f26663a574c0dc818f57098371d1fddc	Barcelona has performed a football miracle!
bc2dfb0cc8e5be0665ccab96bbfdda51ac6c1903	Homework: Businessmen who built giant corporations without getting up from the couch
d86fd4d37fb3f576d110ec544bba9de926a58c64	Rolls Royce was covered with paint made of real diamonds
92b2abb868738ecdc4a4593686465a81cc139f70	In which languages, as in Russian, there is a respectful address to "you"
740f5849a5ca4bbed4d445ec762b06967025d7a2	-5
536fb6934062440c464ca2eef82b0be8e6b36cc8	148
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2843919e5392f89767967dfeebef28232022e272	The historic visit of the "red devils" to the city on the Don
c485a79ca60dad8ef064ceb5a0fd5d7bb39f346d	Tesla has built a complex that will provide solar electricity to an entire island
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b5b1cd8b85c648c7439f4148a5ebeaa991959ecb	Donot create an idol for yourself.
8d9c6c1048b2201eecf2f8ab955a3f0511ba1c7f	Or create it, but with the mind
8452207a6d3eed0afbf5b17c95ecd4b2294c7632	"Roads of Memory" Krakow
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5ab02900c20db4f3be511b8c1292a5aff0b04e55	French "duck" Dassault Mirage 4000
d2305ed78ab5086f242395acbafe7fd5043773ab	Select and press CTRL+ENTER
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0aa1f8253ca53c6709240b3addbd373c36486c1f	Nefertiti: 5 secrets of the beautiful queen.
947fe9006b138c11684cc0cd269f9b2419944751	Author: Men's magazine 16.09.09 08: 00
8859819488e9499daeb7b11c077a607703a81be0	Nefertiti was one of hundreds of princesses brought to give birth to sons and face old age alone… But fate gave her a unique chance…
0072a376346839739b2dc2a1a1f39192339ad70a	Plastic surgeons copy the cut of her eyes, the shape of her lips and nose, fashionistas repeat the makeup of the famous queen, and designers create flying dresses, sandals and ethnic jewelry, as in her portraits…
cbedb475263f9eea58d1db201d9c6f04479d83f1	The secret of the royal origin of the "beauty who came"
90082e2f34b0633cb872f83ad74b969becdc45df	Figure of Nefertiti, Limestone;
c75c8b864e25d5f6fad03770a3506c74d2e22412	Amarna;
405ae760e868914470270c4940c2c9e05096e7ea	New Kingdom, 18th dynasty; c. 1345 BC
a233f48779c3a2311dc47e0ad7517d3376467aff	Probably, 12 year old Taduchep was sent by her father to Egypt as a gift for Pharaoh Amenhotep III (Amenhotep III) to the "House of Ornaments" (harem) and became one of hundreds of foreign princesses brought to give birth to the lord of sons and meet old age alone…
9db87bea0df085ea1f4eb41681c940e7650cc687	But fate gave her a unique chance…
a2e8ef47c12793fd0674d0300ddab8c67edcbc60	The secret of Nefertiti's brilliant marriage.
e224c825edb330938af0767afa62e0f5f9573261	The secret of the perfect beauty of the queen.
2140488895ac8f74a36bc83649bcad450604bc77	A bust of Nefertiti in the exposition of the Old Museum in Berlin.
0401ad89f7db3178e51fc743173b938c9975602b	The famous bust of Nefertiti, which the German archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt unearthed in the desert in 1912, is considered a real miracle of world art. Borhard secretly took the artifact to Germany and gave it to the Berlin Museum.
dcf811a8e11e1cfb4a5abce0b41bcb734b7737a8	The Egyptian authorities demanded to return the find, threatening Nefertiti with a deadly curse.
6fc893fda902b37f0f23817afaf8b4b810359532	The Germans rudely refused, and then the fascist leader took the statuette to his bunker and, they say, looked at the silent beauty day and night.
556cc46fa8e7b5117861ccf8f0a396dbe7beabac	Nowadays, the sculpture is still kept in the Berlin Museum, but the German authorities have gradually begun to give Egypt a cultural heritage, and perhaps Nefertiti will return home soon!
fece40caf3cf68433204fea444bc68dbeaef8dc5	So, how did the ancient master depict his queen: charming square green eyes, thick black eyebrows, sensual full lips, an elegant nose, strong – willed cheekbones, a swan neck and a miniature figure Nefertiti looks just perfect.
80ab96cd0becaabe42112e8b5bf6d6a76780acc1	The secret of Nefertiti's unlimited power.
96f62145c8296b4df3c4d769e7ddfccfa3aa0737	Queen Nefertiti.
399c852aad825ebe601070eedca71e487d08e51f	Schengili Roberts.
b2d1a4effa7be2f925176f9ce8d54e79f691a4cd	Nefertiti was a virtuoso in politics and the ability to convince: she renamed herself Nefer Nefer Aton ("beautiful with the beauty of Aton"), advised her husband to abandon the ancestral gods and accept her religion, proclaiming the only God the solar Aton, after which Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten ("pleasing to Aton") and built Akhetaton – a new capital in the Sahara.
8ea59097ed2591fabbd8f242bf83d1d3d7e9f40c	The pharaoh declared his wife a co ruler and ordered her to fulfill any order she gave.
3f29d3b843660565fafb7725ea91163943301129	The people silently accepted the new religion and prayed in the sun with every dawn.
039c201457249ace73030587901ee3ca5d1f48c3	The queen often went out on the palace balcony and showered the Egyptians with gold coins, convincing them that these were gifts from Aton, and on holidays she performed artistically in front of her subjects, literally hypnotizing the crowd with her speeches.
231d35038d8b4e8578df74661d8887c8fb7aab5a	But in her personal life, Nefertiti became a victim of circumstances: the ruling spouses had daughters one after another, and when the sixth baby was born, Akhenaten made a difficult decision to take a new wife.
9308792abc3ab2e2cfe790897690b1c8044c65e0	She became a young Kiya (Kiya), who gave birth to the Pharaoh's" golden boy " Tutankhamun( Tutankhamun), thereby ensuring the continuation of the XVIII dynasty.
a384b569d6fb27f857c05b7c55ee90f2023fdbbf	And Nefertiti had to leave the palace and live outside the city, raising Tutankhamun as the heir to the throne.
0a2d1ed5575ee027e9b64048aa5129e77cefe378	A year later, the longing pharaoh returned his first wife to his chambers, but they were destined to live in the palace for a very short time…
1b6526116401eb32cd2a20e1df2235749440f585	The mystery of the early death and immortal glory of the beautiful queen.
9e4875ff141d5ce9ec956b76418766ad0bd37a18	Soon the exiled priests united and made a religious revolution.
3bbcf80166a1b25114dcfcb1ab3d707e5c077c1b	40 year old Akhenaten was blinded and then executed, 35 year old Nefertiti managed to rule for some time as a pharaoh under the name Smenkhkare, but in the end the queen was still killed.
cf96abc6ee1cc05b14805392f7a661033027d1d4	The rebellious priests destroyed the temples of Aton, destroyed the city of Akhetaton and all the bas reliefs of the royal family found.
df7b446f25cd2423dc5c39b55fb97e3449e52dc6	Nefertiti's tomb was plundered, and the body was mercilessly mutilated, consigned to oblivion for millennia.
3c61e541ca5c1fb2db3f68cc6411a17739847028	And suddenly, in 2003, the British archaeologist Joanne Fletcher (Dr. Joann Fletcher) announced to the whole world that she had found the mummy of Nefertiti.
2244af846519fb5034ccfc19e055e66521f1c942	Scientists have conducted a number of digital studies and found that the appearance of the mummified stranger completely coincides with the image of Nefertiti on ancient sculptures!...
d524d1c1249e307de5c081c8a0911ef33c961ebe	Author: Diana Mickiewicz
13bc95f4b263c14b5a15679b6a86fb3c09b97d4c	52 4.6 1 1 1 1 1
2cbf7029e4ea64321f8966d54dd74a1913fdf33e	(52)
447614a315284aed42176e5524e146d8465936d5	Topics history
c38ae48aecbea98fa15ad6813d0c699fb0e06b4c	-3 +26
1fd5c6947b32d611bdc9d6da9a85bb6a54788eab	#1 Serge 27.12.2012 13: 24 Nefertiti is good!
ca3aa7fc80d77555fef8617bc947d1ce0c4abde7	No matter how you look, but Nefertiti is a beauty even by modern standards!
7b23bf92d770ade94128c182e233f599049e8d59	-2 +8
02514c3631383ad1ceb2bc56f4bc35145056a7ff	#2 bu 07.01.2013 02: 14 Nefertiti: 5 secrets of the beautiful queen.
1821a0d47ae2ff6d8f61cef5cb90f715d44b8f37	Audrey Hapburn reminds me a little of her
76062c19895771a66525a467d556f68af4de8371	-3 +5
98b452184e3810185e5adc220f181e5e2ca07c3f	#3 bu 07.01.2013 02: 14 Nefertiti: 5 secrets of the beautiful queen.
aa5f0e2823183c6b532bf8dd4ec122ecac181c19	* correction - Hepburn)
a91d85426a5025f91b6e8c33871e3204a61197e6	-9 +5
f51d2d33aef0e74e2f11a87d9ffae1fa2490c57d	#4 Arina5285 29.10.2013 16: 57 Nefertiti: 5 secrets of the beautiful queen.
d90e9417b153861081885fda55db266c580a9157	Nefertiti :)
685a34900da1261542cbb9359004d9a1898f2c47	-2 +4
6eca26aec0fb34deaa06e72335e98b9f13c2c0ec	#5 Ann 15.08.2014 15: 21 Nefertiti: 5 secrets of the beautiful queen.
8e53c4115935607c83f682597eeb47e5a60f7a31	I have a neck like hers..: confused:
8ed4c5208fc21524c75d64aeac2359e7119d41cb	-2 +3
578d37f5dd6d3ab79525b0a62df6d2e7b860669c	#6 dima 29.10.2014 18: 00 goddess
0e390641f3e6276a9e85722588779731819fea28	She is a goddess and I have nothing more to add!!!
1649de9eef37a0a69a7afc2c166e677aca3a5803	-4 +1
f7819a3925be463d13ba1f7290668d13892c8edb	#7 Anyuta 21.12.2014 15: 04 project help
f133b87bc70987484e0676987d186760f88ba3a9	Guys.
b6d739221406af5104c8227b6fe393cbeaa848b3	Please help me.
5c381d4117da75c13aa7a15fab7ccaaf9594d6f1	I'm doing a project about Nefertiti.
da8a417a46fa6bd8cdd1e878839c81a75f4ebd71	But I canot find people who have conducted research, and they are doing it now.
e0ef51b05edd74cd58f497463ffed6c066d67a75	I need to get information from them, but I do not know how to write to them.
64fe5cea050f98c7c75cb696f9a96e7d6e437117	:(
cebcdbbbe458693aa4d8b7e68bf1a593bccd0e74	-3 +3
127482ef45930ccf3c9d2a20ab81d79d264eba2b	#8 Assarmat 08.02.2015 23: 18 Nefirtiti
09ad5cd9ed7dbc0370814da9f89e1467ef479480	Nefirtiti is translated from the Ossetian language as "no sons" Nae no Firt son Firtiti sons (plural) Literally from the Ossetian language: Nefertiti - "without sons" or no "sons" For the entire period of marriage, Nefertiti gave birth to six daughters, but, unfortunately, the wife's heir did not wait.
ec106a12ef7060f96874208de07b433c692c2e26	It is with this that historians associate Akhenaten's remarriage with a young commoner named Kiya, who later gave birth to his son, known in history as Tutankhamun.
f5c094cbc77588c67c8190fcf88f25ca5f9cdd79	-0 +1
1a0c8de87fc295231d0cfb1c9e0e9de3bdd8863f	#9 Cleopatra 23.10.2015 20: 43 Nefertiti: 5 secrets of the beautiful queen.
326223ddbac77caed28ec6fa5aceb13817d5bd03	: lol: I'm Cleopatra and Nefertiti is my friend
fe9690c6c35b0eb1ea70829c8ac1e51021dc6d8d	#10 cleopatra 23.10.2015 20:45 ctcnhf
ecd0ba2ecce8fa0bd7a291ab2a24ed6eaba73461	my sister she is nefertiti I am Cleopatra
de4e8c10b09e0973dbb213bcc39c7e644969072c	#11 Alexey 05.12.2015 18:26 Nefertiti
481868a4bdb1b8ba70fef83476d421dd93091c47	I really liked it
245f7bcd34493862a5723c386e82760ea6dd0a64	-1 +1
5d650a77030693430b61f38e0b30d9c8d359db5f	#12 Nefer Neferu Aton Nefertit 28.01.2016 13: 41 Nefertiti: 5 secrets of the beautiful queen.
b1afc416576341702f1136f2c47a1cf119e718af	Nefertiti 0 is the woman of my dreams.
133913c638d3d3317eddd63b6b889397e5e35cd0	She is perfect and gorgeous.
c5a16f385bdeb0afe304f28fb8a8375413143946	Nefer Neferu Aton Nefertit translated as "The beautiful beauty of Aton, the beauty has come"
57ff2e7e2a97ac222b66c54a43e73fe4d7b64219	-0 +2
b7fffaac7ee048c0971f4105c252dc76ca3603cc	#13 rtr 24.02.2016 11: 28 nefertiti beauty
9653db319e5bc0269dcb2775da37cd5dd8b243eb	The dream girl of my childhood!
14cf45dd22a222d57b276c6f98ba4a0a2c38b2b3	#14 Nefert 18.03.2016 01: 20 Nefertiti: 5 secrets of the beautiful queen.
57ec2fac98f954ef1e28f58ccb2642f44232d479	I like this girl.
2ff7627a69387b0f1cb23f874f7cd48d97decd8a	Probably the most beautiful empress in history.
6250dde98ebcf74d47a64345f8179bdcfec8a5c1	#15 f 14.04.2016 17: 34 Nefertiti: 5 secrets of the beautiful queen.
ac03293a5a128fb28a7b284306220d0ebcab3ee9	It is as beautiful as the sky itself!
4561f201ae34ba688e5b1e358fd8affd2cdb7ac3	#16 lena 02.08.2016 09: 24 Nefertiti nefertiti
77794598cb46f8645a803cd123f5731c3edfc175	She is a beauty by modern standards
638e8f2c404bb907a4ebbb7517f465e962e29431	-0 +0
0e6e1ff7bea58ea8717500c47684c20c549e6fcd	#17 pashaa 02.08.2016 12: 10 Nefertiti: 5 secrets of the beautiful queen.
6e724848e38cc988864c38b9665b014dbbdc3f9e	Elegant queen!
d52933b0a41a0a503647561ac93952831ae9013c	#18 tin 10.08.2016 22:27 ytathnbnb
6a15ac669a3f90b9507e8c04b6c01199c903e996	I read about her as a child, she was a fatal beauty
f77914e71946dd437a33c64a35d330eb70b64dfe	#19 maxi 14.08.2016 22: 00 the matter is in the name
3808e8d5e4dbd08f5318bac9170c46bc52b3893a	She was called "the beauty who came".
a2a34684a51a30983a43cf4ec9905b8faaff58b9	Zhemayu's name changed her fate and made her great for all time.
277236c1ee40980a71b54c6279c9ed3594c58e8c	Vedb just think about how many years have passed, and they say a lot about her even now1
a9c9adf49ecd2e0a528c9c307af1239af06c5d81	#20 misha8 17.08.2016 21: 24 Nefertiti: 5 secrets of the beautiful queen.
292b1bddfe3960a9aa66e7ec565ce26884ad176d	Chet didnot understand, but where did the one that came in the name come from?
d9e01ca9c35219cd96567e68ba1391b4e8f20968	Who is Nefertiti by nationality and from what country?
18b46a2e95d75905d27fc4d672472de038832f77	Maybe she's from another planet?
7ac03286e9458786cd850c1aa25f8c973e54673e	#21 aha 23.08.2016 01: 09 Nefersisi
4f175b9be97813eb80ab0901142b36c5d0c395ce	Nefertiti's neck is simply unrealistically chic and elegant
3286a8c9699874baea49fa0cd8b5cbd708a863a2	#22 Nifertiti 26.09.2016 03: 11 Nefertiti: 5 secrets of the beautiful queen.
9e10cdf14b6a09f9d8698d8362ff88ca860eac71	Once in my life I saw a girl who looked like the queen of Egypt.
b9b41134c7afed0ae16b978359b002e8d643869d	I still regret that I didnot come up.
5bb011e9c482fe9df000331acd1c47c746e58ada	Especially since she had such NeferTITI
cab404ea94ddeb59685e939f2418f955466a3dbf	#23 gaga 27.12.2016 17:25 nifertiti
fa43844e10ef7b0d39fbd08baf2e928a900a23d1	Judging by the legends, she was really cute
d022a77d66df213a411954e7dfd963fcdb87d7b3	#24 fog 03.01.2017 23:34 beautiful
97844fdb188db476aa14a251fbed1147da336148	One of the most ancient beauties
833e2fc2c020b6d61e71563df8fadaa50866ef02	#25 Nehertiti 11.01.2017 16: 46 Nefertiti: 5 secrets of the beautiful queen.
4b1b57bb83298eead4a9985e983a69d635c75392	Unlike Nefertiti, her sister Nehertiti was flat chested.
524ee786ca8cf68b085135f52ac661b699121250	#26 masyanya 18.01.2017 14: 11 tsarina
d1db04f544436757fd2aa085ee16eb28384014cc	She is very beautiful, I read about her at school.
52bcdffe2dfa7c0faec7a3ef980989e214346a91	The best queen not only of Egypt, but also of the world
333c313149a6d3c1e998638eb76faf247446a602	#27 Topic 10.02.2017 09: 53 is good
b2f8e696c163826e0d599e72a0478b3af20a4955	She is my dream, where can I meet her
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fd36f59380047a3e768bb5ea54fd4a8462f6c8f7	Queen Nefertiti
f295ddc5608e74219fbe517b38f885f57f74a6c0	Nefertiti, the queen of Egypt, who lived 3400 years ago, was the main wife of the reformer king Amenhotep IV, who is better known as Akhenaten.
48b6f175068d79313476691912fd7560fe7b06e0	Any modern person at the mention of her name imagines a beautiful woman with refined, regular features, a long elegant neck.
96b40ea209afa319e17ac3db62b2d036121f1a24	The image of Nefertiti became widely known thanks to a discovery made by archaeologists in 1912 in the small Egyptian village of El Amarne.
c25f76f31a7ffe0658c79fc3af8ea2a46195b9e8	The perfectly preserved sculpture of the ancient Egyptian master Thutmose depicting the queen so impressed the researchers that the archaeologist Borhard wrote in his diary: "It is pointless to describe look!!!".
06c7d47a796428582cb70102194b1cb956e8b7a9	In order to take this truly wonderful work of ancient art out of Egypt, scientists had to go to a trick – they wrapped the sculpture with foil, covered it with plaster, as if it were some ordinary stone found by archaeologists that has yet to be explored.
df8cc6f91f780f436a87d8aa33af771c2ec0e1df	Currently, the bust of the queen is kept in the Berlin Museum.
c7aa8e33723ed59ec83dcae59c1cb5f772558106	In his homeland, in Egypt, the sculpture has never been exhibited.
83df601a00f4f2a5c86eca38ac7705567f882bbb	Nefertiti's husband Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) became famous as a reformer pharaoh who carried out a reform in the religious life of Egypt, replacing the cult of the deity Amon Ra, associated with polytheism, with the worship of the Sun god Aton.
05ee2c92bbfbf84824dfe31f3f8ea9423e9c13c5	This reform was the first attempt in world history to switch to the worship of one god, that is, to monotheism.
b58a665fa2ab7dafef5eca36bd04ab993be1e29d	Since childhood, Amenhotep was a very sickly child.
125f4b5b69bc61e45f959cee076711063de70aeb	When he was twelve years old, the boy inherited the title of pharaoh, which he inherited from his father Amenhotep III. Impressionable, shy, still playing with dolls, the pharaoh, in addition to power, inherited his father's harem, numbering more than a hundred concubines.
030885b54d7ca911fe16e3596bcc675e98e72685	There were also overseas princesses, and the daughters of rich nobles, and just beautiful captives.
3342297adabae4ea06c57ff3127c895b244d318e	Among them was the beautiful Nefertiti.
e8c3cafb5adb4db9f6007e990f19d7557a1cc739	Amenhotep III and Queen Tiya
20d7fcc617f58ffc55dd56e554c5d2f349666b50	During this period, the country was ruled by Tia, the mother of the young king, surrounded by high ranking officials.
0a210e167d9a4b22e8e8a65296a2cf0ce0383f63	Tia was originally from Mesopotamia, it was there, at a reception held at the court of the king of the state of Mitanni, that Amenhotep III met Taduchepa, the future Nefertiti.
26bd1d64bee7d8989486c8ba5dec60ee8fd32c9c	By that time, the girl had received a brilliant education in a special school where girls studied together with boys, which was not just a rarity for that time, but was regarded as a revolutionary innovation in education.
8d7fa535c8363addd99b64a67a14ae926f0f2619	In order to get Taduchep into the harem, Amenhotep III had to pay a huge ransom in gold.
516a23e88a6527c36183b8f896571f635249e035	When the princess, who was barely fifteen years old, with her numerous retinue arrived in Thebes – the capital of ancient Egypt, the townspeople were simply fascinated by her bright appearance – it was then that she was given a new name – Nefertiti, which means "Beautiful are the perfections of the Solar Disk".
505321a61ce29841494e3c8767f8d5709131e56d	Two years after the arrival of the beauty, Amenhotep III died.
0c2cc7757c8785e2ef7ecf6c3c34ca8a0eb907cd	A couple of weeks later, Tia engaged her son to Nefertiti.
0dc247fc6e49e2f3461d619ce84a83ffbc88a75a	Between these women, a confrontation began almost immediately for influence on the young pharaoh.
79b83cd5f0fd515e40701bc857c1d0395ef7052a	Nefertiti's youth and beauty gradually won out.
909420adb32582f98026b6a35c08699c932881e4	The Pharaoh's love for his wife flared up immediately.
0f989bf6ed8b67cd36baa8e6dd4f1f9b4404f5b5	Nefertiti's refined features simply could not leave the ruler indifferent.
d91a6d81a77f9817718387cd3fac2c82a9c3a7c6	Amenhotep IV removed his harem from himself, and proclaimed his new wife as his co ruler.
d2649fccd52f158053f9cb6c8054050de05d1bbf	This was the first and most significant victory of the young queen.
6a8d458dc0e1d3ccd8e05271c1de8f21a22f3020	The Pharaoh decided to carry out the already mentioned reform in the religion of Egypt.
e3f783ddf53ee1266c58c9f1d5e37bc906384a2a	A huge, majestic temple made of white stone dedicated to the new deity – Aton was built in honor of this event.
2888eb56acb5047482ed0e15f6b2365823faee39	It seemed that a new religion had settled in Egypt forever.
b50fe041495c279d23846bef33f1d8634e46a67c	Now Amenhotep IV was called Akhenaten, which means "pleasing to the god Aton", and Nefertiti Nefer Nefer Aton – "the beautiful beauty of Aton".
978a3e0d5447de03458561ad2abdd105f4ba44a2	In order to perpetuate the new religion and finally destroy the old one, the Pharaoh destroyed the name “Amenhotep " on the monuments dedicated to his father.
d9b04eb9d2bb14e7429c0b5dd8aceda5d7f74435	In addition, Akhenaten destroyed the sculptures of sphinxes that personified the worship of the god Ra, throwing them off a cliff in the vicinity of Thebes.
d0f14aae5ba1d308133629d4b6ee4e762ea9b66d	Five years after the beginning of his reign, Akhenaten, who was supported by some notable priests of Egypt, moved the capital of the state to a new city being built specifically for this purpose.
06a0c88eca76289f3cb60528c2bb1510d5e16774	The new residence was called Akhetaton ("The place of power of Aton”).
743b7ecd437504e0bbd8156309d0dc7740a22375	The pharaoh supervised the planning, construction, and decoration of the new city himself.
8e43150d3be029d3e5111af2b64f0258990e0c9d	Akhenaten, acted as the high priest of Aten.
e3291a8d4432163511b1ce87723992a45d742aa8	He personally composed various hymns glorifying Aten, and preached his teaching among the population.
000dddb1d0a8fdf1a21d63baada7bab911b6d486	His wife was a constant and loyal ally, the inspiration for the ideas of the Pharaoh.
ea75aa1852283081ded3a86e121d5818a720860d	Akhenaten called her" The delight of his heart".
7b4db09b1453b792de2fd91da6fa90d217d9226a	Nefertiti became a reliable friend and closest adviser for her husband.
978b7b3438d351e60d6cde73b67de2a12d97c7d2	The tsarina accompanied her husband at all official events.
91757bc01b8a62ef7dd83320230a1fa0bf326750	During religious ceremonies, when the pharaoh offered his praises to Aton, he swore his eternal love for his wife.
a3d51810a1c60f5f6e7d2f8217007fd89112cd11	Nefertiti went out with the pharaoh when he checked the outposts around the city, and the guards had to report for their service not only to the commander in chief of the army, but also to his wife.
67e2c35bc6476cd1c2e65835d7f339a86554179a	The royal couple met noble guests together, prayed together to the disk of the Sun, distributed gifts to their subjects.
afac0de047aec6c2f02bf611cd77dede0991feef	When awarding officials for outstanding services, Nefertiti was not only present, but also personally thanked them for their faithful service.
f2ce5dfffd98672e466c63a10a683c5a2c36d7a2	Priests and dignitaries often turned to her, asking her for patronage before the pharaoh.
db55ec0eaae0f72e61c237c34a960708fc13d7ff	At the insistence of Akhenaten, each temple was decorated with sculptures of Nefertiti.
66e0a530aa30ac8f747834f589d0087210726c41	The queen was the embodiment of the life giving power of the Sun, which gives life.
2541fb234214431b0a6345c66d0fae4d94473481	Hundreds of frescoes depicted love and kindness between spouses.
258bd610f012a197648175c5200d442a03c2fa20	One of these images shows a very bold, even erotic scene in which the pharaoh hugs and kisses his wife on the lips.
de10dd557380aae6e0ea62a00311d39c98b4fabd	This is one of the oldest artistic images of love.
5aa245b375fc73616900caa879f22a9c94d65644	However, in fairness, it should be noted that Akhenaten himself was not a handsome and stately man.
dc0beed963e7dca183559c61843de88943f64157	He had a thin, stooped figure and an excessively large head with protruding ears and a slack jaw.
03e83a9b5f2139edf6e6c90e381a735c9899f83f	So what was the secret of Nefertiti's beauty?
90ae969aae47dfdb9ac39a592088fca7da12a546	To do this, you should plunge a little into the history of cosmetics.
152b97cc34fdaf06348f9fe3416e545678bb48e2	It is known that even in ancient times, lipstick, eyeliner and other attributes of female beauty were invented, without which it is so difficult for us to do now.
a5d70083a35f9357ec1e947ba3a39116cd508780	In ancient Egypt, not only queens, but also ordinary women, and even men carefully monitored their appearance.
6c56a02ecf36f7f55dce4056146d4f46f25f73d5	Of great importance to them was the purity of the body, which many ancient tribes and nationalities simply neglected.
9b316091e2d627b9e8a0d6d56b7b7ba772315655	The queen took a bath several times a day – after waking up, before and after eating.
f7aeb77e1dc9e89de3834511a5ad32e77583041d	There was already at that time a remedy that was used as soap.
431455c4b336b5e67e4049fbd560da3f22b23d3b	The ancient Egyptian "soap" looked like a paste made of clay or ash, containing an admixture of various incense.
e1af7a98ac0c83a47ac45ab114d784e815cc266e	Moreover, the Egyptians carried balls of thick oatmeal porridge with the addition of aromatic oils under their arms.
3dc5425887f6dd84fda550afdef8721201f7fff0	It was the first deodorant in the world's history.
7df6d011b15acc69cc2f9a28249fe65ad3590788	Face care creams based on fenugreek hay were also common.
3a1483e8865ab2a368a04a2e48dfb34774a3eaaa	Maxi masks were used to combat wrinkles.
26fb38a494d56eaeb4344d0c75e950b9fea139f6	One of them looked like this: resin, beeswax, oil and seeds of cypress, frankincense are diluted with milk and applied to the face.
09a5c68577313315709f6750e410aa4d2886a764	Of course, it is impossible not to dwell on such an attribute of the makeup of ancient Egyptian women as applying beautiful "arrows"almost to the temples.
9fd3e605adc87ad53f6b5e5ad77de7430bffff72	The eyeliner was made from lead sulfide, which was mined on the Red Sea coast.
6a298c1d8da83fb4a4404eb5f1101c84b1bdf885	Thanks to the addition of crushed precious stones malachite, lapis lazuli, they achieved the desired color of shadows and eyeliner.
2c562bb27a5acd5d062bcf87d5a85afef9103001	Ochre and henna were used as a lipstick.
1c85f8ab64dcf8d16c02451ae87d4ddb93f689dc	Vessels for storing cosmetics were decorated with carvings, paintings, figures of people and deities.
d3d6a216577d4d4833c9c7283a94bac45bcb584b	In ancient times, Egyptian women were considered the most beautiful women.
c941e220d8146b6fd0ecfd504f1580a04f1934c2	There is a legend that tells how once the king of Babylon wooed an Egyptian princess, but was refused.
54dd669f936943f9f6bb093d30795cf84b3f487d	Upset, he exclaimed: "There are so many beautiful women in Egypt!
103fb37e40f4ffcb03d048df59a48704a8dc6898	If you refuse me, choose a bride for me according to your taste, and in Babylon everyone will consider her a queen…"
76116263d563239760a4982f0c5c049fcb1e3f63	So, the external natural attractiveness of Nefertiti, multiplied by the skillful use of cosmetics, made this woman a standard of beauty for many centuries.
1b62d4d8eaf5b427271861e9cff28bcb54085658	Scientists restored her appearance: the figure of the queen was very tiny and seemed fragile.
39fa4b9aec7b1e84d9a4a062d45376669e70f27e	Nefertiti wore expensive, appropriate to her high position, clothes, most often made of white translucent fabric.
d903b7f8b9867e8d82f178ce61d8c3ce4c38ecfa	The queen's favorite headdress was a huge wig with blue hair, girdled with golden snakes, which symbolized the connection with the deity.
ac9f2613fc06cc2d055e1b7721fdd843bda39f28	However, not only external beauty distinguished Nefertiti – softness and kindness were inherent in her character.
89ccc499d49d398e3e7f2e49e1d7b58b916c184a	Hieroglyphs glorify her ability to inspire others with respect for herself.
231a81f6c15f05e0ea29837658c6bb1a030dfb7b	Nefertiti was called "the mistress of pleasures", "pacifying heaven and earth with a sweet voice and kindness".
1641d94d8a06d1aa1eff049e9f384afd957881b2	But, despite the seemingly impeccable happiness that accompanied Akhenaten and Nefertiti, nevertheless, their marriage gradually began to disintegrate.
af643ae340db43b6017105e54f3d57831bb5282b	The thing is that the royal spouses had six daughters, but fate never sent them a son.
562bae25e39681d05d2591f8f482dcebd9b7f635	In addition, the middle and beloved daughter of the royal couple, Princess Maketaton, died.
3d02d875d6f289d8c2379259300910c98a9145bc	The couple, apparently, have become estranged from each other.
36f8d0fb0ad7b3bc59f1a39eeb143084d9bf26cf	This was taken advantage of by detractors who tried in every possible way to remove Nefertiti is from the Pharaoh.
c322e42a2cc95d419361b2561bb6ae00433079d1	The disgraced queen herself is removed from the palace.
fd46365037824fa4a3cf384292d65cbfbdd82f91	Now her name was emblazoned on all the inscriptions, bas reliefs and frescoes.
47a4981d8f5f25a197a03ada8781b6e4614c4862	The ruler proclaimed Kiya the "junior Pharaoh".
7914248a7393a1192a8aa1d1e824f271baea2354	By the end of his life, the pharaoh looked like an old man, despite the fact that he was only twenty nine years old.
ba04ea7ad8fd8c6cb6d19b7875b81a2b307ed98f	After the death of Amenhotep IV, the throne was taken by his son in law, the husband of the eldest daughter of Smenkhkar, who handed over power to his brother Tutankhamun a year later.
e67dc85a3226c3797968741ccfd8033ab5eafc1a	The queen is depicted in motion, her tight fitting dress does not hide the figure that has changed over the years.
3af57bed7626d3ba8bd084c8705a7cc4a542a1e3	This is no longer a fragile, elegant woman, but a mother of six children.
03af812cb93effe612c6a5103fa12422a5d00553	Nefertiti died at the age of thirty seven.
6b3f4e247906bb01f3ce40e680c2ffd164820e83	Her burial has not yet been discovered, although some researchers believe that the body of a woman buried by Rad with Akhenaten belongs to Nefertiti.
8f1531f8e11dfe157a29032cf74444d3f0a67bcf	There is a legend that in the nineteenth century, a group of people discovered a golden coffin, soon after which antique dealers had a lot of gold objects with the name Nefertiti.
bc581eed20b1a8e5fc91b954fb2e5dac92fecff8	However, this version cannot be verified in any way.
3d190438be5f0c1fe5840d86020b89ec9c6d2ea1	The image of the beautiful queen remains shrouded in secrets that are unlikely to ever be fully revealed.
0e604f273d96583f5005995318327d104f94b7dc	Related articles An ancient weather record was found in Egypt The love story of Hatshepsut and Senenmut An ancient female statue was discovered in Egypt Ancient Egypt in photos Ancient Egypt in photos.
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0581a16d02075050f8518c6047d60e0396102e3e	Nefertiti
e74907ae37848ab946d0f7a63da51325ce2d1528	The bust of Nefertiti.
64604ebb4e3976c2c05a91baf531cf4828771643	The New Museum
109e81f528b85add0912f5baa5410709c0c96b49	The Great Wife of the King
2ca7403160abddd52bd3b0dc74f2d94bf4f756ba	1351 BC 1334 BC Predecessor: Teye Successor: Ankhesenamun
fabb22aca3f277a48767183b1aae02972bbc3126	Birth: XIV century BC
f6ad2ab91e91fbd15895aec7f4c0c1f4b54cb99f	Thebes, Luxor, Egypt Birth: XVIII dynasty Father: prep.
ac2be2134973b2bc9816382411b44cbc0a05d718	Aye Spouse: Akhenaten Children: daughters: Meritaton, Maketaton, Ankhesenamon, Nefernefruaton tasherit, Nefernefrura, Setepenra
44a48bd396bd2dac92619a7a4cb4d98ea984d8de	Nefertiti on Wikimedia Commons
660e11b396a6dd10d7016c2860d92d0aac66edff	This term has other meanings, see Nefertiti (meanings).
9779db22d3e1354eab1d9262313359168bf7d271	Nefertiti (Nefer Neferu Aton Nefertiti, etc. - Egypt. Nfr nfr. w Jtn Nfr. t jty, "The beautiful beauty of Aton, the beauty has come"; ca. 1370-1330 BC)
e1cc93a63288d1c29f8dfd689da3377530080338	— the "main spouse" of the ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the New Kingdom Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV, c. 1351-1334 BC).
20d369cd3e2013913bb1bb3ea890d8dc1a7527ee	The reign of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, known as the "Amarna period", was marked by a large — scale religious reform the transition to the monotheistic cult of Aten.
345f4b843648996a995b844a8b1d859786ccc1c0	The role of the queen herself in carrying out the "sun worshipping coup" [1] is controversial.
dc1098823e0cf8c4764bcf767fd4c5f0ec2171be	XVIII dynasty.
cc66b828d1e5be22a684e9616408cf5ed6f90e0f	1 Origin 1.1 Nefertiti — a foreign princess 1.2 Version of the Egyptian origin
5fb24aae4fda663e560b5f0fb69d70ab4f5975f7	2 Children 3 The Reign 3.1 The Art of Her Era 3.2 The Bust of Nefertiti
3ff0d89cc288cd7ba16ca54cd90b2526d8f1798b	4 Tomb 5 Busts and figures of Nefertiti, Berlin, Egyptian Museum 6 Notes 7 Literature 8 References
c88f9471df84eb374055dbfadc3c30d3587a4a96	Nefertiti (Nfr nfr. w Jtn Nfr. t jty )
952b924b673e8df78765011a631102daaaaa04c4	in hieroglyphs
05e2987523ad888ee50ca252718df052b2c551ec	Legends say that Egypt has never produced such a beauty before.
089935745411b79483e591482eb8506af82bda00	She was called "Perfect"; her face decorated temples all over the country[2].
a0e33a76a5653482f90c5ac9da5c90e8972402ec	Since the beginning of research and excavations in the ruins of Akhetaton (modern Tel el Amarna) in the 80s of the XIX century, no clear evidence of the origin of Nefertiti has been found to date.
62fb5dd8e2d90c5d7652145d2a2bcb1618b9b818	Only the mentions on the walls of the tombs of the pharaoh's family and nobles give some information about it.
080a5a557d5a1de8c14f5f9ac5ef7875f510ffdd	It was the inscriptions in the tombs and the cuneiform tablets of the Amarna archive that helped Egyptologists build several hypotheses about where the queen was born.
101cc95c9b05f389714a895645825d15ae1d030e	Several versions have been put forward, each of which claims to be true, but is not sufficiently confirmed by sources to take a leading position.
1e8bd8515293d1d02fc48cce439bc940a83d10d1	The versions changed over time depending on the interpretation of the discovered archaeological finds.
efabcba85f7d82fbcb613920511e5784dac70a39	In general, the views of Egyptologists can be divided into 2 versions: most consider Nefertiti an Egyptian, others — a foreign princess.
4db6f7c26731dd0e1c065355330fc79fd0adfc3a	The hypothesis that the queen was not of noble origin and accidentally appeared at the throne is now rejected by most Egyptologists.
f730b776142541b6d3d5ac58e5070d4d340f44b4	Nefertiti — the foreign princess[edit / edit wiki text]
cfaefcd025665610e0d26548026e33666f697025	The reliability of this section of the article is questioned.
51d806c16d97b95c6059b15b4a456a3225424898	It is necessary to check the accuracy of the facts set out in this section.
147c044b41e16616a9482e547e91bf9e864e515c	There may be explanations on the discussion page.
7aa855c728d84125cb3f5a99e67018d3978d8e0b	The name Nefertiti translates as "The beauty has come", so according to one version, Akhenaten's wife was not an Egyptian.
fb5e71e20a02b39479a98a9b2264573321e5bf7a	Supporters of Nefertiti's foreign origin have two versions, supported by several arguments.
e51b1499102b048c111bca2428866b6795bb10a8	It is believed that Nefertiti is a Mitanni princess sent to the court of Akhenaten's father, Pharaoh Amenhotep III.
bba3f0b8735e17c8ad77448d99ca0717e822621e	The then Hurrian king Mitanni Tushratta (c. 1370 — c. 1350 BC) had two daughters: Giluhepa (Giluhippa) and Taduhepa (Taduhippa), both were sent to the court of the pharaoh.
4a04d3ae1eb419591857113057ede09a4a4f0a90	Some sources mention that Nefertiti's younger sister later became the wife of one of the subsequent pharaohs (perhaps Horemheb became her husband).
8324f52cc87c6a171698a981aa77a43e5a3d24a1	Giluhepa arrived in Egypt during the lifetime of Amenhotep III and was given in marriage to him.
cf71d9e28d629f9e701e1eecc4b70d70fe9ae71c	The version that Gilukhepa could be Nefertiti is currently refuted by evidence about her age.
cee6f8c144d097e6c07c1ba584ca55bc9bd380fb	Taduhep's younger sister arrived at the beginning of the reign of Amenhotep IV Akhenaten.
cd7169d7dbb500ce629d47c057a2a9de6954065a	In defense of their hypothesis, scientists cite the meaning of the name Nefertiti "The Beautiful came", clearly indicating a foreign origin.
4172edb89f294afc0a1bc76af5dbb7a69b8d71ef	It is believed that the Princess Taduhepa, having arrived in Egypt, took a new name, as did all foreign brides.
c41bc915775a95730c306b0d86843659eea92d64	She was considered the daughter of the goddess of beauty.
5998d60c7d26e083e16b8db14e8f646fa61e4453	The version about the Egyptian origin[edit / edit wiki text]
96f88b950cc83dfe3fe2f9a662df3a034ac4938d	Initially, Egyptologists followed a simple logical chain.
d4dd3f79e7429ad8e58695c0701f2aa36593d66e	If Nefertiti is the "main wife of the pharaoh", she must be an Egyptian, moreover, an Egyptian of royal blood.
e84524ffb666ba479fe874dc280ea818252ce215	Therefore, it was believed that the queen was one of the daughters of Amenhotep III. But none of the lists of the daughters of this pharaoh contains any mention of a princess with that name.
da93c3c484e12806cdb5de0e8aa4a60065f39cf2	Among his 6 daughters, there is no sister of Nefertiti Princess Mutnedzhmet (Benre Muth).
852363faf6d91b5f0b26b263b7a40fc13e1d6666	In modern Egyptology, it is widely assumed that Nefertiti is the daughter of the nobleman Aye (one of the companions of Akhenaten, later Pharaoh), the probable brother of Queen Tia, and his first wife, which means that she also came from Akhmim.
a393511edb831f99fa3afbbfdef8c1589e14fd4a	Accordingly, Nefertiti could be a cousin of Akhenaten.
51b06768594d71eb9611a4a4ae69aed2f11a473a	Tia, the second wife of Aye, is mentioned as the wet nurse of the future queen and therefore cannot be her biological mother, and besides, she later became Nefertiti's mother in law.
c0e5a513ed6c0fff282bdfeaaa734eae410dcb21	Nefertiti's Egyptian origin is supported by references to her sister Mutnedzhmet, who held a high position at the pharaoh's court[3] and later became the wife of Pharaoh Horemheb.
9e161e73833e75f1feb1b718254d0833bdf5716e	Children[edit / edit wiki text]
0af792b0f704cb63765fea5140ca608cfd6247b3	From Akhenaten she gave birth to six daughters:
7ca16c2dbf6f88e7fa9dab4e51754b21b7bb373e	Meritamon ("beloved by Aton"): before the wedding or immediately after (1356 BC).
611b1c52117170c0de621a3a8cbf27619e801e5b	After the removal from power, Nefertiti became the main wife of Akhenaten.
2bd2973d30ffa7550aa2fa3bc124084079e09533	Maketaton: year 1-3 (1349 BC).
d3a260885c50c74226d8db3a0e1394f4c551c3c5	Ankhesenpaaton (1345 BC) (later changed her name to Ankhesenamon), married Tutankhamun, later became the wife of Aye.
5376ca107247fcce86f1cef28e933affa7838a87	Nefernefruaton tasherit (English)Russian: year 6 (1344 BC).
e011fd33bbff06a28a415f7b5f0f66fbcfb489a6	Nefernefrura (English)
630e6145bd04dd6485e4b62fc5bc14d70a5ee9c2	Russian: year 9 (1341 BC).
a03c68136d33a39201170a6fb4b69da014f4db9d	Setepenra (English)
5d3e53faf8d59fa63c70ec26c0076a9e2bc6261f	Russian: year 11 (1339 BC).
307a194d5114792dfa960b2def788a841227b3b4	The image of Akhenaten's daughters on the wall of the Akhetaton Palace
09c61d4afe81bdefcb1c241ce360644b4abd0b59	Reign[edit / edit wiki text]
76cc82238962929c2371ec2956edc47bc2bdbe33	Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their 3 daughters
c9227b1847b9209b68ec5cee180d81fa60d462a5	It is assumed that Akhenaten, then Amenhotep IV, and Nefertiti were married shortly before his accession to the throne.
687752a07c5f352af3b5913d0c0d74ea9a88b49f	The bride was 12-15 years old, the groom was several years older than her.
9ef5e9bd6a9d15ba454584dd8b5eeb13090ddc19	Nefertiti fully supported the religious transformations initiated by her husband, and was no less a staunch supporter of the new religion than Akhenaten.
f10ad65a4feae7f2e65fd25fb61a73337540b7b3	Some authors even assign Nefertiti the role of the initiator of the religious reformation, the driving force and the high priest of the deity Aten and even the co ruler of Akhenaten.
41fff47d989be18961aa15203996305c52332dc6	In the tomb of Pharaoh Aye, one of the inscriptions is dedicated to Nefertiti: "She leads Aton to rest with a sweet voice and beautiful hands with sistrums, at the sound of her voice they rejoice"[4].
3ec0a9dfe7dccf95c439a0419f0bfb1cc1a65c24	On the so called "talatats", sandstone blocks from the temple of Aten in Karnak, the wife of Akhenaten is depicted more often than the Pharaoh himself.
a88240a37fe93dfa3fbc40793c147ff12f0a0c27	Akhenaten always appeared in public accompanied by his wife, Nefertiti took part in all significant religious ceremonies, as evidenced by their numerous joint images.
3e349eb2869cdb6132bd8a535b7339d67c9041fa	In the 12th year of Akhenaten's reign, the middle daughter of the royal couple, Princess Maketaton, dies, and soon Nefertiti herself disappears from the historical arena, possibly falling into disgrace; her place was taken by a secondary queen from Akhenaten's women's house, Kiya, and later by Nefertiti's eldest daughter, Meritaton.
080fe8ff8184939bca8228b0fca7d1a2f47b4b25	By the 14th year of Akhenaten's reign (1336 BC), all references to the queen disappear.
f1c61e97d06c23e69d9c4ed9b895504b531d15e8	One of the statues discovered in the workshop of the sculptor Thutmose shows Nefertiti in her declining years.
f85fe4811ce27e89c6c36c5f584533893ceb1e46	Before us is the same face, still beautiful, but time has already left its imprint on it, leaving traces of fatigue over the years, fatigue, even broken.
262f2cf3c1a63b90bafd46827fbf9304b754a997	The walking queen is dressed in a tight fitting dress, with sandals on her feet.
06df82a8de98a6f7f443ac8ef737c8f5e6778871	The figure that has lost the freshness of youth no longer belongs to a dazzling beauty, but to a mother of three daughters who has seen and experienced a lot in her life.
eaa42896be89edffc11a3954d0b40ca2d16fa87b	In one of the sculptural workshops (O. 47.16), a mask was found, removed from Nefertiti already in the declining years.
99c7fba0297906bc8eb0625d21c731336b1a8d9f	Since the mask was sculptured, it is impossible to determine whether it was removed from a dead or a living woman.
e71361aec0339a384313d5913cd657e497789a90	There is no information about the circumstances of the death of Queen Nefertiti.
be3613d7ad065c8c637be1cb15f7551316d44619	The absence of the tsarina's son the heir to the royal throne, could affect the deterioration of relations within the royal family.
fdf27649ac38ed27f0663375a691a923456582ba	It is proved that the mother of Tutankhamun is the sister of Akhenaten.
a8a13c98754dbc0046c189cc54b4d182502d91fd	But still, the pharaoh was brought up in the family of Nefertiti.
def3563273047696632d36630763dc490e74a5af	To continue the family tree, a marriage was concluded between Tutankhamun and the daughter of Nefertiti.
933b1a9f164ea2be1f05ed4e4fcc0430219fe8d4	The art of her era[edit / edit wiki text]
8ad0c74d54b2b1a91bcd4f31ab03a21f5ad05569	Main article: Amarna Art
9bb14b205dc1b02ea51b1d7a1356388524c0609a	The love of the royal couple became one of the main subjects for the artists of Akhetaton the capital of Akhenaten and Nefertiti.
4b2908210488f2a0cc497471030ded03a8bf2673	Nefertiti, "a beauty, beautiful in a diadem with two feathers, the lady of joy, full of praises... full of beauties" with her husband are sitting with children;
b82e188d59a6c7445e3c9cbab01f35a4a1f89924	Nefertiti swings her legs, climbing on her husband's lap and holding her little daughter with her hand.
7af40d1f11e2409dde9b04544c2434b98ade2e39	One of the reliefs discovered in Akhetaton depicts the culmination of this idyll the kiss of Akhenaten and Nefertiti.
ba2bb1dc2f11ab402b4de792cb32482a6eafa606	On each scene, there is always an Aton a solar disk with numerous hands holding out the symbols of eternal life to the royal couple of ankhi.
a6ac99e69a7d97606460d712339239b4fd0ceeaa	She was a living embodiment of the life giving power of the sun, giving life.
8fd1da2fc9f87b6b7b417acd3648459df4923215	Nefertiti bust[edit / edit wiki text]
bd18dd204b673aa8e32556fd9d51f1d0a9753da0	Main article: Bust of Nefertiti
7234182346b2afcf5bea3681ee920b402790c09e	The bust of Nefertiti, one of the most famous finds of Ludwig Borchardt
b0911a5bd39429832c7b7f02d6b6bf7ac4bb7b06	On December 6, 1912, the German archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt and his assistant Hermann Ranke discovered a unique bust of Queen Nefertiti in the workshop of the sculptor Thutmose the Younger in Amarna, which has since become one of the symbols of the beauty and sophistication of ancient Egyptian culture.
b0f8045af9f2595904dbc662c31d8ecefb35fb7c	In his archaeological diary, Borchardt wrote only one phrase opposite the sketch of the monument: "It is pointless to describe, - you need to look."
224928b44398ea5bf7b24dd5ac076a0c7b040531	The unique bust of the queen, discovered by the team of Egyptologist Borchardt and taken to Germany in 1913, is kept in the collection of the Egyptian Museum in Berlin, although since 1924 there have been demands and disputes about the need for its return.
fd9cf939e1d875cfab225eafbc23b79cc7a75c95	When later in 1933 the Egyptian Ministry of Culture requested it back, and Germany refused to return it, German Egyptologists were forbidden to conduct archaeological excavations in Egypt.
daac2ca7695033999c7262680c3d67d7b65bf06e	The Second World War and the persecution of Borchardt's wife because of her Jewish origin prevented the archaeologist from continuing his research in full.
e84c82368552b7e1ef74680b450e79d0ac7af1e0	The bust of Nefertiti officially belongs to the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, however, Egypt, represented by high ranking officials of the Ministry of Culture, officially demands that Germany return the exported bust of Nefertiti.
3988d311a78931f0c15fa098e578ede35c8e3abd	The bust of Nefertiti, 50 cm high and weighing about 20 kg, is made of solid limestone, finished with a gypsum anhydrite mixture and completely painted.
7b83be829371001289ed0be84681ba2deb049d74	There are no hieroglyphic inscriptions on it.
b62e29c8db031238065ae0f2d9664b7c4833f72b	However, the characteristic crown, which Ludwig Borchardt called a " wig " (actually dating back to khepresh or atef), helped researchers identify the model by comparing the sculpture with other images of Nefertiti.
e75a096a3c027a4f1fde8e7d4c4ea8aca9b333e4	The almost perfect preservation, the brightness of colors and the liveliness of the right eye make a striking impression on the viewer.
251b3b69f230a995f62e727c0bbd9bf4b984c06e	At the same time, the left eye is missing; some Egyptologists suggest that the tab in it was never installed, although the portrait of Nefertiti is still the only example of an ancient Egyptian sculpture with one eye.
1aa572ea5774c2906fc3cce6ea7f129a5e13c2ff	Recently, it was discovered that the bust of the beautiful Nefertiti has a late "plastic surgery" with plaster.[5] Originally molded with a "potato" nose, etc., it was later corrected and became considered the standard of Egyptian beauty.
87dd2809e3197d2727cc75275d1659280d6eb2b6	It remains unknown whether the original image of Nefertiti was closer to the original and later embellished, or vice versa, subsequent intervention eliminated the inaccuracies of the original work.
82ffa5c9dd1f0d2be5164ebf141b495cfbcf7702	Only the study of the mummy of Nefertiti herself can prove this, if it is discovered.
797cc019015cbd7c1845de01ffec9c16285caa53	The Tomb[edit / edit wiki text]
48965e360e2553e3480e1b2f7c339be7f09fe531	This hypothesis was put forward in 2001-2003 by Egyptologists Susan James[6] and Joan Fletcher, who pointed out a number of indirect signs confirming the royal origin of the mummy, and announced in the media that they had found Nefertiti[7][8]. In 2003, a reconstruction of the mummy's lifetime appearance was made; it was stated that it was very similar to the bust of Nefertiti[9].
abece6127604d1814f904a36a2314612df16bc72	However, the result of the examination refuted this hypothesis: the mummy was identified as the daughter of Queen Tia (lying next to her) and Amenhotep III (buried in the same tomb), the wife and sister of Akhenaten, the mother of Tutankhamun.
13a5b5e5c05f522b3c4ce7a96a683292b2635180	On November 28, 2015, the Minister of Antiquities of Egypt announced that "with a 90% probability" there is at least one previously unexplored room behind the walls of the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun[11][12]. The assumption is based on the hypothesis of the British Egyptologist Nicholas Reeves that after the sudden and early death of Tutankhamun, the priests had to urgently rebuild someone else's tomb for the funeral of the young king.
a5716f8411f21b627723a128066cd4065ee8867c	One of the archaeologists, who led the excavations in Akhetaton for a number of years, writes about the legend of the local residents.
09b40d917dc6d5020ae7d5a2d3493a4f8337f780	Allegedly, at the end of the XIX century, a group of people came down from the mountains, carrying a golden coffin; soon after that, several gold items with the name Nefertiti appeared in the antique dealers.
7fd19cf52c4daa15dc6a3567e0d1114836513304	It was not possible to verify this information.
85fa72c57f0549de693f727a1b7b5bcf0d7b1b79	Busts and figures of Nefertiti, Berlin, Egyptian Museum[edit]
c2fa9a392b4221022ca35484b6a6db971287f832	The figure of Nefertiti standing.
fc03cc1a400fe67108163732dc09026303c5a1db	The bust, as it is displayed in the exhibition of the Egyptian Museum
db4894336a8bf964beed1dcc9ee386bf181e0ba0	Nefertiti brings offerings to Aton
113d40ccf1c020610902b442ba6703e66f31d7f1	Nefertiti beats the prisoners
082ea3a8986ce70d2513fe12b9b62f9e468bbb04	Переп Perepelkin, Yu.
0dc3e97067b8159d2e953bc2f2987ab90af7cd64	Ya.
4f61b533c87b5781de687395d4610f5b1c35bef1	"Ancient Egypt", S.-Pb. "Neva", 2000 — / / Chapter "The Sun worshipping coup of Amenhotp IV" ↑ Nefertiti Resurrected (Nefertiti Reborn), doc. film.
895371f4832fb082cb668311773b67d89532ee39	↑ Hermann A. Schlögl.
4cfe9c855a1435682bace63c911beb36d525ae8b	Das Alte Ägypten.
b052d55b5bc66ee7fa84df867f0cf0cd5b413f4b	Geschichte und Kultur von der Frühzeit bis zu Kleopatra.
fc48c9a12ad3b7fad35a5aaf880ddddd1d5f5ca1	— München: C. H. Beck, 2006.
3f4ab945c225c9887ab950c9d72dfbe34b7481ad	— S. 225.
6ab30bce480c6f6afb59282f97bc4cfea5d494f6	— ISBN 3-406-54988-8.
458a5b2387faeed52cd34a75b1c69256e51edc9a	В Vlasov V. Nefertiti, Nephr et / / New encyclopedic dictionary of Fine Art: In 10 t.
9807a4e6847b706767adbd7b344fdcccbea6324e	- St. Petersburg: ABC classics, 2007.
f9c60bf6cf7437d4ba38f378c017477e0a9475a9	- Vol. 6.
3a30848cf266a85972f8dcb594cd5c7d40cb6bd3	- p. 221. ученые Scientists found traces of plastic surgery on Nefertiti's face ↑ Scientists found the mummy of Nefertiti and saw with their own eyes what the first beauty of Ancient Egypt looked like ↑ Suffering Nefertiti, or how a given hypothesis is a proven fact ↑ ravaged mummy recognized a well known symbol of feminine beauty ^ the Face of the famous Nefertiti beauties, "updated" ^ the Egyptians called the pioneers of the mummy of Nefertiti liars and forbid them further studies retrieved In the tomb of Tutankhamun was found the room in which may be the tomb of Nefertiti, TASS (29.11.2015).
a371e6e8e67da2f000313d15431b23d32b8320fe	↑ It was In.. the Mummy of Nefertiti, seem to be hidden in the tomb of Tutankhamun, Komsomolskaya Pravda (30.11.2015).
5945a0d2238b9c5831f89f50e550ea408fc31379	Mathieu M. E.
249ae426c1023214d052be9ae016237d4257fa76	In the time of Nefertiti.
0d6350a4df3b57f35a16c158d110c38150c9ad0e	Perepelkin Yu.
7cab0d967f52e29db34d6f007acabdd69f12a4b4	The secret of the golden coffin.
4cc547c5ab64038816d37dc904813f9562684532	- M., 1968.
e975dfd76653e48dece23221cd66891bc989e904	Evelyn Wells.
5cf8e42e72e7c6b5df9ac4351c631b14a8eccacd	Nefertiti.
8fcc75b2e102a99f78189a7cb0025e2e7887f4f1	The Mistress of two lands — - M., 2002.
c8c8ec0696904341763ff4b1e5fcc7d5ac9e07f6	Aldred C. Akhenaten: king of Egypt.
caa3fcf31cf33fa4ac57a6037fb6be8fbf869c90	— London, 1988.
6f659941b48040c6f02cb75cb94f8585175b40a8	Anthes R.
40b005edbc72152acf669cd572d36529af355571	Die Büste der Königin Nofretete.
f504bd9887dc58089191844ff06ab52821f05eb0	— Berlin, 1968.
6f13bedf19c19a5d930aa4a4b47d20e72389c521	Arnold D.
834fd107cd33a1f442951478d9cf473801275a21	The royal woman of Amarna.
e6de050d302aec322ac882d8c271b31a6309f7db	— New York, 1996.
f35857deec209f944aa76a8d8eb0aec152e43212	Ertman E.
dd036add75f7f089aee1890f040c99c9d4ca29d6	The Search for the Significance and Origin of Nefertiti’s Tall Blue Crown.// Sesto Congresso Internazionale di Egittologia.
9ee2e773362044636a1b994f222de4d49bb6c5de	Atti.
85256f99359531d26974808360b34b2cba724a73	Vol. I. — Torino, 1992, pp.
c798e51e7bf4cde7c9e224177a16c47240ed8c7c	189—193.
b36d8e781fdd15e1e901c8a543c5a36c8c77c168	Müller M.
dd54fd039dfe8adff0bbb4d3d6ccb68aabaa6d21	Die Kunst Amenophis’III. und Echnatons.
8ba67f2a87347a693b55b76c0fa0960ef9c70cb6	— Basel, 1988.
5f73db2337f4ebcb032b2cd239d74af0c716ecac	Pharaohs of the Sun: Akhenaten, Nefertiti, Tutankhamen.
ed53600b4ff27ef0547c44203a185b48e174744d	— Boston, 1999.
485c0d215f00b9301f24c4215c930a35b4b63e4c	Samson J. Nefertiti and Cleopatra: queen monarchs of Ancient Egypt.
5301a1d2c12e47383346c8ea3496e4bfcc595105	— London, 1985.
ae79911fe43366a71aa63bff03d066a96c27291b	Tyldesley J. Nefertiti: Egypt’s sun queen.
88586d3b250bdc24ab9073785320dbc0260ee111	- London, 1998.
2d3ccc0ef070766e6c4cd4562737ad1520c12897	Solkin V. V. Nefertiti // Ancient Egypt.
231d5d564bf19c9b071f56732283cc47a0d55816	Encyclopedia.
d2e74a522dffdbe04c89d553d8cbcc0d6705640d	- M., 2005.
b21d9b0e17b30b639450624087975a80dbf6c07d	Solkin V. V. Nefertiti: a journey through the sands of eternity / / Novy Acropolis.
69122745dc3ed2e02b65bbe85b7f53dfad38052d	- 2000.
d4378eaaf327ad95e2a4113a02856c9e39020f95	12-18.
a04e97da093b2b536e2e0817f03643a6bf180206	Solkin V. V. Egypt: the universe of the Pharaohs.
cc336b62eadd9d6ac4eb57d66bbb51402baa4a29	- M., 2001.
3a610f49c458792f9b446900487ba7d6db95f2db	Michelle Moran.
e65ebab5fe54dffdf60a3de3068495bc473ba8ee	Nefertiti: Roman.
00e919c49c18591a735034852edb101479521ab0	- M., 2008.
eb23837bf7a46eff4fd55be4ad18a7889affca94	Queen Nefertiti The Beautiful one has come / / the program from the cycle "Everything is like this" on" Echo of Moscow "Nefertiti // the program from the cycle of programs "Hour of Truth" Is the famous bust of Nefertiti a fake?
134ee1c81759fd38de16655cf97da11c12643d97	/ / review of the signs of authenticity of the famous artifact
f09ba6536e4feec5ddce9d4d37f9bbdb1221ffa9	popular science film "Nefertiti and the Lost Dynasty" (National Geographic, 2007) popular science film "Nefertiti's Odyssey" (National Geographic, 2007) popular science film " Riddles of History.
646df50d2b282282fbcefaf0cfc31ee57c2c4834	Nefertiti: The Mummy Returns" (English. Mysteries of History. Nefertiti: The Mummy Returns) (2010) popular science film " Nefertiti.
ae2bfd97c9943b0459f44a50071311459ee4b606	The Mystery of the Mummy of the Queen" (2011)
3254e9693ef08b9a60cc0b4c3d47308d265f2344	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nefertiti&oldid=82803859"
0b463c48438c9bf0c3bd509c23c67870d6231f8b	Categories: Born in the XIV century BC . e.
7418cd7aa8bd11c1084dcd925cd07ef3be81cbf6	Persons born in Egypt alphabetically Rulers of Egypt Queens of Ancient Egypt XVIII dynasty of Egypt
020ba6d77cdc9263ae9024741e10df6203013e9e	Hidden Categories: Pages using magic Links ISBN Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Other values: a non existent Wikipedia page is specified:Articles whose authenticity requires verification
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f13aa9b3ee352f1bb94891caf37d9b01b4d1cbc5	History Science Culture Magazines Tests Historical tests The main thing
138865b1947b75c4a7191efaa6be7e9bf17c3ce0	29/12/16
87c4866d6d362ccaeb25f7d289ede11cadaea541	What was Nefertiti really like
12a36071f21c33905502d584ab2af38c8ce807ec	Nefertiti is the most mysterious woman in history.
05bb7b03a9a4e641b648dcf99617a63ffef60262	She was called "the lady of joy".
637296a47996c22a83131902984ee86c6324f139	The bust of the queen, which is more than three thousand years old, is still considered a standard of beauty.
8d715eb300c27868ce12e5e302ec72b5bb0d715a	December 6, 1912
a3c8f3e515a70bec29ddff53cafb266b49c27f3f	In his archaeological diary, a meticulous scientist wrote just one phrase opposite the sketch of the monument: "It is pointless to describe you need to look."
5f5f4416e7641112a67699ac61862fec1f004d15	So Nefertiti "quarreled" the two countries
d53d0c02ff3cb59d941926f74edb0381ef4523e3	The bust is still kept in the collection of the Egyptian Museum in Berlin.
1445ec5642b3a60cbcfbeb8a8ee10c6bdaf9d491	"The beautiful one has come"
ce89c30662719739b0b8dc492580c639470d4187	Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs did not display vowel sounds.
858930c102ac1326b41694181d2663db9351b484	Therefore, the name Nefertiti can be considered conditional.
e462e295f0cccbba9f4b541223de431740c3ef17	According to the" overseas " version of the origin, Nefertiti was a Mitanni princess sent to the court of Akhenaten's father, Pharaoh Amenhotep III. Allegedly, he also liked her, and the next pharaoh, Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten), made her his main wife and companion.
d6bada8355dff951e80e0294c41fece2219bb317	Amenhotep IV moved the capital to a new city - Akhetaton - which he had previously built three hundred kilometers from the former capital Thebes.
e254d3a7c1271d7898edecc78c984d7c38bc08a5	Most likely, she fell into disgrace.
041b01f3a8aba37471a5d08e4f5fb5c31bdd6851	Her place was taken by a secondary queen from the women's house of Akhenaten — Kiya, and later by the eldest daughter of Nefertiti Meritaton.
f44a0433c54bec05412e19efd85a937d631e51eb	The Mystery of Nefertiti
f549617446a632212a6f11972fc901d62fce47bc	Ironically, if we believe in the Egyptian version of the queen's origin,it was her father, Eya, who, after becoming Pharaoh, led Egypt back to the Orthodox faith.
d730a0d4c41fe8d1b3e3faef0bf9e9d359e3f35c	References to Nefertiti disappear two years after the death of her daughter.
2ac9c7ec9efb8c0fe38c4edc759c5b6dbd4a811f	Some historians today reach fantastic versions in their search for Nefertiti.
5861f289dc4cfb44b8175a2403d1e1ba6d8f8a57	According to one of them, after the death of Akhenaten, Nefertiti ruled Egypt under the name of Pharaoh Smenkhkar.
11a4745778538cb1075744cab647460689f70d46	Russian Russian Seven Source: © Russian Seven Read also "How the fascists acted with the captured women of the Red Army" Russian Seven is now on iPhone and on Android
2c24d1cdf8c175740b742258d45b367273a756f1	Comments (1)
4ceb543c793bb33f453a3fedb9ff17ebaa9c99e9	Comments on the article "What was Nefertiti really like"
367cee7d43ad614ee68203728269f6e0d853636c	04.01.2017 at 02: 41 Eros Ramazzotti writes:
d62642605743ff5b535668c9af788662e62fb09a	Egyptian queens are like two drops of water like ...
b3ed857698ef0e8e34f4cbcc25bee6c7e80aa8bf	Chechens.
3310c9964a5c2e7f523528bde2e794bfb92bb571	And this is not accidental.
5bccd1dcf3c4ae4dbbae198a19a87182a5a160f6	Culture of Dr. Egypt and Chechnya are not just connected with each other, but are united.
8e989ac074d6018408e54df06c46d3c244361077	But this is not studied by Russian scientists — after all, the highlanders are declared wild and not civil, and therefore subject to destruction.
11fd285a4aeabe31f6c6e5d7b0380a494cadf3eb	—————-
bde3a8cc45ddf8d4460941d324c406d3b3a58ff4	The Dark Side of Holy Russia (updated 03.01.17):
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d4a7cf42b22c74056a51464230773e838b957902	What was Nefertiti really like Nefertiti is the most mysterious woman in history.
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4c54bc31fdd09b54d72b3925735ee4acc0543307	The world's first embryo from mouse stem cells has been created
331b7b5a1633c607a4ae194a5ce85a153c670597	6 coincidences in the story that seem incredible
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d549301a41c8565b76ad52bf3274cebddf5c74b3	Home Education History of Ancient Egypt.
c183ca882c4d134198ebac4896912fedf80d6604	Ancient Egypt.
5f10c06efce86c13cce0f8f0ac065d86e73526ab	Tatiana Varava
9cfa50b9f444806b8b005a2ac706d8d2f7440fe3	October 12, 2013
5505f98b292dbd86db4ed6a230c75e276828d8ed	Powerful pharaohs, majestic pyramids, silent Sphinx represent the distant and mysterious Ancient Egypt.
452273927603abca7bcce30539b9e58710308633	Queen Nefertiti is no less mysterious and famous royal beauty of antiquity.
5c298d537eca43074b881d710f9803a66c00d677	Her name, covered with a halo of legends and fictions, has become a symbol of everything beautiful.
a6006e6a2f5e5bb113a8117c9400c78d101e493f	Who was the exalted and identified with the goddess Tefnut, the most mysterious and "perfect" woman of Ancient Egypt, whose references disappeared at one moment, like herself?
c40a8c61062a3cd85cf906d9e5e1e51af32c54ab	A life size bust of a woman made of limestone was found in one of the rooms.
a980ba8fc7b0fb25eb8a062f33c8930d5445c740	Borchardt tricked him out of Egypt.
71cd04a56a31d1cb62c75ca3b2c3f108b3677ac3	In 1920, the bust was donated to the Berlin Museum.
21f4ec9c7a64220f06b406d4e8cfaa8aec357e74	There are many versions about the origin of Nefertiti.
6cba6c48afda667fa1f050089de93945502a883e	She changed her real name Taduhippa when she married Amenhotep III. Nefertiti became a widow early, and after the death of her husband, she was declared the wife of his son Amenhotep IV. Nefertiti conquered the young pharaoh with her incredible beauty.
1dbe432887dddfe5772615ce3db9bff0bc1c530b	Ancient Egyptian papyri, drawings, bas reliefs show that her marriage with Amenhotep IV was ideal, was a symbol of respect, love and cooperation.
c4b829dcd87db572c30d1dc536fffc5b26a08abf	The all powerful Pharaoh went down in history as a religious reformer.
4d2f62fd7eb758663e488f42a13abfb963942704	He was an extraordinary man who declared war on the priest caste.
80c2b598c851db939c4d09e1e49541c74f0ed7c4	In carrying out this policy, the ruler needed a reliable ally, and Nefertiti became it.
0a5839cae9a0380f078a9329d9536cd16fb59543	Queen Nefertiti attended diplomatic receptions.
65184265bd370b053d6981193bc5a97c0ae285dd	The pharaoh consulted with his wife in public.
67a7c58676e4a760f161706a4efdfe3834a02a96	Sometimes she replaced him with high ranking advisers.
3210c5753e65e35518491b243a1f885417ca5c69	Nefertiti was worshipped, her majestic statues could be seen in almost every Egyptian city.
cc0ebe9278ce14d64b94841a3214f2e7a9d199b1	However, the wise queen helped only those who, in her opinion, could justify and earn the trust of the pharaoh.
f103c6a7f10efeee416d1a50f703f327f3ca36e7	But fate, being the most unsurpassed director in a person's life, did not favor Nefertiti endlessly either.
695ed910b668a58750ba88ae894e5697c5449b4c	The gods did not grant her an heir to power.
2ee80161213d68e01cc1d80fcee4db2dfe08aa89	The queen only gave the Pharaoh 6 daughters.
ce22c472e4d7217947a706bcd42cb285a94c1244	Here, not without the help of envious people, a replacement for the reigning spouse was found, power over the heart of the pharaoh passed to the beautiful concubine Kia.
1ca2f78935b7148e8cff3f9f57633280e69c489c	She did not manage to keep Pharaoh near her for a long time, and it was difficult for him to choose between two women.
624976095809c77aff4d4f1d4fa9c886004214ea	On the part of the former queen, he always received a warm welcome, but the ostentatious courtesy did not deceive the pharaoh.
dfae8f15507905547421837853e11bed3a383bc2	The former relationship between the strong willed and self loving Nefertiti and Akhenaten was no longer there.
082d341d38151dcf74f46196044e2dbd3ab81541	But she managed to keep the power over him.
50059cfde7bac208ac3493123087fc45a70d4b2d	There are versions that it was Nefertiti, demonstrating her statesmanship, who offered Akhenaten Ankhesenamon, their joint third daughter, in other versions, it was the eldest daughter Meritaton.
41f377fde7196f13544692a56ae9fef4d26dccc7	After Akhenaten's death, their daughter was married to Tutankhamun, who moved the capital to Thebes.
d010b5f64142c17707c8674ee244b077f00b0f42	Egypt again began to worship Amon ra and everything returned to normal.
36980d57035eb45646192e56b00ea2588ed1f375	Only Nefertiti remained in Achenaton, faithful to her husband's ideas.
65bb6e05449831ceaad04a61a7789a5b6fce3e3c	She spent the rest of her life in exile.
8a37b561f059be438a73a977f93034fb913cdaa4	After the death of the queen, at her request, she was buried in the tomb of Akhenaten, but her mummy was never found.
010345532d8947eced4299c8b3dc08c762e3a183	And the exact place of her burial is unknown.
b653002d8e4c5c793a9e4fea795dce16dc1d36ce	However, her name, which meant "The Beautiful One has come", is still the personification of all that is beautiful.
ec52ae80910ed3935565cf37244f12cb421ad9ad	The sculptural portrait of Queen Nefertiti, found in Amarna in 1912, as well as other subtle and poetic sketches created by Thothmes, the ancient master of Achenaton, are kept in museums in Berlin and Cairo.
1d99283f8ef06a7249415860fed36e338df72a16	In 1995, a sensational exhibition was held in Berlin, which united the Egyptian collection, the center of which was Nefertiti and Akhenaten who met again.
110476b9a3b3df631949355fabf6f92474e7d7e6	Nefertiti became one of the most famous characters in the history of art, the personification of grace and tenderness, who discovered the emotional side of art during the reign of Akhenaten.
67d09322ae839b82d196218d71e32df3cef0fc19	The charm of the most beautiful queen gave the artists an incredible opportunity to combine the beauty of art and life in one image.
fad2ff24c6b6e6017e39b12199446c899bf24ab4	The queen of Ancient Egypt left behind many mysteries and secrets related to her life, which someone has yet to reveal.
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050973c11d9358f5bdda3d5687bd58e7f587a73a	Nefertiti, Queen of Egypt: the beautiful and mysterious Lebedeva Julia Pharaoh Tutankhamun.
15878fb349e59f52cb8fdfe8794e283ed5d9d07b	Tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun Marina Adulyan Beautiful Cleopatra Queen of Egypt Polina Kurbala Wives of the Pharaohs and their different statuses in the history of Ancient Egypt Miroshnichenko Diana Mask of Tutankhamun.
a7768d63f88082fc8eacc998ca3174ede008bcee	Treasures of Tutankhamun and the curse of his tomb Julia Chaika Ancient Egypt.
a19d722ddf582ba1b228d66c52188441e068de80	Queen Cleopatra is its last ruler, Polina Kurbala, the Joys of the Ancient World.
c73c6ddcd8fc94af4de46ece1a0da9e677dc21a5	Cleopatra: the love story of Elena Sergienko Clothes of Ancient Egypt.
9bab68054c1d923a818ab432f710471fa354b518	Clothing of the pharaohs in Ancient Egypt Ilya Filatov Pharaoh Ramses the Great, Ancient Egypt: the reign, biography Natalia Liberta Delightful Luxor: the temple of Queen Hatshepsut Elena Scientists have recreated the appearance of Tutankhamun.
23f14b93fa9be07364d676ac2d7a84664a23a7f9	What was the viceroy of God on earth?
d48619abc0c5b8592c4bf491d021122c554ed181	Svetlana Gilfanova Tutankhamun's tomb – what secret does the pharaoh's tomb hide?
bc87039920dd9582c232b41adc35d8bf0d0e6433	Sofia The ancient Egyptian goddess Bastet.
1472aa98b3f766a8fde220057f09519210a89f69	The Egyptian cat goddess Bastet Sadykova Tatiana Where are the objects from the tomb of Tutankhamun, the young ancient Egyptian king, now located?
24a4d9c5676c318dd080c5d8c780ef6591915203	Elena The Mummies of the Pharaohs of Egypt Maxim Novichok
2fcacbba7dd01f7768eafd74e1ad8d2911aa3f89	If we compare foreign writers of the XX century by the degree of their popularity in Russia, then Theodore Dreiser will probably take one of the first, if not the first place.
63affd68a3ba1065665cafc3e97c5e7500db05c8	The literary works of Theodor Herman Albert Dreiser are included in the fund of classical world literature.
e930c0252c7ae33a59ed5b69f76d413721145c6e	Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945) lived a long life, almost entirely devoted to literary creativity.
d49594b01fd9c7c3b62aba818119a037181d4945	His legacy is striking in its vastness and diversity.
72a5f5d28093d4be5a17ccdb8d379f1d1d13b587	Dreiser wrote poems, plays, articles, essays, essays, short stories, novellas, novels, reports, reviews and critical notes.
9df228d4876ef446600be69d6490f82561b54a38	At the first stage, Dreiser's novels were subjected to scathing criticism, based mainly on moral considerations.
9a18685d2deee25e994874602f57416af396e0ed	Dreiser could not be forgiven for invading forbidden areas, for brutally exposing the falseness, hypocrisy, and hypocrisy of the moral foundations of bourgeois society.
5e0bbab2dad94fed1812450e58615185c735bb25	The writer's activity in support of the American working class, in defense of Soviet Russia, his irreconcilable speeches against fascism (European and American) caused particular displeasure on the part of bourgeois criticism.
8eb0d15971a452108cae21aa5dc54687f375fcfe	His trilogy is not a description of a particular case, but a generalizing artistic creation aimed at analyzing a social phenomenon.
5b76e5130ee4901dd06ee19ae3156ffccb24d270	His heroes are not fictional characters, and he himself was not a clairvoyant and did not invent a time machine to predict the upcoming problems of humanity.
e96ed9b65951daf1cffb48e7f60ee7c68f9ff518	The writer was only a professional journalist, a hardworking person who was not indifferent to the problems that the American people faced in the late XIX and early XX centuries.
cc23c36c20c8bf6c73f97f9a6357b02399bf3314	And the realities and problems that faced American society in the era of Theodore Dreiser are now facing all of humanity.
bfcdb3e5f61a086d2ff330c8f4e08a2d3ff5d83f	In the " Trilogy of Desires "("The Financier "(1912)," The Titan "(1913)," The Stoic " (1946)), the author shows the fate of the entire nation, which was under the heel of monopolies at the end of the 19th century.
9176e30fe7d389bb9e682b46c0d2ed35eab4541e	The title of the three parts of the trilogy is a collective image of the personality of Frank Cowperwood, shown in the process of development.
34759e4c86ee7a089f4c965d1db626bf7810d067	Creating the image of Cowperwood was undoubtedly Dreiser's greatest achievement.
09e84bb08acf2c0ada5e13d9d47a65e7030e4185	Cowperwood is the central figure of the series of novels.
85986e32b72f6b02ec1fc68324729239bbc6368a	The main character of the novels is a large capitalist predator Cowperwood, whose career can be traced against the broad social background of American life.
35ec5f30b3e5b5f947b887d8bc4ee6384bff0515	The prototype of the main character was a famous American millionaire – Charles Tyzon Yerkes, who gave the "Financier" an external storyline: the beginning of business activity at the age of seventeen, the first job in a grain commission office/the position of an accountant in the firm "Henry Waterman and K.", the opening of a brokerage firm/accounting and bill business, work on the Philadelphia Stock Exchange, cooperation with the city treasurer Joseph Merzer/in the novel – George Stener, bankruptcy as a result of the Great the Chicago fire, a conviction for theft, early release in seven months/in the novel – in thirteen, the acquisition of a new fortune in ten years/in the novel – in six months.
0e1ec12cef933389bd75e30a4d0f3c88546fda03	The artistic idea of the work is connected with the image of a new type of person for America – an honest, successful businessman, guided by the motto "My desires are first of all".
3563581a49ba98a00f23fdb358f3b0467b97b6a6	Cowperwood strives only for the fulfillment of his desires.
42236c7ccc4c39141dbb6c791de1a4be4ef81d77	Hence the name - "The Trilogy of desire".
dc24830bc728becaa9eecc6ca7c86964eeaae563	Frank Cowperwood is not a positive hero, but also not a villain.
2cbb088bc716bcfed1006027deb1907725fa067a	Dreiser defines him as a "rational egoist", literary critics-as a person with "zero morality".
312a822dab20db305d192da45ac946ff6a0b95d3	In "The Financier" we get acquainted with Cowperwood's childhood and youth years in Philadelphia, with the formation of his tastes, views, interests, with the beginning of his financial activity.
467af3e6b0c22edf9341371235f1e6312158302d	The main character of the novel is distinguished by a sequence of judgments and actions both in business and in love.
182e662e911b56fceabb599c0920ec6b65ec3bb3	In business, he is guided by reason, in relationships with women – by feeling.
a47b5bc9e3653be6218a24fa15b0dca909a8b657	The transition of love into a documentary category (divorce from Lililan and wedding with Eileen) it is automatically transferred by Cowperwood to the rational area and is solved by a simple logical conclusion expressed to his wife: "I no longer love you and I do not want to continue a relationship that does not satisfy me."
00e5b483bd20d0e4bfc8063270bbaf0157c29a62	Unlike the" hypocritical guardian of public morals " Lillian, who is afraid to reveal herself even alone with her husband, the brave and determined Eileen Butler immediately attracts Frank's attention with her vivacity and cheerfulness.
ab92128c8bafb6a4102997965a375ddc405e0a01	An impatient and vain girl in any environment, whether it is a family or a secular society, invariably becomes the center of everyone's attention and attraction.
0c1cfe7a9a8de0bf6db9709d3fc04a3ac885aee3	She is the best that the world of women has to offer Cowperwood, and he is drawn to her, feeling a similar inner strength and character in Eileen.
d46e9d1ba4815dd68cad603ddb29c6ad17e372cd	In the center of this world, Dreiser put his hero - Frank Algernon Cowperwood, a complex, ambiguous and, so to speak, multifunctional character.
186262c7d2192eb9ef64237bea87a5cb01950e62	Independent, bold, fervent, sly, suspicious, purposeful, calm, far – sighted, cautious, accurate-this is the set of qualities that Dreiser gives his hero.
585ee93b4b0931e9c449b70984355f71a2f0bdea	He initially gives his hero physical strength, beauty, energy, a sharp mind, charm, the ability to inspire confidence - human qualities that Cowperwood retains to the end.
8e9558b74ea3b44584183f332802c2cfb58b1f50	It is thanks to them that Frank Cowperwood becomes who he is - a born financier, an intelligent, observant person who knows how to draw the right conclusions.
93fffbf8b8eb15aca83a4d52bd88a30ada58c3e0	In this sense, Cowperwood's character is static and invariably attracts the reader's sympathy.
6bfaaac804b1c46a53893dc198b97c91dd0b13a7	The writer tells the story of Cowperwood, starting from childhood.
1331763e90810420dd7b5d7022c4d2230dbcb1e8	Even as a child, reflecting on the tragedy unfolding in the market aquarium, where a lobster tears off pieces of the body from a live cuttlefish day after day and eventually eats it, Frank comes to the conclusion that "all living things exist at the expense of one another."
30c284ed201d347e46a744a2804b4b342e819569	He often asks his father about various financial issues and, seeing his son's interest, he is happy to answer his questions.
f34ddfa3ca2349f92b907b9a02a7b1173679e87d	Having bought soap at an auction for$ 20 and then sold it to a neighboring store for$ 60, he proves to his father that he is already able to think logically and do something.
6b2574d8a8b0a19424dda9b4e516e80390cd4df9	At the age of thirteen, Cowperwood realizes that he is ready to fight for his place in the sun, and declares to his family: "I don't want to be a boy. I want to work."
4d122f9d433fbfdeb6d6b541f5efe232b4aec439	Having started his financial activity at seventeen, by the age of thirty-four, Frank has grown to the level of a large stockbroker and the owner of a controlling stake in one of the profitable horse-drawn railway lines.
7a317b8169d8b78035c79c49724c3916d91a309b	Unlike most people, Frank from childhood considered selfishness something quite natural and normal.
3c29a51eca12bdd301dc8ec284036f95bd12f817	But his selfish mindset, desire to own enterprises alone and entrepreneurial acumen very quickly made competitors jealous and interfere with him in every possible way.
afd7c360e499a3ebc5d94208ca38c41d756b1e39	In "Financier" and "Titan" you can see an unusually complete and colorful picture of the development of financial capital at the end of the XIX century: a description of the stock exchange, financial crashes and ups, panic, a fierce struggle for power.
731af93508cea9236c212d5b594c5784692c4372	So, in the Financier, a panorama of the panic on the stock exchange after the famous fire in Chicago, which caused a shock to the country's economy, is beautifully drawn.
074fd4ac16c30c0805dc3ac449e45a00e9ec54a4	Dreiser talks about how American capitalists created their fortunes, how they exercised control over the country's economy and politics.
df8f453e1443ba5934bb7edbf845b066ee8afe24	A young financier is ruined by an unforeseen accident – a catastrophic fire in Chicago, which caused a panic on the stock exchange, and his own carelessness in cashing a check against the background of the upcoming bankruptcy.
5427e16a51ce2f35851bbac7a315a698a65b098d	An intimate relationship with the daughter of one of the three prominent political figures in Philadelphia completes a chain of tragic accidents.
a4a0a63c6e8cb3402f96fee4c6dc26543c5dc7af	For his operations, he illegally uses funds belonging to the city and earns large sums.
c0e9bbfd3c4f6349b9ecb730757bef6559abaa44	Only by chance does Cowperwood end up in prison.
3750f1459471ad1f39262fd09fe8f92ed96a1197	Frank fails, goes to prison, but does not lose either Eileen or his unique strength of spirit, which allowed him to overcome all the hardships of solitary confinement and earn a million dollars six months after his release.
cc83597df193a940f186fb752ad3ea0c4059f4b5	But even in prison, he finds himself in a special position : through front persons, he continues to play on the stock exchange.
504cb0308f69e6c05f278bfb7cbdc60ca39502e3	Cowperwood quickly learns the wolfish laws of the capitalist world.
4eb34e2fdc5010e2e7451972648c433048d4e634	He never risks his own capital and is ready to put other people's money on the line at any time.
a1e8f9e99fe5c02512e95181e8b6bfacd9bb22e8	The straightforward, moderately cynical and tough hero expresses an unusual point of view in" The Financier " on most of the serious problems characteristic of modern America.
9c98497eb004e871b6fabbcdd0fd02ec62bd876c	He perceives the civil war between the industrial North and the slave-owning South as an annoying hindrance that hinders the business development of the country and does not bring him anything personally.
d80351335d07477e2b678d7094d78fde083c2a72	Frank sympathizes with the plight of slaves, but not much, because he sees that "the situation of the vast majority of men and women is not much different from the situation of slaves."
6521f7addd973c2d6492c4b41c1d486aba08ecc6	"Life from his peculiar point of view had only two sides – strength and weakness" and it was equally bad for both slaves and people, "weak in spirit" and "weak in body".
9b19215f6a1a6f65b1396f445c81a717028c1e89	Cowperwood perceives the US legislative framework as nothing more than " a fog formed from human quirks and mistakes."
07df1fd3ff2926457fc299985a40949a325c518a	Like the war, the law, according to Frank, does not help, but prevents a person from realizing his business and social daring.
ad622ab7d3048b29a34d99bfd0ab63edafebf83b	It is no accident that the prison into which the hero falls is served through the metaphorical image of an octopus, whose seven"tentacle" buildings are spread around the central building and are just waiting to absorb the "cuttlefish"-Cowperwood.
66601e2c56fef9918d8e0d5218b9ebde333e66f8	In it, Dreiser describes in detail the appearance of each hero, architectural and interior features of buildings, the slightest subtleties of stock exchange work and American legal proceedings.
0f4d73bb5b3b9e27993aff080a6490c59e7a2887	Along with the lengthy arguments in" The Financier " there are also bright, lively dialogues, and descriptions of the inner experiences of the characters, and a kind of lyrical component, expressed, for example, in the color characteristics of objects that Frank Cowperwood sees around him after the verdict – in "purple and purple shadows" lying on "a white veil of snow", in "a greenish gray house", in "cream lace curtains".
8bb0e2262371b20d2cf9adbea5f24f80fec35b3a	"The Financier" - the initial part of the trilogy-contains not only a description of the early stage of the hero's activity, but is like an introduction to the world of financial transactions, frauds, transactions characteristic of a large American city in the second half of the XIX century.
a512adb531d63848531c8d0bbbdab83a9ac2ced6	The existence of this world was theoretically known to Dreiser's readers, but few people, in fact, understood the mechanics and principles of its functioning.
c3e0c19b9c06f5cb7b5881f2e2063291ad22b0c0	The author leads the reader to banks, trading offices, usurious "offices" , to the municipality and to the stock exchange, explains in detail the technique of speculative operations, the ways by which money is made from "nothing", shows how financiers take over the city government and get the opportunity to manage the city treasury as in their own pocket.
08a6dec3dc3d7ffa2ff9f2aef15fc2a0e716491e	The information devoted to these aspects of Philadelphia life occupies a significant part of the novel and helps the reader to turn a general concept into concrete knowledge.
13e02fa24e10304d07b2de27474e9a1b4ebbcb5e	The writer tears off the veil of mystery from "big money" and exposes the immorality of the titans of the financial world.
773c5eb58dac1bb5ed92b320fefbbd3e7f0efc2a	If we talk about the evolution of the image, it will be concentrated mainly in two interrelated areas - professional and moral.
5a7992abb313ae03714c27624f20d8de4829756c	Starting with small but successful speculations, he gradually attracts the attention of the" bigwigs of the city", who, with the help of a promising financier, increase their fortunes.
75f4e8e4e27c09321c3206328eddd4dd21ed68f7	Cowperwood gains professional experience, and in this process the moral foundations of his personality are destroyed.
6b5386c7671e6146e93f6c3a99a9ccddec73cc7a	He does not become a "villain".
60044071a049b02415c57533ab7b090ab400e276	He simply becomes a person devoid of morality.
36cd1cfef0e9783e9fff6c301c06ffb6b81fa3f7	It is replaced by a primitive ethical system, which is based on the principle: "my desires first of all".
2e16ffd356d86a28bb55208fcefaa45a0dc392fd	Cowperwood is characterized by an insatiable thirst for wealth, power, and pleasure.
1216b9f465f256fa1251433ef66a42bdd96f6113	The higher Cowperwood rises, the more inhumane and immoral it becomes.
3e79c9c70a728bfd145e3dd4886cedba534571f4	He breaks and cripples the lives of other people.
b734d3d629206e85ed9cd7183b4cbc723c0bcb38	Everyone who falls into the orbit of his influence, who connects their fate with him, sooner or later become his victims.
57c7ae2b0ee8b3ac6614030936cd68c1aff39913	It is necessary to dwell on the methods by which Cowperwood became rich.
cfee10cff2e57feeb3c899845a21cc178d4a16e4	He bribed the municipality and all the people he needed.
5ef0600d310433278759dcb612fd462aec2e9d57	He pressed and neutralized the people who interfered with him.
50f813f6bcc0c5c1234064ef1ced001a7a2592ef	He was arrogant towards his competitors and, feeling his superiority, did not hesitate to show it.
0f3937008c3a75672b71c4cb1dfcba580809d069	He was very cunning and used it in every possible way.
236be7976f9f598b416afa470ceb0b1b6d697881	Buying up shares of enterprises by front persons, he seized full control over the companies and further managed them.
2a16bfa4b18cb7ce8606412f54c33261c4901e39	Frank persevered to success.
dae7a3a0d9313b727486d9b561b618223dc34a87	At the same time, he never feels remorse, does not repent of his crimes.
2a9ddc872778e0726cac1f92270fbf8f58ab0e9b	At the same time, all his competitors from Chicago united against him to neutralize his plans.
fe7936aa6651277198d889845bda7becc1bf996b	The difficulty of the writer's task was connected with the fact that business America carefully concealed this lack of moral principles.
877887d4c89eb1047f37769fd895787aa25c4a78	There were moral systems in use, going back partly to the commandments of Christ, partly to the educational ethics embodied in the" Declaration of Independence " and the works of Benjamin Franklin.
e6b240f9950f2ae0dbf0c236c61cdbde58faeada	They served as a "facade", a cover, a mask hiding "zero morality".
afb9fd88bce268fafbfb141bfa5b976505024dd6	Hence the monstrous hypocrisy that permeates the public and private lives of Americans, a hypocrisy so familiar that it was not even realized as hypocrisy.
a7d0f93020f6554da9851fb2dc179a21408e75d2	Many business people sincerely believed in their own virtue and just as sincerely believed in the need to commit immoral acts, without even thinking about their immorality.
1c4a464bcb840e30ac8e52e0588886ef53565e32	A typical example in this: the meaning can be served by Butler - one of the characters of the "Financier", who accuses Cowperwood of being "a bankrupt, a fraudster and a thief", and even appeals to the law.
3fe410589759211364f77ccde4fcd98242866555	At the same time, it does not occur to him for a moment that oi is exactly the same fraudster and thief, and that, strictly speaking, "prison is crying for him, too."
8bee7a540f314cc6d7a60bbb51d340ab8a82c1e2	One of the important functions of the image of Cowperwood in "The Financier" is that in this character the absence of a moral principle inherent in all the financial aces of Philadelphia derived in the novel (Mollenhauer, Butler, Simpson, etc.) is presented in a concentrated and open form.
d48d5c6eab6a76750e0482c51bb8172a5e3b5ede	Cowperwood easily lies to others, but he never lies to himself.
245f2e70cb59704af01ada5f7d13e4e5de295315	He does not hide the true motives of his actions and, unlike others, does not wear a mask with constancy, thanks to which it sometimes grows to the face.
58d942247d394f3c7f048e0c49309fc197976041	The scope of its operations increases many times, an increasing number of people fall into the orbit of its influence.
813c54df06defe50cb00b7797715d7307c9e886f	Cowperwood achieves that it becomes the largest monopolist in the field of urban rail transport.
d017104b4da1a38f6d29d21832b8a8121922b6e8	The Chicago capitalists are trying to counteract it.
929da9554c6244950780d895bd89167d889f7d1b	Seeing him as a dangerous competitor, they create financial difficulties for him, conduct a campaign against him in the press.
70628531ffe35f5fe211a490123892dbd4dc297b	But he is smarter, more astute than them.
14be5fd9c93a20a415c0c71079a31571c5d2f389	All their attempts to ruin him or force him to leave Chicago are doomed to failure.
f1f2ae6a3393598a44a9dc602f97f3c9ee35e41e	The people stop Cowperwood's victory march.
394919dc567aef06a608225e7cb6d5aa2ded7762	The people are trying to ensure that Cowperwood does not manage to take over all the transport in Chicago.
f62940a6e0e06e69a01d599a9dd2af90850f4598	Dreiser finished the "Trilogy of Desire" with the novel "Stoic".
db1f5e53652ee60cf4a7d0f14dab668cd75c7ebb	It remained unfinished and was published posthumously in 1946.
847ccb58613c26f1ad8d39bac3dd41cfbb22218b	The duration of the "Stoic" falls on the beginning of the XX century.
916e7617b14ce7cc00ab949f7f223ab2e8df84fb	Its main characters are Cowperwood and his beloved Berenice Fleming, who first appears in the pages of "Titan".
9e803fca9ea7599289772a8222ceb9f151aabe95	In" Stoic " Dreiser reveals new features inherent in American imperialism.
822500f9aa82b87ec36ca0cb9de91e5b205e4c0d	The example of Cowperwood's predatory activity clearly shows the expansion of American capital into England.
bb45b1e37905702bbf33d1e675448ecf5b41f4cd	Having failed to extend the concessions for urban railways in Chicago, Cowperwood moves its operations to Europe - to London.
3a6c005bbc461524882aa4f871b8b0a04ea22ae3	He becomes the owner of some lines of the London Underground.
36ceb5397eb7dee61556ff875950d57c63c39bcc	And here he seeks to monopolize the ownership of railways, eliminating competitors from his path.
36892c1675979a42eecfc13dc3da6bd365c9b266	It seems that Dreiser took for his hero a collective image of our capitalists, or as it is now fashionable - entrepreneurs.
af2b76ba771ae8b1307b98caa8fbfd75a4b98c81	If Cowperwood's career is just beginning in The Financier ,if there he only learns the laws of the capitalist jungle, then in the Titan he appears as a fully formed predator.
af79fa109b9794c34fcd4e69ae3054ae516a4d36	Already in The Financier, Dreiser showed how Cowperwood's three dominant passions developed: money, women, and art.
f4c987c991a7c428ac3e2185ea0dc1bacc890b09	In "Titan", these three dominants retain their priority and still determine all his actions.
2b276c71372e91dc96f9a054acd7208e08d28baa	The realistic symbolism of the last part of the trilogy differs significantly from the symbolism of the "Financier" and "Titan": from a healthy predator-a tiger or a huge terrible lion, as it appears in "Titan",- Cowperwood turns into a person affected by a social illness.
0772b2580253645f290268ac57e881df38bdb74b	Dreiser refuses to consider Cowperwood's fate in the spirit of Spencer's positivist philosophy, which is characteristic of the First two volumes.
671ef8b2f0c68426feff14666638c1d98c469da5	There are no elements of that biologism in his present Cowperwood, which were evident in the "Financier" and "Titan".
13d5c9acdd4d49d21f088f37d2e1f208e75595a5	The tragedy of the bourgeois world, which was clearly and expressively revealed in " Titan "and" Stoic", is perceived not as a universal property of human nature, which took place in the first volumes, but as a social disease of Cowperwood, as a social disease of the United States.
5034e1abc15cebf068e0f54e71014c4fbc1de7be	In the "Stoic" a great philosophical and socio-political problem is solved - the transitory nature of power, power, power that gives money, capital, the transitory nature of capitalism.
0854fdf748d68fc0caeb45dbcb8170b229fa2d4c	From the height of the new worldview, Dreiser, inspired by socialist ideals, was able to see the fate of Cowperwood, or rather, the reasons for Cowperwood's defeat in a new light.
67020c15d6faeca3b5d9c773a696a6ada5857f04	Cowperwood is doomed to defeat, but not because of the fatal positivist laws or the universal qualities of human nature, but because of the social essence of his activity, which kills an outstanding personality in himself.
19be0fb39162dd8aafbb3b14393936147cbee4e5	It is precisely these extraordinary qualities, strength, and energy of Cowperwood that allow Dreiser to reveal so vividly in" Stoic " the symptoms of the social disease that spoiled and ruined him: the name of this disease is capitalism.
15835a4ebf8fd24ef64460f49f81c73cdb98f8f0	In the first chapters, written, obviously, much earlier, there is also a contradiction in the interpretation of the image of Cowperwood, some admiration for him.
cbee055950bddfcfc55e02026f6f62d3ab15deff	New features are palpably manifested in the last chapters, especially in the image of Berenice.
d2b7b1f7ffc2ce8328d6376789c6a376c9086fce	When finishing work on "Stoic", Dreiser was going to publish "The Trilogy of Desire" as a single work.
c654e72a1ec6f0aa76efa3ea6c5f2658367fede7	He even thought about the need to make some amendments to the text of "Titan"in this regard.
741dbd77660cf04d35f9e3deb2d2b7e5a3278834	And indeed, "Stoic", combining all the novels into a single whole, Gives the" Trilogy of Desire " completeness and-most importantly - a new sound, corresponding to the new social ideals of one of the leading American writers.
338a5a21d8d26c57393f8f11c13b23ecb9cc115a	Dreiser's strength, his genius, lies in his ability to see life with a piercing vision, in his ability to discover, comprehend and reproduce new, important layers of national reality in artistic images of enormous generalizing power.
d268a9b39b4797fb619305d603748c592683716c	He had the gift of analysis and foresight.
d8193f4224c78b0adf67d4f5326667e41fff3517	The images created by him and the circumstances surrounding them are not just typical.
4c257555b3c044eb30c212fe880eca06c601d858	They concentrate in themselves such features of the social life of America that were not yet dominant, but were supposed to become so after a while.
dc69b2422b9ac7809a73291da6164e43688a25ed	At the same time, critics quite rightly refer to the fact that every reader who has read the novel feels a sense of sympathy for the hero and fully sympathizes with him even in his immoral deeds.
eceb2419feae55cda60a1875736ddd69f1e303bd	He must inspire confidence, confidence that he will have enough intelligence, will, energy to properly dispose of funds and ensure profit.
6d0402a50fbaf0542ae7f7b35691e458b4c086b0	Without this, he will not see capital, will not be a financier, will not be able to withstand the struggle with competitors.
42530d061dc9de1a6b8436634c9ba10d509517f9	Working on the first novel of the trilogy, Dreiser proceeded from the idea that one cannot become a financier, they need to be born, that the ability to finance is akin to the beautiful voice of a singer or the talent of an artist - in the sense that it is a gift of nature.
97697ce18fc6d94b1c96dfe1668ee12626d1215d	No matter how vicious, immoral and inhumane the activity of a financier may be, it ultimately creates some positive values - the development of the railway network, the construction of cities, the development of minerals, etc.
91b41929ed9892366655f59dd1ee9da0dd1f25ef	Dreiser believes that financial "titans" will never seize power over the people, the country, the world.
98796474222cf88fa6e9641edc947f0167b923af	Again, nature will take care of this, which subordinates everything to the law of the "inevitable equation" and, in contrast to this category of people, creates others, no less energetic and gifted, pursuing opposite goals.
b67921740020d94ebfba37ed2e16c8a794a7dc21	The general principle of Dreiser's "philosophy" is contained in his reasoning about the forest.
383e4d7edc26cc1a8dc2fb5e33625b41545b9ced	Nature does not care about individual trees.
1064183ae73dd818f4e4fc7793541057debdb9a0	She takes care of the forest.
ad5bc13975a7ed6ec7a6ccca2b65533a776862f1	Individual trees can grow to any height.
c957fd0b1cb6e0784bdcbfcc0570d9b71eb60e2c	Eventually, they will die anyway.
fc8fd5c9c869f7f4efa46479e1fef15ecc5c3b98	And the forest will remain forever.
bb487e31522cfc921ad4b5cf7ecf64674e27e8ab	In a sense, Dreiser followed the tradition of the "novel of success" already ingrained in American literature, most clearly represented by the writings of Horatio Alger, whose heroes, starting "from below" (bootblacks, newspaper sellers, errand boys), invariably reached the heights of fame and wealth thanks to diligence, hard work, enterprise and ingenuity.
e06d0fa303c3a291a725f506f5bd5cf12330681b	Go back to the main page
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3eecfece71a217f111fdece1af2351c4bbbe5600	Theodore Dreiser and the Essence of American Capitalism
ea08b9e44871f98676469920b5f761d578441f88	2008-12-23 Vitaly Ponomarenko Print version
0ba87aded09d09a19e8614f52853304d9100c6b4	Dreiser and modernity
b3fd6e9542838d190879d713c365d8d3fd379af5	And it's not just like that.
7a121f229cdea6fe32b7526246bd97d30736332d	After all, the results of his creative activity, his hard work, such as "Sister Kerry" (1900), " Jenny Gerhardt "(1911)," The Financier "(1912)," Titan "(1914)," Genius "(1916)," American Tragedy "(1925)," Stoic " (1929) - all these novels remain relevant today.
a7a0befa0edebedcdfdc017a884ae23451fa28b5	Their relevance and interest is expressed by the fact that the problems posed by the American writer about a century ago remain unresolved today.
c0f6f84aefce9a6a3572d4eafd561a94e08fcfee	But at the same time, they require an urgent solution now.
8e0a2d43957c546ca28b71a88aaeaab78cb76be7	After all, if in novels, as a rule, we worry only about the fate of the characters, then in real life we must decide our fate, the fate of future generations, correcting the mistakes of our grandfathers and great grandfathers.
3bdfbabd57d164bf54e96d08ed69c055ed4163fc	The latter statement is not quite correct in relation to Dreiser's novels.
200c19414aca23e1c794404b86941106c12919e1	He simply honestly, in detail, accurately, but in a literary form, described the social relations in which he himself lived, and which he wanted to change for the better.
8fe5e4bc770398d22c9088f7fa20ae56bdcbb2cf	And the fact that most, if not all, of the problems described in the novels of Theodore Dreiser remain relevant even now is confirmed by the fact that social relations in American society have hardly changed over the past century.
fcdd4f24c477278e07c8a5c6191b9b9a86aa3f29	And although various scientists call our era such words as" information society"," post industrial society"," neoliberalism", the essence of relations does not change from the name change.
b7a1734a4ed867451583cd06e2ceb456354b8509	Market relations were 100 years ago, and they remain market relations now.
3c32c563264e899adf5533b4e989deb3370671f6	However, there are differences: Dreiser described the social relations of his homeland, one country - the United States.
b19b5823f65a390d82bc24702401b9aeb5c0973e	Now, describing the relations of this one country, we describe the relations of most countries of the world that directly or indirectly depend on the United States, the entire global world.
668e8d73cd3a487899ed75e7152aea82c935345f	And they are the most acute, and require an immediate solution.
cd489a7443abb987a0c0aa2d7bf1568b40108bc2	This is proved by the "modern" economic, political, theoretical, cultural, and environmental crisis.
5dfec678a5d7f5e8cdc674d34957c3b4a3133c0b	Why in quotation marks, the reader will ask?
ce588d8f65271e722ef7b647f178db32cd04971f	Yes, because in market relations such crises are a regular constant phenomenon.
ea6853e53c0c0e50262fee615e42c298e8477008	And Dreiser pays great attention to them in his novels.
07faae1a268306388da8313a73a7dadd160e3795	"The Trilogy of Desire"
50c06eab094eacbb5b3ad9561e09c1c9d08b92ff	One of the strongest novels of the writer, which most accurately, in all the subtleties hidden from the views of ordinary citizens, reveals the essence of capitalist (market) relations, is his "Trilogy of Desire".
4a3e07f99a7c4c0f09f54fe0451ad71b188bf09b	It consists of the books "Financier", "Titan" and "Stoic".
8afd5f74a3f7e249948d191319aae91796bb9d11	All the events of the novel of the trilogy unfold in the second half of the XIX early XX century around the life and work of Frank Cowperwood.
5b3c8d118fd6c886e0174c39f355cb6e71909ef8	It is his personality, which is formed and developed, is included in social relations as a capitalist, acts according to the logic of capitalist relations.
4157e0fc974db2bd6778b47461782605ecff0873	Breaking traditions, outdated social principles, embodying the collective image of capitalism as a whole.
8e989e88600be5a70fd2477a2463e348460dc571	Of course, we will not completely retell the plot of the book.
c83d36347d9b609d8619a3d3cbd30405b9c780a7	Firstly, it is simply impossible to do this in one article, and secondly, we do not want to deprive the reader of the opportunity to enjoy reading Dreiser's novel, which is one of his most interesting literary creations.
a2478775cf24c9eba236920dacaff178bbfcbe3b	But we are simply obliged to get interested in the novel by citing some important points similar to our current life, drawing a parallel between the past and the present.
97ed07596ae210e7a18c0085a65e8c0f56d25c95	It should also be noted that the American writer does not invent the plot of this novel out of his head.
677fcd062f000183272752655185d744b49cda08	The "Trilogy of Desires" is based on the life of the American financier Ch.
c984f1b40538d7072e35582dc71f25814138059a	Yerkes.
a8efe89b10a5f99ba4d9728137dde8035fd43583	[http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Йеркс,_charles Tyson] All his main biographical twists, both ups and downs, were used by the author of the novel.
4bb471272b473182fb5990e0f1858ccd3dcfdfe1	In the novel" The Financier " - the first part of the trilogy, the young hero F. Cowperwood, thanks to his hard work on the one hand, but mostly due to a combination of circumstances, and, of course, the influence of the commercial environment surrounding him since childhood in Philadelphia, begins to work with securities on the stock exchange.
c3da75401ffc1f4cd23f20d360d6a9550bafba43	Cowperwood himself does not remain offended, who is gradually making capital for himself.
c95abb128fa98383262ea275085df79e6f69e6b0	All this activity is accompanied by bribery of officials and the municipality, illegal use of the city treasury, illegal acquisition of city concessions.
c160309a1d505e0bfd2ec3b7a7cae414fab346ef	However, during the economic crisis associated with the Great Chicago Fire, his companions turn away from him.
b9131559f5549a7a30b7508ee697109e0343963b	As a result, Cowperwood loses his entire fortune, and he is put in prison.
5779d3265b14a776920d04a4137dba116bcd67a2	But he does not despair, and after being released, he continues to act in the direction that he considers right, and gradually reaches his goal.
385b45d72d97c3969bd9befabc242b2c846d54b1	This is the accumulation of wealth by any means.
0dbef14dec7eb290a549cfa916e84561899b5b4c	Because of his imprisonment in Philadelphia, the road to high society is closed for him.
086bc7f51b68191638fd04323977cec9805e3e98	That's why he's moving to Chicago.
ccfc13954c7011aa94639acd512523dc1ef8519b	It is here that the formation of his power takes place, he becomes a "titan".
016e9b3e7b851491b851d645129d514b6fdb0437	This is the name of the second part of the trilogy, which describes his activities in the "City of the Winds".
f89e60f46745b5f330d034a043e554f7a5b3909b	In this part, Dreiser was able to show all the" charm " of capitalist relations, the power of money over people.
c784aa20e6f3b001859602152bb32b11bc82eac1	In the last novel of the "Stoic" trilogy, the hero transfers his activities and influence to London.
a46417ccb2196bc1eb4eb23881e46c5a3defc9d4	Reading the novel, analyzing the activities of Frank Cowperwood, we can not help but draw a parallel with the activities of modern oligarchs.
612c99e1e38a13e97fbc52daf8dc872ad8ae70ab	Our "bigwigs of the city", as the writer calls them (and we can call them "bigwigs of the country", "bigwigs of the commonwealth of countries", or, worst of all, "bigwigs of the world") they also set themselves the accumulation of capital as an end in itself.
ec23508c4eb4485e587233ce7fff35546b480c3c	All their activities, from lowering wages and raising food prices, new reforms and changes in the course of national policy, to repairing roads and building new modern buildings, charity, opening new schools and new homes for orphans, financing scientific activities - all this is connected exclusively with stuffing their pockets with profit.
3994d1f6a2f1c52d4431edf287c532a3d68d2969	But Dreiser took this image from C. Yerkes, whose life dates are 1837-1905.
614b023e4b1784cd7f04ab03f8484e2b99af84c4	And the most interesting thing is that the methods of increasing profits have not changed a single gram, because society has not changed a single gram.
91764c8a9b8627e8fe5a5b7b4d3fc209c3bde10c	Only the scale of activity has increased tens and hundreds of times.
b5cd0bb2e8df7661d960fc57b5426b077057eaae	The economic crisis through the eyes of Dreiser and a hundred years later
ee9611e0085ab98c43992e83a238c6e03b4f2681	This topic, which is raised by Theodore Dreiser in his novel, is more relevant than ever in our time, when every day we feel the effects of the global economic crisis more and more strongly.
304fb48ee5efe04b8745101c711a39c53c6d7f00	Of course, there are people who claim that there is no crisis, that everything is going on as usual, and that "the devil is not as terrible as he is painted".
4e362a93df02bc1748ade3e7f4ffc0e9b8641b0b	But sighted people have long noted that the crisis is not a fictional phenomenon.
9af4b8743096efc8cc3c080fef276dbd1532b45a	It actually affects people's lives.
cbb438dd22eda29caa20ee362c0631cd88d765e7	Directly through layoffs, reduction or non payment of salaries, reduction of working hours or unpaid leave, or indirectly through an increase in the prices of basic necessities, the termination of loans, turning off the heat in residential buildings, educational and medical institutions, an increase in crime and banditry (which is associated with an increase in the number of unemployed, beggars).
6b39ea9dc6368a9e59515b4eeae971d299a9c4fb	Although, are these indirect factors?
9e2c878f6e95fb552a8ecbbe7bd493c5c69cf20e	There is a crisis, it has been going on for several years, although people began to feel it seriously this year.
adf1d66ac4e970b83494eed46b70f2924b9a4f2f	And they will feel even more in the next one.
117f36be6baa0cb2d26ae57ec1eb71b58de9665b	Those who understand this and claim it are undoubtedly right.
ee233196b6413023f737fa21a63873a55bd2f915	But then the majority of" sighted " people develop an erroneous point of view.
72416c59b5f1669ef276f86713e1d00ef6110379	Some argue that the crisis is a planned phenomenon, others - that it hit the economy of a particular country because of the anti crisis measures not prepared in time.
266d0b517e80267b442681a753684c38c49dd558	By the way, in most cases, this is confirmed by the high sitting and far looking officials themselves.
95bbfed860b443ecfef02cb6491f3812ddedf0ea	In reality, economic crises, which are only a consequence of overproduction crises, are a natural development of market relations, capitalism.
22df866ee3458a937ae943b4b1ddc3c1bca3b39c	This was deduced and shown in his book "Capital" by K. Marx, tabooed by modern society.
8ad86c4bf61fc5b901484a5d516a77bc92e24d9d	The fact that these crises are periodic and are a natural part of market relations is also shown by the entire history of the development of capitalism.
0577cb4986bc4580eda48fd8a2732aa2a6372a73	Neither Dreiser nor his hero disputes this.
05d6ba3686df049b69787ffeb5f5f7279dfbaaa5	It was the crisis, the reason for which was the Great Chicago Fire (October 10, 1871), which caused a panic on the stock exchange, that caused the bankruptcy of the hero of the novel.
01e66310bd4f3ff8ec8c5e744a59cc028bd66dba	A bold game on the stock exchange, fraud, bribing officials, taking large loans, using the city's treasury to their advantage, all this brought profit in a calm, "peaceful" time.
0ac287f16ea2a2eb26321506a2e3f137e1811094	With the support of local "bigwigs", all competitors, small fish, were gradually eliminated.
daccaf896892fa844a1b1c72bdda6d88c757c5c1	But the crisis broke out, an economic war began.
6944f7dfc470c03b7a3cfa2de0987672eae3aee7	The small fish all floated up with its belly.
726bd91b1da5dd1822e61912c9b33aa5399d307b	It is feverish, and it is not suitable for use.
ee5399207efeec7d480b9a9e1353147431cc89d1	Eating it only brings the end of the big sharks of the capitalists closer.
b24f4219b9163a31f933e113cc597866b93efa87	They need fresh blood.
3906276b6a38ab04d80ed9435b1c2af39f38295a	You need to look for it either outside the infected area, finding new markets, or eating your own shark partners.
068c5d6a596ff487b618766303fa71fff33635f8	As did Frank Cowperwood's partners.
dd8e69385d48ca782d18a613cf5fc18994951a74	His partners framed him, left him without support, put him in prison, and distributed his property among themselves.
60bb0b196011571abd6ab1c2f30f07a5dc37e4a1	Some would have committed suicide in such a situation, others would have resigned themselves to their impoverished fate.
7c58b64e410dcf0c071cd8a23a0e47aa18fee2e6	But Frank is not like that.
eea464c2a3ff5deab86f24f259d2cdf3b1c64116	He, brave, determined, young, only "wrapped up" this life lesson, forever remembering it.
ff4db605e7cbdfa4f381fb44640ac90b15e03c5d	And now, after getting out of prison, he again begins the path of a financier, again uses the methods of fighting competitors familiar to him, that is, he acts according to the rules of the free market - competition.
50d94687df1eebb9612731815ec5fedcd28eec3e	He, who has learned from his bitter experience, knows all the "underwater reefs", is preparing for a new crisis.
967d1eab62daf00d58cd28f55272d129a711d498	Cowperwood does not know when it will happen, but he has no doubt that it will happen.
015732ab55f2fec22e9f5045535f8bd7bcbe8fb6	And here comes the crisis, its causes are different, there is no fire, it is just a natural phenomenon of capitalism.
bc96931e895d143d43a6d00bd1b4758c30dc4c3e	One solid lender firm went bust.
34ce68c1191bf681365154bde0b53481ac89c840	There is panic everywhere, people are trying to save at least some savings.
5f84d0c75c7e370f0495a63a91e120b5b0fac3c6	And only Cowperwood is cold blooded, he does not care about the fate of others - he is a capitalist shark, he swims and eats other fish that is convulsing.
551335fffdb1144f659a9791b27935c81954edb9	It is beneficial for him that this epidemic, a new crisis, continues as long as possible in order to absorb more and more competitors.
ceb1ba86eff7f9ec2124c4adeaf15368011b8f02	He does not care about dozens of closed enterprises, about thousands of hungry people.
b028e2f26642754e9ec1ec1b30249c2ba083293f	He just becomes a rich man, these are the laws of competition.
6044debb0dbd4cc2eda2b1d5dde82fc338d42aec	And they did the same to him when he was young.
b3a3c12a876e587b0f2a8f3482b6418685131396	He acts openly and fearlessly, he is confident in his rightness, and for his openness, high society looks at him with indignation.
187d1b43a7230a3f20c7f3318fa158a82b138798	In the future, he will repeatedly ask himself the moral question: why " does he always have to face such a frenzied opposition, why has he already seen himself on the verge of death more than once?
26c5e2c89e541460162bbc8f0249215127ee8a33	Is it because he is considered immoral?
e9088f64e2ba55f42ca8d8f454f5f2d3d99af829	But the others are no better.
d2dab212139bebab7cd66e8ac959c3ab23ba9b8f	Most people are immoral in spite of religious dogma and inflated morality imposed on them from above.
9bdd2453f467b5dd8ceca0a95af30346ba126f87	Perhaps the fact is that he does not know how to rule surreptitiously, without suppressing others with his personality, and he is too annoying to everyone's eyes" [2, p.444].
f815d7d30a19de570c29cf94776bbbf2cc142c5a	Perhaps so.
88b5ae4b39222c4afccb531571bcff26153d3984	Modern "entrepreneurs" have been doing this for a long time, and Cowperwood will learn to do it.
411b209a540825fdcb0a9098d0c0b0c965eab017	But here, having made a fortune, he came into conflict with the same capitalist sharks who acted as universal morality, condemning Frank, they forced him to look for another place to swim.
1aa9c86eef15c0e5622ae50a9500f34ff19c63a0	He's moving to Chicago.
faf1914a4f90183d2484d1d85f02419e42027675	Where it is also open, without stopping at anything and before anyone, it continues to increase its capital.
6a84790992f767b023b35ecf24c09cbc853bc2aa	Here he meets the new capitalist crisis with his head held high.
98076881e9b5fe275842cf4cd54ad9f41888a79c	To some extent, it accelerates it.
8c3b35719c82f131384c60a5d6b0ae07f7f6f1fb	The reason for the crisis was the collapse of a huge enterprise with millions of capital investments "American Match".
2426e44ca035be902c9fd98c872ebc3349da9c3c	The company had to develop by mortgaging its shares against a loan from banks.
17e9bc3bd4a768b69e03f82ce104bdd8cc81dc67	The late repayment of loans served as a reason for the creditors to throw shares of banks on the market, which in turn caused their prices to fall.
08bb2af2034ef3e73c7fed11b2bb96df29cb7801	Other creditor banks demanded that the owners of the enterprise immediately return the loans.
f573c2a8294b780dfa4241a19c281fb825612883	The owners of the "American Match" were forced to remortgage shares below the value of other "bigwigs of the city", from credit companies that also belonged to the same "bigwigs".
54a2bc98b1e49aaf2c0028aeec3942857ff7c087	One of these "bigwigs" was Cowperwood, who, through figureheads, gave a loan to "American Match" and took the shares of the enterprise as collateral, immediately threw them on the market, easily earning a million dollars.
9d21c7b04edaf91e89754b47146e3f5f4329e26d	The "bigwigs of Chicago" who performed the same operations, but secretly, secretly, swearing to other partners in their good intentions to save the "American Match" were outraged by Cowperwood's actions.
a6c6dff04fb4775a9917ee575a8495a26092b7ef	They were about to get even with him, but Frank, with the help of blackmail, explained to them that it was much better for their own good to give a broken "Match"to be punished.
50a11a3d8eae4e06f7fcb0d4da99caf9f1a1eb17	Which is what happened afterwards.
0f9880fedc70c480a1f34c0500d44e67c01de565	And no one was interested in the fact that the collapse of enterprises left thousands of people out of work, it's just a simple competition.
e17ddea0a093d154f031f572fee6bccb6b879f9b	After this enterprise, several more went bankrupt, several credit companies collapsed.
a9947bd03cad90f3d032de22dd538b8b53f406ab	This is the essence of capitalism.
2c6abd3533e0e7f21d5fb7ac5651b761fb1170d3	After all, "the man himself is by no means so stingy or stingy, he nevertheless perceived his financial failures the most painfully of all earthly troubles.
244d35d254f72fe0e24cb4b161c66aa9f2cc6275	Too often he had to see how strong and restless people were thrown into the landfill because of some accident or miscalculation, like unnecessary trash" [2, p. 418].
e442d057fc35ae5765182eb5332c52013a01d083	Therefore, in order not to find yourself in such a delicate situation, you need to crush your neighbor, bankrupt him, deprive him of the means of existence.
2515c45604ca26708b62144e10242788e10b7ac5	The market does not allow us to act differently.
cf6e8475a98ee7bb9ebee105184a6b8114dbec02	After all, " in this circle (the circle of the American elite - VP), poverty was considered a dangerous topic.
a93603ed65efa273ccd6bf74845e71b44f03a449	One reminder of her was terrifying; there was something unforgivable in poverty - as in the gravest crime or vice" [2, p. 504].
738d432ff33a0b697f63e1db0ce2f6ac4a3799af	We are seeing the same situation now.
52a204a07246605646cbadee923bc9f8665e0081	As for the current crisis, it is becoming more and more difficult to resolve it.
d48291484d2145d9dd24948ea3fa144c890a5cb5	Only because not all methods of solving work anymore.
f8ebc2d4cb95345bea45e4a0cbada9ae9b7562c5	On the one hand, it is becoming more and more difficult to find new markets for reproduced goods, in the modern global world it is even certainly impossible to do this.
1d3a7c48170e215a634733fe02b640af6439c93f	And it is also becoming increasingly difficult to find a shark of a businessman who could be sacrificed, because the capitalist world is becoming one big monopoly, a transnational corporation.
e1fe346bb785440690d38d3348f51dd420b2eb4e	Of course, capitalist society has come up with new ways to overcome overproduction crises, namely, a depression or a world war, which dispose of excess goods, "extra" productive force (that is, a person) and allow starting the capitalist cycle anew.
469e3dc894b8805ee51e1a058c0d30fa0b52a899	But does this suit us, ordinary citizens?
71f81ed0469be7fef355920f6ebfdc64963ec6ae	Are we ready to give up our lives, the lives of people close to us, for the sake of prolonging the torment?
eb5e15a244785057a8da795d3009c3a5c4d4c9f1	The state is the guarantor of market relations
295da1d7f2327315d40db78b272700c072361dc5	But one way or another, people still hope for the best.
dc2b2590ef9c5d779e1e0d486b61f09e8282364e	They vaguely, but still see the solution to their problems in the elected candidates.
5911c3df4e821ccb7de50386d74e27ce88777580	Ukrainians are in yushchenkas, Yanukovichas, timoshenkas, Litvins and simonenkas.
b83017e2e50d0e800040e132b855e6c0bb172b34	For Russians, everything is much easier P utin and Medvedev are the same candidate.
a8640f6b6369c9bd166ca268aa693f2ad003f3c0	For US voters, in order not to complicate their life with thinking, and in order to see "democracy" in action, two candidates are always nominated: from Republicans and from Democrats.
2d47b8559d7e4916961ac50bf12e544d7c9e4cc7	In modern society, there is an illusion that the choice of one or another president will improve the lives of ordinary people.
5234a986a6add2fab5a0e1a0f2734f08076b8bcd	All countries are looking at the elections in the last country (the United States) with hope.
955b1bedafbdc0b1180e73aa7259149e4b4a7cba	After all, many countries of the world depend on its economy.
f6c67eadc57d2ee0714b2e4205451e02ff95ad06	Is it worth hoping for Obama, after the departure from the white house of the worst of the US presidents so far Bush Jr.?
f45011b960081c201b74f4d00da6025c90741e3d	This is the question posed by modern society.
e0814a07ed63bb5779c252d8f874d3c5b468dcd6	And Dreiser answers it in the negative, showing the essence of the state system.
5ddbca3092fe7e524e0317f856cc15eeef6cf8a8	This is especially pronounced in the novel "Titan", where Frank Cowperwood, being at the height of his power, uses various methods of influencing the city authorities.
a9b79d7e3f2fdc62239a7093067978acd42cd9f4	He almost always achieves the tasks set.
4f6134b96067ad3dec68e8cb322679e31b0bb959	Of course, if these tasks do not contradict the interests of other "bigwigs of Chicago".
0bbb7cb0aa5195ce70a94ffbb2c2f69e79ad4656	With ordinary citizens, the issue is solved by manipulation.
f861fc9c21c0858eaea3579807bd122ccb65aa13	"Cowperwood knows perfectly well that when taking up a task that requires the votes of voters and their goodwill to grant this or that privilege, it is necessary first of all to enlist the support of newspapers" [2, p.184].
e37ecc0e2777c23fc33501e3db808c09b282dc00	And then you can nominate your own candidates, buy seats in the Senate or high ranking politicians themselves.
2f7c0d856a37d567ff3df67e438f3b310fdb14b8	Money solves everything.
e63fd0bf8c558f1dee7eaa7ba9f07cd62a8b4657	While " ordinary citizens who are not privy to these clever machinations, to which officials so often resort for self serving purposes," will be "extremely pleased with such fervent attention to their interests.
c61701c350fd1f2def3a5e9da8a35984100bdf3d	Being only pawns in this game, they do not suspect what the true background of all these concerns about their well being is" [Ibid., p. 177].
4bf2ea45f155f47b8f299b073e1fd81490f4b9af	Even at that time, officials did not particularly care about the welfare of their voters - citizens of the city, they only served one or another "city bigwigs".
f4d5c9c15dd4206d6c01ca3fdb529e3b4792f5b8	What can we say about today's representatives of the authorities?
8b0e3ee35869d844ba2e61b04172a1172a35608e	Cowperwood even contacts a man named Mc Canty, who, on the one hand, has a " bad " reputation, but, on the other hand, a great influence in the municipality of the city.
8bfe74cb100c002901fee6b8dac3288bcb3a30cf	Here is how Dreiser describes this situation: "Finally everything was ready, and the Cowperwood project was dragged through the municipality.
4876a3a9ef1217ae8d932f4cd693797c2b05a916	McKenty, not being quite sure of the outcome of the case, ordered a rocking chair to be installed right in the conference room.
82f2d177b3b740cfc524b16a40ed2a625e503887	He sat in this chair all the time while the project was being discussed - no more than an outsider in appearance, the true inspirer and director of this production in essence."
b592de95c9e687ff3ed820df560a5052a76603c2	[Ibid., p. 218] Of course, it is not always possible to see such a director in the government now, but this does not mean that there is no such director.
ce99002da8df2b0e6a98ee04062ef37180f2d414	It's just that American society has improved the methods of influencing the elected representatives of the people.
00de653c8b0a5d69ea95e28838cc9d544cc28125	And, I'm afraid, the same fate awaits Barack Obama.
0cf247cd3e0fdda3a3e625ee75f8234a11fa215c	Even the "sacred" laws, the US Constitution, are not an obstacle here.
3cb09dcd8994ea29900e9a6b11112d1f95c1e915	After all, " the legislation has its own loopholes, using which some articles of the law can be hidden under the cloth, where they will become overgrown with dust and gradually fade from memory.
f81cf0b2ef4e04132c90b26c976caef002e86cb5	Many of the lofty ideas laid down in the constitution by its creators were subsequently distorted beyond recognition or simply lost their force due to various additional resolutions, municipal treaties, appeals to the federal government, appeals to state legislatures, and so on, and so on" [Ibid., p. 485].
37d39fa07203557440c3d3fc9fb92c1c559c6ed3	That is, " state self government is not an almshouse."
db7bff19e11d9f97b4f8dd97d483c7d92408c02e	The powerful of this world, the capitalists, have the right to vote here, and they also use the state exclusively for their greedy personal goals, which, as a rule, do not coincide with the goals of the whole society.
92184497161bece8063c1c9145b6e0b453d87a4b	Of course, these are not the only problems posed by Dreiser in the "Trilogy of Desire", there is also an interesting topic of the development and at the same time the degradation of the feelings of the main character, the struggle of capitalist relations with feudal morality, money with human morality, the struggle between the capitalists themselves, and much more.
f1e5d42d320bc382a71b5c2b0c71428b7fe44d19	But our goal is only to interest the reader in the novel, to draw him to the questions posed more than a hundred years ago, and not solved until today, which, however, have become very acute.
2cde0f739e22fb1a6bd25fc4a02a00721949ada9	So read the world's classical literature, including the outstanding American writer Theodore Dreiser.
cf3c4f91ac9af531df8ebde166fe0e2df3507b2f	And we can only thank the reader for his attention.
e815852599bd93be0df732d1b0455f15959ef4e1	List of literature:
1c9baaf02965ba343438818dd19aea02530be937	1. Dreiser T.
a1f3cff77559cbae6f7d1f744d323c44f4ace476	The financier: a novel.
6ca1bfb895f79eced07b9441e47687c434a8d8e8	- L.: Lenizdat, 1987.
6025f56fdd865439cd95915a4dd24d78533672df	- 558 p.
f3987cd2af2fb72aa77b6ccc090e283541e1318e	2. Dreiser T. Titan: a novel.
8ef1337388e1b150bb39492caa52818e8f9856d4	- L.: Lenizdat, 1988.
fc8ae774e4f062e541d22920c041df62e04aa478	- 573 p.
42115d58d8e584fd6c5cc985a3f26784b8738b2f	3. Dreiser T. Stoick;
21c9a8340493ace625a390ab9fe3e4569c938f94	Oplot: novels.
0758105232f60ce17451fa2f2fd3f93f1d2927a8	- L.: Lenizdat, 1989.
b509c706382c089a2346464292f98863e6778192	- 671 p.
1603b7fc41fba5f24ab28eb2fe711d5502e3e8d4	history culture reviews
88ec1daf2fd9196146f7ee2a4bbde7c32502c3d1	Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus.
69d02afd4e2b5c272dee1ce938c3423fe7934b9b	blog comments powered by Disqus
47f7e3bb9872ba7415181285f4ca1eb00c586a5d	School assistant - ready made essays on the Russian language and literature
14192dce8d486cca3c47a493bc2d4f24e9bbfedd	Home In bookmarks Download essays Latest essays Search by publications Rules of essays Contacts for communication
2f7c09dbfc5e683bb463549fd29f112be3c74264	The tragedy of Cowperwood's Fate in Dreiser's "Trilogy of Desire"
9efd2257c218f28e960496d2095eafc2fe402f68	june 20
7bffbb9b9fc1f441a6b400067a2b91b02e926459	The journalistic books "Tragic America" and "America is worth Saving" were the largest works written in the last period of Dreiser's work.
84bbb1865b431f50d1e15cb2648135bdf2a81ab7	This, however, does not mean that the writer's work in the 30-40s was limited to journalistic performances.
b572eda4e44bca47ccb418bed921212c6f7e140b	He worked hard and hard on new stories and plays, completed work on the novels "Oplot" and "Stoic".
b229886339804b173569485e323553bce03d42bc	In the 30s, Dreiser wrote a work dedicated to the struggle of the masses - the script "Tobacco".
7fa78c36022160ea843403dcc0774044b449b3d4	It's not just that Dreiser depicted episodes of the struggle of the working class from the forefront or sought to do so.
c00c3114819bc8971d77d0d445b6d6cad249dd76	The changes in his creative method are particularly clearly revealed in the new solution of those topics that he had already addressed earlier - in the first two decades of his creative activity.
2ef9e69c85d217a832a3f0afbefdc73a8f2afc58	That is why the analysis of Dreiser's recent novels clearly shows the further evolution of the writer's creative method.
7486cd353850a9bd33226f208acfefc046c105e2	Both posthumously published novels were started and mostly written back in the 10s.
d6e341fdaf9f8d2ed776941dd3f9489b461e525e	Dreiser began working on the novel" Oplot " back in 1913, when about two thirds of the book was written.
c527770cf0410049f1963b7b74dc734b05175a72	The writer began processing and completing the novel at the end of 1942 and finished it in May 1945.
de6c070e2e77c597f4084ebf3668919fb32e72ca	"Oplot" is adjacent to the"Trilogy of Desire".
0395d58ba71d8a011519992a07eb7854fd9d32b1	Having created in the first volumes of the trilogy the image of a titan of capitalist America, devoid of remorse and concepts of honesty, Dreiser in "Oplot" raises the question whether a capitalist can be an honest person.
dae757d95f853b1f6c74f532ef3e07a391790e26	And the image of Solon Barnes - a Pennsylvania Quaker who took the post of treasurer of the merchant and construction bank in Philadelphia gives a dialectical and clear answer.
b852c28d57d438322680d7b20a359bac23c73822	This answer describes Dreiser's new ethical criteria based on a deep understanding of the laws of social development.
e8c800d1042c31b22dbda418cc810b0c74eb3ffb	And if Dreiser's work on "Oplot" was not completed in the 10s, then, obviously, for the same reasons that the writer postponed the third volume of the" Trilogy of Desire": his philosophy of life at that time could not give an answer to the questions that worried him.
1129454cfd38ceff85b94e8d3089a42989fc6f53	The personal virtues of Solon Barnes are not enough to resist the vices arising from the nature of capitalist society.
ae0f922ca76b206e69aa4cf9600f4081829c22d6	Unexpectedly for himself, Solon Barnes is convinced that, despite his own integrity, he cannot protect himself and his loved ones from the destructive effects of the vices of bourgeois America that he hates.
c84f4c9d00cb8aec5824209e694d9de7b85e8cc0	The prologue introduces us to the atmosphere of Quakerism, which is losing its patriarchal features in modern America.
23867df92c3189150de10f08bdea58742e0fc112	The first book, which tells about Solon's childhood and youth and ends with a description of his fate, serves as an exposition of the novel.
099875d8a912409327cbe43fd128d07fd8516e28	The second book conveys the growing contradictions between Solon's patriarchal views and the entire way of life of modern America.
db95fc86d1aaa6586617affb488230ee4676c04e	This contradiction culminates in the third book - the process of learning about life by Solon Barnes develops into his tragedy.
bbadc834961599ec7113c3711945843d7b4b10e4	This is a tragedy of the human personality, which was crushed by the onset of monopolies, a tragedy from which one can neither hide in the patriarchal robes of the Society of Friends, nor be fenced off by faith in the"inner light".
5377b9c3558afed663836da66fc417f8020f6307	The novel ends on a tragic note.
589ce6d7cfa3774fc54ec2a6cca19caaad05faa5	There are many things that bring "Oplot" closer to the "Trilogy of Desire", especially with its final volume - "Stoic", which Dreiser began to complete immediately after finishing "work on "Oplot", and above all the writer's desire for great philosophical generalizations.
da64761ac7945ad70b9606ac3fe31650bfecc6dd	The idea of the novel appeared a long time ago, at the same time a significant part of the materials was collected.
2cbdfdc898707b0ea58e65e477f9d9c79ac1de84	Clarifying all sorts of details for the final volume of the " Trilogy of Desire "was one of the main goals of the trip that Dreiser made in 1911 to Western Europe, where the scene of the"Stoic" was to mainly take place.
22fd698f9aeec21b3056a4b42ec90b2b08b180f5	In 1914-1915, a significant part of the novel was written.
af140f5834a8738668c86d48d5861729f869c5d8	However, the writer failed to complete the novel at that time.
624d677fe7627e5d9f6cca181a612749509301dc	The fact is that in" Stoic " he wanted to sum up Cowperwood's path, draw conclusions and generalizations, but the sharp aggravation of Dreiser's contradictions during these years obviously prevented the end of the trilogy.
1a7bcd8cbb2c8a502325ddc33288836f29df48f3	In the 20s, Dreiser returned to the "Stoic" again.
d6274933748d78e44aa0ee61df7177adaef473d9	But it is not by chance that the writer began to complete the book after joining the Communist Party.
a1c13b02fa3dbc91159a62129943e91fb960aa2e	Dreiser never managed to complete the work on "Stoic".
2c54eb5227ea27c82a3bb0f3627fadf849b44f74	Turning to the novel, it is necessary to remember about its incompleteness.
757fc7a4c478750879a3589a4d5660cd50ac688b	Following the idea of the "Trilogy of Desire" and developing its plot, Dreiser seeks to sum up Cowperwood's life path in "Stoic".
62e7d654e5dfdded2f2584f4c36c84415a64f7b0	His hero is getting old and the same question is still before him: what has he achieved in life?
536766ab0ce51c37c5459e54383f1f3d9fe7a5d9	And this result turns out to be disappointing for Frank Algernon Cowperwood.
dffb3ea3ffff6892d7805b7f1533d062ca44869a	- This is clearly revealed in the last chapters of the novel, written, obviously, in 1945.
c166757b2855c08d44ed259b6d2cbc9cc3d61e7e	Cowperwood's life - a strong and energetic man was wasted aimlessly.
7cb108675a140a89a381d1103cd7714e2f269fb3	The idea of the inhumanity of serving capital is expressed in the novel by Dr. James, who told Cowperwood that "his grandiose financial activity is already a kind of disease in itself."
5d8186e95e76845854943ffe119bec18c005924f	The United States is affected by this disease, and the great humanist writer called for the cure of his homeland from this grave ailment - capitalism.
6d937c3f45639cf35c6a445a18f29dac636655b6	The realistic symbolism of the last part of the trilogy differs significantly from the symbolism of the "Financier" and "Titan": from a healthy predator a tiger or a huge terrible lion, as it appears in "Titan",- Cowperwood turns into a person affected by a social illness.
e5f6c891975ce184fbe41ac1ceec7de3252d777a	In the "Stoic" a great philosophical and socio political problem is solved - the transitory nature of power, power, power that gives money, capital, the transitory nature of capitalism.
e3c7fe0bcb0bab2c7bb1905fd5c299ced9bad5b4	Dreiser has now revealed the old plan in a new way.
de3d091eb4bfcba810a72b5bc297cfb444aed04c	And indeed, "Stoic", combining all the novels into a single whole, Gives the" Trilogy of Desire " completeness and most importantly - a new sound, corresponding to the new social ideals of one of the leading American writers.
c7aaec2a5cf332b741e4b2e02596ae2083ba2310	If this school essay on the topic: The tragedy of Cowperwood's fate in Dreiser's "Trilogy of Desire" was useful to you, then I will be very grateful if you post a link in a blog or social network.
5e1b570379fb70218693868ec42e1cfe612f9e3a	Portrait characteristics of the characters
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2c417f05ba331ac8706518b526cb22ac52c49bb1	> Dreiser
9835d9c02c7ba7e97975f0af694e8fe6bd695904	> Theodore Dreiser and his "Trilogy of Desire"
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86a3eb499366711ba55f05de4e8ed4d86d3e2ab4	Theodore Dreiser and his "Trilogy of Desire" - essay
ed596f301ef662fb7ebebc4f141fc35ec2b65ca6	Theodore Dreiser
6edb9c5337bd45ea362bfc93b0c476c7f708e25a	Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann "The Golden Pot"
4d3aefac98a88b090dc0d8ace9973155567afce1	An essay on your topic by Theodore Dreiser and his "Trilogy of Desire".
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b15888447e2ce7368f30022070274167c2c32ae6	But does this mean that Cowperwood is omnipotent, that there is no such force that could stop him?
245766ae797d7ee79a9cbf0ae5501408ba299e26	Such a force is found, It turns out to be the people.
10ec022821abd4306b00fb329ee7cfeabd6b3edd	In his person, the writer portrayed a typical representative of American monopolistic capital.
1173f6989c2ae233a4d9d68ceaee648756ae32ae	As in the first two novels of the trilogy, "Stoic" shows Cowperwood's complete immorality.
615951ef5dd1647b0694d8755f607b133b15c574	Cowperwood gets rid of his annoying wife Eileen.
80c7e02c9c04727cb28fbbab97364e65f7ea17b4	For her, he hires a special person, whose duty is to entertain her, pretend to be in love., Cowperwood's lover becomes a young beauty Berenice Fleming, whom he is old enough to be a father.
5f722abaf60a5efbf448116550e3837033354737	But he also cheats on her with other women.
13751a12b5fc3dca0a6eb9ee759ce2517a900fdb	Cowperwood is almost sixty years old.
0424bba188e70a342e561185906fc8c04fe1092e	His health is deteriorating.
0be24e4f5eb5e69f29ea462aac5c0f1588e3b11e	But he cannot live outside the sphere of financial activity.
f93a92addbf33e9add5305abfe449364ee1caab5	The constant thirst for success, wealth becomes fatal for Cowperwood and leads him to death.
b8880572fda8f85e4f86588cb79198434a87447e	Although at times Dreiser still continues to admire the colorful figure of his hero, he debunks him to the end in the last part of the trilogy.
1fa790fa0d7f1855b7644eb8d7078d2572457796	The debunking of Cowperwood goes along several lines.
af1ed37a7be3940ec4d424404e9c932a9c93ff0a	Looking back on the years he has lived, Cowperwood is forced to admit that his activities were absolutely fruitless and even harmful.
a9a39eb24abd058357c2df9428401741d7efb1c4	To avoid oblivion, in an effort to perpetuate his name, Cowperwood bequeaths his palace and art gallery to New York.
7fe6e0198a3a1c928fa12169ede7ccccd8d53cde	But now, after his death, the property is seized.
c6e7c350b1d880a37b2b74a5e29dd42859c2a530	A lengthy trial begins, which consumes most of his fortune.
f03d583b000f7f693b687991015ce92bc8ff24f6	Wealth acquired in an unrighteous way is just as unrighteously plundered.
714c794882ee00841b23bffdd772d7e91a4aaf78	The palace and the paintings are sold under the hammer, without becoming the property of the people.
bbe440481cd6c9af7e00d82afa7efb1dd367b53e	So Cowperwood's life ends in complete collapse.
3ec0b30df0e71021e0a5cf813769d2254cada608	For all these years, he has done nothing but evil to people.
cc72122b55b59ffe174991fa5de06b96aeb48aab	He created nothing, left nothing behind.
af14ec162114bbb344900d97f284e860b202a32c	The memory of him is fading fast.
1c084f38963eca36566d4381f16a5d5d60f29892	Cowperwood's miserable demise is not only his physical death and the collapse of the philosophy of individualism.
1b2e1e14132356b20207b0485e36da2b63d3f93c	Cowperwood's death symbolizes the harmful nature of capitalism, its complete futility.
cbfcec8fbeacf79b3306326027adbfc0444551a6	Berenice becomes disillusioned with Cowperwood's activities.
679af1bb25fd016a78e3a0f3a635ddc3da481599	She comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to live differently.
5457e9a8cf343268b77ca8f630149c39f62708e6	But what is the meaning of life, where is the truth and how to find it?
21d8829c0d74d7e2b345561d371c2a8e31200a6f	To answer these questions, Berenice goes to faraway India and there, far from the West with its crude mercantilism, tries to find peace of mind.
007b094a94383b21c280788d7a45362743c8b036	For four years, she has been studying the teachings of yogis, the philosophy of Hinduism.
ca2bee680d3428d3aed64a97c81ceabc022781e4	However, it is not so much the revelations of the yogis that amaze her, as the suffering and poverty of the Indian people, languishing under the heel of the colonizers.
0f8bedf1bb8fe9c2f7da82e63f71ea7a4fb93c89	And again, unresolved questions arise before her.
73704e16c03c9f50f031ddcb29e88254670f0954	Why do people live so badly, who is to blame for this?
ef9a09c55bd670ed1530587d9bb4cd774c6b3858	The image of Berenice is important in the book.
498459b3925dac4ad2b0530409ee64d306a6f1f9	With his help, Dreiser not only exposes Cowperwood, but also outlines a positive program.
4e5a59781d5f2036bea130a8099ef418e8ebdffd	Returning to America, Berenice tells Dr. James about everything she saw.
2ec1daf86415b7b563c83c7268b2462dc0590fa5	But he tells her that there are whole districts in New York where people live no better than Indian beggars.
b0e7fb8fd00b197198dd40646fe54359785b19d4	Accompanied by Dr. James, Berenice gets acquainted with the neighborhoods of the East Side - the poorest neighborhood in New York.
9b41169c314413d0735cf73cb447c8eb56601bbf	The picture of poverty shakes her.
25885b1fc63f40689922a0e0f2ee94c64a098b93	With the money earned from the sale of the house and jewelry, she founded a children's hospital and became a nurse there.
0acb5e37a69763ea7f9f8c8c88ea8565d22a85f7	So Berenice, overcoming Cowperwood individualism, comes to the conviction that it is necessary to be useful to people.
9af9efb91b1670c10f5a8b2177f23331866f1c53	She tries to alleviate the suffering of the few children who were lucky enough to get to her hospital.
4b1ad19ac689cfaa74ebd68182a789d5555d883a	Dreiser leads Berenice to philanthropic activities.
238fedd3f50f67aa6a5bd852f888bff3ecd227c4	But Berenice already understands that philanthropy cannot destroy the existing social evil in the world.
4b524212ba0c95488d278089242fc464c10d380b	"Well, but what about the rest, thousands and thousands , because you canot take them all to yourself?
9d3b904fbf13c8ebe3bc95075d7ab84a8f1ba5ca	What about them?
456e1abea96608b4dfbdf57e99f0baeba5245123	All her attempts to help are just a drop in the ocean.
5e9f93eb049a606a353ba5a486647bed3cb86f8c	What will be the further path of Berenice?
6adcce018f66b234e6130dbd6f6d03b9bfc52682	Although the writer did not have time to complete the "Stoic", the course of his thoughts in the last chapters of the novel is characterized by clarity and certainty.
4a18294d15405526317fc49c8ac6c7f12b35b21b	In the last chapters of the novel, Dreiser leads the reader to the idea of the need for some fundamental changes.
111500bfc8f4d36693677b9fb51890e105273d94	Decisive changes are needed to eliminate disenfranchisement, exploitation, poverty and make life happy.
adf83fd164c360faf91a862ad6ac0205ac8d5c06	The author of the "Trilogy of Desire" ends with such a worthy ending.
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0ad35ecf692be0a4befba2b2077f1a241179ae3d	Kovalev Theodore Dreiser discovers America 1
5a0a389c39483f73d43ce1b36ee4b78f23db5280	Our acquaintance with his works happened in 1925, and it began in a strange way not with his famous novels, but with the story "Negro Jeff", now almost forgotten.
5c598a705e5483f842a7441bab7763506f89da34	Almost sixty years have passed since then.
7ca5a7a1579cb7b73e74b89ec838261afc8bdefc	The number of Dreiser's publications in Russian is growing uncontrollably, without revealing a tendency to decrease.
3038e4fad69002c0947627273b05713aad3e5828	In 1928, the first collection of his works began to be published (in 13 volumes), in 1950 - the second (in 12 volumes), in 1955 the third, in 1973 the fourth...
cd2c8745b28ffbc14a3f0eaacf923a4c205dd8c1	The number of editions of individual works, collections, journal publications is almost impossible to account for: the circulation is estimated in millions of copies.
5157ab6336bac6bfba015ea370da462774d11c82	Today, publishers who undertake the production of Dreiser's works will not need a computer to find out how many copies are required to meet the reader's demand.
145927ed165b968463fe0220de5f5b774431bdf0	No matter how much you publish, it's not enough.
a0f8d23ea9ab416d5ef5cbfaaf56a283f7fa13df	Paradoxically, we have every reason to believe that we value Dreiser more and understand him better than the Americans.
1c487e47adc04b3aec2247fc66252899e34526f6	And, in any case, we read it more and more often.
9b8704da815a488aec2e5277581a6c9cdb655425	For us, Dreiser is the founder of new paths in literature, the discoverer of new worlds in life, a writer who is recklessly brave, honest and uncompromising.
20b1894b3cccb6ec98116a6ed5010b7cb6ab9ee5	We can only agree with G. Mencken, who wrote after Dreiser's death in 1945: "He was a great artist, no other American of his generation left such a strong and beautiful trace in our national literature.
18174e90b92b1ae58391b266224c61447de5d942	American literature before and after his time differs almost as much as biology before and after Darwin."
81929a19a42b19543de3e6ba39d2c756b5ad8747	"Russian Dreiser" is a significant and important phenomenon in our spiritual world.
3eef87b82ab6487f7e48230b2abba17a41990f89	The books of the great American are still read with unflagging interest, helping us to understand America, the world, man and delivering high artistic pleasure.
968be71ce6ce5d3c3cdcb06d3102b36ba1f49585	If we try to express in one word our idea of Dreiser the artist, then, perhaps, it is difficult to find anything more successful than the title of one of his novels - "Titan".
339c89ca11e7d00a78fc3129946bf2348c6396d0	His writings are numerous and unequal.
705197d21e85494dc9f658b58fb86151ee53c388	As a poet and playwright, Dreiser left no trace in literature.
53ac154a4f65b58054072a17d04cfb6cb72caa1d	Many of his stories and essays are rightly forgotten.
3ec578f3cc0f3487354f15cd054b8d4574fb8c52	Today, only biographers and literary historians turn to them.
454d31510c8ed72214b5434a1e3e70d4ea11bdef	It is obvious that the central core in Dreiser's creative heritage, which has an enduring historical, literary and aesthetic value, are his novels.
bd66322a7622393d85a5d864aff99adbc16ffba4	There are only eight of them: "Sister Kerry" (1900), " Jenny Gerhardt "(1911), "The Financier" (1912), "The Titan" (1914), "The Genius" (1915), "American Tragedy" (1925), " The Bulwark "(1946, published posthumously)," Stoic " (1947, published posthumously).
fa0f18b3b1662c6f67ff048a02cfb1fce37a0703	The appearance of each of Dreiser's novels caused a storm in American literary criticism.
6dc936009da31ed1a6e97ed24e3dd05f8d18b124	The writer refused to follow the "rules of the game", violated all the generally accepted "norms" of literary creativity.
9be2166305dcf130c4a426466f575187d8040a40	He wrote about what was supposed to be forbidden for art, wrote with a frankness that made decent critics shudder, allowed himself to reveal the true content of moral values axiomatically accepted in bourgeois society.
df6f3eb4cd2d9e113330528bf6e444a4110340ed	He expressed judgments and assessments that plunged the respectable audience into a state of shock.
eed2427ce60bccfc29da15e4b0a296ee627a43bc	Dreiser spared no one and nothing.
53976577a02adfeb515b8773b3701ee8a1427120	He asserted the fundamental tragedy of the fate of every ordinary American and blamed the social system for this.
9de2acf2721b07be15e04dda6f37082418d49dda	In search of solutions to the cardinal problems of national life, the writer approached the ideology of the proletariat, which logically led him to join the Communist Party of the USA - a step that even today American criticism cannot forgive him.
1c9f3b67430221300d3e18128024c5a3fb6fae2d	If we take a general look at the history of assessments of Dreiser's works in American bourgeois criticism, it is easy to see that it splits into three stages: 1900-1917, 1917-1945 and from 1945 to the present.
39dc3b7f6648b40f8c1519b821a6e090e6dcffab	Let's say right away that at no stage could criticism ignore Dreiser's work.
cbcbeefafc3152ae7d519131793f248ce968f011	Each of his novels was too significant a phenomenon, caused too powerful a public response to be ignored.
32e826cec1372f435d52263a67d28e6fa562391a	Dreiser could never complain about the lack of interest from critics.
cbfc4aea30b27de294fc18bcbdeada841f3dfb2a	But this interest, as a rule, was unfriendly.
1605c93fb2048aa61c533b3927549ebe7f0afc7e	At the second stage, the criticism focused mainly on the ideological aspects of the writer's work, on his social theories, political sympathies.
4b3dec1b75d708c4a3036c27ff3e856de85c53a3	The persistent interest in Marxism, in the ideas of the socialist reconstruction of society, which Dreiser discovered in the declining years of his life and which eventually led him to join the Communist Party, led many American critics, even those who had previously been benevolent towards the writer, to indescribable rage.
f777a09dda448ab62d785ff8d4c1aa6a611bf41b	The third stage begins from the moment of Dreiser's death.
2333543561028eeac493f88c8fa80ec0350b1afb	The writer has completed his journey.
d7ab3c7e7da9dd1d624b49a29e05b1c3d63a6d87	Now it was useless to polemize with him, to refute him or to instruct him on the "true path".
d482edbfc360fb17d28f81faa8eeb9bb2bdb7c73	It became obvious that Dreiser's work, taken as a whole, is a phenomenon of great importance in the history of American culture of the XX century.
e49c3599c16162b758b22c24af4950ef68a4ed02	This phenomenon should have been studied, and the criticism became more academic.
13237f433595822a32fb5d7fb9ccc877d4bec2c7	Moreover, bold intrusions into forbidden areas (for example, the physiological aspects of human existence) could no longer irritate critics, since these areas themselves were no longer forbidden.
eec72008e9c841b56d17b26bcc265ce3dd7dd06e	What can I say, Dreiser, with his "delicate" descriptions of the love adventures of Frank Cowperwood or Eugene Witla, looks like a timid provincial against the background of current literature, teetering on the verge of pornography.
756b1fa4057c0659757e9254da272f61eeeee202	Today, the study of Dreiser in the United States is mainly in two directions - biographical and aesthetic.
7ec236d69127a84a0e5f8039009ea6df1b17e7ae	It is now clear that, for the most part, American critics have not achieved success.
efc445ea5a3ebf7e050269df37d8ba777d05a7db	You can name two or three successful studies, similar to the monograph of Francis Matissen, and that's all.
1aefa7c4a4b6385c01ac7432b226869570db2b22	Biographers carefully collect small details of Dreiser's life, information about his friends, relatives, about the state of his financial affairs, about his wives and mistresses, about various kinds of quarrels and disputes in which oi was involved.
70ca80712dbe548368440888df1aad1f06f1cf20	The biographies they wrote contain everything, including the smallest details of everyday life, but, as Malcolm Cowley, an elder of American critics, rightly noted, there is no main thing - Dreiser himself.
fd29d0e8f8a0e541b08b6457a0551803af5fd185	They do not help us at all to understand the "Dreiser phenomenon".
6d0c70a32063c4001921ba6701158a08516dc9de	An eloquent example of this kind of biographies can be considered the work of W. Svanberg, published in 1965.
b21b1a1ffdd21f681874284cb2e5a0e2f18f1675	Critics of the "aesthetic" of direction focused its efforts on "utilitarianist" creativity Dreiser, to the establishment of errors in the language of his works, their style and complexity of the subjects, imperfect characters, etc. They are quite convincingly demonstrated that Dreiser negligent in the language, up to errors of grammar against his lack of taste that he is not at odds with the logic that the style of his compositions devoid of grace and glazed that he lacked the education that in many cases, the actions of his characters are insufficiently motivated, and even the psychology of it, things are no matter what, in some of its concepts and judgments Dreiser primitive.
6f29b5d5dc149f49a62086b8072ac82ef99a5b64	They willingly and often contrast Dreiser with his outstanding contemporaries - from James and Howells to Anderson and Hemingway, and invariably come to the conclusion: Dreiser lacked talent.
7008b8db38d4c645c7d376b22aa0ed00eaa0fc48	At the same time, they all refer to the words of Dreiser himself, who noted that he was dissatisfied with his books and that all of them, in fact, should have been rewritten.
9d59303934127908f462f1a49f1c4bfca740d3bf	They, of course, objected to the connoisseurs of Dreiser's creativity: for God's sake,how is that?
eaad420bb933170480393f05a754d11c62e6c960	Dreiser is one of the most widely read American authors of the XX century.
692552b08c3c85ed6779442b1259a274fa8aa6fe	His books laid the foundation for a new development of national literature, determined its direction for many decades to come.
4af821affefd8f8252d8af96743e4ad0d3363c79	All the major writers of modern times recognize their duty to Dreiser!
eb61241008f3b249362d9f5a098302606ce3fd52	This dispute, in its own wise, was resolved by Malcolm Cowley, who in his review of Swanberg's book put it something like this: do not quarrel, gentlemen.
28c2b09ebd43af8c958378d0a28f0f25c31a1d53	Dreiser is an "uncut" genius, not ennobled and not supported by talent, but a genius.
0bd0e8bd41ffb56ba10052519d6b23df130065dc	He is our great primitive!
e0db4fbd3503cf24c5a5e8cd6cf36b400bdadb93	About the" primitive " Cowley, perhaps, overdid it, but on the whole he was right.
8a0daf67fc8573e066412114d4c8b7f4df7e6ef5	Ol just didnot say what exactly Dreiser's genius is.
c4900c9e050b031762d6a43b0f8085e2c9124242	Dreiser's genius, for all its originality and strangeness, was generally traditional for America.
83688e9c781a51c5211de277ba0ea568028503f6	The history of American national culture was formed in such a way that for many decades the main task of the great American writers was to "discover America".
7b6a28e90c4317ea1e942030da5ddbe45e88c742	Recall that the American state was created by immigrants from different European countries who settled along a narrow strip of the Atlantic coast in separate colonies.
c0b5e13fc3905034ae203aaf968aed9fea52176e	They retained their customs, customs, language, culture, did not know each other well, and did not know the vast territories of the continent west of the Allegheny Mountains at all.
4f022f0d47e9e06115b4882b80137b51017b1d18	Mountain ranges, canyons, forests, deserts, prairies, rivers and waterfalls remained for a long time a great mystery, shrouded in a haze of legend.
4b3590fcf9636c795a52ceecf9d34a3f1c196ac7	They knew little about the native Indians of the country, with whom they waged a bloody war of extermination.
7055b53e55ab27ddc949d18031983f8abb48b283	The population of America grew mainly due to the influx of immigrants from Europe.
7c708c294c5ae3af76283bef5d827382ddeb12a7	The newly arrived immigrants were even more ignorant about their new homeland, they knew even less about it.
524da0dc7378c79f0649d07262172dacd2f53cd0	And this concerned not only the" geography " of the continent, but also the history of America, its socio political institutions, state structure, mores, etc. Even at the turn of the XVIII and XIX centuries, when the country was already freed from colonial dependence, when a new independent state - the United States was formed, there was still no general concept of America in the minds of Americans as a single complex of naturally geographical, ethnological, socio historical, political and moral psychological moments that form the very concept of "America".
cb5b2f5f5254bf97ea71ee7212e4b75da7c40141	This, by the way, was associated with the complexity and slowness of the formation of the nation and the formation of national consciousness in the United States.
6d98eb77fdac5c19b058ef6f877e7f61bb1aa74e	It is not surprising that at the early stages of its existence, American literature was involved in a powerful stream of "nativism" - a cultural and literary movement, the meaning and pathos of which consisted in the artistic and philosophical development of America, its nature, history, social and political institutions, mores and customs.
0b554f2caff23e71628588fa481add995ec4ffac	The great "nativists" were Irving and Cooper, Hawthorne and Melville, Bret Garth and Twain, and many other geniuses of the XIX century.
018bb9ad31d954004ec5fa9f8b21c3bedbe18e81	Each of them discovered "his" America, which became a part, an aspect, an element of national life, national consciousness.
47124879d27eab08ed0376b1e3cd8b81b3b47ddf	In the second half of the XIX century, however, it became obvious that it was impossible to" discover America " once and for all.
23174515ca289823c823e447f469c60fc50f0cf6	The pace of development of the economic, social, and political life of the country, especially after the Civil War of 1861-1864, was so high that in just a few decades America changed unrecognizably and very little resembled the America of Irving, Cooper, or Hawthorne.
05447aac257bf79ac292ab216e0805dae90f882c	By the end of the century, it had become a country of concentrated production and capital, a country of banks and monopolies, trusts and cartels.
2d1c2933f49c3f90e3b4f3f93a21fde802ad4df5	There was a rapid concentration of wealth at one pole and monstrous poverty at the other.
b49676a6165d22f39e31fbe9cd124a1fe42252c9	A multimillion strong army of factory factory proletarians has emerged.
3829fc191d58cfd30c3be70128d09ba749a93ebb	Unemployment has become a national disaster.
e7f0f130177ba65eed0c128a2de4c057cf09e4b4	The first significant organized demonstrations of the American proletariat also belong to this time.
4d8cd4a07645e2ca84f7d4d26c8203d5e8c75c3a	Corruption in public authorities - from city municipalities to the federal Congress - has reached monstrous proportions.
6a9910eb9f53e3a7692eaef45af5e923bfc84904	In other words, American capitalism has entered a monopolistic stage of development.
7355e3e52f0956f9443be0e30d4a8409799c79ff	It was already a different," new "America, and it should be "rediscovered" anew.
2635d456f85391dc4150e39dcfcd7f8291baae22	The task was not easy.
0e15f2f4566e215aeee70dd091dd3cbafcb3b1ad	The transition was made quickly, but not simultaneously.
79863733600a546d2dc6fdd0a6579a0d707ccbc7	To grasp the nature of the changes, their significance, to assess their importance, to separate the main from the secondary, to look at the whole picture and see the" new " America in its typical features, a special gift was required, a unique mindset capable of analysis, synthesis and generalization.
18516f70051906f265b2fc188f4df423d5d82dea	Moreover, it was necessary not only the ability to see and understand, but also the ability to recreate what was seen in artistic images, to build an artistic world that would adequately and prominently reflect the real world.
14fb03c1a3d01c498944902a826d83e30602937c	All this was possessed by Theodore Dreiser.
44a96d0ffd3dbdfaefd504c17d3cdf658223f60a	This, in fact, was his genius.
124e6f3ee8e67d1ca0b321b562a3b7b50e543ebb	Discovering and artistically recreating the "new" America, Dreiser, figuratively speaking, "worked with an axe".
b1ab8182ef3d7f193b24b7b7412f848334305a69	He was not up to the subtleties of stylistic decoration, not to the in depth psychological development of characters and motivations, not to poetic descriptions or the organic balance of the narrative structure.
f91ecd61af45ef975ffb42956c78d15fa0c1aeab	And it's not that he "couldnot".
bb94170e310ed2657d2745a63896840fbd617776	Dreiser's many years of editorial experience, as well as some of his writings, indicate that he was able, when necessary, to be an excellent stylist, a virtuoso who owned every imaginable set of artistic means.
cdff32d6a41e7a1d0e7cacceaf9f384f7fb3df1e	It's just that he didnot strive for this in his large canvases.
29f4b3688c69d561eb0cabf5d06b34e3841e21ee	What he created in his novels was life itself.
0798852e1072b782520f333da4c235021c4c1731	It didnot need a special finish in the name of verisimilitude.
a2c88c9fc1811c0869c62db55189c5c8f84ec65b	It was described roughly, ungraciously, sometimes carelessly, but it was still life.
b9134a744b3cb055bb6a51c25ac79a78d551c9d6	Dreiser best defined the literary specifics of his method himself when he said about "Sister Kerry": "This is a book that is close to life.
ee429fbe4a428878ee336b30fa0881e81988de26	It was created not as an example of literary skill, but as a picture of social conditions, outlined as simply and strongly as the English language allows...
1e142030ef33de93a8ffce668c4ae79346712568	When it gets to the people, they will understand, because it is a story about real life, about their life."'
d6411495b7141e83593f29e5fc560b0803b35700	Dreiser was not alone in his efforts to discover, show and expose the "new" America.
5205595cf3eda7cca695f130698d821f01a30b4a	Alongside him worked Frank Norris, Stephen Crane, Hamlin Garland, Jack London, Upton Sinclair and a whole company of "mud rakes" led by Lincoln Steffens.
1b33d38072aecc3c6f0c43a8f5f1a19d62e0f630	American critics call them "naturalists", which x although it is not entirely accurate, but in general it is not without reason.
7457527c69de61a9f299b30c5eb0264a8579b37e	They were "naturalists" in the spirit of Emile Zola, with his sharp social vision, revealing pathos and desire to reveal the nature of human social behavior.
fffaaad7a8a57141f1560d78805056f908932ea1	Dreiser was undoubtedly the largest figure among his associates.
540f06f1218913efc8ecce06e1b78926c36bece2	He did not do everything that he could, but he paved a new path in literature.
80659f9d5ac323424c4780e93c225268f2551eec	We can safely say that the American realism of the XX century begins with Dreiser.
538e38bff91fa042e64918a91a59291ee3d742ae	Already during the First World War, many American writers recognized him as a patriarch and a pioneer.
09808e23b7fc602b4cc6d1abb99ea75001bfab50	In April 1916, Sherwood Anderson wrote about him:
31a7452c56a5af0b55d62f7f8bb7944b7887ed8a	"Theodore Dreiser is old - he is very, very old.
a8d1bde061fff2f248b502323cd31ac030e9aa22	I do not know how many years he has lived, maybe thirty, maybe fifty, but he is very old...
db2db0f7044e3ca672089707bfff9a7db646837d	When Dreiser leaves, we will write books, many books.
00bc144c1028698bd1bffac8fb565095e1efb604	The books that we will write will have all the qualities that Dreiser lacked.
ac6f5bf76037adba5529c6f769d3a2dae9365b23	We will have a sense of humor, and everyone knows that Dreiser has no sense of humor.
715a864ff8241c5c7fdca01c6cf13b4ad2ef67f0	Moreover, we will have grace, lightness of brushstroke, dreams of beauty breaking through the shell of life.
7081acc7b4709d8fcdea0ca700a9d183b523630a	Yes, those who follow Dreiser will have many things that he did not have.
79d7ea3b55c348881abbd20a4af973d8f7f64cc5	The miracle and beauty of Dreiser is that we will have all this thanks to him...
74d7f2fcba75630208c395c92510b65cb8be41cf	Theodore's legs are heavy.
eb4d915e7e68dfddf6ba1d3f73c97ff420cfb8e2	How easy it is to smash his books "to the nines", to laugh at him.
8e1822c37e59ec67a3016a9cae2b9eed11b356f4	But... top, top, top - this is Dreiser walking, heavy and old.
33c928b3329134338c6893b696a9bbadb78d3073	Dreiser's feet are paving the way for us, rough, heavy feet.
ff1c6517c093884adcc6b3d101a6dd7ba0178dbc	They are walking through the desert, making a path.
95b6876691d1e689336077ed13aed5e46273486e	Over time, the path will turn into an avenue with arches above your head and elegant spires piercing the sky.
8aeb4129a964f77105d5b70659ecaeac9ac4cf9f	And the children will run along this street, shouting to each other: "Look at me!", forgetting about Theodore's legs.
12816328f0bb84efccda36eb187443fc9bc9595b	The people who will follow Dreiser have a lot to do.
f0c17fe293d6a53d6587740f341cf2c8a541bd6e	Their journey will be long.
8b46c547e4111d86ad094f132cd8bc84f298ee38	But, thanks to Dreiser, we in America will not have to build a road through the desert.
98b6a351cb98582769d0e1e2f0573deb6b3b21e2	Dreiser did it."
b1b0043a4f63abde87e6792977ed14973af572e6	In the concept of America proposed by Dreiser, two poles are clearly exposed - the pole of poverty and the pole of wealth.
cf5559c7de2dbfd5d0a8767fd57990d7c0d1c41c	The internal dynamics of his novels are invariably associated with the movement of the characters from one pole to the other - up and down, down and up, from poverty to wealth, from wealth to poverty.
4433d08cea55365f404c89b8114410ea41b3e7ed	The convincing reproduction of national reality, subordinated to this dynamic principle, assumed as a prerequisite a penetrating knowledge of the life of the poor and the life of the rich, not only in its external, everyday manifestations, but also in its deep socio psychological and moral essence.
b1f0cffcbabab2e777c9f42676f8e3df37734f28	Understanding the" sphere of poverty " could not pose any difficulties for Dreiser.
b43622ff2d222ee7e78f0179c6cb9ba6bb70d073	The son of a poor man and a poor man himself, he knew the taste of poverty, as they say, from a young age.
90b5c9a665676a0bfbc2f5f2cc1e5e8d0b492c5c	The writer's father, Johann Paul Dreiser , a young German weaver and a zealous Catholic, emigrated to America in 1846 in the hope of getting out of poverty and finding prosperity in a "free country".
ab74ea2e651a154636faecda8ac21d848280c557	Like many immigrants, he did not stay on the Atlantic coast and after long migrations settled in the Midwest, in the small town of Fort Wayne, where he received a position as head of production at a woolen fabric factory.
eb383b85db027d41a4b622022bffe574b6418231	He was hardworking, knew his job perfectly, earned good money.
b8028038ce56c5fa30c48e20e6ac12a67e9548c0	America seemed to have given him everything it promised.
bd33311e9d8ea534164e04cc0a7750762ddf764e	He quickly went up and after a while already got his own factory in Sullivan.
f7162df80ba1d644d59c9a2b912b47e061e99f72	At the same time, Johann Paul married, and his wife bore him eleven children.
c82742feabfc88da4d5e6a67b5c612a448b3f239	The prosperity, however, was short lived.
00c67b1e2ac9560fa7149b63b794a7c071e51144	The take off curve broke in the middle, and the life of a large family went downhill.
d1165925101751d55abb2b42022aaee397333121	The fire destroyed the factory with all
2fecbf0bda7811e7ec1ab5836f4812ade741e894	stocks of raw materials, for which Johann Paul has not yet had time to pay with suppliers.
58a1d11f74b685c417aa43c72a031b7dbef85ffa	He tried to start recovery work, but was seriously injured and was out of action for a long time.
3dd873cdb9000cf0e6b84ec25569c19510ed0d42	During his illness, the well being of the Dreisers disappeared like smoke.
32a7d14ad3577fe0aeee2c88e652659302c3a8c4	They were left penniless and had to move to the small village of Terre Haute.
e18087333ee15ffe8fb5e8b1b7c2337d7e09326f	The Dreisers fell into hopeless poverty, from which they never managed to rise again.
37117d6441f3dca7726788cc4d7ecae43e866c2e	The family moved from place to place, separated, reunited and finally finally broke up.
c8791c04b4ecd2385946edc36a37b4d11b593051	The parents died, the children scattered around the world.
690a720024793932fde2bc8719fa66bf91e20ec1	Dreiser's working life began at an age when normal children still play with toys.
a92ed7b2829f1256e887ef7233e7bcae15906774	He sold newspapers, worked as a farmhand, washed dishes in restaurants, delivered hardware to customers, delivered laundry from the laundry, collected rent from slum residents in Chicago...
b0b8080699e0662e157e6ce04b4c8973caab8f38	It is difficult to list all the professions that young Dreiser tried.
6ba312de079075f4f6b9ff999266a1c9879bc753	Often he found himself completely out of work.
14e7b80a1607f537d969a8af41b43751d4143407	He had a chance to taste the charity soup and spent the night in flophouses.
be6db19995bc073103d7c1400d45da7231a77d26	It was a difficult life experience, but useful for the future writer.
7b3860425c2ce8d233a8ba7cce457c87ac6d78c7	The beginning of Dreiser's journalistic activity dates back to 1892.
1de22c397d306192364b91592c338cfffc43c9aa	He worked as a reporter for newspapers in Chicago, St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Toledo, New York.
6bbfa919ad59766578ff80ac616382e030bf8cc0	Cooperation in newspapers contributed to a wider acquaintance with the national reality.
b9d9af914689188279a9462790a2a451b924f1ed	Later, he recalled this period of his life: "I went to work for newspapers, and from that moment my real encounter with life began - with murders, arson, violence, bribery, corruption, fraud and perjury in any form imaginable."' Dreiser learned another lesson from his newspaper work: he realized how unscrupulous, immoral and corrupt the bourgeois press is.
15f8d830f40eb577a408adb88fb66c88857f57cc	In 1895, he gave up reporting and began collaborating in magazines.
736305d0c07a738bfe44e85676912203f0a4f220	He wrote for * marks, sketches, essays, in which even then a remarkable literary talent was revealed.
57e9c3fddf98b37e47717ce2e5f30082452dd3ed	Soon he managed to break into the largest American magazines of that time.
034fc45c9d6c8ee046defb9af5d8341037ac4724	Dreiser's magazine work was diverse, but it still shows a commitment to a certain genre.
4586488cff53767e15eefb908e8e266b2cb14a57	Dreiser preferred a portrait essay based on an interview.
ace5a11e719498ae64c781b8ba6fc83fae0180f3	His essays form two series: "Life stories of people who have achieved success" and "Notes on Public Characters".
28bb2a2d605676468d0acbd5e95b46d4b0714f43	While preparing the material for the essays, Dreiser met and talked with a variety of (but always significant) people.
ea9f29a995a72904c04fa0378256ab7a992a8ba7	Among them we meet the great inventor Thomas Edison, the outstanding writer William Howells, the famous railway magnate billionaire J. P. Blavatsky.
551cefa330d12af88dd58aaf3b449b613edb1c4a	Gould, Carnegie millionaires, Armor, Field...
3093b6da463aef77650eaa9e8d3bf2a3bae5b394	Acquaintance with the powerful of this world significantly expanded Dreiser's horizons, allowed him to see up close what is usually hidden from the eyes of ordinary Americans.
895a89cc97e7b25f8ef2cfd83808f4ccce01f0fe	Thus, we see that Dreiser's own life experience somehow prepared him for the role of the "discoverer of America".
782fd4732801ee3cbca675468ac7fa5abfce4e28	Biographers have long drawn attention to the fact that autobiographical material is widely used in such novels as "Sister Kerry", "Jenny Gerhardt", "American Tragedy".
540e71ef4dc5479f7dabdeec6cfb280d6e0b00e8	But, of course, it is impossible to reduce everything to the personal experience of the writer.
5e8fc8faa2ad8ba4698abafdf3634b9fadf48310	Personal experience alone was not enough.
72fa4f7530dd7cb91841a1127ddffdf9d0fac5b5	This is clearly evidenced by his "Trilogy of Desire", which includes three novels - "The Financier", "Titan" and "Stoic".
e04b415b10704d79305e69b7f33672762bed524e	During the rapid economic development of the United States after the Civil War, an intensive merger of financial capital with industrial capital began, which naturally led to the emergence of giant trusts, corporations, monopolies that concentrated huge wealth and unheard of power over millions of workers in their hands.
99a826d4fe20d8358f2a4aa01ed7a8d6eab41400	They cruelly dealt with competitors, mercilessly exploited workers and farmers, without knowing any restrictions.
df0e6657e8f7c4887c61857f84ae417142719954	They did not take into account either the law or moral principles.
3db71d83231cc2acf667910db3040bf8331336f2	Their morality was the morality of bandits who have nothing to fear, since they bought legislative and executive power at the root, taking advantage of corruption, which struck, like an epidemic, the state power at all levels.
b150e673351af4edc356f066fecab5ee252a54fc	In the popular consciousness of America, the activities of these corporations and monopolies were associated with the image of an octopus that knows no pity, from whose tentacles it is impossible to hide.
a91fc04239294ee295ad8b7824a81ade616eeb41	By the way, Frank Norris, who wrote a novel about the hopeless struggle of farmers with the railway trust, titled it "Octopus".
c1d93ca254645ebce17c372753b9796c86bfee34	This was the " new " America that was to be "discovered" by American writers, and it gave rise to a new figure of the "master of life" - not just a rich man, the owner of factories or factories, not a merchant and banker, but a financier.
d2eb793724064f9c8db5d37e271122b61d6e5867	To depict this "new" America and the human type formed by it, Dreiser could no longer have enough personal life experience.
8d4b6268a8f4826cc865f1e306945fb9d88673b1	He had to sit down for books, documents, newspaper and magazine publications, archival materials.
606fd0ad50bb170a71a0817f6488eb7b859b1471	In search of a "hero", he thoroughly examined the lives and activities of at least two dozen financiers, such as Morgan, Rockefeller, Gould, Harriman, etc.
7070708e186d8ce633a307defc29c7dbfabfa2be	In the end, he chose the fate of Charles Tyson Yerkes, who seemed to him the most suitable prototype for the hero of the trilogy.
6723497663dc2052a7e6d4892c42aacd8747d0b2	The multi millionaire Yerkes began his financial activity in Philadelphia, then moved to Chicago, where he monopolized urban rail transport, and ended his life in London, where he almost succeeded in his intention to take over the entire London subway.
1732d3ff8b7af6082f90e2f586e5dae8c33ef1dc	Yerkes was an active, energetic, courageous, shameless and dishonest man, devoid of any moral principles.
e6845985db42db53d31cab32d65a0d59916cf92a	He devoted his life to the satisfaction of his three passions, which were money, women and painting.
900a8dc6ca2a1d794a35847fa515b575cc113ba0	The end of Yerkes ' life, however, turned out to be disastrous: he lost his taste for women and art, and his enormous wealth, mortgaged and re mortgaged for loans that were supposed to give him the opportunity to acquire a controlling stake in the London Underground and then become incredibly rich I, went under the hammer.
3613121f32a4a9227630be25559e625ad36f728f	In the" Trilogy of Desire", Dreiser reproduces the life story of Yerkes quite accurately.
85436e3ada5d030afeeb9995dc64c52903b1cca9	The first novel - "The Financier" - is dedicated to the Philadelphia period, the second - "Titan" - to Chicago, the third - "Stoic" - to London.
137f672819abfa6cb38ae3c4b05c09f0f4ab1a6e	However, it should be borne in mind that, although on many pages of the trilogy Dreiser almost verbatim translates many documents and materials related to Yerkes ' career, he did not at all seek to write a biography of the famous financier.
fc20deb6bbbd4403a6a875870ad062e25584fb35	"The Financier" - the initial part of the trilogy contains not only a description of the early stage of the hero's activity, but is like an introduction to the world of financial transactions, frauds, transactions characteristic of a large American city in the second half of the XIX century.
8df913cc213583e227ea9f3d7adee9839db151a2	However, unlike Alger, Dreiser did not write an apology for the hero, but rather his exposure.
cd5fe57b6baaa11738afc0c606a9ea1e255c3774	Hence, by the way, the name of the entire cycle - "The Trilogy of Desire".
e85a47319cfc3c1eb16b0004aed43e9fbc81e961	Having set out to expose the bigwigs of "big business", Dreiser could, of course, make his hero a geek, a misanthropist, obsessed with a pathological passion for profit, etc., that is, in other words, turn him into a"villain".
8f703bc7eeafbe13f5b3a610ecdfad4bc2d29af8	But the "villain" is always a deviation from the norm.
1437bba772d40611b9eb2913cc92c24be22d2e1f	The writer was interested in the norm itself, expressed in"zero morality".
951c1320a5af6629f5d641d9e1a80b97638e614a	The America that Dreiser was now "discovering" for his readers was an America with "zero morality".
949354be8c5f38b34f376021728a112666302244	Of course, Cowperwood does not proclaim from the pulpit that he does not recognize generally accepted morality, but neither does he deceive himself and others.
6f766ef6502c3b790203e3f9cf0175d3b93da19a	In a conversation with his beloved Eileen, he speaks quite frankly on this subject: "In order to succeed... it is necessary for a person - even outwardly - to reckon with generally accepted norms.
c4d1ad0ee48cbf9958948f594bc5fe120f0facae	Nothing else is required."
f623d074e461ad414740b3773bb54a7109a5b697	It was this ability that made Dreiser the leader of the literary development of the United States at the beginning of the XX century.
a1c45dda9156240d26e93ce3f38c27900bb55f22	Note, however, that the strength of Dreiser's artistic insight was accompanied by a weakness in the philosophical interpretation of reality.
647aee73bf24a3b1126f866ae1e2397d986f73f7	Like many of his contemporaries Frank Norris, Jack London, Elton Sinclair and others - the writer was strongly influenced by the popular philosophy of positivism in its Spencerian version and the ideas of social Darwinism with a certain touch of Nietzscheanism.
c966dc3515b5ba2d727d22ff17b96b53f0c0fbb4	In his mind, Dreiser subordinated social development to the natural law.
bb31e0ae1b53c5224bdb4c643a1bc7b637da9037	He found (and showed) the manifestation of this natural law both in general and in particular.
87a51ea4ef7d23f5a5ea5af2bd624745af2ea39f	The simplest example is the scene that the writer draws on the very first pages of the novel: little Frank Cowperwood watches the battle of a lobster and a cuttlefish in an aquarium at a fish market.
ff4269c2ffa2e5dfb4c8fb0878f4de14d97917de	The lobster, of course, devours the cuttlefish, since it has nothing to defend itself with.
d18a5b2a9458de424dc6bfd1573b5cf29dad7e32	This is, one might say, the simplest illustration of the Darwinian thesis about the survival of the fittest, or, if you like, the Nietzschean thesis that the fastest wins in a run, and the strongest wins in a fight.
1b1fd151d79b3618d5a03142ab7cac7e3f746bf5	Young Frank extracts from here "the answer to the riddle that has long tormented him: how does life work?
852b9bbafc2cb0f351dfb58cefa9febc45f7cc53	This is how all living things exist - one at the expense of the other.
41c76e758b83e6eda8a0250772efe776a141652a	Lobsters devour cuttlefish and other creatures.
5b4b5f9f4beca47e8518a16940d1c49813a3cb23	Who eats lobsters?
0fca5e880a4f2845c173a2eaf7533c686832aa57	Of course, a person... well, who eats a person?..
bed2a565c892007cd2cc95308bea4ef0c764a1c6	Yes, yes, of course!
f3c8042f37fe12215c2bcc14bb9a25d012e13371	Some people live at the expense of others."
1d0d39438031fdba30e369f508d982bed01cc048	This, if I may say so, is the whole philosophy, and nothing in the following pages of the novel contradicts it.
9dab89223cd0946d90e5a89f718affd0eea0cf54	This, by the way, is connected with a funny curiosity that arises whenever critics try to interpret the image of Cowperwood.
cde515d419ddc41911ff3ed88d801463e90df365	They reproach the writer with the fact that, creating an image of a colossal revealing force, he "involuntarily admires", "admires" his hero.
c03eb2fbd23cb5a81824c863c772ce5ba8b76266	At the same time, critics quite rightly refer to the fact that every reader who has read the novel feels a sense of sympathy for the hero and fully sympathizes with him even in his immoral deeds. .
a4c5e4addb7c6960554057fa302d09d1c2a93250	It seems that there is an incorrect statement of the problem here.
2b16a8ef521ca6160df76c1c04cad6590dc5338a	The artistic image is the product of the writer's observations, passed through his creative imagination.
6df32458b6e7cd8df93027d8317240ab2cd5230c	If a writer gives his hero some character traits, then you should not ask: "How so?
f00267a4672a76b669ab1754371e6e86a7f06c1f	" It would be correct to ask:" Why?
e443c20d0d8bc13e7489023fb698c4983eef1722	For what purpose?"
922eae6057f863f5cc7e460e8de4e153c73f5084	And then everything immediately falls into place.
249b34cae9495163b05094e0d6af720a9961591c	Frank Cowperwood is a financier, that is, a person who operates not so much with his own as with other people's capital, which he borrows from individuals, banks and commercial organizations.
a0d095c36b8d4c258c16d3d61e240b243043bab5	His personal charm and other attractive qualities are, if you like, "claws" that ensure the victory of the lobster over the cuttlefish.
acdef5afdccbdb6d74acfca814a20e55b883755d	Nature creates a financier and gives him a purpose.
76d49ddb976c8198f0085bb2a087b91de45261f6	No matter how vicious, immoral and inhumane the activity of a financier may be, it ultimately creates some positive values - the development of the railway network, the construction of cities, the development of minerals, etc. Dreiser believes that financial "titans" will never seize power over the people, the country, the world.
8534c9a964cf8acc2ef256167b31c4bf01eae42d	It is easy to see that the philosophy of the young Dreiser was eclectic, contradictory, inconsistent.
1fb38af3e66b732e4adf244d5e62d0154424a0cc	We can only agree with the Soviet researcher of Dreiser's creativity Ya.
828f7d9c3b928694d4c1f3a9e2c023248e2aac00	Zasursky, who wrote: "The influence of bourgeois ideology, in particular the influence of Spencer's idealistic philosophy, prevented the writer from fully realizing the social problems that he saw, felt and depicted so deeply.
bfbf4b49e0f4f70c044007d8c274a993ba3696ad	The contrast between the ruthless criticism of the foundations of capitalist America and the limitations of Dreiser's philosophical concept, the discrepancy between criticism and his conclusions is becoming more and more obvious," but let's not forget that, whatever the writer's philosophical errors, Dreiser remains a Dreiser, a genius who discovered the "new" America and showed it to the reader.
a676bde7e30d18ffe2e7c039e08fcbf91d00a696	It is not surprising that the American critical realism of the XX century arose thanks to the efforts of the "naturalist" Dreiser.
3d050153ff1a1fb4b0ce07a196b7d19f53d2ac1d	And the writer was right, who noticed back in the twenties that wherever an American writer directed his efforts, no matter what area of life he touched, he would find traces left by Dreiser's "heavy feet" everywhere.
c4ab471ac77a6a2acf17a22d67f19329abdac63e	Dreiser led the way.
d12e9646d3ac76cabc6d5e8cab33ba26027842dc	High quality PVC plastic windows with installments.
3d25d8eebe2f9d464316f5dfbf14babd99aa006a	Home In Bookmarks Essays Content Contacts
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f4ca03c6ec29c4176e9f423df3d6a1a1a36c2350	Review of the novel Titan.
18b85a8e0aac62b1b1d313d0e644eae41fcfe515	- artistic analysis.
c86dd473fea3f621e15485504f7e4da4a05fd1c2	Dreiser Theodore
e9a280544596868d611851053c48c393c8cd3aec	«...There was a growing belief among the broad strata of the nation that a bunch of bigwigs — titans without a soul and without a heart, seeking to chain the people in chains of slavery, were sitting at the top."
a4edb3c0032dd4431448d7437f405eed91f540c8	T. Dreiser.
b47466a8151d5354fde1944fb429b771889d8f2f	"Titan"
ea1264a18bdf6bc1c73b266ee0fe0ea5a2d98559	"Titan" is the second novel of the" Trilogy of Desire", conceived by Dreiser at the end of the first decade of our century and completed only during the Second World War.
90ad068ab0603ad5754b0aa5baa1d0eefedc5a7e	Only two years have passed between the appearance of the first and second novels of the trilogy.
3dc75cc32c5a0961faa6449482d65e6b58a176f0	The publication of the third was postponed for more than thirty years (1947).
5d8bf18f63a7f3e80e82586a0213901bff1c9578	"The Financier", as you know, was published in 1912.
cd5d18d027e1a8da8bfc79096069d68e08df5022	Among the numerous responses to it that appeared in the press at that time, a review by the famous critic Henry Mencken draws attention to itself, which concluded with the words: "This is not the drama itself, but rather the prologue to it.
ec1da7341e6f7bca87127d530f39fad54010a54f	(This material will help you to correctly write a review of the novel Titan on the topic..
5130fd5363f77af0beedcf9c4318a8c99d1b4bb6	The summary does not make it clear the whole meaning of the work, so this material will be useful for a deep understanding of the work of writers and poets, as well as their novels, novellas, short stories, plays, poems.)
5d7af7fefde73ba3ff7605ab83ab7ae2026e824f	A true tragicomedy of Cowperwood's struggle for power and beauty will be played out in Chicago.
479d4290279995718ba195c9f2b4848e05521150	Few people know Chicago as Dreiser knows it.
06591049e66237b1eecc8d05c5348979d18a0068	He has penetrated with his eyes to the very heart of this amazing city."
1a0c0ca7f8f90cd385738df76c4d343b459bb23d	Mencken was right: "The Financier" is indeed a kind of prologue to "Titan", and the events of the second novel really unfold in Chicago, and there is a kind of inevitability in this.
f08003dbf569e0de1e40a99e2a04bcfedd68a95e	Drawing the fate and character of Frank Cowperwood, Dreiser used as a model the life story of multi millionaire Tyson Yerkes, who began his financial operations in Philadelphia, then moved them to Chicago and completed his activities in London.
d33151c0c28b01dfb555ea1fa7795db7231c386e	Thus, the place of action of each of the parts of the trilogy was, as it were, predetermined, and everything that happens to the hero in "Titan" had to happen in Chicago.
933ab97eb4d724fb30059f2595b39b90a8cd6c17	But the point here is not only in the biography of the prototype.
cfc97cc1e0ecf08ab3183d4a918aca1d4242f091	We can easily assume that if the real Yerkes had never left Philadelphia or moved, say, to Boston, Dreiser would still have moved the scene of the "Titan" to Chicago, and not only because he really knew this city like no other, but also because Chicago was the most suitable environment in contact with which Cowperwood's business and personal qualities could be revealed with the greatest completeness.
66e90a578883788140edcb24f0265b7dfc26eb1b	The action of "Titan" takes place in the last two decades of the XIX century, when Chicago began to turn into the economic center of the Midwest, the second (after New York) largest city in the United States.
57ff794342240cb388df1d812ec29676e9655559	It was a young, fast growing giant that vigorously developed heavy industry, trade, finance, and transport.
6bb0b3f76b800930fd336849071148c1bd777ae2	Everything that was done in Chicago was done on a grand scale.
06e16fb1c70c037aae294466d89ef0d56e26a801	A producer city and a consumer city, Chicago attracted capital, goods,and labor.
747da3645c6ddd5b7a58764a17b9b4047b7e3c05	The processes that were turning America into a state of trusts and monopolies were gaining unprecedented sharpness here and were viewed with particular clarity.
d935f9db3db6cd69daa43ba8f4f92ee8a5b87c6d	Chicago was a city of skyscrapers, fashionable mansions, dazzling wealth and at the same time a city of slums, squalid poverty and shameless exploitation of man by man.
4432e43ca43d27b30aa6d29548378e5c9e7d7a96	Perhaps nowhere in America has the corruption of city government and state administration, the venality of officials reached such a scale, were not so cynically frank as in Chicago.
fc72b0d55895aabdff97c9191925b7d6672760c6	In the 80s of the XIX century, Chicago also became the center of various kinds of democratic movements and the active struggle of the proletariat for its economic and political rights.
d31c53f243d9f7969303bddfa5d7cb86c7bff7bd	Strikes have become a common thing here, and the tragic clash of workers with the police in May 1886 stirred up not only America.
db47a40bcb3f889fba4c7f43e76aae5b4d56e823	In memory of these events, for more than a hundred years, humanity has been celebrating May 1 as the Day of International Workers ' Solidarity.
3c692dbd6cf1a584c0f7b514b1db279ad8887e1f	There is a certain logic in the fact that American writers of the late XIX — early XX century, interested in the processes that took place in social reality (F. Norris, E. Sinclair, D. London, L. Steffens, F. Harris, etc.), invariably turned their attention to Chicago.
c5c8425b52fba6fac8b1de158a48e6c01bd9eee3	Chicago helped them understand America and its future.
04725e84512e5d80880e0ddd9bb3082b760606ba	It would be strange and unnatural if Dreiser, whose impoverished youth was spent in Chicago, would ignore this city.
5016ec3ea6c55b6302b372967be25cc6a1a29d75	Based on the dynamics of the action, from the main conflicts of "Titan", we can say that in this novel there are two heroes, two forces that came together in a fierce battle— Cowperwood and Chicago.
6a3590557f1a9bbe325693a1dce7c2edf09ad326	And if the first is relatively simple and understandable, the second has a dizzying complexity, stemming partly from the complexity of social life, partly from Dreiser's position, which was not distinguished by simplicity and clarity in many cardinal issues of American national life.
502afdc58fe309e0294f338d7b09b467d3b20c49	"Titan" is a continuation of"The Financier".
63d8145bd8cbfbd28ab60cdba97ea55807043f32	Cowperwood in The Financier is an emerging personality.
c59dc64aacf5f944e4f90c485e7b01f5545c8a09	He develops a view of the world, looks for his field and place in life, sets for himself a moral norm, a life principle, a certain personal charter of social behavior.
fd84de3938ba80d1c376c97a59e2c6eacd0d8c84	Cowperwood in "Titan" is a character that is quite established and even somewhat rigid in its immobile integrity.
51e814f4b11fafb0b05c3ac2e76677345463f33d	In the last pages of the novel, he is still the same as in the first.
4618e57fdeffd2105bda27acf2348afd581e998c	The interval of twenty years, filled with energetic activity and fierce struggle, the description of which occupies six hundred pages, has almost no effect on the external appearance of the hero and does not affect his inner essence at all.
382a139126cde6d498707606a85b2bd68c9e69cc	Let us, however, be careful in interpreting and evaluating these passions, because it is easy to fall into error here.
b355fa34edadc6640d93b4683ee4823d6910ba38	Cowperwood's passion for money does not mean stinginess, greed or the desire to accumulate.
7d0fe63c7545cc5bdbbaf889e1281d7c06a0aa39	In the" Financier "Cowperwood is mainly engaged in stock speculation, in the "Titan" the range of his activities is significantly expanding.
923c8742293c7b7630f2c6bd08b0c4a043eae204	He invests money in urban rail transport, builds railways, lays an "elevated" and a tram, is engaged in the operation of public transport and, finally, makes an attempt to monopolize it, which promises him grandiose profits.
004629b15d3c2f18af1c83d306861b3990ff7d45	Dreiser convinces the reader that any Cowperwood enterprises have one task — to bring money, profit, and at the same time makes it clear that dollars are not an end for Cowperwood, but a means.
aafcb6711cf4641210e071ac6ff982a2e511aa1d	This was very well felt by the already mentioned Henry Mencken, who noted in one of his articles that a" specific " dollar is not of interest to the Dreiser hero.
d8685f4096e2ecc42c063d72b44f0b03413333a5	His attitude to money resembles the attitude of a painter to brushes and tubes of paint.
8a8bc22602570bd8ff0a0bde4a332c8e734d76ac	Money gives power, and this, from his point of view, is the only meaning of it.
b093efe87149265a10e9941da5039e06bfb6ba51	Naturally, the question arises: why does Cowperwood need power?
1219e5fc323a0d67e60944eb070667ceaf91af63	The answer is simple: on the one hand, Cowperwood is no different from thousands and thousands of power seekers who have been striving for power with inexhaustible persistence throughout the history of mankind— the possession of power gives him satisfaction; on the other hand, power makes it possible to realize "desires".
5aa2cc889c660140160fa156817663ee47e70854	It is easy to see that Cowperwood's colossal energy and titanic struggle are in contradiction with the narrow goals that he pursues.
ff83b11e80bd3c58fa956b60c11f534227fe91ca	Its activities are of a public nature and affect the interests of hundreds of thousands of people, while its goals have a purely personal meaning and are therefore ephemeral in social terms.
99e075966cac3e2e8d738916553b9502d67a1579	Hence the inevitability of the tragic ending of the trilogy, predetermined initially by the character of the hero himself.
d7e31f4b7d510b180584649510f0c8281e178ec4	The same caution should be applied to love ones.
3b8cb14438fc4ed116d1ee5c3cec86a56e460649	Cowperwood's emotions.
68b4f9ee9664c934c92acc0c086bcaaa6862024d	They do not correspond much to traditional ideas about love, but they are a mixture of sexual lust, aesthetic admiration and a possessive desire to"possess".
c0c939f4124b15c2c61294daa220042320531609	Naturally, Cowperwood's "love" is short lived, and his lovers are innumerable.
b351e3f8f9a97698e9da20dca1504f6313a584e8	Critics have long established that Dreiser, along with other naturalist writers, attached exaggerated importance to the physiological aspects of human existence.
a090296519a7f8e988d13390814535377c3d2012	In his works written in the 1910s (especially in "Titan" and "Genius"), there is a clear "sexual bias" that violates the overall artistic balance of the narrative.
201f1061ce14091e5f83434eeb6961313a5ea625	Love episodes in novels acquire a certain shade of obligation, not caused by aesthetic or plot necessity.
2344e24a1738d74583b9803b8202d6ad74ff23d8	Did Dreiser himself understand this?
641d73af8de8de0ebebdf5a2ff23b4bbc4637810	Obviously, he understood, although not very clearly.
fe58bbf95e1c63e59efc8ceb3fe1d423be03487b	In any case, from time to time he offers the reader unconvincing, pronounced patter "excuses" for Cowperwood's sexual aggressiveness, references to "restless, eternally hungry for change, internal anarchism, moral instability," etc.
fdfca29e224719d7c5a79473cfb3f397f46f2abb	At the same time, we would be wrong to completely deny the importance of love episodes in the general philosophical and artistic system of the novel.
9275b74a094e6300229aea9abfe9dcc932fc3e92	The objective meaning of Cowperwood's numerous hobbies and connections is that they set off, emphasize at the level of personal life "zero morality", which is the ethical basis of all aspects of his life.
9426720c998aa9dd475e06c5df9b395d20cf17b7	Dreiser contrasts his hero with other financiers, entrepreneurs, businessmen, large property owners, but at the same time emphasizes in every possible way that Cowperwood stands out among people of his class not because he violates the generally accepted norms of bourgeois morality.
3c43ebb9cdd792296033d5aaa448f3ef7fee808f	Here the matter is different.
14baa77f3d5c7f7defaef6c9b01fccfdd210f875	Successful businessmen, recognizing these norms, violate them secretly.
2b88944174e7edf71937e4a634c0cf9792f47915	And for Cowperwood, there are no ethical imperatives other than his own desires.
c7943b2e31e89292b695640a62d18c9a21586a26	This is the reason for Cowperwood's principled amoralism, which is manifested mainly in his business activities, where lies, dishonesty, blackmail, extortion, bribery, bribes, demagogy are used.
e42d9868f0aade6113ceb44b6d6924464ce58591	Cowperwood uses all these "methods" with his eyes open and, moreover, does not see anything immoral in their application.
eeb756fdf65a1b0773a53fe0508b6dd71b27efd6	And in this sense, Cowperwood's love adventures are quite at the level of his professional activity.
94b9cef093459b60635a994947f91d73dc3516cb	They only help to realize his egocentric total immorality.
5b405e818d01b1952350bba6549a41c30241405a	Cowperwood the businessman and Cowperwood the "seducer" are two sides of the same coin.
9a479ad97a48dd83af5c67e940cc955af4aa143b	As for Cowperwood's admiration for beauty, his passion for art, then everything is not as simple as it may seem at first glance.
73205ae6fcb5f534aacd9a5fd32b7f4ad84dc114	Touching on this sphere of the hero's "desires", Dreiser observes a certain caution.
77ce3e720950d761ff1565e0177efc991f9b5e05	The writer, apparently, was aware of the danger of combining in one image the features of a merciless, insidious predator and a fine connoisseur of fine arts.
94dbf9a0d5adeaa790f2df23bdc0980b82b3033d	Cowperwood's passion for painting initially has an element of self deception.
c9d64767afd9195d43e5e5c14f79a57170aa9093	It is characteristic that, speaking about the financial activities of the hero or about his love affairs, the writer shows and describes, and switching to the area of his aesthetic interests, goes to the style of messages.
b07106fa130058f22d5fc99a6507e120ddf3edb1	He reports that Cowperwood built a house in Philadelphia, a mansion in Chicago and a palace in New York, reports that the hero is well versed in painting and loves it, that he is generally a fan and connoisseur of beauty in any of its manifestations.
5586335714b90486c878d3b836201243abab1844	Many critics answer this question without difficulty: Dreiser had no taste!
90375b32c2d60f7364fabcb48439704ebe4e9dd5	He knew this and therefore avoided descriptions.
062f3d9632b053ad6c227df9b237f208b3c49816	On those rare occasions when the writer gave the reader a "look" at the interior of the buildings erected by Cowperwood, he revealed the vulgar taste of the Nouveau riche, who tended to identify beauty with luxury and high cost.
c0cc62113f3ac24387756251d06d965b82ff2260	But whose taste is it — Cowperwood or Dreiser?
de8b19fa5cafa1ab21d8e5646cfa2b9414afd55c	Critics say Dreiser!
9d9e3fec45aaaaf92260151e7493408aca572161	It seems that we should not rush to categorical conclusions here.
414a9465d5900ab96bb673ef76e83f0a56cfd0c8	Let us recall that a year and a half after the publication of "Titan", the novel "Genius" was published, where Dreiser discovered an excellent knowledge of painting and the ability to deeply understand the problems of art. Let us also recall that "Titan" is not yet the final of the trilogy, and the writer could have his own ideas about the further development of art problems in the final part.
d8cbb7c25076512fac30d31dd26e25a14d96e6f7	In the meantime, we will be satisfied with the statement of the fact that art and beauty as an area in which the hero seeks to satisfy his "desires" is developed in "Titan" in the least detail and convincingly.
0e27e51dc698154fe1d576abb417de2828ce946e	Cowperwood comes to Chicago with the intention of" winning"," winning"," breaking through " and, of course, making capital.
1592baf4737c176a50620516dca77cd2aa7a0aad	Chicago, which is to be conquered, thus becomes not just the arena of Cowperwood's struggle, but also his powerful opponent.
4abfeb9970555ad2d929a06d806a219fe670887a	This specific turn of the narrative is due to Dreiser's intention to show the criminal nature of the activities of the owners of millions, not limited (unlike the "Financier") to purely financial aspects.
1b2ea4386f8e3bdfdc3e768f77a56944a5598561	The image of Chicago, drawn by Dreiser, is multifaceted, multifaceted and contradictory.
fb87552eb13c050601216001079d8ccd18317911	It consists of scenes and episodes which describes the activities of the intermediary firms, banking houses, newspaper editorial offices, construction companies, industrial enterprises and public utilities, municipal town Council, the legislature of the state, political lobby, small and large party bosses, etc. Scene, these richly written, with great skill and very impressive.
cef45ae92fce3a1a6d771233a6dfe3dd633fd99f	Their revealing pathos is distinguished by its power and sharpness.
a5af5097e557b1f0bda73559354b5ec292339caa	Even today, after many decades, they do not leave the reader indifferent.
93175d595602a9d9f79d48e46a188486f5a706f9	The criticism of the" methods " of big business and the fierce denunciation of pervasive corruption were not inherent in Dreiser alone and were not his sole conquest.
79673ab8fc0cb05f5f6e0ea8ed748c861720349a	The writer was moving in the direction of the current of "mud rakers", which reached its greatest scope in 1911, that is, just at the time when Dreiser began working on the trilogy.
fb4e7fadcd156f215728f65e96b9186e32135370	Having emerged as a purely journalistic phenomenon, it eventually broke into fiction and gave rise to the novels of E. Sinclair and D. Phillips, the" Autobiography " of L. Steffens, etc.
97fa25ad12cd1e30d25829be628177c6d911b95c	This does not detract from Dreiser's merits at all, because he was one of the very few who managed to understand that political scandals, blackmail, corruption of officials, mini coups in municipalities, party lists, newspaper demagoguery, the division of the "pie", stock trading and speculation, embezzlement and simple theft do not yet form the life of the nation.
cc637db630d908bee813da95c7406cfec6bb1e07	All this is foam bubbling on the surface.
0cf15ba813d599721c6d9e1ce048acebae887558	And under it, like a bottomless ocean, is the life of a multimillion strong mass of poor people, workers, called the people.
425c8fddf6de572a22ec8bd9af602d8bb6a6753e	Without it, there can be no material or spiritual values, no politics, no art.
845d1f2dba94f70338bec2b149ed3ef4af5ef080	The life of the workers of Chicago is almost not shown in the novel.
01e4c11b53ffdb9808d7df2cf6623624e383169b	There is nothing strange about this: Dreiser had a different task.
88ff57124faef2fcc7aba312bdb6972196372253	If the figures of workers appear in some episodes, the reader has to look at them through the eyes of Cowperwood, to whom they seem like "animals patient, starved, wild".
a8e041956a01c7b3552b1b492893501ec5259c7f	Cowperwood's arguments about the life prospects of the proletarians, about their ability or inability to understand his dreams and plans characterize him, not them.
a2d07d61cd596e64b715dbe57ecda5dd9cff3e8a	Nevertheless, Dreiser makes it clear to the reader that the people are the main force of social progress and it is dangerous to neglect them.
5b60605737f9128bf0d96ac7806404831921aa3a	Cowperwood overcame his financial opponents, intimidated some officials, bribed others, blackmailed others, he lured newspapers, the mayor, the governor to his side and gave huge bribes to members of the legislative assembly, but he neglected the people and made a catastrophic mistake.
050e31ad922498c70c70b9330b354348cd8f5ff1	It was the people who turned out to be the force that he could neither overcome nor circumvent.
0ba0a5b51f32d0a802ebadb7fa812b8862918839	The conqueror failed to conquer Chicago.
eed128dcdfc4d0e17b7a6c3d24997291bfa142d3	He didnot go broke, but I was forced to retreat in disgrace.
376976437d79618d28b081322aefee7a2ac124f2	In fact, Dreiser left the second volume of his trilogy unfinished.
c17138a142f69702e8c4b4b8b7d1e47eeb40589a	Feeling this incompleteness, he added a final chapter to the text ("Looking back"), full of vague arguments about the "striving for balance", which is the supreme Law, God or creative force, and many unanswered questions.
807dc7a580bf029ac0b8873c47eb2136887f9484	At the same time, this chapter contains a brief mention of Cowperwood's subsequent activities (in Dresden, Rome, London) and thus, as it were, throws a bridge to the last part of the trilogy — the novel "Stoic"
55840ff0739c18559b28cfb446449f3397fe78ef	If the homework is on the topic: "Review of the novel Titan.
7c9d1ea893c197080c24afe245adb469a516b0b3	Dreiser Theodore turned out to be useful to you, then we will be grateful to you if you post a link to this message on your page in your social network.
eab5b67c3a9c695894b77885fbc1480b8a93729b	Previous essay: Pasternak B. L. school essay on the work on the topic, Miscellaneous, Analysis of a scene from the novel by B. Pasternak " Doctor Zhivago” (Larisa at the coffin of Yuri Zhivago)
bf87f04c0cc4287804cbc3c873ea82f659118014	The following composition: Songs of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage an artistic analysis.
4e9d00c6c99fc2676eaae57209b38fa44757e034	Byron George Gordon
2cbfd20b57a227f95ab7548800b36992f39af7d2	23 February 2012 Italian Literature
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c7298014fc024387dbd05b9ecdaecd2ec8b2570d	BROOK poem
7b3f35d480112c040ebe06924acd7cb039835845	Dictionary of literary terms
2fc763d50ef1d8f7863c31570c9b4a617c7c3a94	Three little pigs (a fairy tale in verse)
956ceee354a15ce932252c9b2df0309dda9adcf8	Parrot Ass, or The Story of a Disgruntled parrot
ed4b8f04935f2ec0d018aca304a63e6f93bd6001	"Corinna, or Italy" by M de Stael in a brief summary
04203ce7cb6818d7e0948756e495ad2cedc05917	Wishes and congratulations on Valentine's Day
9f3a10d7af30d3f00de54bbdbcef267c6d7518be	Remote hybridization
cac24ed0c14f7f3cacdcec6210d0b10622ab29e6	Essays on the topic
962f2a46a6704d54b72843abdda633cdb58067a2	Theodore Dreiser.
814b11a7eea13a1d09250cbd39336da577361036	Theodore Dreiser is a famous American writer and publicist.
a86b041ad6d546de8c7281681ee63aaac6b9e3ea	Vin narodivsya in 1871 roci in the state of Indiana.
47d9a7799f980f8a73619313da497de6baf4ab12	Vin buv dvanadtsyatoyu ditinoyu Review to the novel Titan.
abdc74517d77e3572b28e859e2eb03e89bd884b4	«...In the middle of the wide shariv natsii grew perekonannya, scho at the top of the kupka sank in the doorway titaniv without souls without hearts, scho Theodor Dreiser (1871-1945)
211fc77ee9e437912bbd51bed55b79a0e1e91508	A novelist, publicist, public figure, one of the most popular American writers in our country.
e164052ac1f246215d2cdad386d9c1df879627ce	A native of a first generation immigrant family: Theodore Dreiser
1ced1a244fffcc5bb12b00f297e05c555da8df46	Not only did he quickly gain fame, but to a certain extent he even outlived his fame.
a9acbfc3aaa4cb4e4f65d3522fab8edfc3cd726b	He very quickly turned into a live Reviewer of the novel Finansist.
852558db8796513512665ef82d2c69d56276b045	Chastain 2 – - artistic analysis.
e39b687bd29a06636368c53bec42228f3a84cc2d	The labor of the Dreiser's life has begun in Tim visi, if the normal children are grayut in igrashki.
c2fb302490af28b2c3772fb7d0b3daef1147b55c	Vin selling newspapers, hiring on ' farms,
79b5cb38bb7e0574e3db0452757538313564fa3d	Rating of essays
3c05a4787151f87f716138e9253881dacfffc535	The shepherd by the Stream sang plaintively, in anguish, His misfortune and his irretrievable damage: His beloved lamb had recently drowned in the
3d13cf4fe2405d1251a7d96f31222c4fae49ffad	Professional games.
5a01db6f2d606f2a701b77fbab0924cc899be0e3	Part 2
b75383ad6c6f6555a2a28e0d42c4e9197c6c250a	Plot based role playing games for children.
eae7af1ba1e05802c34892441d8956e98195c0dc	Game scenarios.
e2bbf209ae0e6210387a30e3ed477444bda8fe6e	&quot;
78a4bc7ea1adc826f2fc4bb2c74af7d05c0b80ce	We are going through life with fiction&quot;
3fb2b95483ac00d7f99a84c7eae07c8adce45ef9	This game will reveal the most observant player and allow them
426df624ebb57264033b6b107c5fb5b6f6cfc2d0	USE test in chemistry Reversible and irreversible chemical reactions Chemical equilibrium Answers
8c7a3e4013768e0949d5bb12285b81457573dbe8	Reversible and irreversible chemical reactions.
a5b5b76d86de502066fe922c153aa4e7f6926451	Chemical equilibrium.
1eaa35cf6db278d6e9449c5ad4c3aedefc13f270	Displacement of the chemical equilibrium under the influence of various factors 1.
9c187a4ef6d5224bda8e369f56080f1caa575180	Chemical equilibrium in the 2NO(g)system
166dfd1a7b141265c030b4940244b0399638d788	Physical properties of niobium
375940ae54e28bf797a299ccc3e686944a4655e8	Niobium in its compact state is a shiny silvery white (or gray in powdered form) paramagnetic metal with a volume centered cubic crystal lattice.
13abc282cd874a6b6bbff9714f59e65f832a2bed	The role of parts of speech in a work of fiction
8f454745bf4597cf7335e428e6bbbdfb1a60f8c8	The noun.
eed9a400d49d56a0631d7e6ddccfb8c92e0d9a3c	Saturation of the text with nouns can become a means of linguistic depiction.
4e2d35968e7a3382ac40620387eb80ea347b4118	The text of the poem by A.
7c63acd685c04aa62d9919ca356846902cf4e104	A. Fet "A whisper, a timid breath...", in its own time
41cf48b337164d51bbfdb0d60db4987c976f595b	Sections Graduation essays Russian literature
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643f1211b8a272b441ae077bd6791bd34d6ec176	ORKSE course "Fundamentals of the spiritual and moral culture of the peoples of Russia" "Secular ethics" Topic: "Samples of the culture of peoples" 4th grade
4c67f97b807d281e24c8b37a61ab10b9a3b62a2d	Puzzles for the child's mind
18577a8d545615748e3d05236c4cf93d2b8214a6	Summary of the lesson on " Chemistry in my life”
a8a56cbe573f9b7afc77ad5661a60250c058f1a3	Bart The Rhetoric of the image
6b3d1f3fd733dc6b91bf7d119f7b09cdc4d6ae7a	Lecture hall
e06a7c4f6f816528d57748d63912a811e2d48a94	Russian Russian essays and essays on the Russian and world literature of our mighty, beautiful Russian language this is the main idea and idea of the site.
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873bf538151137ac3e2667bc32700dc5d3e9a778	Chronology Literature of the XVII century Literature of the XVIII century Literature of the XIX century Literature of the XX century
400818d6e0a3cd318e3de8e83dac282c5933cc83	"The Financier", an artistic analysis of the novel by Theodore Dreiser
88048dcb1c1a4b29e7ff5db42e465884c27fd8ad	The first novel in the series "The Trilogy of Desire" was published in 1912.
5ee1d288ea6137a639b0ddb11f0af624a267feee	In it, Dreiser told about the initial, Philadelphia period of the life of a successful financier Frank Algernon Cowperwood and related business and moral problems.
8cb254879b0950b6b97951e885b589c25a39d0c7	Dreiser defines him as a "rational egoist", literary critics as a person with "zero morality".
f7b5c05af2fabc73a2d951fa59a851e9de40b6e8	From the point of view of a person of the XXI century, such a position looks direct and honest.
5f97e39d2215639cfc514cf2547e3672f78cfd5f	At the beginning of the XX century, it was impossible due to the social moral principles developed over decades, which put the family above everything.
651eadff77c6f22bf24b62ae3d8a0566e1e40c8a	Frank, who understands that "life cannot be squeezed into any framework," refuses to obey the norm that is alien to him.
7177960bccc811ca523ea408c102c1f361732e9e	Eileen, who is in love with him, for whom "generally accepted religious views and concepts" have never been a deterrent, "gives herself up to the feeling and feeling of inner rightness in a relationship where" a man and a woman are suitable for each other "without any special emotional experiences.
ba8b41cde2dca32bb557f053aa4b6f937465e966	Independent, bold, fervent, sly, suspicious, purposeful, calm, far – sighted, cautious, accurate this is the set of qualities that Dreiser gives his hero.
2938ef167245a909daeb75f65704af186169b233	At the age of thirteen, Cowperwood realizes that he is ready to fight for his place in the sun, and declares to his family: "I donot want to be a boy.
d770243aa66373d094c60e642f8dab0c3aeca796	I want to work."
63b32f0a4508f8f9723cb0cd03f2c694849d6b61	Having started his financial activity at seventeen, by the age of thirty four, Frank has grown to the level of a large stockbroker and the owner of a controlling stake in one of the profitable horse drawn railway lines.
ebdb1700b445b9c4eaef9075c346faa8550de539	He perceives the civil war between the industrial North and the slave owning South as an annoying hindrance that hinders the business development of the country and does not bring him anything personally.
8a2f80c6663e3bf8d185e521094da2fa01447b6a	"The Financier", a summary of the novel by Theodore Dreiser
702079b8fa2e1497aa71a38ca12b58751bbd9e6b	"An American Tragedy", an artistic analysis of the novel by Theodore Dreiser
9901edf16c0de94ec73d22de4c3c89e61e815239	"Sister Kerry", an artistic analysis of the novel by Theodore Dreiser
75fee791204fa8069ce74dd17249d0f1f7f5ab9c	"An American Tragedy", a summary of the novel by Theodore Dreiser
9d837d824dee414a96796729dbab8817886678ff	"Titan", a summary of the novel by Theodore Dreiser
c0676a024a8c9bbc682a8f81bdc994ac58e57829	"Stoic", a summary of the novel by Theodore Dreiser
e67d7ad5fb1898cb05e126df612a18950c26c696	"Sister Kerry", a summary of the novel by Theodore Dreiser
a61a38f2602e7d0f98f79bfc2343d2245a42446a	"Stoic", an artistic analysis of the novel by Theodore Dreiser
19db13c2fee7c0c391bd731b42158c8a374ec8ff	"Titan", an artistic analysis of the novel by Theodore Dreiser
e3c1c7c7988e896d779d80141d53a80d073d013d	Theodore Dreiser, a brief biography
465fb9abfd7d7f38473a8311922500cf60ba2019	According to the work: "The Financier" According to the writer: Dreiser Theodore
7f0efec0cddf629555c25c446a1464c715177146	Copyright (c)
cd10213377d775d0cf14de005e6d3eecbc19c337	2009-2017 Goldlit.
0aea8f26d6ee0595f7420c2234688f5a873fc772	Literary criticism, essays, brief contents, biographies of writers.
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1b284de3777f5675ac7d3bd2b6bc8214b66dd460	Alexander Pavlutsky's blog
8ef49e4a80540fa472ac81a225b065c01b137b92	Emotions, stories and reflections are all here.
6ec4eed8ea3f628de12f468a92631b127895b8b6	The trilogy of desires (Financier, Titan, Stoic).
7bbe08e832d8b5161a36af1630147fd24b60a25e	15.05.2011
fd0c918c2cdfa7a3ac95d04288adececed9376ca	by Alexander Pavlutsky
209caf50be6a65e3427cd30ed15cfba220900c11	I just finished reading the book Stoic.
102af5266e2b2aa32f086675f0c9c61f260155ff	This is the third and last volume of the insanely interesting novel "The Trilogy of Desires".
344990b29ee798268321ba67ce4203c7f2010ac8	The main theme of the story is the adventures of an incredibly gifted and intelligent financier who shocked the world with his plans and their implementation in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
2c013d14197d9e8aff443e9446384c6dc3661359	The author of the novel, Theodore Dreiser, is known to the world for his critical views on the capitalist system.
5f6fb4193cf98fbbe4e1c41737feca58f3f84db9	"Financier", "Titan" and "Stoic" are completely imbued with the soul of capitalism and its inherent manners.
49e47013241c3e1d2c995c2008c15e06799e21d9	The main character of the novel is named Frank Cowperwood.
f7039d8ea238ff516a384ea2b3c6abc8b52e7146	In the first volume — The Financier — Frank appears to readers as a young and very promising boy.
b80eae0240e3ee200aedd91d7381bd4f64a1f81f	His father works as a manager in a bank, and his mother is a housewife.
95d5c6e784061fc85a496b4a5d13b0ab9880d232	Since childhood, he has been noted for his leadership qualities and a huge interest in financial affairs.
ca2b4081c7927fdec4b58b93fa4286bb3497ae74	By the age of 13, Frank understands the financial system as well as stockbrokers and wants to test his knowledge somehow.
54a32aa603386b2d3f87220c0f26c85f2f85a63b	He stood out vividly among his peers: mature views on life and rational thinking allowed him to gain an advantage in any disputes.
b551af83c84720e7d1a39afd4746bde692a36e29	At the age of 19, he fell in love with a certain Lillian and after his words: "At the age of 19, I have a richer life experience than you at the age of 26.
0098379336e759cb0db26c2712e63c69ce8050a5	I already know more about life now than you will know it in a lifetime.
14b6268e3aff98e6048d3a227c84ac159fa0412a	Let me lead you along the path of life" she melted and married him.
b139a3137bbc6b75c2a299e71d6e0bee51d7b43f	By the way, women are probably the only weakness of Frank Cowperwood.
d0487e7c5f4d126d5a44126ba2571e6236790a3e	Throughout his life, he felt the charm of dozens of women, he married two of them, several more played a very important role in his life.
f6b7e265899ed215b5fcd2952cfd16bd2e6f23b6	By the age of 25, Frank had already become a millionaire and gained a reputation as a good financier.
bf49be0c84ba9123daf9ee968f26f664dc799ec8	He was called the "thief of Philadelphia" and even sent to prison for a year.
4246d45c0e31312c6395ca113e5b6ce926813390	All this time, he was supported by Eileen, the daughter of his former partner (after he found out about the relationship of Cowperwood, married to Lillian, with his daughter, he became his hated enemy).
0c985d69fad8e5716c4875c08c23220fb58b0e32	When Frank gets out of prison, he marries Eileen and resumes his activities.
0097375dff1fcd83fbb2456b9df5da3d07a9e9c9	When the opportunity arises, he successfully plays on the stock exchange and, being a millionaire, goes West to Chicago.
a4cd6f6c51be0d611f3cfa34eaac9d18e66128dd	The law can be turned anywhere — it is a loophole to the forbidden, dust that can be dusted over the eyes of anyone who would like to exercise their right to see , a veil that is arbitrarily lowered between the truth and its implementation, between justice and the punishment that it imposes, between crime and punishment.
cb6211124114e74b2ac971e815818e0c4a53e310	Lawyers are mostly enlightened hires who are bought and sold, Frank said
b36de31a16b3e2b3b37c2f1d6875efa7aa00b9cd	By that time, Cowperwood had become an arch millionaire (his capital was estimated at $ 30 million, which was a huge amount at that time) and set a very ambitious task: to connect all his transport systems, issue shares and gain $ 200 million on this.
baf1d24ea2921e0fc9601f37d58b4fcc50c9956f	Naturally, the enemies could not come to terms with this.
b69679fc1e779a172ad9744cd26fec457a987b00	The whole city turned against Frank, and eventually, he was forced to retreat.
b7e47bed5099ae1e04451efe4182a2a28dc79959	When a person acts for the benefit of himself, he thereby, as a rule, benefits others.
63a600ffe3a7b467e570aeb84c36edd3bd513afb	By the age of 60, Cowperwood is the owner of almost a hundred million capital.
1084d04d5b914db161060d0f1c127691292b7e71	He has already separated from Eileen (although this was practically not publicly disclosed) and lives with a new person — Berenice.
ad817618c6ba949d23a8c1eeb65783c44ba5c78e	Over time, he feels worse and worse, and at the age of 62, he dies.
3fdaf160aabd85762e6d19955a289be14f27d38a	Summarizing:
2e1a3871ae62481216d96aa68ac70e7c1917314b	The novel made a huge impression on me.
4cdc7b81f30395b35645d60b58ff879b31d269ca	The first volume (about 500 pages) I read it in 2 days.
91f04d5c9c24c623edc65a8f68c57af379fba6b1	The second (505 pages) and the third (350 pages) were also "absorbed" by me very quickly.
62c821a0ab4f3391f4c5ffe94df09de04cc2f012	The novel reveals all the problems of the extremely corrupt government in America, all the oddities and customs of the American mentality of the early 20th century, all the human quirks and peculiarities.
392a3d281fcb7df69c5c3599a0340376eedc4adc	The main character is certainly a great person who managed to go against the whole world.
c198759c2e56163f1162e30c52dfcbdd286ca84e	He was hated, feared, respected, admired.
db649d41d235f2d0e15a3f51cbd2a5df74bc269b	He was a "patron" for his wards and a nightmare for his enemies.
e57591e6f72f9dd205e201414b4aac7828bc9d41	Extremely strong minded and cynical Cowperwood fought for his happiness, for his ideas and ambitions throughout the novel.
6f08e7f3339fae4e47153a0b794d89e53cbb5b47	I would recommend this book to everyone, absolutely everyone.
fec190b0761fc4c16a4bcf0275f3c006890e4b5b	It will be especially useful for businessmen and people associated with entrepreneurial activity.
b7d3aaf90ea1ee6f1ef29165d016a904bb1d1192	Theodore Dreiser once again proved his genius and made people admire him.
d5e16f6fe4928a8308f69a885343181c84df4fc4	I want to finish this article with a few quotes from the novel:
b217de95100fb47bfae1d7b0a7ecb89ac131d9f4	"My wishes come first" was Cowperwood's motto.
06f727a82fa0eb67fc0de61c7c285a092f55415f	He could have boldly inscribed it on the shield with which he went to battle for a place among the chosen of fortune.
fd297abe9a667609be82a9512ce519c40a180f1f	However, as someone has already said: "Is it possible to reckon with such a trifle as the constitution between good friends?".
769adfb07a5f28a51bd4697f67f8eb0b024539fd	One strong person always respects another.
ca7d71d003de09773d608405d07d07289cd0d91b	There is nothing more sensitive in the world than money, and this sensitivity has been largely transmitted to the financiers themselves, who constantly deal with money.
5c0a6bf301621c3e45dfb2897b233a21901947b1	Immeasurable are the depths of baseness to which a fool can fall!
c2c9dd90388c2abe3b0796ef62cbff2be9d5342a	That's all.
f90be4ea39c169bfad4eb6e5dcbdf5f9d1c81ac2	Categories: Library
42099b4af021e53fd8fd4e056c2568d7c2e3ffa8	/
fcba4316c5f8034085e6acf661050b118a807ce4	Tags: A trilogy of wishes
2fd238a085d517c3a610a0a04a6a7df6e9fa15a1	8 Comments
61ef1e66e23ceff5a6ec7eab7dcfe19d23a6256a	Useful
a9d5d572793907e6ebb9befae6a7e8cb6f970439	I have already read this trilogy for a long time, Now I will probably take it again and reread it to update my impressions=)
0331dd23fe81d25cc1772a185341b2d642f828a4	I also really liked Dreiser's "American Tragedy", I advise you to read it.
436a83cdcdce66c1dc71db956760da5504b0a162	Vir2al
26a2e4294b3338dca83f32f03d21fabfbcb47afb	I will take note of this trilogy, I am still reading Generation P.
9660f36107204844c9bec63ec8fca6925ba951f9	It is also a very interesting book about copywriters and advertisers after the collapse of the USSR
9179c2a4f6dfd37f26a673eafcd5a8c0ae5c857c	Leo Craft
4075e239bb5afd324666bcf2a7b9246d139c9f82	Be sure to read it:)
3db3e8f66294be46eb87d8fc96ee5cd0ba6bbcd6	Is this the book that Mavrodi made the film based on?
0d57bd5497ca26a92593094bf3e21c5097192fa3	Fisher
31b7e1d76747629e01352329a0622ef44090401a	Wow, if a 500 page book was absorbed by you in two days, it is really worth praising — there are not many such books in my practice:)
149c903173338ed42822eb5395c5ede76d0e06cf	I will definitely read it when I have free time!:)
3620500681707bfd56c8a3f3ab6ec476d9a4de3a	Now I'm learning to read faster.
7d8175db1669fa44e7db5111769e3587555cccb6	Therefore, it turns out that I spend less time.
fde25b7fdbef7f34a4a47d04b8866817da9229af	But 500 pages in 2 days is a record for me.
29ad82626c5099703d281ae2b1a2bc3f6aefb570	I did not leave the book, very exciting!
7242eb700d191b9ebdcde3121d50bf07247dce04	Pingback: Diving into the Future | MagicSeo
82cb5a6cf1684e662fc9ea32ca87ba76780cd92b	Miha
2434398ddae3f8acb8ecf12e382b3b95167e41b3	25.06.2011
3aaf9c0fc502d6a160f7f0899100c25bf4005f3d	I read the first part a week ago. I found it on my grandfather's bookshelf, I was interested, because I had already heard this falmilia before.
8e5f54b9c6355060c2f85bfab338c2d2c00088b0	I swallowed the book in 2 days, which is rare for me.
0b6394706aff307e0cb2fbea8b75b9110fdfbe81	I'm thrilled!
13d25c97c5df57f25f083d166a55c14c8d155dda	Olesya
08745363f958b6a599b89ad0a1570711aaff57f0	Comment I read one book, and I liked it.
70cd1fcbb6be49b1576d7fed2a46e9d935b2a5bf	The plot is of course in ancient times,and the main character has repeatedly solved his personal financial affairs in general so good!
27af1777c7c238ab898d496ee56ea1fc9628e731	A trilogy?I've only read one book....And it turns out there are two more!
6fa8ae01d3563e3c58b6e515b1f2b647b45870dc	Submit a comment Cancel the response
4895f4eca7101008894238988c22b0a813b7fd26	Probably, each of us has heard about this couple at least out of the corner of his ear.
2ab2654f0bf878ff748ed085a8f0ad3a3ff74fa6	She was very romanticized, imagining two lovers struggling with the system.
cb2a1223551e85a8aa75f3f2c55ac80b056ffb67	According to some sources, it is believed that Clyde was a homosexual.
8c03bbba22f27d0242c5e0bc212a42fb31c27405	According to others, it is alleged that Bonnie and Clyde were lovers, but at the same time entered into sexual relations with other gang members.
ab572c39847540327ede5a20b27bcae83d53aa9f	For example, it is known that Roy Hamilton (pictured) was the lover of both.
579909b47030d937bfb0998c1be1b0bad6db4488	It's hard to say who they really were, but in general, it's interesting to read about them.
503e5407123b142ad21742e74e4fcd15237e22a9	At least because there were not many such bright couples at all.
818d424c1c3efdc0bed9b9a59d9db9231aae6ce2	Everything in their life happened extremely quickly and concentrated.
f201db1fb0830aaeadfbafaee2ce92b9a93eaefc	Their names have long become household names, and their history has formed the basis of many works of art of different genres.
132b612428a57de48b6c2fa7453e83c31010a229	Are Boney and Clyde eternal lovers or just partners?
abd93f7c02b47c98591d2e453c3be08d54df8794	What connected these two apart from the recorded crimes?
0753a273a798de672244d0eeb67038eb5c9ef6a1	Is the story of Boney and Clyde about endless cruelty or real feelings?
3f1b13b90aa56ada0ddfdaf740afec66439f9b34	Such a development of events can be considered natural, the fact that the couple did not have a normal future is obvious.
a28cb0728e62f554e2501c8ac68756df99e10b8d	And yet, despite all the negative qualities of these bloodthirsty murderers, who brought grief to a huge number of families, their devotion to each other is admired.
635cd74474ae696332d6eb516dde0d0908677691	However, he had a number of talents and noble hobbies, he played some musical instruments well, for example.
51517957a1e7854f1548aedaa6be15562f89d54d	However, the lack of faith in his own strength and the desire to achieve something by legal methods played a cruel joke on him.
5d7b579ce48009a81e344d13d299cb462260fdec	Clyde Chestnut Barrow had a fierce fire burning in his soul since childhood.
8628cb8b1c4cd1de9ab9f7fac008aeba6d6f9226	Clyde was a rare desperate breed that gives criminals and great heroes.
a14afc830a51ae7bd0b23e6f6ed6f1acd106ac2a	But there was no one to raise a hero out of him.
685d5f54cfd62bc7eddcdd4c7a83b2c3a8b0456d	The Barrow family moved to Dallas in the early twenties, desperate to feed seven children from a rented piece of cotton plantation.
5b119153eb40b9ede275671b0c2ab8e120d16bc9	Henry, the father of the family, was lucky: he managed to find not just a job at a gas station, but a job with housing — a single back room.
bca804e0428be23155fc4a8f56cb0eaf94052d86	Now there was no need to collect white boxes with the last of their strength, and children had the opportunity to go to school in the city.
d110ebca91fc321828329cd9da4aba2daf700a17	However, Clyde, the fifth offspring, did not find anything valuable in this opportunity.
e6db15542567b66138e6ac72b22822ce760ff7a4	Instead of lessons, he usually wandered around the streets in the company of his older brother Buck and other similar blockheads with a cigarette in their teeth.
1171bde29ab2442ecfc53f9975462b0b69c3cbb6	They had fun as much as they could: sometimes they dragged sweets in grocery stores, sometimes they broke windows.
0fcc383e02653c80df17ee4a822ea9db65a9f648	He also had a more worthy hobby — Clyde learned to play the guitar and even the saxophone well (his sister's husband was a musician).
fad3c9e9fdd0e44aa61848d80060f49f940026cf	But Clyde's parents didn't have the money to buy musical instruments, and besides, it takes years of hard work to become a musician — this is not an option for Clyde.
03f661550eaed4b30a5884f3d1688f8d25fcc72d	He always preferred to see the results of his efforts right now.
a14330830d07e17f6641dc61a065cd0deb24963c	Such concepts as" future "and" prospects " seemed to be completely unfamiliar to him.
161da4b450e5d5cf211d3ba3748cb3583246b865	He possessed an invaluable quality, characteristic, let's not lie to the soul, of a few enlightened individuals — to live exclusively in the present moment, without fear of meeting its sorrows and joys face to face.
440e1343b94e27e7799d1f83e23ba566df81a26a	But unlike enlightened personalities, he had neither indifference to material values nor humility.
777f90a764dbca41adcd5221c464864f267d25ca	At 17, the school was finished.
4d29ac3acb884daf0076a00822e04e67591f13f4	Clyde tried to work honestly for several months, only to realize that such a lifestyle was not for him.
edf102227182525930849f8c04fb3b7d17838fe8	He did not stay in any place for more than a few weeks — because of his explosive nature and complete lack of interest.
187693f6a30b9d62944a77b2f6ab0215ba888cd1	He hung out in the billiard rooms with the same company or came up with sharper entertainment.
5e8272d58cd3e0698fa9dfc30fac3589df47d8f2	One night, out of nothing to do, Clyde and Buck stole an old car and went for a ride in a nearby suburb.
8ad764cb3700a20ab8ddc30f2dd4b6733a7e4d64	The shop windows twinkling in the moonlight and the serene silence gave the brothers an interesting idea.
8e4aa4a27c6f465c67c33f6e7d59b09271842dc7	The door of the car shop on the main street gave way in a matter of minutes, the safe did not have to be searched for long, and, to the joy of the brothers, it turned out to be not heavy at all.
dcba91d387ffa151b3013150f6ea1c975dfad998	They didn't even believe that everything was so simple when the iron locker found itself in the back seat of the car.
f759d28a0d57ef247deb5717e52071748e69674d	But soon a police patrol caught up with them.
f0614e6c9f42a83867353c96fa844acfba7c1d34	Buck, in his fright, abruptly twisted the steering wheel, the car crashed into a tree, and the unlucky burglars had to flee for their lives.
9ab209bf1f69040ebaf6c860647f400e7b4ad4d1	After running through several yards without remembering himself, Clyde suddenly realized that he was alone.
bcc72ac38cc86530701b52dde46eecdd78f72520	Buck hesitated two steps away from the car — and a week later he found himself in the hospitable walls of the Huntsville prison.
bf14c586a75d8e4573aadb4b8a583afcb75bf353	He never revealed the name of his accomplice.
0d78caea3386ab4969478e746e384b0d961332d9	Bonnie Elizabeth Parker is the daughter of a bricklayer from Rowan, Texas.
5863530567c0ded8580fed0026bc744860ea8c14	Her father died when she was not yet four years old.
85e0565b80ac1fbdff434f3c9668fc9244426a18	Together with her sister and mother, the girl moved to Dallas.
7fc15f09b6f40af8c163df73545b6b92fd71b4e4	Everyone who knew Bonnie remembered that she was very pretty.
5400d386406f11ecc872a802c62f16139d52501d	She was a little over five feet tall, elegant, with a twinkle in her eyes.
5401b5fd9cb303cfddf8bccc47ab125256f6bcba	When Bonnie met Clyde, she was twenty, she worked as a waitress in a roadside cafe and was conditionally married.
7dcf24dc9a1c698e7b8defc16fce587b8b90e7ea	Her husband, whom she married at sixteen, right after school, was not at all conditionally imprisoned for theft and wrote long letters from places not so remote.
3e802f35b7af9c9411accd0088a4925f6ec1828e	She was more angry than she missed him, sure that it was because of him that she had to spend all day among truckers who did not miss the opportunity to slap her on the ass or make a greasy joke about her.
34f966a4f97c5ceca63590586ba6c8c02a45617b	A criminal husband was a terrible misunderstanding in Bonnie's life — at least, her parents thought so (or rather, her mother and grandmother; her father died when the girl was barely four).
51aef0147821812f705d92bdeaf7181f96574120	This was also the opinion of the school teachers: one of the best students, with a strong and bright character, she was clearly able to hit a better jackpot in life.
090d29f5595f05b52d4a0e00ada5b956102f0098	But Bonnie, although an excellent student, always liked bad boys and preferred to go after her feelings.
acba3f0ee94c39b9ed13083646de8592cb8e97dd	She and her husband had been together for a little more than a year, but she still had a tattoo for memory: two hearts, and the names "Roy and Bonnie"inside.
97a6607e5da880957a9e2e21102d81195326050e	To complete the picture, fate, which had already prepared Bonnie and Clyde for the most exciting romantic journey in American history, added another detail to the scenery of the upcoming drama: in the autumn of 1929, six months before their meeting, the Great Depression began in America.
73edd8467ec601bc0e8aaaa485baf095625e835a	Millions of Americans at once lost their hopes for the future and felt that the haves and the powerful did not care about them at all.
61b3a4bf58cc41fd2ed6974a456605c5a4daffd2	Clyde saw at least some semblance of well-being among his relatives and acquaintances melt away.
9b34f85c10c2b0d85fec19c8a6fd47ea0714c30b	Well, he wasn't going to work for pennies.
f10e8c8165c8827bb2537d80ffa0dd365069552e	Those who have taken away people's chances of a decent life should be prepared for the fact that he will take something away from them as well.
a97e6d0f0ea98f5b01a3bf927d1fe2590c32c18d	Clyde did not learn anything from his brother's fate, he turned into a thunderstorm of expensive store owners and rich passers-by.
0739d783b6a82e5fdefbcd6fa59d57fcbbd87662	Clyde told about his exploits to anyone who was willing to listen, and the police were just waiting for an opportunity to put handcuffs on him.
183cf2180f24a7a061b883aa75a18c62ef8164d6	In early 1932, Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow met for the first time at the house of a mutual friend.
1913f6a0d23bf059b0d5a1c127680318b7be24c6	He was a 22-year-old embittered criminal, she was a 21-year-old bored waitress with a rich imagination, a craving for" bad boys "and"dangerous adventures".
535a0d0b77020be3ebbd1bf33930fdd41a00e675	Bonnie kept a diary and wrote poetry.
ae3b93c35e70ffa08c3bc976347d28b2a90cc085	She did not dream of a long life and a big family, she wanted to "have fun".
5221d85602e4424098d0ac6193b625cafdf3fecd	Clyde Barrow liked Bonnie, and he could provide her with the "fun" that she wanted.
361b1a72c3518de6462fe08751fb73e183f3e3bc	Contrary to subsequent legends, the Bonnie and Clyde gang, which included several other people, did not specialize in bank robberies.
e399abbc42df92d7ae079800fd5e9d6fe68f3f9c	The main targets of the raiders were small shops and gas stations.
23942a3d651fe0e9de919357aea83a6c5c4ac1cf	Finally, in April 1930, Clyde, who had just turned 21, was sent not to the local jail, but to Eastham prison.
c8cc2d16e8ec02923f49abcd7b2f7166ec8756a2	Some biographers of the criminal couple believe that the reason was that Clyde was a victim of sexual violence in prison.
31b8839aaaa4fa69d8696b8db2cb89aa1b66f6e9	As a result, Clyde killed his abuser.
cc6ac5b28c39104f2846ed29170ba643a935b579	Clyde Barrow dreamed of taking revenge on the prison, in which he had to endure a terrible humiliation.
cb933ae214f4ba612d68e3c0c5a663a0c0b27afa	The revenge was to be a mass escape, which he intended to organize.
dd5a4753b6a7824994458d09898e98063d22a9d4	To get money for it, the gangsters began to rob small shops.
5534d1f5c37215bb6812a42dc96b043aebc5e7b7	On April 30, 1932, during another raid on the store, in which Bonnie did not participate, the owner tried to resist, for which he was beaten on the spot.
7e5610dae8ff6ceece2af0024825cde7ac368801	Clyde was not afraid of this outcome, but only provoked.
3d47d4c771dbb219a6303f0bc8acc080606360b0	On August 5, 1932, Barrow and his accomplice Raymond Hamilton were drinking in a bar in Stringtown.
1b8166b4f6941a704284cfe3ba5b8e4a90d4e256	When the sheriff and his deputies appeared on the threshold of the institution, the bandits shot them.
6bdb53b42a1de545a4581d6cb386016a68aaf097	On October 11, Clyde dealt with the owner of the store, Howard Hall.
6328d98bd94a6fc42454484d3a1ab08b5c7a0029	The killer's prey was $ 28 and food.
4c6fffa3b8311ca2603e474693c87608d3a4c235	Bonnie was not afraid of murder, but she told Clyde that all these were "toys", and serious things needed to be done.
cab27d7f8f707a951033f956bb3dc33e53aaefc4	After that, the bandits moved on to raids on banks.
ef182263173eed582ff641992677cc2d1a903455	On August 20, a criminal trio robbed a gun store in Illinois, adding to their arsenal.
82f1684464682c0e4132459c307b750af97cb7f3	After that, they went to visit relatives.
db1464dff0a33a8ebb196d29044eca237d2bbf9a	In November, the two of them, Bonnie and Clyde, came to Texas to visit their relatives, setting up a meeting for them in an abandoned village.
136be333fb945667f1a7e9d4b4d04966a0606d30	The local sheriff, having learned about the date, prepared an ambush, but the criminals noticed the trick and again escaped from the trap.
97eb2f49d3bff9de4c640cb8e8f03c8db5205943	Clyde did not forget about his main goal, and on January 16, 1934, he implemented a plan: gangsters attacked Eastham prison, provoking a mass escape of prisoners, during which a security officer was killed.
49de245115e95cddb25ddfbbbb28ec583e203f48	One morning in Rustin, Louisiana, Bonnie and Clyde stole a car belonging to a certain Mr. Darby.
c88fb46545be4f5767d551ecaee21bea62c9abe0	He saw the kidnappers and asked his neighbor Sophia Stone to borrow her car to catch up with the criminals.
49f471eee17290c9aa90d84b3eddd222a8f3407f	Darby and Sophia soon realized that the chase was pointless.
1bb18839c3458f395034583dad8e112d8f65c44b	They turned the car around and drove back.
b3daf65e3b1332f4b7dec2afa7c8075b51c1c76a	However, they soon noticed that they were being chased by ... a stolen car.
52321e73a159be93dbc0e59458a6e3b6880c06fa	Darby and Sofia were taken hostage.
0c32eddd6c2658da3147d4c883d577f04e82a541	Sofia later recalled that Bonnie held a loaded pistol to her side all the way.
e2ac37f7522a555307196da09ae21c4fb041635e	When Bonnie learned that Mr. Darby worked in a funeral home, she laughed and said that maybe one day he would prepare her body for burial as well.
5a11a8672e493f3b26bcaf194c89b07a19abc749	But Bonnie was right: Mr. Darby did see her again... in the morgue.
37eae645ff22cb70356a18dc0b325ca1a3282969	In March 1933, Bonnie and Clyde appeared in Joplin, Missouri.
d59ad0d7eb57c3ab7600921c8e1c74979dd41b68	Here they looked into the house of Herbert Farmer, who, according to rumors, supplied weapons to gangsters.
989c4a1421cd0abf38f5a4cb1f948cd6dfb0a364	All they needed was Browning automatic rifles, which Farmer had recently stolen from the arsenal of the American army.
262d77b79792d6498905277861fb30a6788c7b83	At that moment, another gangster was in Farmer's house — James Henry Blakey Odette.
45745a3f22412e4eb7cbaeb3e35143d240f3c810	He later told reporters: "They gently stroked the trunks, as if they were holding their own children in their arms.
7781ce2d126f5ac5f24bdbccd3505cb92b5b616b	When I told Herbert that it would be good to quickly sell the weapons and send them out, Herbert replied: "Sell? To them? Yes, if I don't give them these rifles just like that, they will kill me, and you too."
20f186a5aae84eeb9daa862e3e854c9ff2fe8c1e	Farmer gave Bonnie and Clyde their chosen weapons.
3ef0a320f9b23b51848d0747bf9db5453a594522	And when they complained that the stolen car ran out of gasoline, the gun seller immediately gave them money to buy gasoline, just to get rid of them as soon as possible.
edcf88e9cd68aa4f3c6f8ac1d0dd9340767cd4ec	They considered themselves fighters for justice.
3b818779c7c73fe38a98fd65ac6dd567d910b410	It seemed an honorable thing during the Great Depression to deprive those who had at least a little money of funds.
833981b17522887ce03d8564345b27faf36154b7	Despite the fact that the crimes of these people were high-profile, their prey was quite small.
b250e2abb1a6f87c6869d9c098d919a4ca6b5777	In May 1933, they stole 2.5 thousand dollars from a Minnesota bank, which was the most significant amount.
b42a3e38f21a7ea47fb4d5bc96bb1b1eca6f6806	John Dillinger, a famous contemporary of the couple, said at the time that Bonnie and Clyde "disgrace bank robbers."
604894d194ddedc4c245782d1aa54d480c320e9f	These two were always happy when they saw notes about themselves in the newspapers.
e9dd18bafd28a7de1fa0429a0e379f420d89ccad	Bonnie even specially developed a "PR campaign".
e4a947435c13c26b0708a3e2cf8b76be1da8c88c	She sent staged photos to the newspapers against the background of a car, with a weapon at the ready.
5450fde3a90d55666a01807476eda29ac6527e35	She attached her poems to these pictures.
e959d5f1094cf8687fb8dcd65350ff5386d1128a	The notebook, in which several poems were written by hand, was sold for $ 36,000 at a Bonhams auction in 2007.
03aca083d42b78f40476f02e9c52ba6f099840ec	In 1941, caught in the clutches of law enforcement, Raymond Hamilton, the same old friend of Clyde, who committed nine murders of police officers with the gang.
b8c3086f282417b5d93c1b6a02ca0498819debde	He said that all the blame for the looting, robbery and murder of innocent people lies entirely on Bonnie and Clyde.
224b96e7aa4645867f50f797e7eef44138af44e3	Bonnie feels that the holiday with beautiful cars, thousands of dollars and rented apartments is rolling to its conclusion.
335d56883a85d02372dad68c6bb04403baf4388f	Miss Parker sends letters to all the newspapers asking them to publish the poem "The Story of Bonnie and Clyde".
4c8c11b9f9c206b23a92fc1af7709e0854f6b085	They knew that they were destined to die, but they were not going to stop.
dc0159eee0e688c353e9ba50295b7b3132a9ddb7	Each of them understood that he was worthy of more, and only together they, Bonnie and Clyde, could have a good time before they died.
66827b07a55869677197a5381d5163c1813c431d	In the spring of 1943, the FBI ambushes Bonnie and Clyde.
fc8417f0b69faca94e563ca15bdc29a9ce09fee7	An order has been given to shoot to kill, none of the cops are going to show mercy to a couple who have been ganging for 11 years.
4ae57150fbbe2b920b38287fe14c8fc00327d383	The car in which Bonnie and Clyde were traveling was pierced by a total of 167 shots, and the natural-born killers went to hell, stuffed with lead.
adb554a1522a2ac368f8949c024163124034d28b	Immediately after the shooting of Bonnie and Clyde's car, the squad began to investigate their belongings; Hamer appropriated an "impressive" arsenal of stolen weapons and ammunition and a box of fishing gear from them.
64c3916c3e7eb278f895e8dbbff13919def9138e	Alcorn took Clyde's saxophone, but later, ashamed, returned it to the Barrow family[53].
eac7120ee350a88d744edc94a8f16e6525aee8a0	Other personal items, such as Bonnie's clothes, were also taken away from the scene of death, and when the Parker family asked for them back, they were refused[54].
4dbd00e652f41622967986304d70f7e44863988c	Later, these items were sold as souvenirs[55].
15e50b4592796475a6943232d1d2591c0fb80763	According to rumors, the suitcase in the car, stuffed with cash, was appropriated by Sheriff Jordan.
4ae9f70bd0bf0d44d9e24e597ae49a4f739391c6	He also tried to keep the car itself, but the owner of the car, Ruth Warren, sued him.
d714ec0508d7d4c739b5eb9417aa7eaa879da425	By court order, Jordan returned the car to Mrs. Warren.
a725fb008a81dd110e937f866ddee50903b8046c	Despite the fact that they were always close during their lives, after their death, the couple was separated.
749b6a55ea91c025fcca0be142cc0e1323df1176	Although they once stated that they wanted to be buried next to each other, Bonnie's mother, who did not approve of her relationship with Clyde, insisted that her daughter be buried in another Dallas cemetery.
b082ca2c23e3652e3983195069dc0008ac8837fd	Clyde was buried next to his brother Marvin.
d9fef45a048485030585c4aad73436d8d190e391	Bonnie and Clyde's insurance payments were paid in full.
d5956fa5a38a29ca2bcda06d56ab98807b222ae1	Since then, the policy of payments has changed: they were no longer paid if the insured died as a result of committing a crime[51].
34df4d61a25543670aafd330e319a778284ee126	The bodies of Bonnie and Clyde were put on public display in the morgue: everyone could look at the famous couple for 1 American dollar.
b91bb5bf870aa50d5b6254f051e1c158facea39e	In February 1934, twenty people, family members and friends of Bonnie and Clyde, were arrested on charges of harboring and assisting criminals.
5c556cc2711cf7953e49594bcbd661d8f2bd2f4a	The image that they were shrouded in a couple of weeks in the press was very different from their real life, especially in the case of Bonnie.
3539b959be7fe2b7c3f09f3d1916fc34d8abc4a5	Although in two years she was present at more than a hundred crimes [61], she was not a murderer, as she was portrayed in newspapers, newsreels and tabloid detectives of that time.
45fa9e5f7dcf83420a08eaca51fe3ebeb2d40cab	V. D. Jones was not at all sure that he had ever seen her shoot at police officers at all[23][62]
ba473e5fd288c332a04d64b1bcb2af304f5ae645	After the funeral, the couple was soon forgotten.
2568dd31e34f425c98c1e951d8b5ffa0350642f2	With a new force, the story surfaced after the release of the film "Bonnie and Clyde" in 1967.
5b844183e1966ae38ef9836ce8a073e9bf2f59cf	Of course, this story did not leave indifferent a whole galaxy of creative people, whose soul is always drawn to something unusual.
fd2a89d91a1e8fbcee32318d0e4347f54e2e46f7	Perhaps the most famous film about the couple is the picture directed by Arthur Penn "Bonnie and Clyde".
5e39c59a1bcd53a14cf49696cecd240a03e6ebc9	In addition to the film, the image of these gangsters appears in 9 films and TV series, where they act as both main and episodic characters.
78d41e8666a454fddea301320e0c36471c110343	The music community has also not bypassed this topic.
2c14bf41d7c1e0746d36a1ba13bfedeb591768f5	There are currently 18 songs about Bonnie and Clyde.
033013c059d8d790c21ce3642105f3789cb6fc56	Among the musical groups worth mentioning: Spleen, Night Snipers, The King and the Fool, Eminem, Beyonce.
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d5f037462164ccf3de61fb7a9b4a657785da6a97	Funny, but real facts about the toilet
cc25e0d7ad7634311c62c6ce50efeb6a509898ea	Home Arts and Entertainment Literature The story of Boney and Clyde: truth and fiction
29b8add444643a1fa47bd01cb24df580ac1d8528	The story of Boney and Clyde: truth and fiction
bb904b0a3c2befec61a1380e1c0637d4decc42ea	Tatiana Morozova
761f665ca97b7854df3e79bdc5f9e6537beff1c7	June 11, 2013
ebf1ccfc9d5f9bfb21bd9901da291661bacaf9f8	And how it all started... it is known for certain from numerous sources that Clyde's childhood and youth were not the most favorable way.
d276b336fac3dbb63ee078173e753adffee08887	The family in which he grew up was dysfunctional – a low level of education, poverty on the verge of poverty, children left to themselves.
7a2a1974040e5785b42e87c1459b45cb531db7a8	Of course, the story of Boney and Clyde would be incomplete without the main female role.
aa87c5200af60ddf9e132449cbd01e36767d6a8c	She, Bonnie Elizabeth Parker, was a well rounded personality, an excellent student and had attractive external data.
0942d02f60c00c9fa11b167d2ab0c42cf914ec3a	At the age of 16, she married for love, and perhaps everything would have turned out differently if she had not met him.
8446bb92163d44c085196761a04d6bc554d26f36	There are several versions of their acquaintance, among which one of the most popular is a chance meeting at the house of a mutual friend.
478a7641a2f33bb18c8355d10c3c0867bb2a8d98	Anyway, Clyde and Bonnie immediately took a mutual liking to each other, and very soon she helps him escape from prison.
c01ecbf7e4f866605c198516958ac8dc47ec578a	However, Clyde still has to spend some time behind bars, but he quickly finds freedom, and from that moment they become inseparable.
5ecc6699b6b18ca34361ff12f8b58736b44d39f9	Bonnie and Clyde: A true story of crime and love?
23ca04033f504ec6a797550a836fa2bc836cb1bf	After reuniting with Bonnie, Clyde continues to earn a living by criminal methods.
50e16112a1b9cb2615b1141e23ed8c016bf5f0eb	But do not forget that the criminal couple not only aspired to an interesting and idle life, but also loved to dress perfectly and brightly, and there was absolutely not enough money for all this, obtained through petty theft.
bf0b793be88f35ee0d4b74ece57689cc90c4e6ad	They say that the first joint murder was spontaneous – the unfortunate employee of the store simply did not want to give the robbers the proceeds, for which he paid with his life.
a5dc4cee86d4b920b3d791e3b1b8e562eb989d48	Later, they dealt with a police officer during a document check, and after this act there was really nothing to lose – if they were caught, they both faced life imprisonment.
f10890a9d87a82ddb60db765d4d079d08aa4593b	It is from this moment that the story of Boney and Clyde turns into a real gangster action movie.
13154ffeb809db34fdd52d332e3c2db5945660bc	A little later, Bonnie will learn how to shoot, and new people will join the gang.
2a6bc81538d3865bd7fb761c081aedfc96f7ddb9	They managed to hide from the police and continue their crimes for so long rather because of the problems of the system of tracing and catching criminals.
7fd89cec72f0a83faa97db6987ae8b3f57d456f6	The story of Boney and Clyde ended in May 1934.
13a06db9eae61d0d256a921e4ec841a16af5886c	The police managed to organize an ambush, the criminals were killed on the spot.
656d7a5d8f9caa790544f91929faa98b5b280709	Bonnie was 24, Clyde was 25.
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43e1b2b61202c3780a0c25b841b7268d335e839a	If the British tabloids existed in the 18th century, the main sensation at that time could be the story of a Russian peasant family.
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1e97b707d01dc9e13416ac115bcf09b85ef9bdd7	"Bonnie and Clyde": a story of crime and love
d475bda635049a839926afd0df05b3bac783bb88	Who are Clyde and Bonnie?
bfde6715046cc92cc07fa4b16b9c904646f35583	Author: Ekaterina Fomkina Date:
263a27bb489f2b7062c104cf7fd9ff8ed96123e3	22.02.2015
640c40d4d74aaca0b6bff3c9a2b00ae81c9c9f30	Views: 27 Rating:
123a54424a2bbf0669ecf698bb320385da421b14	On May 23, 1934, at dawn, near the town of Sales, located in the state of Louisiana, a squad of policemen led by Frank Hamer, a Texas ranger, was waiting for a Ford V8 car to appear on the road, hiding in the bushes.
09032e12f78c4498e73e5fc1923d3e77ff0268bb	A few minutes later, the car was smoking on the side of the road, and inside were dead bodies belonging to the world's most famous pair of robbers, whose names were Clyde and Bonnie.
72302e2fd3cbb9e171c90a73a64f3b736f371a1c	The Origin of Bonnie Parker
9730b1ea2bd57dcec91f02549fb824e6ae6e0f31	She was not yet 16 years old when she married Roy Thornton, a small time crook.
7dc5fa0c06e54d290c9c09a560593cafd43bce16	This marriage could hardly be called (especially considering the subsequent events) a love story.
a812d726dd51d525c376504e35850f2d29989474	Soon the husband disappeared in the criminal world, and after 1929 the newlyweds no longer crossed paths, although the girl did not take off her wedding ring until the last day.
e69439272e57a8f0e5011cb8ceee204fc4f66caf	Thornton learned in prison that his wife had died.
d78f101f969d43edb0f0ee5a012263c2071aff20	The main characters of our story, Clyde and Bonnie, met when she was 19 and he was 21 years old.
60e6121200dafa559e11d02ec8a0058e2eb13b43	According to some versions, it happened in a diner where the girl was working as a waitress at that time, according to another - they first met at a friend of Bonnie's.
38d83f8c0f799b77fbb7c99c7a331a569ec9735f	The girl was just making hot chocolate when Clyde came into the house.
40e7a29c09e3c302b3b96ee54ccd43eeaab27e0b	Clyde's past
9788bd9e6b9ac227f6488f5c565d7a6a680679eb	The latter was already an avid gangster by the time of this fateful meeting.
70a3742947b52bfb532487732268b08c3218795b	Together with Buck, his older brother, this son of the poor, originally from Dallas, has already committed a sufficient number of robberies of roadside cafes and shops.
bb43b0af415b23d315845c26fb029da893db3fd4	After Buck went to prison in 1928, Clyde, the younger Barrow, became the leader of a criminal gang.
826eb81cd5d090bf084c638cc0d1c4e565509f8d	The beginning of the story of two lovers is unknown, what he said to Bonnie when they met, but she moved in with him the next day.
4dbeed52af39afb9c5bccc15aa1abcd607e669be	The lovers never parted for a minute.
4ef4f02debf4083f61fd9eddfc086beab4bd096f	Clyde was an excellent shot and always carried a gun with him.
9f37b93117d439ed89da296d777ec20cbc24d8ea	The girl asked me to teach her how to shoot, too.
9dc6101fe36b34226d2a6492d93656de1af65c90	Clyde soon began to take his girlfriend "on business": she usually sat in the car when he broke into a gas station or a cafe and robbed the cash register, threatening the staff with a weapon.
2106bd018199b71cd4eb912bacf5dbca9625dd8c	A few months later, he was arrested, but Bonnie managed to arrange an escape by handing the gun to her partner.
639254561d894520323f1543a79e7ae6d8d049cc	Soon she herself went to jail, and then, for two years, Clyde again.
5568b81ee965727890a15ebc10afaf862bc2a6fe	At that time, Parker was writing letters to him, in which she promised to wait.
8bde8aaac405d01e2ffc723e112a8f9d4ac91323	The first murder committed by Clyde, he came out of prison in 1932 as a completely different person.
aedc7bc48dff8e1c382fe3ba9357f4180aa212a4	Barrow Marie, his sister, said that "something terrible" had happened there.
fceeae23559bb476b7307039ef1651579d534699	This "terrible" - Clyde's first murder - he beat the prisoner who raped him to death.
d926b67e9acd055725c7e72b096cf82e1e776a04	The love of these two people seems to be a dark story.
91eaf81434e117d3bd2251b1a9e09da9f65254f7	According to some reports, it was platonic, since the young man was a homosexual.
e05c5a0e2833a9b8970d2065f889b3e42530b888	According to another version, they had sexual relations not only with each other, but also with other gang members.
897d99f63e2d66e0425e344c7d652a476924edb8	Roy Hamilton, as you know, was a lover of both, and then he also brought his girlfriend, because of which the relations within this "collective" were heated to the limit.
b4d10e8f276593ebe48400186e115510d41ac4bd	However, everyone who met Clyde and Bonnie said that they really love each other.
d86f30a6e06d6c4af8f796124f071dda2093def8	For example, Emma Parker, the girl's mother, noted that she realized this as soon as Bonnie introduced her boyfriend to her.
8599807ba5995e9d704e1867c4af898d128893ea	"I saw it in her eyes," she said.
781714cfb10638320e328e2329ee7e767207e366	Developments Soon Buck, Clyde's brother, and Blanche, his wife, joined the company.
66c8d22677c3c178b62f9bb2893492cfcf31cd95	They all committed murders and robberies together with unjustified cruelty.
4ffc7345d1e0c511c9e8a76ae79464b5220b437e	13 deaths are on the conscience of this gang.
5b987a032aa3629bb49c67fc4fd9b637812973e3	The life of Bonnie and Clyde was the life of real tramps: they ate what they could get in the shops, slept on the street, drank themselves into unconsciousness, as if they had a premonition of their future death, knowing that they would not stay alive.
03cb588455310b09f91a212bcdd496261bbda877	Bonnie, during the last meeting with her mother, asked her not to speak ill of Clyde when they were killed.
8d708e6d022289c4ad5f332e7e91bd33e48eea45	"Fighters for justice" They considered themselves fighters for justice.
b2b0791aa2754ec2a340b4b75ee109cc7e544583	Despite the fact that the crimes of these people were high profile, their prey was quite small.
13ce454fca32bfdd8ccbee2de1cce6af1433b306	Lovers in October 1930 shot the owner of a grocery store in Texas.
84ab1766ef455e56a29da32caecee92ce2fe622c	His life cost only $ 28.
ffaa84ef582f3c088acc09816d2dd0557bd34446	The couple loved cars and weapons.
e389ef16501fd592f0443ca30d86a27ae5d85567	Shortly before his death, Clyde even wrote a letter of gratitude to Henry Ford, in which he promised that he would only steal cars of this brand.
a154799c4e438c7fdb26fde1bdec299495f2990f	Robbers in Oklahoma took Percy Boyd, the sheriff, captive, then left him on the side of the road, telling him to tell his people that they were "not a gang of murderers", but ordinary people trying to survive Depression.
fdb958cff2ac897f64a21243e79b5a602e8c0cb0	The undisputed leader, according to the surviving policeman, was Clyde.
61a53305d31063b869707cabc8c6473b057bdd39	And he even liked Bonnie - in the sheriff's opinion, she seemed like a stranger in this company.
6efb3388d6c60c12be28f774e7cee497ab20da82	The policeman noted that they loved each other, and told a detail: the lovers had a rabbit in the car, which the girl was taking to her mother as a gift.
55f708665cf06822b4d5de13eb95fc70b4e8139b	"PR campaign" organized by Bonnie Parker
2e7fe9387cb0593709331938845e3d2bd2091c93	The fame of the robbers was growing.
cb6ae1acb6784642b02b53cadc7714231dba1bf7	The best forces of the FBI and the police were thrown at their capture, they were promised a reward of $ 1,500 for them.
dd9c4994bf753eb72fbf2a21df984f920259ccef	It should be noted that well known criminal authorities also opposed the gang, for example, the Handsome Floyd, who absolutely did not want to share the already small prey with a bunch of visiting hooligans.
aff0ac3e750772c3211459e7b044010d4354d563	Ambush In 1933, the gang was ambushed - Blanche Barrow was shot in the leg, and Buck (her husband) was shot.
226625a388f84bcc38026f34910e9bbdb9fc8945	Hamilton was arrested and then sent to the electric chair in April 1934.
679928bca2400abf3104de499c50d620027d402d	After that, Clyde and Bonnie went to Texas with the intention of staying there with Bonnie's relatives.
0c72f8528a2d9b85e5a5c182d4e72a14840c4c31	They found a shelter, but the location of the lovers was given out by Henry Methvin, the father of one of the gang members, in exchange for his son being found innocent.
0d47d21821fe4d11d2498ea83b9fbe8176cf2c04	It was his allegedly broken car that served as a bait on that fateful day - May 23, 1934.
aeddf5d7a31c2bfc193b49dd037f4cfda5f82203	How does the story of Bonnie and Clyde end?
5fa63eeaf1da4e0c8beba4697a5a054fdb9f36cf	The end of this story was as follows.
0fa8ee0a792c36fca70dba6ebddabde7b1509bdf	Clyde and Bonnie did not even have time to take a weapon when a barrage of lead fell on their car: many bullets pierced the bodies of the lovers.
151432eed12691e8c843f79e012064a209102478	The evening newspapers immediately published reports about the death of these famous robbers, placing a photo of their bodies riddled with bullets on the front page.
8f861caa49cc8aa6e9a401ce94b173f1a95c07b5	Clyde's jacket, in which 40 bullet holes were counted, and his rifle with 7 notches, one for each of the dead, were presented to the public.
bcc30725f15ee4f892c61b95ac2d0b4ee42f7ec1	However, this was not enough: the bodies of Clyde and Bonnie were put up in the morgue, and everyone could look at them for just a dollar for a few days.
6367c2bcbdd98ad6c7a87da14ae741e9d3525f6b	This was done in Dallas by 40 thousand people who looked at Bonnie's body, and 30 thousand - at Clyde.
df6ec68491447248dd67c0e3353474c179cca364	20 relatives, including friends and mothers of the couple, were also brought to court for harboring, and the criminals themselves, contrary to Bonnie's wishes, were buried in different cemeteries.
fcf75c8948f3478f0768adb9db0fc3f1ea2303e6	Such is the life and death of robbers named Bonnie and Clyde, whose true story was told in this article.
44f08800ea355ef9051b608f2025ff574dbd8a83	Bonnie and Clyde Museum There is a museum of this couple in Gibsland, located in a former cafe where the criminals bought their last meal.
a724f2c70953ea43dfeb7a9f39354da21beec515	The son of Ted Hinton, a ranger who participated in the shooting of the gang, works there as a caretaker.
497b6e68cfd35ea6da77c00e3626b49cd95a7087	Every next weekend to May 23, a festival dedicated to Bonnie and Clyde is held in this city, during which a fatal ambush is played out.
52d96ff48bb541308315d84a449cdc4557c20169	Film adaptations of the story For all couples of the criminal world, the names of these robbers have become common names today.
fa5ed7a5618112f02cf898adb3049a3e8a28f1ff	They are quoted in music, fashion, and cinema.
9634bf475dbc1304c9fe23fb0f6c632f34dbfdd0	There are several film adaptations of this story, including documentaries, but the most famous of them is the 1967 film "Bonnie and Clyde".
40c224a63c93c50c826959c4cf3feff7dca62699	The film is directed by Arthur Penn, the producer is Warren Beatty, who played Clyde.
ca4b59fbff872340463bf0ab277242b83bce8c3e	For this film, they have been looking for a performer of the main female role for a long time.
297744efbecb7086689656fdeb22212f2b96cf95	Natalie Wood, Jane Fonda, Shirley MacLaine, Beatty's sister, as well as Leslie Caron, his then girlfriend (who left Warren after hearing a refusal), applied for this role.
e287587d613c07c6ac4286832b0b99cccdda061e	Arthur Penn finally decided - the choice fell on the actress Faye Dunaway, whom he saw in the film "Incident", the debut for this girl, and immediately noted.
1466f3a2cd25c1c4fc3a2041b75c8f362370ca0b	"Bonnie and Clyde" (film) tells the story of this famous couple from the moment they met until the fatal shootout.
f7d07460b0b6c5dc5f196ec10e0af0bb89dd855c	Clyde was presented as a simple minded romantic who likes to talk about justice and suffers from impotence - this explains his allegedly platonic feelings for Bonnie.
95baa619bc7d4a53e018aff7617c0b65c4a02c4d	The latter was depicted as an enthusiastic young girl in love with her hero.
b8233cc6470533e9fcda243d9cdcb45b01a60038	She longs to escape from the gray everyday life of American life, to take risks, to live at the limit and to love, no matter what.
8d3eb54814fefe2fbe6e0b2a2f531f67fdd38ee3	After the release of the film "Bonnie and Clyde" (the true story of the robbers ' life became very popular), women began to copy the style of the actress who played Bonnie Parker, and magazines began to publish various shots with models whose image resembled the heroine - girls in midi skirts and blouses posed in front of the cameras with weapons in their hands.
d3af941cadf71a5d4a00ff185637727b5bde79bd	Faye Dunaway initially wanted to shoot in slacks that were more convenient for shootouts and chases.
01935e807626beb1e5298862db186ae176dcc821	But Teadora van Runkle, a costume designer, suggested a more glamorous look - a beret, a narrow pencil skirt and heels.
96322b5cf393c3327c8b839662bc84a795a5fe61	And I didnot lose it.
e4a63e9b314d640dc0b21dc3c2defebbf1eec357	Modern Bonnie and Clyde took their idols as a model of style.
46966e347b0dd7e8804e6d1dfad613f4915b2d4c	The popularity of the picture was great.
2bf3b6d7837ec85fd6eeea000e14edbf237fe96b	"Bonnie and Clyde" (the film) was released at a time when the West was gripped by a huge wave of student protests.
51257ece20681ce407406c88e554925184e1ca47	Therefore, the youth of the late 60s perceived these robbers as heroes.
dd509fcd72db0fb4ccf8236e403a89641f49b898	The film was nominated for an Oscar and received two statuettes - for the supporting actress (played by Blanche Barrow Estelle Parsons)and the cinematography.
b22662223302ee1f54d150d1a03dafcf458c519f	This film greatly influenced the further development of American cinema.
57cc2bd3d3e9bf0df7dd477ccdcbd6e0e5262f64	According to Quentin Tarantino, who quoted this story in his work "Natural Born Killers", this film began the Silver Age in Hollywood, which lasted right up to the early 1980s.
a565b91f0bf9dec9afb621f95197e1ab10facc07	Of course, it was also a breakthrough for the actors.
d67f5e7edac8853adea337399b79b746fb0c66ef	When Warren Beatty was honored at the American Film Institute Awards ceremony in 2008, the 36th in a row, Faye Dunaway went up on stage and delivered a touching poetic speech in the manner of Bonnie Parker, concluding with the words that "this is the end of history", where Faye Dunaway is Bonnie and Warren Beatty is Clyde.
4a2ede8adfc827258454048e48f998e9e527d33a	In 2013, the mini series "Bonnie and Clyde" also appeared.
0696def09a76d4100e757406797bdc3874e578c4	The film was a great success with the audience.
503e3f0981f0ea5e1d7aee226f6bc48e965c2f96	The main roles were played by Holliday Granger and Emile Hirsch (Bonnie and Clyde, respectively).
ff742737ba65c67c888ae89de599b4a8730d44eb	Series 2, for example, tells us about how it all started (there are 20 episodes in total).
c883d384cd9a81e29c1fa71823a28458b06e8896	Many songs were also created based on this story.
559f456932e3b8a5eafff956812e766ab3570e52	The groups "Spleen", "Night Snipers", Bad Balance have the same composition, or, for example, we note the song performed by Kristina Si - "Bonnie and Clyde".
717c85cd5d88b5bc1b34d81fc064e76f5f5bd211	0 Ultra right booms.
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a5a2fe1f0e43b0654d7f579478412dc860dfaab9	229 How did Tsoi die?
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d3dbfe993d7972ef32e398be77d6660052a0e502	Bonnie and Clyde
6447a940c79aa6b49076f547701445a2fdf02fcb	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on October 10, 2016; checks require 34 edits.
ef0dcc5fb548452b669e0dbf3bcd8de07a0bf8e7	Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow
903a1520cb5049e269fc4b0058a2f793637fc3c1	Bonnie and Clyde in March 1933.
334183430e4fd598fc7e26bc531a7ded920e048e	Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow on Wikimedia Commons
aa82478d7eebc2515bffffe17352556862bf6516	Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow (English: Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow) are famous American robbers who operated during the Great Depression.
3460954d91912b6ee6d47ce87bc2621385658a3c	At various times, their gang included Buck Barrow, Clyde's older brother;
12432fcb4917a384b22c81643e1d795fb9d84004	Blanche Barrow, Buck's wife;
facceac8d639470301a5d49dc049d65aee44f8a7	Raymond Hamilton, W. D. Jones, Joe Palmer, Ralph Fults and Henry Methvin.
111f26125def5b08655e2a459145efe5c7a63409	Although they are now known for about twelve bank robberies, Barrow preferred to rob small shops, hairdressers and gas stations.
b72c9a8e304b9ad6349d59d88d1905037ecdf391	It is believed that at least nine policemen and several civilians were killed by the gang.
d9bd9fe51f2002b0ad7a9319d7794c3b37e10bb1	Bonnie and Clyde themselves are killed by Texas rangers and police officers from the state of Louisiana.
b6515c0514b30c334d14fc8bbe5794febf4f6261	1 Start 1.1 Bonnie Parker 1.2 Clyde Barrow 1.3 First meeting
c2e5e03efea25dd4806178f4f11ba3036b0a3373	2 Joint crimes 2.1 1932: the first robberies and murders 2.2 1933 2.3 1934
d771392e8227ec76ed139d56e7bddcd3f3afe874	3 Death 4 Funeral 5 Further destinies of the participants of the events 6 Legend 7 Notes 8 Literature 9 References
e2cb9588a7ae01c0267304f1f9094dcbdcb19a2a	The beginning[edit / edit wiki text]
628c78e0a80b909f5bda0270286145d3476d73a8	Bonnie Parker[edit / edit wiki text]
f2a8ba2682f2f7deb58d378a4613049098317dde	Bonnie Parker
252478d83320c5864bc2d48e0d7af1f2c034766a	Bonnie Parker poses with a revolver and a cigar.
33cc740ede9dc8797b203a52b90ee5936d5151f5	This is one of those photos that created an erroneous image around Parker's birth name: Bonnie Elizabeth Parker
89b37a5e637f86bbb428e05f1f72032cd87277a7	Occupation: American bank robber, criminal
affcb169a35cfc326bdc91d5d984ebbec14bb22c	Date of birth: October 1, 1910 (1910-10-01)
51dbe903626dbac4273416019bb0a1ef149dea04	Place of birth: Rowena, Texas, USA
22d5b322ead8d8f47ec8be5161f53f45e5d7a672	Citizenship: USA USA
492c58ef190ea4052d54c7ea5ab4dc7146736cc0	Date of death: May 23, 1934 (1934-05-23) (23 years old)
aa9674857ba7749141d666cd14933d9115b3ead6	Place of death: Louisiana, USA
6778fa70f8c9bfe7ab96e9fd380d2a37c909723a	Father: Charles Parker
6f55f78f8b01294c62ab312ae04e825b2fff7fb6	Mother: Emma Krause
836335ee5992010d4de99de90ddc4e0c1727882a	Spouse: Roy Thornton
fe6324860635580d78ca88649fc691ead4bd4bd7	Bonnie Parker on Wikimedia Commons
8485e378a16e80f05008202ca08afde98c95a9e7	Bonnie Elizabeth Parker (October 1, 1910 May 23, 1934) was born in Rowena, Texas, the middle of three sisters.
37e70dd2316d1f527c09651e777b330f82dcd29f	Her father, Charles Parker, a bricklayer, died when Bonnie was four.
5b7176b9c1f9d0bba9f6341fdce74bb85ce5e48f	[1] Her mother, Emma Krause, moved with the children to her parents ' house in Seed City, an industrial suburb of Dallas, where she worked as a seamstress.
f3d398465c2eb770ea7fe97af6d8bb4b835af0fa	[2] Her maternal great grandfather, Frank Krause, immigrated from Germany[3].
b6dbba4422ebc177fd8b9fba4b43e217777add19	Despite the fact that her family lived in poverty, Bonnie was doing well in school — she was one of the best students in school, with a rich imagination, with a penchant for acting and improvisation.
6fd2619a449f0ab75200fa9e36941b1b6e6ebefd	She liked to dress fashionably[4][5]. Her writing abilities later found expression in poems such as "The Story of Suicidal Sydney" [6], "The End of the Trail" (known as "The Story of Bonnie and Clyde")[7]. At the age of 15, Bonnie met Roy Thornton.
b605c9d6402c5d382db0c700ad3b8e40bf15dd7f	Together they dropped out of school.
0c1a6a800b6baf0d19077a34856a81de17ff2cdf	On September 25, 1926, an attractive miniature girl (with a height of 150 cm, she weighed 44 kg) married him.
4c3eda606e7eb6a13cdd5d38e4182ae262c4cb73	In 1927, Bonnie got a job as a waitress at Marco's Cafe in East Dallas, but two years later the great economic depression began and the cafe closed.
75579f8a583ae73fea783c6dc74378b7aac6d3c5	The relationship between the spouses did not work out.
539b3514b1f72634af1afc06c901a3dfe2d19795	A year after the marriage, the husband began to regularly disappear for long weeks, and in January 1929 they separated.
17f1cbcb8d36f42449481d6ade36905d3f0f28ae	Shortly after the breakup (there was no official divorce, and Bonnie wore an engagement ring to her death) Thornton went to prison for five years.
3c07247849ae87ef29cd66ddeaec0d5ef85becce	When he found out about Bonnie's death, he said: "I'm glad they had so much fun.
b6bb189002aed5aefbcb72f56b71953ce0069bb4	It's much better than being caught."
90018e4622f57c13b312d20be1b3f9a2b1a3b668	In 1929, after the breakup of her marriage, but before meeting Clyde Barrow, Parker lived with her mother and worked as a waitress in Dallas.
4fd4b75454700f031b0a191e7d3542fd57698ed5	One of the cafe's regular customers, postal worker Ted Hinton, will take part in an ambush on Bonnie and Clyde in 1934[8].
ce6326c04874bd41c89cabe23fc4b4dda8c42410	In her diary, which she kept in early 1929, she wrote about her loneliness and love for sound cinema[9].
d8fba7a000e8fab395580e114149461ae5a83560	Clyde Barrow[edit / edit wiki text]
40c3f3eaa72962e08e426972404f300a141527b0	Clyde Barrow
548864fc3306fe8c6ee90c506b10e29617507bbd	Birth name: Clyde Chesnut Barrow
0c5cc8e387762b1b55ec8ab4b1b794656f9f9fbb	Date of birth: March 24, 1909(1909-03-24)
b2cb4e5ca2ff541bacef0610918aecb78155fc96	Place of birth: Telico, Texas, USA
cf6d724ee1983eeec8e62560e7bb4c8c948a9739	Date of death: May 23, 1934 (1934-05-23) (25 years old)
65aa965ced29a0625683aef1cfeca8226a3f9a88	Father: Henry Basil Barrow
1aad44ce24494b337839b565c15e1f2a3467ae44	Mother: Kumi Talita Walker
cdb186ccb858d6eced19f6086ad2114156ba2e80	Clyde Barrow on Wikimedia Commons
eb6d04f4308d4ca5fe13f7f8251985d416be1ab7	Clyde Chesnut Barrow (March 24, 1909 — May 23, 1934) was born in Ellis County, Texas, near Dallas.
9e38cf9647128b5f07fc3f12c908363e1c576914	[10] [11] He was the fifth of seven children of Henry Basil Barrow (1874-1957) and Kyumi T. Walker (1874-1943).
9ffe269611182a7adf34f6f2f6d168355cf7d52f	He grew up in a family of poor farmers.
5e8aa61e6544719a126d5d7aa49108dfc8439fed	Clyde was first arrested at the end of 1926, when he did not return a rented car on time.
6a5b698d329599d581d9c99149e2be0eef5afbf4	Soon, he and his brother Marvin "Buck" Barrow were arrested again, for stealing turkeys.
0eca8a564fd5c68bc909a8b8e3423591a2a78c18	Despite the fact that he had a legitimate job, between 1927 and 1929, he broke into safes, robbed stores and stole cars.
5124c5d1f43979229d6d166e6a72108ec77c94e7	After several arrests in 1928 and 1929, he was sent to Eastham Prison in Texas in April 1930.
338d800a4e7f61eb6fb3ae4aa6d59d47b6030c6a	While serving his sentence, he killed another prisoner who repeatedly raped him[12].
4ec614c964bee20f6bf58effc90f7ebb09abf9df	It was Clyde's first murder.
25a4b8f9aa2f4d7ab580d3327d3461ac04eb5a40	In 1932, he was released early.
3fdce9c7647d74cf934e06ccdaba80e7a67261a9	He came out of prison an even more hardened and cruel criminal.
7c2eb609e9324f28f7b78899daa1d2641555a082	His sister Mary said "Something terrible must have happened to him in prison, because he was never the same again"[13].
0979f9ebacd3d285ebcd3d038550bf1f1792511f	Ralph Fults, who was serving a sentence at the same time as Clyde, said that before his eyes he turned from a schoolboy into a rattlesnake[14].
8058cb0cb7e84e0059ab70d2bb99a8aa2fe31d77	Clyde was missing two toes, he cut them off in prison, where there was a riot at the time.
d83448808b6651f5cabd2b0dc68ac59bbaa84b56	The first meeting[edit / edit wiki text]
cb269788dfe2101b54f63fda9921c823e7341230	There are several versions of how Bonnie and Clyde first met.
95aa55d2e4ee8fef5dbd62c363e81624e793c5de	The most plausible is the one according to which Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow met in January 1932 at a friend's house.
c5c819be139c40b6103c050816e6d1e6fd7930c7	They immediately liked each other; most historians believe that Bonnie joined Clyde because she was in love with him.
129d9d53e314a832f0330e43f38203da3fbea1a6	She remained his faithful companion during his criminal carousal, and expected a violent death, which, in their opinion, was inevitable[15].
bcf6ec328eb7757d80e4619d1a5bf175f1e9af4c	Joint crimes[edit / edit wiki text]
c304b9dd89cb320a8aeee37efd5d4f49e4a03ff4	1932: the first robberies and murders[edit / edit wiki text]
d91a6687873d01510f39c580e9b7cf21f789f5d5	In February 1932, Clyde was released from prison, and he and Ralph Fults began robbing shops and gas stations.
edd4c68792236f9573bf881db967949a97254a40	Their goal was to accumulate enough money and weapons to organize a mass escape from Eastham prison.
d38ce3cca2c6184208aa66357bff3a48f5c7f415	On April 19, Bonnie Parker and Fults were arrested during an unsuccessful robbery of a home appliance store.
548fbce8ff314de7fe9fc30b7a5acb33fb1fd072	Bonnie was released a few months later, and Fults left the gang forever.
a4003497d852f84983f5ad1d5e1f06d6cc5890c1	On April 30, during a store robbery, the owner tried to resist the criminals, for which he was shot in the heart.
4de1b1bd0a6530d285e330c6c11f47b080974436	After this incident, the gang becomes more and more aggressive.
70f323358d559de5241407723afa9db49427b659	On August 5, while Parker was visiting her mother, Hamilton and Clyde, being intoxicated, shot the sheriff and his deputies in a bar in Stringtown, Oklahoma.
151d0ab0501e5c6707afe3e1420c069fae1e8ee4	The next murder occurred on October 11 in Sherman, Texas.
cb8cc153d4788905b99bd12785f48e34b31ee57b	The victim was the owner of the store, Howard Hall.
e5370b5f4b2610448d2e68d024f49a415d0bdfc5	The gang took $ 28 in cash and some groceries from the store[16].
45d6b5aa362c37c9256b5832e33b05012938080d	Later, Bonnie said that it was time to stop playing with toys, and start doing serious things.
4ce41bd7bfa89f22bcab144c167bd66feba23bdd	And robberies, murders, carjackings began.
1f1b6db8e09934bf90cd462d2a848fb4131613aa	As a result of all this, Hamilton was caught and sentenced to 60 years in prison.
058ae63abf0d7d1310a2aae322bd7782a34c13a6	"After Hamilton's arrest, Bonnie learned to shoot," writes the biographer of the criminal couple, John Chevy — " showing a real passion for firearms.
028af923d53e138d763b13ae2386bd5a6cf3dc00	Their car turned into an excellent arsenal: several machine guns, rifles and hunting rifles, a dozen revolvers and pistols, thousands of cartridges.
9b01f7ed052188af4f636acaea6fbcbd2dc6324a	With Bonnie's help, Clyde masters the art of snatching a rifle from a specially sewn pocket along his leg in a matter of seconds.
09df7fd26ea7115a30a786ca62e5efd08072a3a3	This kind of virtuosity is very entertaining for both.
f1a9f0930d85db2403afbfa4c6516528746765d8	They develop their own elegant style of killing.
5b1540b08da67dba9aac924a99508e65f63a77c1	In all this, Bonnie is attracted primarily by the romantic and heroic side of the case.
7d58da779a7dbee825666654375358197744c8e0	She understands that she chose death.
5c694a62ff5ac7a947e02177f70f8b0d5da895f7	But this is more pleasant for her than the boredom experienced earlier.
0a80bbb2fbd92c6809f0b0f7989bd7d89e425a52	The monotony of the measured life of others is over for her forever.
c15ea9aa9633a3ab68f520936802232f30cfc1d8	She will be famous in her own way.
e06588d7d34a3bb9bc0b99543affa559f9df176d	At least, they will talk about it."
0b614f41b265602da85537c7c9097bf6092d037e	W. D. Jones has been a friend of the Barrow family since childhood.
2a94c82349bb0e211657ee136b0f42b212e82138	Although he was only 16 years old on Christmas Eve 1932, he convinced Bonnie and Clyde, who were leaving Dallas, to take him with them.
6586dc01ffc57931396868f82b4707f1a2ba794f	The very next day, Jones committed his first murder.
9935262e1e027e20aba3451e95b39de5d32bab6a	He and Clyde killed the owner of the car they were trying to steal.
b67e3ea8687788603f6b58a9d4017e3fde115db7	[17] Less than two weeks later, on January 6, 1933, Barrow shot another sheriff when he, Parker and Jones fell into a trap intended for another criminal[18].
3f97f48a3e2e4f238ffbd4d2dc11c83d93fcd320	1933 [edit / edit wiki text]
87ed5c0fb19ff276f097d26449c630547d00c36e	Bonnie and Clyde's apartment in Joplin
1e161f757909eb5e32c517b881f1023d5887562b	37°03 ' 06 "s. w.
d92f329f41e4e934971e90ce37a4b9c28a63ed7e	94°31'00" s. d.
2ba2b3832d2adee813466ce908b77a28382818a2	/ 37.051671° s. w.
898e96ad7413f5d1266cdaf64bd6c7377ecfdff5	94.516693° s. d.
507dd77b1c04336a7f7aa58fa890833be941c92a	/ 37.051671; -94.516693 (Site of Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow Garage Apartment) (G)
69dd61fc036b95d9f4ae217a91a3a569020af4d1	(O) (I)
96d9f864aff43c6f506ffa25e7eafec1268bbe37	On March 22, 1933, Buck Barrow was released from prison under an amnesty.
96c1f9bfb2deb6e5d5064c06810cf5354f4381f1	After a while, he and his wife Blanche settled together with Clyde, Bonnie and Jones in a three room apartment above a garage in Joplin, Missouri, where gangsters traditionally hid at the end of 1920.
bf77b931104b766ba69243b81af4074e88b3e17a	Initially, Buck and Blanche just came to visit to convince Clyde to surrender to the authorities[19].
58b1ab9b98aa79a18da67ad923347668c83c13e1	Soon the company attracted its loud and suspicious behavior attracted the attention of the authorities every day they made noise, played cards and drank alcohol, and once a Browning machine gun went off right in the apartment when Clyde was cleaning it[20].
c80e83e3bbb3b6f0025581d24ced0971221d7bc2	They were photographed a lot.
07790536c620cc18b25f6ee9a2704864cf51dae3	In many pictures, Bonnie is depicted in theatrical poses.
da0b8495fd594219fdd9c08e844138febabba6fe	The photos show the desire of Bonnie and Clyde to look elegant, copying advertising pictures.
d2363852562579f1f45a86023c87b3b7ca127f93	The neighbors also found it suspicious that their cars were registered in another state — Texas.
ae77ad44abdf54ec0b8ffaaac68fd229ef3ae02b	Brigadier J. B. Koehler assumes that the suspicious company is bootleggers and decides to organize a raid.
6d7c6946647e6563f7367c2f4169bf7113287b27	On April 13, 1933, at 4 p.m., two police cars approach Barrow's apartment.
094084795fc41248dafca299ef75b5dc2c82c84b	Clyde and Jones are standing on the porch when the first car pulls up.
fe83ebc06e6ee517d27804abb1c78d37720c9ea7	They immediately disappear into the garage, slamming the door behind them.
19ae315ff783c00f6359ec81c8949e8784d812fa	A second police car blocks the road, blocking the exit from the garage.
90d6fa87d08f4f4f57c9cfee0097970b7dc79790	Clyde and Jones shoot from the garage.
ff0a5b5556081f08f13418f99f1556afe22caecc	This is a signal for those who are in the apartment.
b6224f2379f8c2e75d2b63b4f60608602777542b	After the first shots, the police suffer losses: one is wounded, the second is killed.
5b8e7bb1280a73f423ff4e979a4f375f3d7151bb	Koehler sends for reinforcements.
e0fd381f2474f79bb84e5aa9f7d23848ba5ed7c4	Under the cover of the automatic bursts of Clyde and Buck, Jones rushes to the police car, which is still blocking the road.
724ffc0e36a33804f8822946dc2756eb8de35478	He is trying to take the car off the handbrake when a bullet wounds him in the head.
32ef23df18b075d8c39bf489c68473cf65415ea8	He staggers back into the house.
9bf0dc53ee8a891de9c640ce0ccaddbaec6925e9	Buck also tries to clear the passage and he succeeds.
cc4f7b2a57f8d80d6cf118e2400aac8acccdc823	He takes the police car off the brake and, using it as a shield, pushes it onto the highway and returns to the house again.
0e6022458d5c07104d24ef9f1d8a103f17a9a3fb	The car of the criminals leaves the garage and disappears.
e9b249dc620eb667532544a4d307d0cb2d45f46c	When examining the apartment where the Barrow gang lived, a large number of albums of the MIC group, as well as Bonnie's poems, were found.
72c619cae9e6b73e009d0308c5aa47216aa44aca	These photos were the first reliable images of criminals.
efc2e742f751f92b599f80738d3d66bd51a753f6	Photos of criminals are sent to neighboring states.
f50e4d2bd6aefb49f8bb680ac0c009b9c25bf018	Sixteen year old W. D. Jones committed two murders in the first two weeks after he joined Clyde Barrow
7c09a608bc40b55ae20fae3719dc3ae823f55c50	Over the next three months, they traveled from Texas north to Minnesota.
f8e0de8297d1b07169336aed1194b380cba45c66	In May, they attempted to rob a bank in Lucerne, Indiana[21] and robbed a bank in Okabin, Minnesota[22].
a4484cac954e5c889b8ac1560588699198da3823	Earlier, during the theft of a car belonging to Dillard Darby, they kidnapped him and Sophia Stone in Ruston, Louisiana.
7a440beab036ca1c88a72d293f4a3778e5bd9edc	This was one of five cases of abduction that they committed from 1932 to 1934.
27b1cbb7c6c3b20e711161c71cf0be784432f702	In addition to Dillard and Sophia, they abducted: Joe Jones on August 14, 1932, Officer Thomas Purcell in January 1933, Sheriff George Corry and Police Chief Paul Hardy on June 10, 1933, and Percy Boyd on April 6, 1934.
99ab4bd5e6ded3e10af215ac7d2d2d2c634f5607	They usually let their victims go far from home.
7c62fdc9b659745eea007985454ecf5d5f1d2e4a	Sometimes they gave them money so that they could return[23][24].
5d7fa0a250a4d3e92bc9a8193cda70f3d0bcc7cd	Although the publications and photos in the newspapers created an image of Bonnie and Clyde's beautiful and romantic life, however, according to Blanche, they were desperate.
73e2d8cc4261352c2c332cca5f9b0e1aa9862cc2	In her book, she wrote that when they left Joplin, all her hopes and dreams were destroyed[25].
97a05aa86b3efc2d64ada728a1c3bad9051ce469	Fame has added to their problems.
fce22d2ff4cf485fc101c433f03cdd9d0eb5d675	More hotels and restaurants were not an acceptable option.
41944ad5f3ebfd110d97e83c7ea73de28f50b1f9	They slept in the forest by the fire, and washed in cold rivers[26].
4b5da1fdc90b264a9877f8aa90c20330e699aa89	Quarrels began between the two couples and Jones ' "fifth wheel" [27][28]. Jones was so uncomfortable being in this company that he used the car stolen from Darby to get away from them.
82f11bc48bc3922aef97523351090a92a672df71	He returned on June 8[29].
e993041aa6ad34e451c02fcea35c1e54a8f93bb2	On June 10, Parker, Barrow and Jones were involved in a car accident — Clyde did not notice a sign about the repair of the bridge, and the car flew into a ravine[30].
5002ee66a8ad2f50f038e5cfc17a3b4626a67f7c	Bonnie suffered a third degree burn to her right leg.
7d964bda882e28fa394e4b8230c2cada9989c6ef	The reason is not known for sure — either the car caught fire due to a gasoline leak, or acid from the car battery got on Parker's leg[31].
7e8c40e1b2c56bca5559be7e486d1be3aa06a292	Towards the end of her life, Bonnie could hardly move — she either jumped on her good leg, or Clyde carried her.
dc458074f432594f62fb463a447844dc12feab09	They received first aid from a family of local farmers.
27782c0e2e54e0ee80d4e79b1f27dff82d785067	After meeting with Buck and Blanche, they went to Fort Smith, Arkansas, where they healed Bonnie's wounds.
ec4f92aa2c75c82002528c3bae28a5937061917d	A little later, Clyde killed City Marshal Henry Humphrey in Alma, Arkansas.
aebabe6d1ead30e9f4d5b29c09947c76b36b2a4d	Because of this, they had to run away again, despite the deplorable state of Bonnie[32].
76aa68ef13123ee736633b895331242f8a8c7b01	Motel "Red Crown", where the suspicious behavior of a gang led police, and where he received a wound in the head Tank Бэрроу39°18'43" N. 94°41'11" W. D. / 39.31194° n 94.68639° z.
8d4c48bf5824aebafef3103cc22d556a7b1307c2	D. / 39.31194; -94.68639 (1933 Site of the Red Crown Tourist Court Platte City, Missouri) (G)
3cf83bcfc1a22026e062770d5397e9d1596e95ab	On June 18, 1933, they settled in the Red Crown Motel in Arkansas.
3d760f34a0e928ed9940724175ccfca4d0d67ead	It consisted of only two rooms connected by garages.
e1e2007cfa01e71943a9d4a85f8a8c85b4408f3e	The gang rented both.
e8d4c59e7fbc6b478baa644989ff1ca8630834c6	They immediately attracted excessive attention.
f44314e04e4dcb52d7e5b5b55c47025cdf63af84	The owner noticed that Blanche had registered three people when he saw five getting out of the car.
52c1c90c24999e7f607ee0f9b6e0307dd02d8c6d	It also seemed suspicious to him that Clyde drove into the garage in reverse, "like a gangster", so that it was easier to run[33].
ab1a967a3b93664aebeae1dca840abb651884cf2	Blanche was buying food and drinks for five people.
fe09b8672332a02fee9d93a4e1c39b8ec91021ed	She was wearing trousers, which was unusual for women of that time and those places.
7761bb89fa863c72d816426791456c6594ae245d	They covered the windows of their room with newspapers.
1210861b2262fc4a4ebac76a3584ad8d4bf6aa57	All this was enough for the owner to tell Captain William Baxter about the suspicious company.
62b1d936f6f789e131edcf3b648d16a788c01164	When Clyde and Jones went to the nearest town to get food and medicine for Bonnie,[34] the pharmacist called Sheriff Holt Coffey, and he put the houses under surveillance.
f3dc7ec4233146387e8da48f1f1c16cbedca313f	At 23 o'clock, the sheriff and a group of armed officers attacked the motel; the criminals managed to escape again, but Buck was wounded in the head, and Blanche was almost blinded by shrapnel [35].
62853ea6b684c53f275a6bc96e64e2bbc75c746a	Blanche's arrest
49e6165dc0ee38e30bf8374f9b27156e758dd9b3	41°33'52" s. w.
08859927c0daac83b96fcaae9ad0cd5ff3f0018d	94°13'44" s. d.
f4d1f1dc6ff6846da728ca7d5616fe58496446b2	/ 41.564388° s. w.
11a88a07f4a413ec23ca6a1033213ba43e19d36d	94.228942° s. d.
361ffcb9f8ab4dbb988bfdb85cf847931cfc3932	/ 41.564388; -94.228942 (Site of Barrow Gang shootout at Dexfield Park, Iowa) (G)
326d4daad2e8a3ead2af76108ccda0c1abbd140f	Five days later, the gang stopped at an abandoned amusement park near Dexter, Iowa.
430e0b9b68250fb0ea2c2cafd20b921248914d79	[23] [36] Buck's injury was so severe that Bonnie and Clyde even dug a grave for him[37].
98ee9381a5c8c1b7a79eb26fd507cc6897e9d152	Locals noticed the bloody bandages, and realized that the vacationers were the Barrow gang.
f3793de654e55c5e3da3c57e76bcc2c689fb71bd	Soon they were under fire again in the presence of more than a hundred spectators.
82401a8266e477ffd0d232da435cd383a22cc820	Bonnie, Clyde, and Jones escaped.
8e17df9cfd1a0c92f3975f740bc3a19acf53cfce	Buck was wounded again, this time in the back, and he and his wife were arrested.
dc9ee1148d66c9b2fae876ce2d5f36e29d7f2b18	Buck died five days later in the hospital due to complications from surgery.
bcf334922586909cf8a4fe2911aa6b79b89018f9	For the next six weeks, Parker, Barrow and Jones spent far from their usual places and tried not to stand out, committing only minor robberies to get money for everyday needs[38].
2dfb7ca91c1a1abdec2b21144c1320b6d641df60	On August 20, they robbed an ammunition store in Plattville, Illinois.
33ddcc8cde2900fb669ea5bfe4b87b92f351829e	They replenished their arsenal with Browning submachine guns, pistols and a large number of cartridges[39].
ce0469cfc78d6be9298f6b820b62f2c3f346e065	In early September, they ventured back to Dallas to see their family, and then stopped by Houston, where Jones ' mother had moved[23][36][40].
6792f1c59b99840c206574cb82e11a0f584f3a95	There he was arrested.
650d529e8388da56f9284bfdf55dd9a2446d1d1b	On November 22, Parker and Barrow were almost arrested again in the now abandoned town of Sowers in Texas while trying to see their family again.
37fa3d8c415e34f9fdba2e304bd7f4a22e872f00	Dallas Sheriff Smoot Schmid and two of his subordinates ambushed them.
e875a1e6572ebb82e298de63ef0a0d9f1005a467	Clyde sensed a trap and drove past the car in which his family was sitting.
ffa6f4d263cf9d5d4fa5251a90288500564f9047	Then the sheriff and his deputies opened fire.
ff4fdd9958ac8f83c1dca8308e0007a0c045aead	Family members were not injured.
b53c9597c6e6d01209ad102625bddbbf5b76969a	Bonnie and Clyde ran away from the city that same night.
3575c344bf29f518abe6982d9f63894608b33b56	1934 [edit / edit wiki text]
dbaf8c0ac4a2b4f07ca1a461bee083e58aa548bc	On January 16, 1934, Clyde finally carried out his long conceived plan to raid Eastham prison.
179623e028b30c5472dadb75b3212e07c33b6dcb	As a result, Raymond Hamilton, Henry Methvin and a number of other criminals escaped from there.
72bbe3c0e0ebefb0244fb3e0f1bb7da433236b02	The public was outraged, the Texas prison system received a lot of criticism, and Clyde finally fulfilled what Phillips called the passion of his life: he took revenge on the Texas Department of Corrections[41].
bce66e594505a73768bdff991914204f091e2576	While escaping from prison, Joe Palmer shot Officer Joe Crowson[42].
581606b54d199b1e8db30595794e73c7c35b4adf	This case forced Texas and the federal authorities to throw all their efforts to catch Bonnie and Clyde.
324ed900acf4f221a27cc8da0bd96c3d560987bf	Frank A. Hamer
15b90204323107b76536d44f784def263786ba39	A former Texas ranger, Captain Frank A. Hamer, was hired to capture Bonnie and Clyde.
8cb1618988bee371689cefb1fd8e33988885cd6c	Tall, strong, secretive and taciturn, he always "implicitly obeyed the law, or what he considered the law"[43].
1a6a05dadba3b560417c7d360fe53c8c9c54b41a	For twenty years, he aroused the fear and admiration of the entire lone Star state [44].
02b4d5db6eb954ff5d128cc9d56528b3bbc1326c	He earned his reputation by making several spectacular arrests and shooting many Texas criminals[45].
d26e9991f0c71c80e44e8ac438484acd87b16cb9	He is credited with 53 murders; he himself was wounded 17 times[46].
6d4f425fc52fd8f7d21a140f4828cfec4b1f0bfb	Since February 10, he has become the shadow of Bonnie and Clyde.
148a90a1491ef5be6d7fc4c9c56055f0d8d27f48	On April 1, 1934, Barrow and Methvin killed two highway patrolmen, H. D. Murphy and Edward Bryant Wheeler.
ea0913b79dbff43120ff730ebd116703b4e7c64f	[47] [48] This case was widely covered in the newspaper.
1990215670e774514ed9a533644686da5ac6454b	However, then the newspapers mistakenly wrote that Murphy killed Bonnie, in particular, due to the fact that a cigar butt was allegedly found at the crime scene with marks of tiny teeth that could only belong to Bonnie.
f68a79e2344594eebf99847ab882650dc4a4acf6	The chief of the patrol, L. G. Fares, set a reward of $ 1000 for the corpses of the murderers; not for their capture, but only for the corpses[49].
18e021affca2836751074a7f73c19c6fcc02f821	Public hostility increased when, five days later, Barrow and Methvin killed 60 year old constable and single father William " Cal " Campbell near Commerce, Oklahoma.
46a4f57f6a2f061a8e5741a9c2eb9447a721726d	At the same time, they kidnapped Commerce Police Chief Percy Boyd, crossed the Kansas border with him, and then released him in a clean shirt, with a few dollars and a request for Bonnie to tell the world that she does not smoke cigars.
958384066a67f0783e6699dc56e7b0e7d5686a6a	Death[edit / edit wiki text]
e00eeda6039b7dbbd930acf4e6cc18ec96c87e5c	Bonnie and Clyde's car.
9387a1072150906449181e35577569d5aae17838	The shooting was so loud that Hamer's squad suffered from temporary deafness all day.
debe63c61bf565c0f4a060c604f33947eb97aded	Barrow and Parker were ambushed and killed on May 23, 1934, on a rural road in Bienville, Louisiana.
43a6c1cac1a6ddfed9a6a2bbcb01b1bc3c9bb615	Their Ford V8 was shot from an ambush by a squad of four Texas Rangers (Frank Hamer, B. M. "Manny" Gault, Bob Alcorn and Ted Hinton) and two Louisiana their officers (Henderson Jordan and Prentiss Morle Oakley)[50]. 167 bullets pierced the car, more than 110 of them hit the bandits: Bonnie is about 60, Clyde is about 50.
b4d7c5fff57299d8fa72340737653009253afa9d	Hamer was able to achieve this by studying the movements of criminals.
d8272520133ea0fea9899972cde2f8626a7fa848	They constantly crossed the borders of five midwestern states, taking advantage of the fact that the officers of one state did not have jurisdiction in another, and the FBI was not yet as influential as it is today.
61f4b5571dec5c0536378be2f57b568503b0fc3f	Barrow was a master of this technique, however, unlike John Dillinger, who was active throughout the Midwest, Clyde was more consistent in his movements, so that an experienced hunter like Hamer was able to map out their intended route.
80ebf2406f6231682bc5f1b49b09c22d3fd91c32	Later, Ted Hinton will tell reporters: "It's a pity that I killed the girl.
27f2d1e49d6a5c5650bb816e5dc325d5c71b29e0	I liked her so much.
05941bf8409fa8024f987e02c004981c095bce3e	We even had an affair... but it was initially doomed to a sad outcome"
be7ec5b9dfccd202e76f358a7f3526c4e5edefd4	Funeral[edit / edit wiki text]
adfb9cc3728b77130b654e0021e29d67591c9fe2	Bonnie's Grave32°52'03" s. w.
6b51a23cc972b8e0f8bf3fb314b4a845d542ebc3	96°51'50" s. d.
73f4000edcaf402816121cdbb334c702572ffb38	/ 32.8674164° s. w.
3b6e6d03a104de256b11d016f38c855fcb663ac1	96.8639145° s. d.
a6a46d2586b7066222450855490ef9f7c4d36be4	/ 32.8674164; -96.8639145 (Burial site of Bonnie Elizabeth Parker) (G)
009e8f041566a5d4824d98d39aa94b6894e6eaff	Bonnie and Clyde wanted to be buried together, but Bonnie's family did not allow this to happen.
68b716662abdedb2baf2a874db8a90a7035af38a	Bonnie was originally buried at Fishtrap Cemetery in Dallas, but in 1945 she was moved to Crown Hill Memorial Park.
fb9f66be910eddbae09f9693bb239b7f90ca61d8	More than twenty thousand people attended Bonnie's funeral.
5193ec843bfb621b5f61e8078425c64a3cef48d3	There is an inscription left by her mother on her grave:
32ff745bd7dc27c6000a7b209d1a3b4daf82d29e	Just as the flowers are more beautiful from the dew and in the radiance of the sun, so this world, the old world, is brighter — with the rays of such as you.
d7c430be2eabb65458b34346b472e977e1141afe	The original text (English)
04c930c3814cf64e9b1c3f9cebb98f7076b7356c	As the flowers are all made sweeter by the sunshine and the dew, so this old world is made brighter by the lives of folks like you.
9b94ce80907e094511dcae4c0749039b7a274c27	Grave of Clyde and Buck 32°45'56" s. w.
00cf7af1c32bb4e149619de7d7743dd7c44e2be0	96°50'45" s. d.
42c0eedff374bded63164bed9df9fae3a24444ed	/ 32.7655373° s. w.
d445a6465e75d80266149e90d8f06c688bd14140	96.8458633° s. d.
a6422b53073da5a7d4727f4f2b5a20a538f11c89	/ 32.7655373; -96.8458633 (Burial site of Clyde Chestnut Barrow) (G)
0d6db967f9921d023509d043f047605f566bef61	Clyde was buried at Western Heights Cemetery in Dallas next to his brother Marvin.
b59988c80c199beae09b083f98a4619aa79cac19	Further destinies of the participants of the events[edit / edit wiki text]
ca5aba98085f67737f261c251941930c064c1ab8	Immediately after the shooting of Bonnie and Clyde's car, the squad began to investigate their belongings;
9ee3d4da2e74026efd83d552f685024dbee0b92c	Hamer appropriated an "impressive" arsenal of stolen weapons and ammunition and a box of fishing gear from them.
1c1381465341a9d4bf50a9f166c0057ac026ee64	All twenty were found guilty.
bdf2d1e78c34226a9bad81510ade986f60500d5a	The mothers of both were sentenced by the court to spend 30 days in prison; the others were sentenced from an hour of arrest for the teenage sister of Clyde Mary Barrow to two years in prison for the brother of Raymond Hamilton Floyd [56].
8fb6c8d8daef2410de1b5f008848874edda7bbed	Other defendants included Blanche Barrow, W. D. Jones, Henry Methvin, and Bonnie's sister Billie.
eff8bf3330a4034cee623f922737e0a471c86f9e	Blanche spent the rest of the 30s in prison.
d3b1140c3b5b0ddca63ee42b49fa7d4f65643a92	When she was arrested, she weighed only 37 kg.
c8aca12683806b5f7955002d744c6c6714322d9e	Blanche Barrow was blinded in her left eye as a result of being wounded by shrapnel.
2669088d9de5704eab6008c3749dc7a376fa9803	After her arrest in Dexfield Park, she was sentenced to ten years in prison, but was released for good behavior in 1939.
d8f5661e0d6c049cd40df4aa0b0ef2015f5db975	She left her criminal past behind and returned to Dallas, where she cared for her disabled father.
ffd6643bd6052bc6c36fe1d9739fa5024d02b0e2	In 1940, she married Eddie Fraser; she also worked as a taxi dispatcher and cosmetologist.
e17c0b475c8d02e0dbe9f60e78cffe2d68566b90	They lived amicably with her husband until his death in 1969.
7ae56cad3baf68112f77aa2fb60be7b0cdc0e950	She died in 1988 at the age of 77.
762fff63b6357eb7ed364bcc8005a662d66312f6	Raymond Hamilton and Joe Palmer were caught and charged with murder.
596018d7936afeec6fa1f6af8c68c903e9bedb61	They were executed in the electric chair on the same day: May 10, 1935[57].
e33134d41325e1bbbcb1730096130588746f2c19	V. D. Jones first found a job in Houston, but was soon discovered and arrested.
644071f7a8dd23fa236002ab58137e10bd9dae4e	He gave evidence shedding light on the sexual life of the gang.
a1697c1a91035541c8346b6a39f3058ce6b03fd7	This caused a wave of rumors about the uncertain orientation of Clyde[58].
5da1d4207e2843c35793fdd8ddaf322ca14ccd1d	Jones was charged with the murder of Doyle Johnson and sentenced to 15 years in prison.
b18354b0fd05d29c32fb0c0a23aabb7140c9dd64	He was murdered in 1974 by George Arthur Jones, the jealous boyfriend of a woman he was trying to help.
3d3e974f92c1776871562749aba892c3feb9a7f9	Later, George Jones committed suicide with the same shotgun with which he shot W. D. Jones[59].
963150c684081e34fd82c870cc88feeb43d63891	Henry Methvin was charged with the murder of Constable Campbell in Commerce.
633be2ed99ddc7e1a055b2d0e669331e7ff82107	He was released early in 1942.
812529fc30195de9cd3ecb1ec1431197f18efc6a	In 1948, he was killed by a train.
81c76dfc45fe85099e0145afecf9ec7af58050a1	It is believed that he, being in a state of alcoholic intoxication, fell asleep on the rails.
5c0975ccf814955053e6879d8edc52f63df35c2e	Bonnie Parker's husband Roy Thornton was killed by guards during an escape from Eastham Prison in 1937[60].
e8562eee67f5acb4d7ba9593cbbe5039c5463d2a	Legend[edit / edit wiki text]
53d7083d2bd0292d7d1ef9db3a76751687568105	Her reputation as a cigar smoking gangster's mistress arose from a playful photo found by the police in an abandoned gang hideout in the city of Joplin, which was published in the press.
677cb38f7be1b93d9fba7bd773a0674a74b76fcb	Parker did smoke a lot, but not cigars, but Camel cigarettes[63].
3fbc7b336a6dfba260c11f530d0da806c28b3e4e	Historian Jeff Ginn believes that these photos were the reason for the appearance of the legend of Bonnie and Clyde[64]:
75dc2a104388a1c4a9f55a257b3ab1024bac743b	John Dillinger had the appearance of a favorite of women, handsome Floyd got the best nickname you can think of, and these photos created new criminal superstars under the most exciting trademark - illicit sex.
e062d6957a23cdf484c3658b19b3d945bdd4a4f9	Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker were brash and young, and undoubtedly slept with each other.
d6085d6a8145a3754040d5df8336df3392db9dae	If it hadnot been for Bonnie, the press probably would never have noticed Clyde.
fc109031fbc682b3ec1edcabb5f2b5dbec5a8b72	Bonnie's cheeky photos provided a sex appeal, a charm that allowed them to gain fame much greater than they deserved for their small thefts and unnecessary murders, which made up their entire criminal career
dfd43480b314d1e79c896f551da82de6c11acb88	↑ Phillips, p xxxv;
301418ac6ee3fff6ce908d358e8847c3f0dc9e66	Guinn, p 45 ↑ Guinn, p 46 ↑ Bonnie Parker’s Genealogy ↑ Strickland, Kristi.
dcedf596671a4a2df7c9ef03de19027f3375bbe0	Parker, Bonnie.
0eafd4e552e834f23ca1e44ee700cb143e48c249	Handbook of Texas Online - Texas State Historical Association.
da09f082ddd9fc415c6d39ba37da6bb7752afe53	Verified on December 1, 2012.
ea5dba5e51fc9bfa48684c322849ba93b545d8ed	↑ Parker, Cowan and Fortune, pp.
7f2ed2f04567caac52d9d80d531f7645c94ab5c9	33, 47;
375ff03b1cf7d0da0cfa8f8097a9fae9b862c48f	Guinn, p.
96adb7b1559505fc94fe17fb99978f5ce6d76882	↑ The Story of Suicide Sal.
0a6fb5afd3914be1f5087c193a5c33553272aa0a	Cinetropic ↑ The Story of Bonnie and Clyde.
93ac892cbd742cfce492cf8e218446071375d4bb	Cinetropic ↑ Guinn, p 79 ↑ Parker, Cowan and Fortune, pp 55-57 ↑ Barrow and Phillips, p. xxxv.
8e0a160bd6c1206f68ac3bebfe69053e46198788	↑ Long, Christopher.
3e65a25bc606832d76bc5db66f8c648fc3ba1b54	Barrow, Clyde Chesnut.
545f1f14e675e54b39d78813dc98b26ad3bfde1f	↑ Guinn, p.
77227a2e4d88c923d5c68b608aa378aa83fcb702	↑ Phillips, Running, p 324n9 ↑ Phillips, Running, p.
7e828035684ea3d70b9b0f50dbf62956ab8290c7	81 ↑ Treherne, John (1984).
dfc312d6376f635b61b44c02045bb88a2f328516	The Strange History of Bonnie and Clyde.
64d55cbc0850083cc3cade0e87d47864a36c5790	New York: Stein and Day.
dd8d0fdaed15d7b28c4ac7d467cafb6012c3938e	ISBN 0-8154-1106-5. p.
b299ee02bfa6732c8766d16334760da75c1fc2d9	↑ Ramsey, pp 80-85 ↑ Deputy Malcolm Davis.
3ee3b474fbd5fa2c8e5199d6b4783be88d909a57	The Officer Down Memorial Page.
6322ec9c598652ec2bd57aaa275934191bbfe3c2	Checked on November 5, 2009.
56b2790c50563e19637f0d94998f6ca2ce8b88c9	↑ Barrow and Phillips, pp 31-33.
11159b3655d851f282b0ebbd8fa82de6edd48e59	Blanche’s book gives the most complete account of the gang’s two week «vacation» in Joplin.
de55c5824572ba3ee7c716150db90f303fa213d2	↑ Barrow and Phillips, p.243 n30.
8c2dc9a551463b472933e98aa1102b2e36d497c5	↑ [1] (unavailable link) ↑ Ramsey, p 118 and p 122 ↑ 1 2 3 4 Jones, W.D. «Riding with Bonnie and Clyde».
85f5f186290b37ffb3b05c30f3b65ec3bcbaab2c	Playboy.
7620fa7ed7de6d9a54e32aaf2b9803d5ddcd84d5	November 1968.
0edd82951dcf20bd4b03548f9f5db143c82694d5	Reprinted at Cinetropic.com. ↑ Anderson, Brian.
3b409bec194c145478b328aa7c854899da8c210a	«Reality less romantic than outlaw legend».
ea98f2c056200cac78dc25c2d42dd999086dde65	The Dallas Morning News.
7f9961201d249887e024ebc9180310a791e309ff	April 18, 2003.
aa56116adc7ce39f77f4797009ac72ca92ac5e12	↑ Barrow and Phillips, pp 56 ↑ Parker, Cowan and Fortune, pp 116—117 ↑ Jones’s Playboy interview, Barrow and Phillips, pp 65 ↑ Phillips, p 343n20 ↑ Treherne, p 123 ↑ Red River Plunge of Bonnie and Clyde: Collingsworth Pioneers Park, US 83 north side of Salt Fork of the Red River: Texas marker #4218 — Texas Historical Commission ↑ Guinn, pp 191—194 ↑ Ramsey, p. 150 ↑ Guinn, p 211 ↑ Barrow and Phillips, p 112 ↑ Barrow and Phillips, pp 119—121 ↑ 1 2 Vasto, Mark.
0e28694d17af8c4c0066e13ecc92c5521496e1c9	«Further on up the road».
931e49dcc3e48bc176f5595b877df6d566a02085	Platte County Landmark.
c7ecc452eaffe7dab39b51e52b98b374dd4e0a45	Retrieved May 25, 2008.
507ad052633c8eed39a04493287368af69e523be	↑ Guinn, p 220 ↑ Guinn, pp 234—235.
0149b876cebe403c90d98bf6458e1fea39db32e7	↑ Ramsey, p 186 ↑ Knight and Davis, pp 114—115 ↑ In fact, Phillips wrote that Barrow had been focused on this idea for so long that after its implementation, "life disappointed Clyde Barrow... he knew that now he could only die" Phillips, Running, p. 217 .
eeab80f480ee87453fd94f27fae4cb1dd91ef02c	Maj Major Joe Crowson.
e8d05da77b5b0b67cf999b767cc4841592a0a7dc	Major ("major") is not Crowson's military rank, but the first name Web Webb, p 531 .
a674807648416946c6ee54d8996c44b75486056a	Bur Burrough, p 228.
3ba7a609fda30b7e11687f6da988bc8eb8d83924	↑ Treherne, p 172 ↑ Guinn, p.252 ↑ Patrolman H. D. Murphy.
301e1f490f50aa74f9f9ea72400a9b57fe0c3637	↑ Patrolman Edward Bryan Wheeler.
51cf330407e5e0708f6b8a7f3245f7442c0ebd9a	↑ Knight and Davis, p 147 ↑ FBI Famous Cases: Bonnie and Clyde ↑ Parker, Cowan and Fortune, p 174 ↑ Phillips, Running, p 207 ↑ Guinn, p 343 ↑ Emma Parker letter.
9a0d2f3ee2f74fc9aab9469c11c37b2cc141e905	TexasHideout.
12e7af1edfde1c0eaed688d34db243bd0f42dafb	Retrieved May 26, 2008.
64f7b4ca193b914414437302073d5aa8a889f999	↑ Steele, p ;
2576d8d87077dc6a403ed3586636bfd6d3bff510	Phillips, pp 209-11.
4da0aac6ba9821be31471334a39e7269133c60e5	↑ Guinn, pp 354—355 ↑ Knight and Davis, p 188 ↑ Toland, John (1963).
c4b5e2c0b86dcef63b6dbb7db8f056897248dfd3	The Dillinger Days.
015f1deb958b7374b243d575bc36708db3bdf7ec	New York: Random House.
56b9b2bd06fad9892a802bbe6c50a805aa61fb83	ISBN 0-306-80626-6 (1995 Da Capo ed.), p.
f8632a148f1019e4e82a8c2c0e013073ef7a6def	83 Kn Knight and Davis, p. 189.
1a0eefffbf483cc8c111af55a9c533fd13c63d7d	V. D. Jones and George Arthur Jones are namesakes.
aa7964478b89f74715d7477df63e9e0bd3451e48	There is no relationship between them.
b47c24acf00647187a7a13a10274b50a554ae58b	↑ «Bonnie & Roy.» Bonnie and Clyde’s Texas Hideout.
d2f0e0fa324dd864d206c7df1eb097715c870149	Retrieved May 24, 2008.
69d8cef7aac28252c622872f63783a6f92b22a8c	↑ Phillips, John Neal (2002).
2a815cc7d8f8f81a221ac0b620d782cf2028d3b5	Running with Bonnie & Clyde: The Ten Fast Years of Ralph Fults.
cb7136f66cac0b349fd28ffb051646a225d89bd6	Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
57aaa4380c584a3589e79b550097f33a8bf176a3	ISBN 0-8061-3429-1.
37e431bbe5cdb921ed261f4c9da6892fb870774f	↑ Jones deposition, November 18, 1933.
abc4c35b0c370b852036c08dfafae7c70094f0a7	FBI file 26-4114, Section Sub A, pp.
66e39ffe87cd0392d5b101c21f49a8806a8bb085	59-62.
18cd9649f80ed292e3e4b15afad97dc2aa6a9c4d	FBI Records and Information.
6dfc66be5ebb931b4956976fd8a6239487c938e7	↑ Parker, Emma Krause, Nell Barrow Cowan and Jan I. Fortune (1968).
18f0b283a25fec749c94eb418fa4a303f5a64bc6	The True Story of Bonnie and Clyde.
16758888ead1f80874502804c0c000d735134c71	New York: New American Library.
d7e70604f25ba249e8154a85c974b72e4ca72a87	ISBN 0-8488-2154-8.
12deba8f00a99215952db656eaa99a1a523288ea	↑ Go Down Together: The True, Untold Story of Bonnie and Clyde 480.
92825606e164054c1dd38181066724b771d4260a	Simon & Schuster (March 9, 2010).
e95d591d67cd7567a99d4fed9b7d904aa17b955d	Checked on November 22, 2013.
9cbcc314adf02c01f5924b338911e3e4c609b4f2	Jenkins J. P. Bonnie and Clyde // Britannica.
a1eda47ec26b4ac477474c97dfcf044ab4544a41	Archived from the original source on May 6, 2016.
bbc40ed4773f558c7a33720231851ad3801c23fb	Oleg Mazurin "Women are maniacs" chapter 8 " Bonnie Parker is a killer poet"
db577b1bccaddd8b7eb2bd94733043427dafbb26	On Wikimedia Commons there are media files on the topic of Bonnie and Clyde Headline, NY Times, May 24, 1934, Barrow and Woman Are Slain by Police in Louisiana Trap (eng.) Jones W. D. Riding with Bonnie and Clyde (English) / / Playboy.
76ecfa92ea05a07be659dbda643c2fbbbaa39470	— 1968.
3651e9fe52cc0dcc0021ea72b3d4e71392ca428c	— November.
1d868012a9a4cc7b0b08f6489bdd1f598dce37f3	Bonnie and Clyde FBI Famous Cases Poems written by Bonnie Parker (eng.)
8e5720b8770cd31a65a7ceb852fb46fe51d15de8	The Barrow Gang Bonnie Parker • Clyde Barrow • Buck Barrow • Blanche Barrow • W. D. Jones • Henry Methvin • Raymond Hamilton • Ralph Fults
e8edd332645dc1efa3dde79bc55bf469d7327e46	Movies The Bonnie Parker Story (1958) * Bonnie and Clyde (1967) • Bonnie & Clyde: The True Story (1992) • Bonnie & Clyde (2013)
943afd42fd61908eef7c995116067f680df4b825	Music "Bonnie and Clyde "(album) • "The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde" • A Day in the Life of Bonnie and Clyde • "The Legend of Bonnie and Clyde" (album)
8c22bf34531b3565075396bbb02f812b53dc6d09	Personalities Crime in the USA
a4485e79815371f27d07a0ff0c20c62a1d697522	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonnie and Clyde&oldid=82729468"
76078a68276c4396fb4ca3d90c17d5ccc9eef2f2	Categories: Alphabetical personalities Born on October 1 Born in 1910 Died on May 23 Died in 1934 Born on March 24 Born in 1909 Bank robbers Robbers Criminals USA Bandits Urban legends Killed during detention Died from firearms Police killers
4709b9078dc3705dd7142d39563cfd28683b5e01	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles with non working links Pages using magic links ISBN Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Wikipedia:Link to Wikimedia Commons directly in the article
a2d074ef697f57a7030ec6bd1661b39cad2eeda5	Afrikaans العربية Azərbaycanca / Bulgarian বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Հայերեն עברית Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 Lietuvių Latviešu Nederlands Norsk bokmål Polski Română Simple English Slovenčina Svenska ไทย Türkçe Ukrainian 中文
c31d39383a79255cd18f2cf337be4bb489cba8e0	Last modified on this page: 11: 08, December 28, 2016.
83b8609fc376a450c6f037d65cfa69f5190a4d62	hist etnol
da385f0754cdeff86b1dbeb9ed3fac76e5aebd7b	History and ethnology.
830430e98ed35a05eb3bc52a7b940f3b448135a0	Evidence.
6850644cd695feebca05b23143fb45a548730ea5	Events.
545a8ac4830909907a34c1b060c0f5a6774f8e61	Fiction.
e216b2c4d520eb6d5a31082e625d55c9b767dc3e	Bonnie and Clyde: Ruthless Killers
20228f4b588147bce136979eb26d7cc777ca979a	bolivar s wrote in hist etnol November 26th, 2015
8c969b13b1dabd0fb79d093066c89d27cd8528db	Bonnie and Clyde: Ruthless killers Their names have long become household names, and time has smoothed out the events of the past years, softening the compromising details.
fa0b42389e2740f65669383527e285b002dae1c1	And now they are already called outstanding personalities who have challenged society and the "unfair" authorities, they make films about them, dedicate poems to them.
53aedbb4b0f1581bc6985c6a2210902b5bf0b1f6	But who were Bonnie and Clyde really?
8df32bfa65ace009e4315d1b9d2d65045b250358	What was their real life, and not smoothed out by Hollywood screenwriters?
7b407ec7815d390aeccbbd3b4b03bbdc5768e7fa	Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow traveled around the southern states of the United States in the early 1930s.
460caaf3760a401a9971da6aad675d1a49ee39fb	And they did not look much like the screen characters of the sensational Hollywood film of 1967 with Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway in the main roles.
199bf7122a1de2e476d2c676c727b08fe62d5151	This couple was made legendary by excessive cruelty, reckless audacity, and most importantly, the complete senselessness of the murders they committed.
c5b494cc932a2686bd4cd331f4330ccdfa276cf6	A GIRL WITH PROSPECTS, Bonnie Parker was born on October 1, 1910 in the Texas town of Rowena and was the middle of three daughters of a bricklayer Charles Parker.
594eee88a3d438488bce92e835973f64c8d08977	In 1914, the father died, and the mother moved the girls to her parents ' house, in the suburbs of Dallas.
e606242a2987e6d77253fa71aa993143e8df9451	Bonnie went to school and made some progress in her studies.
cc0feeb02658ccf873fd75635febe8785f1ee25f	In high school, this fragile blonde (with a height of 150 cm, Bonnie weighed 44 kg) was considered one of the best students, even won a literature competition.
a9ae4f674715924d4d9970a1d46bbdf9c0bd0506	The girl enthusiastically read magazine stories about adventures, wrote poems and was fond of photography.
5777646ea997f6146f724da8c199b5acc5743657	Teachers and parents believed that Bonnie had a chance to hit a bigger jackpot in life.
c540cadcb5f61b72a8a3dd5f8db73cd622f97593	But ... six days before her 16th birthday, Bonnie, spitting on all prospects, dropped out of school and jumped out to marry her classmate Roy Thornton.
5d1b7b2415dad3c56531e9a9bb4f0505088ce20c	In a fit of love, she even got a tattoo on her hip — two connected hearts with the names Roy and Bonnie.
545f63186aa95d29fb3fbd09e752109b9adcd648	However, the young wife was a little hasty with the tattoo.
e893010e26882c02efd9bf9d9787a2038be763c8	Soon Roy began to disappear from the house for a long time.
29c0825a3ca3b93409e10bbb83a056f26dadc70f	In 1929, he was sent to prison for robbery, and Bonnie never saw her husband again.
0a367bf8fad9a6b154f0afc29d0f3613f0f256ba	She was only 19, and her husband, a criminal, turned out to be a terrible misunderstanding in Bonnie's life — at least, so her family believed.
c061d6f2dfbcdb2f8a510935f9eedb175c065fa2	And Bonnie Parker herself dreamed of another life filled with events and adventures.
da1e996d46a81ed7630b66cfba1b34f6e366aca5	And fate has already prepared a sharp turn for her.
1696bb8e9098bd76dbf65e172ae9b51f46d17d23	At the beginning of 1930, Bonnie met him — Clyde at a friend's house.
f662cc0fbb2586d4a64bddf9743f655410205b7a	Clyde Barrow, like Bonnie, was born in Texas, in the town of Telico, on March 24, 1909.
f9d5fdadec39211ab3d397f5b0a6c9528050d769	He was the fifth son of seven children of farmer Henry Barrow.
50e6e1b09348ea30b4ed9c6fac2f36052d29e13a	The future gangster attended school very sporadically, he did not even finish the fifth grade.
fdd7cd34729797d0a99450de779622096830e1b7	When Clyde turned 12, the family moved to Dallas, where his father opened a gas station.
44df61d0870eb1a5b329b1e2aa5fca81393e22cf	The parents made a last attempt to send the unreasonable child to school, but soon the boy found a more interesting occupation: together with his older brother Marvin (Buck), he sold stolen turkeys and drove stolen cars at night.
b93eb00900c52b4825e88a71b67104ce2e3b33d3	On October 16, 1929, Clyde was first arrested.
f1af2900f209a82a4d83df3ecde3f400909fae21	Together with William Turner and Frank Hardy, he tried to commit a robbery at the Roosevelt Hotel in Waco, Texas.
0ca3c0183b1eed160d9bbb296964c111f7398cc9	Bursting into tears, Clyde (in his 20s, with a height below 170 cm, he looked like a teenager) lied to the police chief that he did not know about the bad reputation of the men who agreed to give him a ride when he voted on the road.
351683189d93cb4dba8dd1f151d62743196dae71	Clyde was released, and this was his last "respite" before the "real" life.
84df080e20d65e60ed06687c63f54ea9956ab183	PRISON AND FREEDOM Soon he met Bonnie.
7308925ecc59397e079de5dcdff3b269ef270817	The girl found out about the past of her lover when the police came to take him to Danton, where Clyde was suspected of theft.
a09396e976094dfcb5b1357141bcae4f86c0b482	But it was not possible to prove his guilt, and Clyde was transported to Waco, where he confessed to a couple of night robberies and the theft of several cars.
111f42eece0948c51832f378b247655d7da38e69	Clyde knew that tears would hardly help him this time — he was sentenced to two years in prison.
f9c94a04aa4655b32ef861eae26e7637cf64840e	By some strange coincidence, Clyde's cellmate turned out to be William Turner, the same one with whom they were "caught" by the police at the Roosevelt Hotel.
e10b0868630fccfb562077e0e3f12e7ffc878032	Together they came up with an escape plan.
4103b12cc3f4332787d38db872d5cdc9b4799b33	Bonnie smuggled a gun into the prison and gave it to Clyde during the date.
bd4d5680a060722777306035e5261182b7b230d6	The very next night, Clyde and Turner escaped.
2d4bcf043204db3ced0beda0160ca595e8451298	But the freedom was short lived.
12e4c2baad9a96fe9f183f34fae86316b783c125	A few days later, the fugitives were captured.
32874919927b69fbf67e6dba6511e6f6e24bc271	And by their own oversight: Clyde did not think to change the license plates on the stolen car (he did not make such a mistake again).
fcee7e634c9098b065ea311a86967647c2b0c00e	He was sentenced to 14 years in prison and sent back to prison.
a928257a29ab4db041611e1b5796072d03cbd867	Bonnie wrote long letters to her friend.
a897752e3139528d3956f2421b4c6bac99e53e4f	It is not known how long Clyde would have had to languish in captivity if his mother Kyumi, who also wrote letters, had not intervened.
fd371384f4472265a9c5f714d524324e2cc36d86	However, she sent her messages not only to her son, but also to the judge, complaining about the family's plight.
958adfd03fc947f33d0680e3a1416b6897564750	And maternal perseverance won: on February 2, 1932, Clyde Barrow was released.
4a28ba6f901e9129c8ea05dc8f54671f9ec2b579	However, on the eve of his release, not knowing about his mother's efforts, Clyde decided to take the initiative and persuaded his partner to "accidentally" chop off a couple of toes with an axe — this is a mere trifle compared to the opportunity to take a break from the harsh prison everyday life, when he had to work 16 hours a day.
0aafbf77d943f8fe77ab9e2bdd62f9fbe36eaf81	Clyde left the prison on crutches.
6787d36a2f56c753735fb3fd9e7b01d44cfc844b	When he was free, he made his first (and last) attempt to work honestly, but his good intentions were enough for exactly two weeks.
d75bcab9fa6129e144e95d4c54c872e4f1a30139	Clyde returned to Bonnie, and the couple escaped in a stolen car.
288844d2862b5519b91108e0ef6b965f8a86c1cc	Soon Bonnie was taken on a case: Clyde and his friends were robbing a store opposite the courthouse in the placidly sleeping Texas town of Kaufman, and Bonnie was watching at the door.
72db32d028e7949060a3c2b0f79e8b46de56c7e7	Suddenly the alarm went off, but the burglars managed to escape with the proceeds.
6369fcc4904d2e848968fb2cecfc2414222facfe	Everyone ran away except Bonnie.
b8af663fe7f6c84c2efcbfb25541fc40a2bbf54b	She was given three months in prison — these were the last months spent by Bonnie and Clyde without each other.
0aa5e141d9357213200647cd09f99bfaccacac79	Meanwhile, Clyde was very busy: he was robbing and ... killing.
05c61d9332e9bcefbf4695199df0324d5b04c50c	He committed his first murder on April 13, 1932, during a robbery of a jewelry store.
e354ecb976c3f864d8810a4b3e0cf60640197caa	Clyde shot and killed the owner of the jewelry store, John Boucher.
2a25322874b798bf1c278bfaac76cc94c2b07f92	Although Clyde claimed that he was sitting in the car at the time of the shooting, he and Raymond Hamilton were found guilty of murder.
f223eea5677ada7e093d476edaaa3dace3ba9061	Barrow was becoming a real bloody criminal.
d8bee467a3bc2e9a572abea154d8eae6c4ac5242	In June 1932, Bonnie joined the Barrow gang to live with Clyde for two crazy years that turned them into a legend.
9436dacfe50313633fdd893948650b0531ca06c6	On August 5, 1932, the sad fate of the jeweler was shared by two policemen whom Barrow and Hamilton killed in Ataka, Oklahoma, when law enforcement officers approached their car to check their documents.
06485340ed33b02c05d85481b60da8fee5626e38	Then several thefts and robberies followed, again ending in murder.
a575bbe8a8740e821e840a0ac13bb3a1a1748c0a	And justice finally partially prevailed: Hamilton was arrested in Michigan, sent to Dallas, where he was sentenced to 264 years in prison.
385d707a8dabbbec092f9028497a5b737031b84c	MEETING WITH MR.
0475e13e1ba8aaa924f8020a217edf4343f524a5	DARBY One morning in Rustin, Louisiana, Bonnie and Clyde stole a car belonging to a certain Mr. Darby.
b14ff164c5126d8bb1137e311b18d182b94a7acc	Clyde was drooling with pleasure, and Bonnie was purring like a cat.
6797419b2f17a25108ba9418b797f04b83909bc6	These two tramps were real crazy killers...
6b1ae758b4143bd4651d625c23629ea0d807c394	When I told Herbert that it would be good to quickly sell the weapons and send them out, Herbert replied: "Sell?
753703c6241a8e8fbd2edda3d42e7370265c398a	To them?
4e961223dd128b08c9d85cd81a73531e1fae3b41	Yes, if I donot give them these rifles just like that, they will kill me, and you too."
1bc5301b2a63e87a1a136b12de20434c53047973	REAL FAME IN Joplin, Marvin joined the gang — Clyde's older brother, who was just released from places not so remote, with his wife Blanche and 17 year old thief W. D. Jones.
8c611d4d833736b4bb488c6b7021b4795d87a2e3	The five of them rented an apartment and, not really caring about caution, rested quite noisily.
0ec27122cea313950abe4ac6e288c5170100a38a	The fun ended when they were suddenly visited by police officers tracking down a gang of bootleggers.
5794ac4df76a83fc4c24626ebf14fc9241b0a2f3	During the shootout, Clyde and Jones were wounded, two policemen were killed.
18dcc2ab64abe99a83f2047e702a2ad3a73022eb	In the apartment left by the Barrow gang, the law enforcement officers found undeclared photographic films, among which were pictures of Bonnie and Clyde, which were soon printed in many newspapers.
c9f930c33aa87c62f5a836af6e682d1383e8f4ea	At first glance, these are ordinary photos that friends take on vacation.
d8edf50744ac1bf9ee468225d27d0c82b938e560	But almost every picture shows a weapon: Bonnie in an elegant suit standing by the car, Clyde at the hood of a late model Ford;
0b078b550e3336f023c2033e157e9d8934eefe84	Bonnie with pistols in her belt, with a rifle;
f6e5d9d0a2963a7ede375f8679b7c079c6448e2c	Bonnie and Clyde are aiming rifles at each other.
ea3942d5b57a6cd00a272b7fd237369b56a9e6aa	And not a single smile — even when they are fooling around, they only grin slightly.
799f21d6c11de775cc7bdb5d0b3bbafe2b6c2d45	And in the eyes of the fatigue of people who are doomed to leave the chase all the time.
7807b5fd71a2e3cc0bda78e8bfc3a728b9e12d49	THE BEGINNING OF THE END The following months were the hardest for the Barrow gang.
37de3ec1f2f77b4021a3718e1df149ce1a686e1b	They raced along the roads of the southern states, not stopping in any city for more than a few days, robbing the cash registers of local shops and banks.
65fa46e08999abb21b70cbccf9c000e48bd0b78b	But at that time, even in banks, it was often almost impossible to get hold of a large sum.
da06a640e35099261c2d62604752cee89f27aadb	Their production mostly did not exceed 10-20 dollars.
2fd276ed5730bc9032f27ace52f10370481664f4	None of the gang members, except Bonnie and Clyde, could not stand this frenzied pace of life from beginning to end.
a9261061363804f4a83489f3b2d1e94b26dc4500	They tried to leave the gang, hoping to live longer.
2e96883618d4baa425f9fcffa8b56aa93644dffe	There were the most incredible rumors about this couple.
cf53499a078e89f929832472ad7d24914653ae8d	So, they said that Bonnie was a nymphomaniac, and Clyde was a homosexual... what was really going on in their souls, you can only guess, but these two were truly devoted to each other.
a14a4a769e27fe93dcc20e560781de1a3a582452	On the night of June 10, 1933, the gang was leaving the chase along country roads in northern Texas.
a8e8062112c2e4cbf729aac78b2f87ed8ef1fd50	Clyde didnot notice the detour sign on the bridge being repaired, and their Ford V8 at 70 mph tore down the barriers, overturned and fell off the cliff.
eb7f29bde48146fae8e1a481c3372eb7fb780641	Everyone, except Bonnie, managed to get out of the car in time.
f21c653937276ff099a62fcad4e093a5d3cabb48	Boiling acid from the car battery burned her leg, so much so that in some places the bone was visible.
54821256f0b0c0bc080af8f3a3b59adaf35f1915	The wound remained untreated.
ad0a78651165ae54aa269a2418c68a5e68332319	Sometimes it was so hard for Bonnie to walk that Clyde carried her in his arms.
860cba0e1724d21d858a0c4baa28ad750e840f9d	The accident was seen by local farmers who provided first aid to Bonnie, but after noticing a whole arsenal of weapons in the car of travelers in trouble, they called the police.
dfc4f4471ca7639610b91888b8329c1319dc020c	The next stop of the gang was the tourist camp Red Crown ("Red Crown") in Arkansas.
5cff3a0ab4898b8251b8a53c423c661671b22a13	They rented two houses connected by a garage.
8bcaba97ad9e448fa2b4a7b182df76bef4bf52ec	The police paid the bandits a visit again.
3865b897c8149ef629ba58690365f01e6cd769df	A firefight began, in which they had never been caught before.
3c34be667b24d100ad72b41d30bbe42165aea2b6	They managed to escape, but at a terrible cost: Buck was blown off part of his skull by two bullets, his wife Blanche was almost blinded by glass fragments that hit her eye.
25c6309fb56554cfa2db007ce2c627c22d815594	A couple of days later, the police came to them again, when the gang, spitting on all caution, settled in a park in Dexter, Iowa.
c62760d013eb4971b4c3e55b46aa2f631ef6f6a8	They were handed over by a waiter of a roadside cafe, who told the police about a suspicious man who ordered dinner for five people and took everything into the forest.
bdc35c721d0f6adb649eec49560d4bdb5c4c16cc	Clyde and Jones managed to escape and carry off the wounded Bonnie, but the dying Buck and Blanche, sobbing over his body, fell into the hands of the guards.
b8b3cf82919a5dc0bd53881d0f238e78d9d0d91e	Buck died a few days later in a hospital in Parry, Iowa, from complications after surgery.
011009512571bf42fac2ca69864dd3fa469bffa9	Blanche, perhaps the most innocent of the gang (she was always trying to persuade Buck to return to Dallas to a normal life), was sent to the Missouri state prison.
11b8f38cb8506b5def483edc881eef8582c028fd	The court sentenced her to 10 years in prison just for being near the criminals.
14b2dbb942ec47c7286d634eae37e2ddc4467ba1	Shortly after this story, Jones left the gang.
bb89460d787aaae09fb4b79bfae4c40880f8027c	He had had enough.
9fb77c4da6d0ef8835700109bc42942ea7a76a99	The pursuers were already breathing down their necks, but Bonnie and Clyde were not going to become easy prey.
7f9a9c25f0c8263d7ab9ff0bf9d9ab5d30055dd7	They knew that they had nothing to lose, and in January 1934, after raiding the Texas prison Eastham, they released Ray Hamilton.
dc539ba2eafaad65b4362c272a5a3e49ef9f8eb7	And at the same time, Henry Methvin.
a77eaac8b1e8ffd04d7f9679e99f0ccc77b56a87	And another policeman was killed — Major Crowson.
34a65edadfa3596763bf317969788e6a136d93cb	In March, Hamilton left the gang after a quarrel over the division of the loot.
a839eb5025767025c33e23de67a81a19fd111cd6	He was later caught and sentenced to death in the electric chair in 1935.
f6cbcf3cdbf99235b9ddd51616bee0e0885d911b	And the Barrow gang continued their journey along the "route of death".
5eecf4340fc7f40653511f030bd9cd8fc8064d5a	On Easter Day, on a country road on the way to Grapevine, Texas, Clyde and Metwin killed two more policemen who stopped, thinking that their help was needed.
05191c7af8d041ba20105ccfc6c1a6fe750ea0b5	Five days later, police officer Col Campbell became a victim of the bandits, and the criminals took police chief Percy Boyd hostage in Commerce, Oklahoma, but quickly released him.
3364e798902f70321098af949be912e9e1e41b87	They had less than a month to live.
7769f1bfa2dc8138fa86c5ca302b1a8b26362d8f	THE DEATH MACHINE Ring around the Barrow gang was shrinking every day.
9c7d2ae438decc71c031130d46eeb805ec8cd04b	All police personnel were instructed to fire to kill, and then ask questions.
025c7acbc96076c43e197c62aa72ee7aedd0d067	This was tantamount to a declaration of war.
85ff37d0797b808d583bfe8359bead7488d05f1a	The head of the FBI, Edgar Hoover, said: "Clyde is a psychopath.
3381d3d412d7175a01e0ea8e774d9d972c7f2dc6	He must be destroyed like a mad animal."
b36b589c0394b85e3d17d821809dbb2ab6639849	The governor of the state, Miriam Ferguson, instructed the head of the Texas correctional system, Lee Simmons, to hire a "special agent" to catch criminals — former Texas ranger Frank Hamer, who has tracked down and neutralized more than a dozen gangsters during his career.
5822c594aa9fd1ae0a4546d366a5803c53fbba52	Hamer started tracking all the bandits ' movements.
0af3c0e3c415efbee010928aa1f5667d0fd97bf8	While they were being hunted, Clyde killed three more policemen, the "elusive" also robbed several banks.
b775c7286067edc2b354e467bcb5ac7ac3917aff	In May, Hamer finally managed to figure out another criminal hideout - in Louisiana, in the house of Ivan Methvin (Henry Methvin's father).
eabd0918e22e4bc09be1eed7f7c4769dde53983a	The ranger went to him urgently and made a deal: old man Metwin turns over Bonnie and Clyde to the police in exchange for his son's life.
79d3caf2933775586205d194508c5eb186fe3032	On the night of May 23, 1934, Hamer and five other policemen set up an ambush in a dense forest, eight meters from the road.
ec1803d8136f027f8dce76181572480607748e53	A truck belonging to the elder Methvin was parked at the curb.
0df45a8fcd724e6900965fc8b667b29c107c660a	Clyde knew this car well, and it was possible to expect that when he saw it, he would slow down.
27e96accf782203319820c6b8b7a9ba507522b72	The police waited for seven hours.
51db14c8741568af5fc5bad89ba189c5f4adecf6	At 9: 10 am, they noticed a car approaching at high speed.
6a8d5dd21397cb3287ee3eb853598d0a62b95e22	Clyde began to slow down, and suddenly the car was hit by fire from six barrels at the same time.
d173e7f20413ff1be7633d466474ec4c3870a80b	In a minute it was all over.
826b3353d76d4bf2498a36226058209db84bc0c9	After firing 167 bullets at the target, the police approached the car with caution.
13bc4471fb301bd97f5b992caf2624c0e854d8d0	Bonnie and Clyde were dead.
58ef2a6b7375eb637614d1f5703d48a61a1a59ea	Their bodies were pierced by more than 100 bullets.
265ffd72ebe6413ce39954211ff5b8d0262eed0b	The fingers on Bonnie's right hand were completely shot off.
ca56769c4d69aee709cd9274c7dccfdc6558c35a	She was holding a bloody pack of cigarettes in her left hand, and a pistol was lying on her lap.
6a8cc51e7e3f8a0634c884539b14ddea480e6d7f	Bonnie was 23, Clyde was 24.
04f4fe5cfbce9649480ed75c8058bc491df21aa4	Later, Frank Hamer told reporters: "It's a pity that I killed the girl.
bea93e6c27955fa5b02ffb997a0375293ec9a5f4	But it was like this: either we are them, or they are us."
0ade808a3fea88c76d7d50259750623b573f5c3f	The smoke from the shooting had not yet dissipated, and the ambush site was already surrounded by onlookers to get hold of "souvenirs": pieces of Bonnie's bloody dress or a strand of her hair.
41b6fdae93eb98ed5b13b10b1659d72104b6c41e	Someone tried to cut off Clyde's ear and the middle finger of his right hand with a penknife.
d433785bd212f32d702215072e685f0cc41db724	The intervening policeman stopped the "vultures" who had swooped in.
c136a928c1d1783d6fd12ef4fa374f9b159e78c0	The "death machine" was transported to Arcadia, Louisiana, where a crowd of curious people had already gathered.
733dd349ed2617411455430a05d039d69018a36e	At the funeral home, the bodies of Bonnie and Clyde began to be prepared for the funeral ceremony.
89b48c66d769ac38a8a4ad843a075be798d18116	The embalming, ironically, was done by the same Mr. Darby, whose car Bonnie and Clyde once stole, taking him hostage...
51ce3b3d2254df7783a9b317e75019e88d232c76	Clyde was buried at the Western Heights Cemetery in Dallas on May 25, 1934 next to his brother Marvin (Buck).
be68c075086a8d19ec9cc843afdbbe109b6d9751	Bonnie's mother refused to bury her daughter next to Clyde, and the ceremony took place on May 27, 1934 at Fishtrap Cemetery in West Dallas.
e0e39a9fa7dced4e6114803cf386d4e324f0b9d5	The inscription on Bonnie's tombstone reads: "As flowers bloom under the rays of the sun and the freshness of dew, so the world becomes brighter thanks to people like you."
00ffb2148412d287c57eda7a771f82d5fe170248	Such an epitaph for someone who left behind such an unkind bloody memory sounds a little strange... who were Bonnie and Clyde?
a1ed5acce7a23eaf558a8a668623880835da4a2f	Victims of the Great Depression?
a2a600409406b978575092ce053a6784a7f6858a	A lost generation?
449fc7ea1c9452c9767a42a44732cdc385a5e65d	Probably, all this can somehow explain the goal, but it can not justify the means to achieve it in any way.
a2ab3db9d1b24b3ad721f8584793eab9f68833ce	Time leaves its traces on everything.
38c4e753045dc261f9f9c22a586d4fdd6d0e756f	It left a myth mark on the lives of Bonnie and Clyde.
c3d060e09a13d51880b73ed1d1424cdcec5f0f37	And numerous stories, true and not so much, give criminals a romantic aura of outstanding personalities who challenge the authorities.
85a0b597f7be3a0a29f2ed7fc27d9b01a5980d65	But Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow were just ruthless killers.
2aa924f14faedd68ba85a0a72cbeaa63b292ab06	Anastasia SMIRNOVA
7525a7478cc06933e77976da86278380b0a2c161	http://oursociety.ru/publ/amerikanskaja istorija/bonni i klajd bezhalostnye ubijcy/3-1-0-169Tags: biographies, history
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61849fe890913cac2c50d332502d510349b5189c	Bonnie and Clyde: Ruthless Killers livejournal 2015-11-26 06: 35 pm (UTC)
69c4084696fedcadf7adc79b5d165cdc3ea22ebe	Slavikap user referred to your entry in his entry "Bonnie and Clyde: Ruthless Killers" in the context of: [ ... ] The original is taken from Bonnie and Clyde: Ruthless Killers [...] (Reply) (Thread)
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ec29c5d0488252cbf83bfd4db443bc23e0bca210	Bonnie and her Clyde.
f76fece5d878c429912057365afcd62a0a3ed291	Criminal love story
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781a44fe69e4ecd68760e92f023c349606627396	18.07.2012 12:03
019913e46aa3afd67fb0305e6494cf59646d83ad	From the very beginning, you need to make a reservation: Bonnie and Clyde* were real robbers, without discounts and amendments.
8c4a1b4345d1b9825ae40bc84e3235b240095987	Their gang has 12 human lives on its account.
e9dbc2706742c5e58f58a31eb6264268afef0894	But almost the day after their death, America forgave them everything that had previously terrified them: all that remained in the memory was that they were together against the whole world and that they loved each other.
47640e8d2e61e1971d34fc278e4f2b455930a04b	Bonnie and Clyde's childhood pranks
856a804f9053057146e62b5d9c4d6f9d5872aabb	But Clyde's parents didnot have the money to buy musical instruments, and besides, it takes years of hard work to become a musician — this is not an option for Clyde.
2390b4576589c49b79ae0c51ca643c5d5db9e9fd	They didnot even believe that everything was so simple when the iron locker found itself in the back seat of the car.
b5db7301e92a45c367a91e49403e2b9de558ecc7	Clyde saw at least some semblance of well being among his relatives and acquaintances melt away.
2b0b27f2e3a80eb5911c0245b91ddcd3f7fd6901	Well, he wasnot going to work for pennies.
1a89ae377ff5428ee7543e3ea5aa8611a038e326	Clyde did not learn anything from his brother's fate, he turned into a thunderstorm of expensive store owners and rich passers by.
796fc7c58366ea0d083c78e18405661de9c4fb2b	They met by chance, visiting a mutual friend.
729b378d3902f675a842a7a6b923c369652fefe3	Since then, there hasnot been an evening that Bonnie and Clyde havenot spent together.
8d6e83d1142fcf1a73f2c9fa9d4cc3ee4eb5365f	Bonnie didnot think about her wayward husband anymore.
7dcad20ef4bb1dcd28ea20aa0533f62d1caf330d	Clyde was surprisingly gentle and charming, and the criminal fleur suited him so well, adding a special masculinity that, from Bonnie's point of view, is not found among respectable citizens.
5c8c51c6f8dbc2e242f134f80d6ae3ba490c6378	One day Clyde came to say goodbye to her: the police have been watching him for a long time, and it will be safer to get out of town for a while.
5af8a794745382ea5bf63f26d6b5f9bfe0b304db	He will definitely send a postcard in which he will inform you of his new address.
7f5b9af975596a595cc10e6db30f03e0a74ad2d0	But the arrest followed the same evening, when he was packing his suitcases.
43bb7723461f192a93678baad1b04ba605d2e751	The police were well aware of all his exploits, and on one of the dates he confessed to Bonnie that he would not pass a serious term.
6004e5846d0fb813e113297a6e3776bfda6e00dc	The idea that the normal course of life should be interrupted for many years was for him equivalent to the thought of the end of the world.
98d6b8256e0a43ef4f66e346c3d00aa26d513260	And he saw only one salvation — escape.
dcdaad0728b4df5753df33034622679ee8127e49	Bonnie volunteered to help.
8f877272744f0068518c6a2d53ac6af774df1b08	Clyde handed her a piece of paper with a plan of the house where the parents of one of his cellmates lived.
6e5a743c6b89e789a92174bba397d6c0a7131306	The bathroom was marked with an x — there was a 32 caliber pistol stored there.
1e3fa91d64e74ac2dd75dca6bfacb9f1bc779292	She was also informed when the owners are not at home.
97d5e4923abc0a6827d7b9d6dbcbd5fb30920ac2	Bonnie secretly confiscated the weapon alone, and the very next day handed it to her Clyde in a reticule.
40836de5d2ea51a59bc3de9bfef5176f2e14f5e0	That evening, Barrow and Turner were released.
89a8fdc2293675fee8b616e7bf10e4403dc54f1d	The fugitives were caught about a week later in Illinois on the other side of the country.
ad84c57689c4469973a2d24cf8b97d3e644cb9f1	And by their own oversight: Clyde did not think to change the license plates on the stolen car.
a68b0886384f1a492ce7fb0eb6cc2632b6cdaf4e	He did not repeat this mistake again.
527735e6ec0a4f35b0b8985cc207bb1e04c30741	He served two years in one of the most brutal prisons in Texas.
adb1880673dbf663715266c0562ed80c5338f8c4	Moreover, he was very, very lucky: the sentence was seven times longer.
c073f8406df9714e1e5b8621ae9c434f97b4b063	At that time, he was saved by the intervention of his mother.
1c77e64d8a7aec1ba0e2a6f33335428906a57d3e	Kummi Barrow managed to get a reduced sentence due to the family's plight.
2af3f79b2f5c6c98302427433633fa82642a2828	Before Clyde found out about this, he managed to take his own initiative — he persuaded his partner to accidentally drop an axe on his feet.
bdda4ea57ebe55dfebabf4866586d016da58ff11	The loss of two toes seemed to Clyde a mere trifle compared to the opportunity to "take a break" from the daily sixteen hour work.
15067dda6660d2d17c6ad4f8ce333d80d6190d5d	He returned home on crutches and immediately went back to his old ways.
6e8159d00594aff0d73583ba31861051035fd9ba	But this time Bonnie made sure that she was also accepted into the company.
981f0b05e32034ca7da509f8dffa7d18f36fb161	After all, she was able to get him a gun?
1fc11bc436157dee45e16da715b655fef042644a	So, it will be suitable for something else.
1d4497bf90de29e36777fbd68bce1b89907b91d4	She was taken on a trip to the small Texas town of Kaufman, who was sleeping peacefully while Clyde and his friends were robbing a store just opposite the courthouse.
b013150c909fb5c0579e228f7e30d514cf0bc32a	Bonnie was standing guard at the door.
c887136defc71dd4ab4fc7f434151ba68c85cb05	It was the first time she had seen Clyde in action and was admiring the confident calmness with which he directed the actions of his noticeably nervous comrades, when suddenly the alarm went off.
39b7110cb900d1fc4c501ea07685c20f1c410c28	The burglars managed to escape with the proceeds at the last moment.
246529c6f49ad5e711b777d8ae40e3ae8fb69148	Everyone except Bonnie.
167ee59c1334e8fb72aacd13249e51b90b6f4014	She was given three months in prison — these were the last months they spent without each other.
bd9d178842c7596cb8914b5a5e18aa4ada59f8d8	Meanwhile, Clyde and his friends continued to do their usual business — to get money from other people's safes and cash registers.
e6961d86dba67452a58bd7fe3c2b65fe344c1f47	For the time being, without any problems.
9348487c68f1d6e42ad1f719c847e89795ee7a18	One April evening, Clyde and Raymond Hamilton were robbing a jewelry store.
70a41cfcbd8354734c2617afd5c416dc5736936b	The owner was put a muzzle to his temple and persuaded to open the safe.
ba887b2e1665d6f39855e569f12af8e3807913b0	By chance, he brushed the door of the gun pointed at him — that's an awkward person, really!
3a6d9349994786c3388e5ec48c76152f13ce7db0	A shot rang out, and the robbers turned into murderers in an instant.
91ee10fd678d7b2e2827d8e0e8d144604018fba4	A day later, particularly dangerous criminals Barrow and Hamilton were put on the wanted list throughout the state, and the police established round the clock surveillance of their families.
064785f7f8aa32eb593480be046c4179ed150417	A new life has begun for Clyde, a wolfish one.
026fe1862417a5a3d7775b5a16a5f46ebc081d7d	You're alive as long as your gut doesnot change and you have the strength to run.
d09624b6ab91c0d80920c5842f6d36113a1fa37a	He knew that sooner or later they would catch up with him, but he was sure that he would not be given into the hands of the police alive.
c389c1d8adacb239196e346c66ec417977fcc69f	"The only cop who will touch me will be a pathologist," he often repeated these words later and turned out to be right.
6524dacde760e14dd45fe35f75100455c3a57ec4	None of this had anything to do with Bonnie yet.
2703176a9cdcce9b602813ab726fb77aab17b040	Justice had already settled accounts with her, and after leaving prison, she had every right to forget her "criminal past" as a terrible dream.
5e5e0967e13dd1115b6ba4cf4ce612e4f63dbe37	To live quietly until old age, but without Clyde.
9f806e90f344ef681b40f77d7b9590bea1d2e1f4	If she didnot think about it herself, her mother probably reminded her of it.
ca90d5d97772bbbdba64a410551b86313ff304a6	Both relatives and close friends.
4bb74253aa9cc0589c0dc2af2cd7cf472f8d9080	But Bonnie didnot want to be without Clyde.
3ae75107c23cac2c0f95ebd0539d9b8a910aaf37	As soon as she was free, she joined him.
34eaa0fb1622e388631c36bdc4806c7d1fe091de	So began the two years that turned Bonnie and Clyde into a legend.
5c616aeafd77a7ed4b87c6e1c6581555eb37d9b2	Two of the fastest years of their lives, during which they burned up like a handful of stardust that got into the atmosphere, scorching everything that was too close.
ef9a748b79518ea3202b0c0f569f442988b5d2c6	Soon, the sad fate of the jewelry dealer was shared by two policemen who had the misfortune to inquire about the identities of strangers who looked at a dance in some remote Texas village.
d680fba69d12060df763fa30a47244f3b470bc39	Clyde and Ray Hamilton had been at the limit for several weeks, and they could not bear the approach of the figures in the form.
53fb0341fbb7d858b5d49561c43b47d45cfdadbb	One policeman died on the spot, the other in the hospital a few hours later.
9ec159fe4114ff40404affe00aa27ff8d2edcd42	Now the law threatened them not with life imprisonment, but with an electric chair.
45755ed7535789f8bd231199485e251598d4b08f	Bonnie and Clyde "play bandits"
e55683475ed167103f4a234be287367aca6df3e2	The next cop, who was suspicious of their car, which swept past at an incredible speed and also turned out to be stolen, was more lucky: the bandits simply put him in the car and took him with them from New Mexico to Texas, where they released him unharmed.
b1e69cfe772e6a6c43db8bcbd3447f8acc4e8072	With most of their victims, they tried to do just that, as long as they had enough nerves or were not trapped in a trap.
f3dd87269b321d9e3cdae9ef6ea6e88ba566aada	But at that time, even in banks, it was often almost impossible to get hold of a large sum, and if it was possible, there was no time to spend the loot for your own pleasure.
e114dbf22bcdd8e9ec2796cf64aed20890d52923	It was as if something was forcing them to strive for the end as quickly as possible.
ba3336c7034ec326630e3b53cca7122a7ae1186a	No one, except Bonnie and Clyde, could withstand this frenzied pace from the beginning to the end.
46ce2a59cf1a0fd37c74e88dfd0f5d068a7d37ce	The others tried to leave the gang sooner or later just hoping to live longer.
90fdbd7e6d416464cc8c7d307c8fddde499e3ba9	And there were the most incredible rumors about this couple — that, for example, Bonnie was a nymphomaniac, and Clyde was a homosexual… What was really going on in their souls, one can only guess.
7944b97aa521847d1cc9661179d95873adc6e055	There are only a few hints.
53e2c61c7657fdb089db99eddf0c1c74d6800b9d	Once, when the police managed to catch the gang by surprise, several reels of undeveloped film fell into the hands of the law enforcement officers.
1551dcb1282b9761eb652797486853531e656604	Footage of her soon appeared in all the newspapers.
8d336c276cfe8f9150b1ea7fc5d99c25bba08f6e	These are almost ordinary photos, the kind that companies like to take on vacation.
e7553ca3e1cf06b08b3143c8c06711922df57010	If it wasnot for the weapons in almost every picture.
6ca368d51e2832fc3a532015811b7a5b23a93231	Bonnie is standing by the car in an elegant suit, Clyde is at the hood of a late model Ford.
671ca8b6c13b81ae853d42f4ef5d7a66f42d4a74	Bonnie with pistols in her belt, then with a rifle, then on Clyde's shoulder, then Bonnie and Clyde "play bandits" - aim at each other with rifles.
93e4ac0897ef9f27ab79452d11360e7535116006	But not a single smile — even when they are fooling around, they only slightly stretch their lips in a grin.
4b7d7d7e65c55e68ca05a4e78161a2f178c59098	And in the eyes of the fatigue of people who are doomed to forever escape from the chase.
ef2f458c4548c73635d277c7a82c8d723368f7fd	Something was told by one of the gang members, William Jones, who was with them for eight months.
c01e874197e2e7d2db93efc086ea5f14be42280a	After the release of the famous film, in the late 60s, he was haunted by journalists who wanted to know "how everything really was."
e04a1bb3e9b602361f9ba51739a1990b328da2d9	"I saw this movie, so the only thing that wasnot complete nonsense in it was how they shot there.
c11a78e0d1f2bbf8a82b990e1483d4014241830b	It was almost like it was real.
d0c9b9c7bc73a7e6c2116c7f72e08a33944c26b1	But Clyde behaved differently.
25e4f9d31a95a6f3b6c13dca71d4cf5651aab7d9	He never bragged.
c6dd41145bfe020ca3c0a60ea68089f3537e8ae0	And he certainly didnot talk endlessly.
2dc3592af462e095f89e210f97304ee8928520ce	He was always as quiet as a cat when the dogs were around.
b3fa903fab9998c5248e5b5843c42caa6084dc10	He was sure that the main thing was to be constantly ready.
030d6adca6bd1942d5a4a1f4a803670dcc912fb5	Sometimes he would suddenly brake the car sharply, take out a gun and start shooting at the nearest tree or road sign just for the sake of training.
7f11b51c50190c9199b6ed668fdf866debb2e186	Clyde was the best driver in the world, even the police said so.
44055a73590febd7fcfd83f6fb88674be12620d0	I think that's what kept him and Bonnie alive for almost two years.
40064d4cc79985b37319df9cbabc607706440cef	He did not let anyone drive and could drive without stopping for many hours at the highest speed.
0ebe65f4e638c5f994f22c581165810cc0b775c6	Every week we changed the car.
2745bb920886970030a65e82c7f7f786bf8145a7	And run, run, run.
0b58b3063080240e5896aae0e34d6cad59684235	Sometimes it seemed that we didnot do anything else.
d23c6a7fe46c6a7148d84e3a7b91a0ed774bdef9	In his sleeve, he always hid a sawn off shotgun attached to an elastic band.
a1a4ca50b226995493764fb311ac3ac781d644d7	When there was a jacket on top, it was impossible to guess that there was a gun under it.
8fc616d21f2c96fe6033e994f7b76ce774da3358	Wherever he was, the weapon was at arm's length — even in bed.
537ab578febd4066c9418d85e3fb1bab0a946af2	Even when he was kneeling on the floor at night.
39481037b9598dc82881c1867a91dc878f3280de	He thought we were asleep and couldnot see anything.
34ff4324c79a4199434108cf09d1cce735c5dd71	I noticed him doing it several times.
6232bb1d2c978bdd986857dc58119db4eb19827a	He was praying.
f42c708230163d4a56c79e9035d5df0c6a53974f	Probably for his soul.
72024633b2e5c50b1225b58ee9de046e043c21ea	He knew that he would soon be finished."
6b519f1d6ecbc26a971ae0e3c3923910eb6a64ac	The only person Clyde fully trusted was Bonnie.
f305698b6809502e34a0317587ab2d0893709a70	The only one who was there only for him.
fd64fccce044a01729e9210f4c8826e0aada7216	The hardships and dangers of life outside the law did not cause her much inconvenience and, apparently, she liked it more than peaceful vegetating in a backwater city.
85d831795edd44e15ac0206bf7bcce519c30e7b3	Nevertheless, the rumors about her bloodthirstiness are greatly exaggerated.
764d8a462cac531a47b0077342d8bb7d04c1c306	As far as we can tell, Bonnie hasnot fired a single shot in the entire history of the gang.
45493f299a8e458a61c82adbb657e996d638e66f	And although she, like the others, always had a weapon with her, she never even loaded it herself.
0a72aad660ffc07df217a29191cda6af02317e3e	When the gang went to work, she was waiting in the car.
cf6b3c9259fe2d384ddf4754ae15b279e940e0ff	Bonnie and Clyde rarely quarreled, and no one heard harsh words from them about each other.
132b730067b7f612f1f8dd7431e8274c43f58263	When there was a quarrel between them, Clyde would start joking: "Baby, why donot you go home to Mommy?
ea660b5b0c5792e6d4ee61f1949c287838d132a5	You will hardly be given more than ninety nine years.
d5ca444e340cc5267e770761a0a062696bd66c42	Women have never been put in the electric chair in Texas, and I will definitely send my recommendations to the court."
85297a4bef6f07d698420e90a59585bbf13289d8	She couldnot help laughing in response — and the quarrel didnot happen.
d7f401ab776a7840ccf8164546cb99ce852f207e	In any circumstances, she did not forget to take care of herself.
a1e636460149bcf03a684431c82d1501c6c0d699	Even on the road, her hair was carefully styled, her lips were painted, her manicure was impeccable.
ff717f4537ff193b2039955275a4effd810d53b9	She wore long dresses, matching high heeled shoes and small hats.
693d35e236e71429184492ebbe44c347018a6895	My favorite color of clothing is red.
84ab3586d9e2ba77a17706fe5cad98e62fcf48e3	Newspaper rumors that she did not take the cigar out of her mouth, her very og orchali: one day, Bonnie even asked a policeman who was abducted by them to specifically tell the newspapers that she only smokes cigarettes, because decent girls do not smoke cigars.
d50d8f86022e0a155a42aa3cb9d33bb300a045a4	As Clyde sped them to the next short stop, Bonnie put rhymes together in her head.
466efffbe47b133296a15546930c2e3a42bed0a9	Then I wrote down on pieces of paper what happened.
9a3b281c5b5e6bd2e3e730e5cd16fb7a087cd659	She kept some of the poems, but most of them were sent to the trash later.
b72a051331c6496e070f8ddbe5b29ac1a7c7bfb4	Some of her poems fell into the hands of the police along with photographic films, she gave another poem to her mother a couple of months before her death.
4ebd744eb8b8dc7ee7ce5eeca0abbf2e96a9c221	Those who live like you or me are always destined to lose, No matter what they would have to run from the chase, No matter what they would have to shoot from.
8c5b140d05077fb0d188cbcdad7da80d261b2389	On the last breath
be66883f2cca62064e2e2532619782980dfc49d8	The further their race went on, the more obvious it became that they would not last long like this.
08fd0a3b0807b367de9ece3b3dcbdaaf49ae0628	The first serious problem brought them to the edge of the abyss — both figuratively and literally.
27d59f874b3a9b8676af26909919ddda3f03f8b0	The accident was Clyde's fault.
a04f07d62ab83e5b18158cb8818f047378613f93	Behind the wheel of the car, rushing, as usual, at breakneck speed along the highway, he did not notice the sign warning that the bridge ahead was washed away by the flood.
23563dcd731999d53eeff511e96eb14a27f46586	At the last moment, he managed to press the brakes, but the car overturned and exploded a few minutes later.
13ae320a08b27a75ec6a219c4a17feb42bd16302	Everyone, except Bonnie, managed to get out in time.
8d66f218622f4a2d59f19c7adf5aca41b7e771df	Her thigh was burned, so much so that the bone was visible.
7c0eacd3d5fdc0fdc7cc242e5f7d1d2e94b9251d	Fortunately, a couple of farmers lived nearby.
03e51ed2e7bfc23c789aee61cb9998bed72cc8a0	The good people put Bonnie to bed, treated the wound... and called the police, noticing that the travelers in trouble had suspiciously many weapons.
3c3babe3a92ecd413b85a6f992efd92012beac09	When Clyde realized what had happened, despite all the kindness of the owners, he had to ask his brother Buck (he was out of prison by that time and joined the gang) to tie them to a tree in the nearest forest, borrow their car and get out again.
40247c4e47d06c674a076056a669df9cec1b8b27	But now it was necessary to look for a shelter where they would feel safe for a long time.
3609aa1993227b8d17fc6e9c23152dd4c397e50f	They checked into a roadside inn in Arkansas.
2d7005748e72cf5189d2e01a0228694b357f6dc9	Clyde hardly left Bonnie's side.
2903f9ba29617c0c32327db074d7bb553afc1935	He gave her pills, adjusted pillows, even carried her to the toilet.
79a108dfe7244406c089caa8d9b6e3068ca60017	But Bonnie needed hospital care.
ce0b02c83b3d096b1eb7ad08f5b893ee435c4405	The wound healed very slowly and did not heal completely.
d8eb19bdd044a98347c9c33968a33cc56fc86fb1	And yet it was necessary to leave.
e6155bbbe8892599aa418ad8509dd268fe39833c	They had already been in the same place for a month — enough for the police to have time to pick up the trail.
e10defbb5a2dd0097272c61230a5d3a8ba5f4195	And there was an even greater tragedy ahead.
783ca71727d8ef3b9f84c115bebdcf73cf5726b1	The owner of another hotel was again confused by the number of weapons, and, of course, he called the police.
378b82e1f009674ec4a7a2460458b565509fc26f	This time, they quickly guessed what kind of suspicious company it was, and prepared for its capture seriously.
f3402012f539cbda88892dc2465b042a31d526d0	That night, Bonnie and Clyde felt for the first time that the police could be stronger than them.
2ebf645b4d2c79ebcb86235118245294ed4de4b3	The headlights woke them up.
98d663385b19898a8d233f8bbd73f8322c152cb7	Several armored cars were parked at the very threshold, another one blocked the exit from the garage.
a832e890f4dad6c344798ed236451ea5574e53d4	More than two dozen armed police officers were stationed around.
7641594b3fc2a0f63d2407ed0f697a847ff06d4d	A couple of days later, the police came to them again, when the gang, spitting on all caution, camped in the park.
84310ad25b825ecdcec7f9b790326eb5319759d2	Clyde and Jones managed to escape and take Bonnie away, but the dying Barrow Sr. and Blanche, sobbing over his body, fell into the hands of the guards.
1845002e0efaa11ee2f35cae09d69e2815ed1b69	Blanche was a young, simple minded woman who had absolutely no idea what she was doing when she followed her husband to the Barrow gang.
cdd01963b1c0b2224d69d17ffd0a650d47cd293c	She watched everything the brothers did with barely concealed fear and kept trying to persuade Buck to return to Dallas, to a normal life.
0da9c30b9a9c504c64d379369882490ea2a508a5	Jones left the gang shortly after this story.
38369956e4ea98c52ef70811655f6ac5f3f6c605	The next time the hunters got very close — they figured out the place where the Barrow family met their prodigal son on holidays, and when Bonnie and Clyde came to congratulate his mother on his birthday, the first thing they heard was: "Surrender in the name of the law!"
05a205fad0da40e73dd7dafa2b5ca4ff223f2a85	The criminals rushed to the car.
4fec0d9ec88d9304777b22630f10aa31675776f4	The police opened fire, wounding both in the legs.
b6a7d4f5751b103f07abd7f15877b6636e417194	But that didnot stop them.
33b255610d059edeb9e7989d8e3b73fa4d7d9ca9	Clyde fired an automatic burst in the direction of the police, and when they came to their senses, his Ford was already far away.
6a75e2519c8e5294787fefa59c1130c0f0e2d22a	In January 1934, Bonnie and Clyde raided the Eastham prison — the same one in which Clyde once cut off his fingers.
d6b7c0d24e94cea2890cf7ca9b14aed07c45a0c3	They released from custody an old friend of Raymond Hamilton and his cellmate Henry Methvin.
502bd0e7f863ae6d3f9d8c098705b3289500fd32	A security guard was killed during the operation.
8eb730eb1b6365a979130430cfbe940bbb0c9aaf	After this story, the Texas police hired a "special agent" to catch a criminal couple — a former Texas ranger Frank Hamer, who during his career tracked down and neutralized more than a dozen gangsters.
c950b707c07ee97d35715e7a465b928443da19cb	While he was studying the case, his "wards" made themselves felt from time to time.
7b9b7b56c7ba4591e57bf51f9cfe3c8d3bf93e1c	The bandits robbed several banks, shot two policemen at Easter and another a few days later.
da5f32d565b6c3b03744d618fb6a4ee076707a3c	They kidnapped the fourth.
a58b92da700209cf82fc811798721a5423b56621	The Texas police were biting their elbows with rage.
c395190fb4c8a3f8403d57dd11160e410f65401b	But it wasnot until May that Hamer finally managed to figure out another criminal hideout — in Louisiana, at the home of Henry's father, Iverson Methvin.
fe71b6f94cd0eea0003b2a4966b1afce0fb82760	Hamer immediately went to Iverson, and in an hour they agreed: old man Methvin turns over Bonnie and Clyde to the police in exchange for his son's life.
33a44221a7b5ecd5237b89a9ce46bb20b3f020f1	On the morning of May 23, the police set up an ambush in a dense forest near the road: it was impossible to distinguish a human figure from a distance of 15 meters.
1aa02917b2120c661182277c8c12c1ad44054857	And so it turned out.
0b30f679b3f4a26e686e50aa3b8c0d23690b7b07	Clyde and Bonnie's car appeared on the road around 9 o'clock and slowed down exactly opposite the truck.
073da608d7574b76e4abf2f88e3bc235681b4cdf	They expected to find a host nearby.
d89228a476955a0c1fc6a624c0c48039191caaed	At that moment, from behind the trees, fire from six trunks fell on them at the same time.
44c9d2f7890f8a47eac67b719b54bdfab63b17f5	One of the policemen ran up to the car, yanked the door.
3c18e612ad048b958988094800af4182651013cc	The bloodied body of an elegant woman fell at his feet.
7cb31fb5e0a8e2afff08d7c0605a08146dc2c252	And the smell of gunpowder smoke was mixed for a moment with a barely perceptible scent of perfume.
48eb792ad65a329c6e9dc9e25bce5b5c3645e4ad	167 bullets pierced the car, more than 50 of them hit the bandits.
6f820cee42582f31a3d5b347a1b03b737d4352c4	Later, Sheriff Frank Hamer, who led the pursuit of Bonnie and Clyde, will tell reporters: "It's a pity that I killed the girl.
1f076d6d808a3b00cf21e97f044a957e586dccde	___________________________
39ea48d1731840a888797f1e8c8b58494e383171	* Bonnie Elizabeth Parker (1910-1934) and Clyde Chestnut Barrow (1909-1934) - famous American robbers.
db40d55d4d413299874adaaafe993c9570ad6ac0	Killed (shot by FBI agents) in one day.
324708518a47e3a0b476142d32e7ecde49e8254d	From the book by Alexander Solovyov and Valeria Bashkirova " Robberies that shook the world.
74b8d620887cab27e6af6857f646901624b08317	Exciting stories about outstanding criminal talents "
df7c91fd9ad01dd5e37c73c3b629c952666ab41f	We also offer to watch a documentary about Bonnie and Clyde:
b061b57c2f43ef9a337054c01f8e3ab0ffea55d6	< A man in love robbed banks to shower his beloved with money
b0e4ace1f7d8efbb0533411bc14dbd551f01cb1e	You may be interested in this: Love is dead!
99004c600eeb15803576964b3592de1968c440df	No more love!
dab0b40237d2935f8a307b5692f573ca6dfaa60f	- 05.01.2017 I believe in the magic of love, in its mysterious power - 31.12.2016 Every verse is a child of love - 11.12.2016
35bb6d8a8ba042c02dd565d08c317144cbe88190	Previous: A man in love robbed banks to shower his beloved with money 08.05.2012
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646dec81fd1d2e5d951bc3fc8f6dab4a1eb78104	When using materials, a link to chto takoe lyubov.net required.
d83cf17a3d096997d4216cdfcc65b2973a68e3f7	All rights to the materials, images and poems published on the site belong to their authors.
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1d23c8edf135106a57d7f1694d9c2c7eb67cc326	1534
43df3688a3b72ded0823973e3f9abb7c4bd98b67	Mutko urged NADO to collect urine and not to interfere in politics
1832b2d0aadad73c8bc765ca176ca2cdcaa78374	2609
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6052521b7625e31d4ee9cc706732484fcf850877	156
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ff85921b5f9e5a7bba47582976bc6875a102c5e6	2217
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a9bd03259cbcfc562bb69827d765de7441d65df4	Who ruined the New Year for children in Irkutsk?
a72b20062ec2c47ab2ceb97ac1bee818f8b6c6cb	69
14055bfd2fb465e54edfa3923f8667c62a075571	Baked carp
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242230bbd4ca2cfa4ee1ac9e7c50d4a927e7ecbd	Coffee grounds as a fertilizer: benefit or harm?
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87e8afb96281d75960706226549aeb12aeec943b	4627
fd52c8de710d2aaa895deebb9a45362a62ee73d7	4 secrets of the northern grapes.
476158ed4d27ad0aa7850a87d8ef93c4f01188cf	How to grow a fruit bearing plant
1863cf92241a3059572f5ad64bc018464e71a60e	3859
f5191bbb2c54feb2cb1638c487f860410d2b8f81	Vegetable garden on the windowsill.
912c6e86ca004754b8557a767fd87017c8a236df	Is it possible to grow cucumbers, tomatoes and peppers at home?
914127d1002e9938e2e1ee54cd92fd8195a248b0	324
fc58be8df44d696f3c7efb5cbfa2e9e0fd9a30db	Shedding the skin.
45c2d995c04114220b93a14cd7c3015dc00ed4f1	Myths and Truth about Psoriasis
097ccd4f03d962011101c1221009e53461a0993f	157
38afd233352305d4d7409cb008df854828626cd5	Slice by slice.
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450ddec8dd206c2e2ab1aeeaa90e85e51753b8b7	75
76021aea6a9516fd68c336da4dcdf33c56014405	Protecting the borders.
f22e2ee27d211e6e332276657324bfc33659f6cc	How does the safety of a child begin?
2613c67184db5b2f46b8f8277465ae5bf985821a	1454
84a5c36aff9b48f2bfaae9010a1de4bdb3bd4cac	The case is tobacco.
9999e7e86449f1ca551dc4617058fbe454e42b4c	What smoking bans are in effect abroad
d1c382ecf779cee65f1396c723cf2a1aa2dc5b42	2049
0aee989238fee3271aeb7690eb028e78b7a00723	Soon on the roads.
3b3e6041a98736fd98007cbf0dfc637f206e645c	The most anticipated novelties of 2017
9b3aa2709c85dba67b6f4901fbabc732f44cf074	746
c4210cb59d33142af02eb6ae1245148a2a00c71a	With a breeze on Shchelkovsky.
056114587039f76cd6b083b1c5abbe5fd3f90687	What changes are waiting for the highway in the near future?
07f97cc68eebf81afcd32f6fc0aad7e1f17e0c00	1087
02af0f874ce98a102cb989237e6df9dd7b126767	Reception of a strong drink.
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c1183f16ab610230ebe8a9bcb331d2d6f7ebbf66	1479
6c5e4cad5d7b6baa016f2c466c760d36b7235178	The main novelties of the Detroit Auto Show
6229d318680435e210d96518f4fc6bf0390e3cac	734
b82835f2008fa796881a851d230b5639ca792c87	Putin instructed to introduce new standards for the management of houses by 2018
5d08965bb4eaaacccb37384e963298797a2248e5	Sobyanin: New Year's holidays in the capital as a whole passed without incidents
264c3f3470cadac69e9912a8517f6210af35afaf	470
437d95ce9b5033ed595458bd54e3cd45814f608b	The holiday continues
87d538ef1c1db71603e60f278446c86470162380	186
9aa4823a7e070d6e05874fb6d60003fc8163dd4c	Sobyanin: more than 40 hotels have been built in Moscow in six years
59129aacfb6cebbe2c52f30ef3424209f7252e82	66
88c17730be4833c886ff9cb0fa780d439d23195f	To live on the money of bribe takers?
00fc1e7d12aab571a1a5e4f5973071e190677f8c	19952
c29b28e6eb25453faae5ca94ffc55bf574593042	5408
4e6c0280301a7f5b138e48e6576d75bd5b165b4f	Where are we going anyway?
833e578f5569ba997c1a0b7fac5b2b4582216b27	16:53 17/11/2016
e1244fc58e4a615e2082105a39d0fdee3663513a	Andrey Sidorchik
965805179d05280ef912789906813f5e8973bba6	0 38178
2b6e6dc263ae9df20e0d3ba1e438d43b6270e5ce	Bonnie and Clyde: The true story of the "scumbags" of the Great Depression
10f341f0e04765076d635753e197f62f2cca2653	All materials of the plot
561d3140226ce2cb3a0e369e5678a495569a2fd6	World History with Andrey Sidorchik
df50b5b51c6fe8d4af09993ae2540cdeb3f3dff8	Behind the beautiful picture created by journalists and Hollywood, there is a story full of blood, dirt, taken and broken human lives.
b95d961276d9e9809aec43b99dd04ac1d017c6fc	Public Domain
43c9fba3bfc7a5eb7db08a74094b130d3e6ecc17	"Oscar" for "romantic Robin Hoods"
26e32e80b7e3614095403af2cb94733d70844d3f	In the 1990s and early 2000s, there was a trend in Russian culture associated with the romanticization of crime.
ddc1d2ae9ec96d01166a38c8f92e85019ad0ccad	Bandits and murderers were presented as victims of circumstances, unhappy, rejected by society, in need of compassion and understanding.
5771b7751fd8c99b79464e3c351bb537d3646303	"We are not like this life is like this" - this deceptive thesis has become the leitmotif of an entire era.
1c469313827e564d84d980872a9c0f915532ad9a	It should be recognized, however, that the romanticization of crime has a long history, not only in our country, but also in the world.
db9acfc41b3c3a271ceba7b75ee661fbdeb966f5	Often, real villains appear years and decades later in the images of" romantic Robin Hoods", causing sympathy, not rejection.
fa359080f66c3b6cbe41b4bb4681aac9b0ff8e59	A classic example is the famous Bonnie and Clyde, American gangsters of the 1930s.
628e23f615d11648151fec6a290868d7b73f38d8	Hundreds of books, dozens of songs have been written about them, a lot of films and TV series have been shot.
ef0e74a7aa45264fa0ef2d077944f931777f8960	The 1967 Hollywood film "Bonnie and Clyde" directed by Arthur Penn with Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway in the main roles collected a large number of awards, including two Oscar statuettes.
fd732c3bf602700afbf7b799d99d709120cfcf35	And what were Bonnie and Clyde really like before they became part of popular culture?
b2d9d098d8e8a9f2d39b98ea3be16d53891ffa88	Bonnie and Clyde's pistols were sold at auction for 504 thousand dollars
b2659469746341836b050c238fe72398086e781f	A good girl loves bad boys
b8474824ba46e5f97840faa7c5ae832a437fca7d	Their history is directly connected with the Great Depression: an economic crisis that stretched for almost a decade, which ruined and plunged millions of Americans into poverty.
daddd7dd01fc4bf0aab2824e816cdfaffabe7ea7	At the same time, the heyday of the gangster era occurred, when gangster groups in the country became the "second power", sometimes more significant than the first.
27db1fbfb0ce36e8c22d7b67fd435216e664b9bc	However, this does not apply to Bonnie and Clyde in any way.
18ba12866f1080c518419a9b3c35de9d837b9ba7	They were not part of a powerful mafia structure, but were those who in the 1990s in Russia would be called "scumbags": criminals who did not obey anyone, who sowed chaos and death around them.
5e65d2dea4533d088f7a4644cb408b82f67d5892	Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow were natives of Texas.
e3834a30b772de145435c88001d284901009a5ad	She came from a working class family, where her father worked as a bricklayer, and her mother was a seamstress.
c7bcffb5ae9bfe7afcc0d6e07e4bfae8c726d969	He grew up in a large, but poor family of farmers.
32920f67daf0b4a0e4de715f838ef7ffee2061cf	Bonnie was one of the first students at school, had a rich imagination and, according to the teachers, had good acting skills.
67f38d386941b6cd193d6e016723d1f495e0d419	Good girls are often attracted to bad boys.
5f6416ac502dd032f046ff81975ec08f81ae3a9d	And at the age of 15, Bonnie was drawn to Roy Thornton, a bully and a brawler, who was promised a place behind bars by others.
3d4a816adde5ad1f5d9e097e05edb7882878c5ec	Despite this, they were married in September 1926.
87e07b796fb1d17ad62925a1a6f8a2b643f50c0d	Bonnie got a job as a waitress.
d6373131ae5ea02c2b4994613abd4f82edc2f1fa	The marital ties lasted a year.
0fe8b62d90ec26528008d2617cd199bd3f371a4f	Roy began to disappear from the house for whole weeks, and Bonnie, having suffered this behavior of her husband for some time, decided to break up with him.
cee6d07ee51e97e8dc17dfb3434f240b91aebfb8	Thornton didnot mind.
17d2255d2de181a22f1e0985f1759d04414eec4e	Soon he still ended up in prison, where he spent the time when his wife became a criminal legend.
0d24c1741b7ce4d00666328a0b1076e38220621b	Prison rape victim
c4eecd0c3a4f3c3b62f0bb79c8c4d396a7a121c5	Clyde Barrow, who was a year older than Bonnie, was first jailed at the age of 16 when he did not return a rented car on time.
1567c907e502480e736c833ec7326d599a40aa12	He was quickly released, but was soon detained again together with his brother when they were stealing turkeys.
2c2dba260160c97f094c998d0b505ba5deb31f4e	Clyde was not afraid of the first arrests: despite the fact that the young man, unlike many others, had a job, he continued to commit petty theft and steal cars.
b33f4e33c4e4bfe55c358ae7927f4cdea956c996	Mary Barrow, Clyde's sister, later recalled: "Something terrible must have happened to him in prison, because he was never the same again."
dc4a2d7241ab16f7611382c4a132ac9cb06807fb	The scamp and bully turned into a sullen, embittered person who hates the whole world around him.
4f2a8e602f85cc60fa193f8896440e2e5ce11ff7	As those who sat in Eastham with Clyde later said, he went from a schoolboy to a "rattlesnake".
b94d85b22da3e4241ab9707794c49aa0b16f9d3a	The young man liked one of the prisoners, who raped him several times.
b1d7d238448adca28eb4ead681e3df32429b79e7	Nevertheless, he was released in 1932.
2d0a7969401f9b9f154ddd7f47f82dce29147a7d	Clyde Barrow.
42729b8679ef4dd89763f3f1ab4885a7353949c1	Photo: Public Domain
c39cafec161836dffcd5f7bc0008c9b8ca02840f	Kill for $ 28
ef8963d1a5235e1d095932d3bd807a3f4a9600ab	He was a 22 year old embittered criminal, she was a 21 year old bored waitress with a rich imagination, a craving for" bad boys "and"dangerous adventures".
3b7f3d5bf68828470841fc116081c28e2b50e8b4	"I love you more than I love you." the 10 most original couples in love in history
6151a16538018d5e1a26b2dab29e3f8daa8b181a	Raymond Hamilton fell into the hands of the police and was sentenced to 60 years in prison.
249e93dc089c70a3a98fb93a71437877f1b81618	The new accomplice was 16 year old V. D. Jones, who begged Clyde to take him into the gang.
7fddedbe746e4aaa5ec74d7f7826b7aa9e97fbb8	The boy turned out to be a "worthy student": the very next day he killed the owner of the car, who tried to prevent its theft.
92f8bd232cc7e1c369bcd60d5a7e9be721a05f2d	Sixteen year old W. D. Jones committed two murders in the first two weeks after he joined Clyde Barrow.
6ff97471213883466b15aced499af81b5c8c6782	The bandits set up their headquarters in Missouri, in the city of Joplin, which was reputed to be the main "gangster hideout" in the United States.
c2998c813d5fd1fb7fa023f56c18c14e1572c863	The three of them lived in a three room apartment with a garage, first three, and then five: they were joined by Clyde's brother Buck, who was released from prison, and his wife Blanche.
f1fe9c40e5cb60b726bc02b1a8c64e09dbaf443f	It is claimed that Buck came to his brother to convince him to "quit", but then decided that Clyde was "on the right track".
22b79760b8c73ea1c7b9a995d5cb7ec125d62b92	Bonnie and Clyde's apartment in Joplin.
594452dab5d0f96d8e15adf892b11548e6c9feb2	It so happened that the legend of Bonnie and Clyde was born in Joplin.
9d4e40c99089dca8fe30f00e14bb6b09d50a3390	Bonnie's creative nature haunted her, and she asked her accomplices to photograph her in various images.
9494e098d1df0094d77c64b243af52611c568edd	Clyde also got involved in this game.
073e7e2ecbf0c743b7fca3b831bb3e36d8c424a8	The bandits did not observe any precautions.
6016dec2fedb7fc6dddbf2acaf964642847b7897	The endless noisy fun began to annoy the neighbors.
6fe11a285300d0062d470fb9b16dd05c4c89f841	And when one day a shot rang out in the house (Clyde fired accidentally, while cleaning a weapon), they called the police.
ebc7d804ff2cd673e524c14922290617a454eee5	In the United States at that time, there was a "dry law", and the local police decided that we were talking about people involved in alcohol smuggling.
f1d3ec49712df72c468be6a737ddcc9778c89c7e	In the early morning of April 13, 1933, the police arrived at the criminals ' house, blocking the entrance to the garage.
3c27b790bc3892f2f1bc8dfc5fb4f92235f1fd0d	The gangsters were not going to give up, and a fight broke out at the house.
0df7cd92144ec328e2066932dbee0e3c779d4c82	After killing one of the policemen and wounding the second, Bonnie, Clyde and their accomplices broke free.
ba78525df5285f383dff854a7f1640cb14db9486	And the police got a photo archive of the gang, clinging to which the newspapers began to spin a story about a respectable gangster couple.
da1c54cd83323894b9c503b5765dcccd61d341d2	A decent woman does not wear trousers
98a4e841d69ff0c6b83d37584cfb77410c60989c	Fame has created a lot of problems for the gang.
1e68975ee5562f26e1414ad6bbdd2fd295123038	They could be recognized, so it became impossible to appear in crowded places, hotels and restaurants.
8331a4dc73796f941f5f7b7e5ff7c62568010ad1	At best, we spent the night in roadside motels away from big cities, at worst - in the woods by the fire.
62dd038ba2ec4da31b5e70399896c5bc0f814224	In June 1933, a car with bandits was involved in an accident.
e94a2664db5003e809cf3e473cf2766bc16f79ef	Bonnie suffered the most: due to the damage to her right leg, she began to limp badly.
6caa6f71582428cc54c76fa484d91a0a7719c17c	This is one of those photos that created an erroneous image around Parker.
0e2184b2373e2e1ef61a6d7e9d93aa1d95f63a29	A few days later, they stayed at the Red Crown Motel in Arkansas.
32e58eedd6d4fcf5dbf91484c05fb76b722379cc	The vigilant owner of the institution suspected something was wrong: three people registered, and five got out of the car.
9b4d7ce6cd8bb9ff73ec31fb6c9d1890076e9544	The guests covered the windows with newspapers, bought food and alcohol for a large company.
2fb68dc21a506440bc461b58ca7fe7541a755fae	In addition, the owner did not like that Blanche Barrow, who was sent to solve the issues with the settlement, appeared in front of him in trousers.
9178a808b9f1d8954a0ef3349d73162076e28248	In the patriarchal Arkansas of those times, it was believed that a woman in such a form could only be a criminal.
b6cff3e7b013b05fa1f57589c4eec5824d09507c	The owner informed the police, and at night the guards attacked the motel.
242c11239f1c9aced56a1543cc9967386931a2b6	The criminals managed to escape, but Buck and Blanche Barrow were seriously injured.
0cdec59de3607274445bb14de2ac67ee8aacf6df	The police were right behind them.
730bade0e237921a5d75ce6e5dee5402b5a0fe1a	They had to stop at an abandoned amusement park in Iowa, but they were noticed there too.
e2ca90a6ade6c9e9cc082b5201c0b20f1762abe2	The police attacked an improvised bandit camp.
1766b4a6f89531cd5b070568a6613ef99a4602bf	Three managed to escape, and the Barrows fell into the hands of the guards.
beea9ff8c269c4b373af2d6f1e27d39d7d4a29fc	Clyde's brother died of his wounds a few days after his arrest.
9a7de0c3686281921b5627931823781e577fc5a4	A dream come true
8220df4a6ff0a60ed44bedc23b0f7379e8dbd452	In Houston, where Jones ' mother lived, he was arrested.
5e7955bfca7a600d9782231e068cd20f40610125	It was a challenge to the system, so the best forces of both the federal government and the authorities of Texas were thrown at putting an end to the gang.
00fcefd36070f5f1ae076fd010e0758ecd0848de	A person who caused no less consternation was called to fight against criminal "scumbags".
65e179957b743a87731123396cbf915323460b95	Retired Texas Ranger Frank A. Hamer was a real "bounty hunter" who arrested dozens of criminals and personally killed more than 50 offenders.
75595a2819d016e77652683b07eaddd51c42f811	Blanche's arrest.
cf4d2f4b051f6afd22bc4b2f6b0e637e4b386a42	167 bullets from Mr. Hamer
5d270eb964c9d227e0ce83ab0a07c269c56fa7b9	Hamer and his henchmen were on the heels of the criminals.
a9f772eb4439357f3e450fdbebdbc744135ee654	The same people behaved like cornered animals: on April 1, 1934, two patrol policemen were shot.
2158966e01a8e876559764663dea85135bd886ef	In response, the authorities announced a reward for the corpses of Bonnie and Clyde: they were no longer going to catch them alive after everything that had been done.
4fe73eb35113a03c80fbe3d4827699f5b68e5728	The last victim of the bandits was Constable William Campbell, who was killed in Commerce, Oklahoma.
017fda3d6cda1ae33c659ef9242c28bf57d2b9b5	By that time, Frank Hamer had thoroughly studied the dossiers of the bandits and prepared a trap.
e5b0cc36d65cbe91ef5e6bbbab6b38bd282c2a97	An ambush was waiting for Bonnie and Clyde on a rural road in Bienville, Louisiana.
70ed2a9f3cee4777788abcef096a96645fa13822	Frank A. Hamer.
4a3637e8cfa2dc16faf7c11e0fc8ca11efb3da9a	On May 23, 1934, Hamer's group, consisting of six people, opened heavy fire on the Ford, in which there were bandits. 167 bullets hit the car, most of them went to the criminals.
71af03dee5f30e9773aaf3bf86c988da78b2a10b	Forensic experts counted more than 50 bullets in the corpse of Clyde Barrow, and more than 60 in the corpse of Bonnie Parker.
b130d9d47e10f6455353481883a009a300e19516	After the death of the criminals, they began to do business with them immediately: they had to pay a dollar to look at the dead, and there were a lot of people who wanted to.
a917cd40b4ec96514ccf0e0592bd29de8344e1ff	The gangsters ' personal belongings were taken by people from Hamer's group, who then sold them at auction through third parties.
82e39140a0107126ae7e2f44815535102ccdea4f	Hamer took the gangster's weapons and fishing gear, with which the bandits got their food on the worst days.
eb852801af90ad10ca60bb53d60228ec3ee72d4e	The child of vice
05e34fbd199b5d4c72e1e9c1a151a2907a9c4a21	Bonnie and Clyde were not buried together, as they themselves wanted, but their graves almost immediately became tourist sites, which remain to this day.
a97d98310354ff18a9af5bc6bc368a36ef6b54f9	Bonnie and Clyde were forced to review the US insurance system.
c945a2639b88bf5dba7612f633244fae07e49f2a	The fact is that at that time life insurance guaranteed payments to relatives even if the insured were criminals and were killed by the police.
746b8cc70af869d5508dd9d78df56af91949f90f	When the Parker and Barrow families received the money, the system was quickly changed.
8e65533b91a6d24e29e4f6fd6a094a50695c4e11	In 1934, twenty friends and relatives of Bonnie and Clyde were convicted of harboring criminals.
756c4ebefa05a1d539d6bf8d5c8fc0d85feaa7fb	Even Clyde's underage sister Mary Barrow was awarded a symbolic hour of arrest.
55666ee722977d21bcb5a90c0fe8aa5d535241ae	Bonnie's husband Roy Thornton, with whom she did not have time to officially divorce, after learning about the death of his wife, said: "I'm glad that they had so much fun.
af610ac6d70af6ae652993e1dbfe9e6ca4dad164	Three years later, Thornton will be killed while trying to escape from prison.
4a90bae13320fa26f714e6d81d48ae02629b5cb3	Historians have been struggling for many years with the question: why did Bonnie and Clyde become popular among the mass of criminals of the Great Depression era?
49bc3e58f17b01392884b71b4b5a851430e0a884	Most agree that the main role was played by Bonnie's artistic nature, the press and the Puritanical mores of America of that era.
f3daa98662c2bb9e8a02c23d02d6ced89a4f8255	Staged photos of Bonnie, absolutely harmless from the point of view of today, then seemed the height of depravity and promiscuity.
856988e33e04539e859ddcd10a105808089586d4	The challenge for society was not only the crimes of Bonnie and Clyde, but also their extramarital sexual relationship, which, thanks to the efforts of the press, aroused secret desires in many Americans.
7197819ef4d96c6b211e8dd26af0d87b4e14784e	The public did not want to think that behind this beautiful picture there are ruined human lives, blood and dirt.
8844a7a70c3d575a9bf071c0155de2d2e0d9dd9c	As he does not want to now.
07555da51246df4a2ccb0f1615c63586748cea1b	Bonnie and Clyde Resonant crimes
a5a9027760b71ec9e6875d93072dad16e29900cb	Fallen idols.
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93f34ec88a826771162c41d5ce62b3f50af2fe11	"Diamond drivers".
4ab0f49bc520a45a5881de2d7e2957113ec9776d	6 high profile accidents involving the "golden youth" 1
72db30cb1a8b84171416d890cbd903d3de9ec70f	Read other materials of the "History"section
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9ee09c8bb5772549087e50c1e36dc08457db6886	1,025 children were saved by the readers of "AIF" in 2016
5dfd9f8809df24b34dcf6c130d74ac1764cf57e9	New victims of the "Cleaner".
2a09cfbe82c35f37ed4ca064157932ac51bef3ee	The maniac policeman was accused of 25 more murders
2176db86a23dfb19c5a916123c1055dea6c23a64	What can threaten the debtor?
0c805fb7b209fd7a055e857de76b670709f5c2c1	Who will become the future monarch of Great Britain?
1ca923408d9e8315727c2df69d411ecf54272b12	Who will represent Russia at Trump's inauguration?
e95db594585ab076165282c2da189fe0689fc5e2	The Polish Foreign Minister is going to meet with a colleague from a non existent country
fefc65f5c624af81656b44b77e5bacc767e2b7f2	Ukraine tried to prevent Trump during the election race – Mass media
e38be5da2559fb2105c5324d7c44de80ff93fbd4	Donald Trump said that it is impossible to reset relations between the United States and Russia
734c8916e0a632c73216a838e61983edaa003800	The new US sanctions against Russia relate to investments in the production of hydrocarbons
512dacc49ded2e9d9bc0041a44cf50bc46228ce9	Zakharova: obama has 9 days left to destroy the world
84034b754ee762a50e38496746da5367c9cfb6a9	ISIS and the Taliban have declared jihad to each other
c84ec3a815324ca6ef9fbaced0d930fc09edb0e8	The indexation of insurance pensions from February 1 will be 5.4%
c6cdaebf3f2d7aef2d4dede7918bc0fcd4165bdb	In Stavropol, the mother buried the children in the basement of the house
bf2f9635365223b28876d40e5d41e9f7c10aab05	Medvedev approved changes in housing and communal services payments
07e2922bb4166f39fc73450d46941631ef981800	Bloody January 1977.
91024545754d75e9b46fa77174230909e82598e9	The history of the terrorist attack of the times of socialism
be68b5d4231734caaacb38982554168a2ba12cac	Viking.
e6227037b3ac2f32b9f647c894fc738e0c2416a6	10 facts from the life of Prince Vladimir the Red Sun
1ae811516dc86070a97185b8f661ba8bf5178ff2	Kharcho soup
5561fd7d6b60eddba1a401526888e0bb342d9561	What will happen to the ruble, euro and dollar in 2017?
d8d0f9fc89729165d470016b62c569bd0a97097d	Poll: the Third World War may begin in the near future
92b507f77fa832b5f775db51da4f852d1feff2f1	The US Secretary of Defense complained about Vladimir Putin
a70580121662ad932e582af0c33d9afa59b5641e	Naftogaz said that the transit of gas from the Russian Federation through Ukraine may stop
3fd20e76f63a987ef98ed5dfcc001c461d948d88	AliExpress suspended express delivery of goods to Russia
d52d157421c780b65c49769c1fa67c07f8407a8b	Trump's victory has already affected the situation in the Donbass Pushilin
e52040ba2691e6ca89270723e90b1ad7a0e37d16	The flaps have nothing to do with the crash of the Tu 154, but the rack is a big question
87e38b7f041a687141f0e8a91e1b42cde30519e1	The media learned about the last words of the pilot of the crashed Tu 154
8872ca6d86df5b56f4d4bc75cca22ede4bbb5eb6	I saved my passport.
d79b1f2ae3b84145a74bf67a582f7f3879c127ea	Artists Valutov and Ananyev did not fly out together with the ensemble
496cec60f2c426065e3de7ad8b4cfdac1bc2b6ff	Dr. Biljo's diagnosis.
a2cd5788295496318cf2585563027878e505de10	What was Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya sick with?
0eaf84612f96b41b5334d547bb95dfa43cbfba2c	Maternal cruelty.
4cb76959b2860a2e18476ab52a7aa120d0878ce5	A woman covered up the murder of her little daughter for a year
ace31b19b8957ee7f454bd14d6e844159261882a	"Donbass is not Chechnya."
0e78c0d7b036a64cdaddc18b20b8ae9e36f9c2f7	What did the Hero of Russia talk about with the Ukrainian officers?
ce9f3fb1b3653b88d61adeda9074f423d76a53dc	Klimkin's syndrome.
e1987af31b45c3cc1c7d1ee08536519d29b8dba8	How the Ukrainian Foreign Minister reacted to the death of the Russian ambassador
5887d32e8f2fca6140e06ca3b82e10d1456c6198	Russians switched from meat and milk to potatoes and pumpkin
03ad8c413de0e8bfe87851cacf1027be650af9e2	The court seized $1 million and 280 million rubles on the accounts of Alexey Ulyukayev
d13fa32b7a9efed5b4cd547b7607f97cc77b9c6b	Tillerson said that it is necessary to respond more harshly to Russia for the Crimea
4c50be0f3f85361caa38d8dbc7b2f8f3081a13a1	Putin demanded to protect honest business from unjustified inspections
a412c8c58cc98ef5e180b3a15d22d75c12b0aa48	Zhirinovsky proposed to shorten the anthem of Russia and change its text
67e84e61c9fbaf2863eac085b195d46e4a8a2125	The Chinese Foreign Ministry reacted to Obama's words about the US influence in the world
ac4556b3c34106e38e401c06685385f55cc34be2	Azarov wants to create a government of Ukraine in exile
5dd8304186bb00fff22e4eac610fe07ec048be6b	The Russian army will be reinforced with parts of rocket troops
b5cef087324cf48b56829b956b7f8948973d561f	Peskov commented on the proposal to introduce a complete ban on the sale of cigarettes
47e9c2ea8138d1b81ef88ed2eddc47233d381dc3	The US is preparing sanctions against the Russian Federation in the form of visa restrictions and asset freezes
a5074b960e5449044b907085ab80ab20172e5919	The US State Department explained the lack of evidence of cyber attacks by the Russian Federation
3d74eb69d1c05dd335d540724b82a441596d252b	Remains of an organism that lived more than 500 million years ago have been discovered in Argentina
3b8c8cc57a1b0d7106803e117a2f079a512cb9de	The price of greatness.
d395df6d046a755c970202f40d306a10ad18048c	What is more important: the fate of the country or the leaders?
305e10faeb470989eabb5caf1cda17dd9c98dbdd	Popcorn for the elite.
33eb9f2b8959d87abe1e455131fabe1c159372f0	What does "simplifying a person" lead to?
c40bd0ff1eb08e4e5632c754791e65b5c858290b	Lying in the name of salvation?
982e9cc443752b854c0aac472c883f1df4d846d6	What feeds the hysteria of the European elite
1c0ffce41f96c524fbed1a79b72fa2c54187d02a	The country that we have lost.
a7c063a272b03b0f6f0f35057db9e0bcd4798fca	Was life good in the USSR?
b4c3695437a4f039ed5ddc4034346b7ab4e738da	Barack Obama called Russia a weak country that sells oil and gas
e095c3e23d23e5d46491be8e8431389d4ffd22f8	Adviser to Poroshenko proposed to bring"Hawthorn" to the Russian Embassy
1cb6bdd7b7f0e18f154b6f7234abd01daa63b279	"Deprive of citizenship".
c723f194d02c6738bed7abe20f349f25e8c2b3ef	Petition against Bozhena Rynska gathers supporters
378a6bb7a12a88e59ac9d575dec37a6c0be3ae5f	What would you like to read about in the next issue of "AIF About the Kitchen"?
f3a7476acc15169218e3cec1dddaa97e17978939	How to bake a cake
26a257a30e8016cddd9d4630081b197c60d8b501	How to bake pancakes
a65759bab1e45c09cbf9cc7aace6145429678b2b	How to bake bread
8dca955c6c747bcad5518999c5a07e98d3b375e4	Advertising About the publishing house Online subscription to the weekly AIF Department of Creative Events PDF versions store
cda05cf281cd05b5230db8d0f011c1c9e2f244da	© 2016 JSC "Arguments and Facts" General Director Ruslan Novikov.
e3335a8b963005f23867b2c8c8e46a0441aeeaae	Acting editor in chief of the weekly" Arguments and Facts " Evgeny Faktorovich.
a6a7559966ab2c61c2c7c0a1ec147a9c11667519	Pa rtner rambler
723737b6f816333805895776968ae482658b0241	▲
d1adea4428fdb76bebd51614f288c37b9b1e6cbd	Fresher
47bebe5ff54be7c909567f368e1d488a2e65a1c6	The best of the Runet for the day !
8d0882d0b9388f22f07047222536cdd968c5be01	
757ffee3696b8170ec5936cc989ff3cd5309aebd	New comments
066cd394082a2ddf8251ae3aa2cfbcca60043d60	
ea4ad845b268d4eb4afd83b42d5e05f673369558	oldrolro
3ff4df8158f106096051abbfbddc9070208746db	2017-01-12 23:19:26
d929aa3f754c53e3083e5f977b4b07772364fe6a	The church says: mine! and they will give the cathedral to the church.
ed1da4e4fe40737f7b444badf9e0fe8a311e998a	Well, what if I say that, for example, God will they give it to me?
49ff8750c6e4829dd74d3ffad67606bba06d190e	After all, my position is also indisputable.
84d85a6f736c5b48668eb92431207b60b6271b1c	And yes, I do not live in St. Petersburg, explain to me, who is this same Poltavchenko?
56e99657fcf77d60d5a7fdbd8dbb667e61175a22	An official?
0bdd2369209813c485686e13479460b4979e0bb9	Deputy of the patriarch?
dd764e56eadc2c88070f5494ebef695d111658ab	A cool potsik?
ccd2fb319fa137861d86e77473b7cef537abe834	X..y with the longest x .. em?
abc3ad9b802069a896c622e6ea23b7f4ee90d5a2	Why should this person give away museums?
d6fa07677121c34b7a842cb2648818476ce9d23c	In Rostov - on Don, a herd (well, that is, local residents; on the church hair dryer - a herd) are protesting against the transfer of the building of the Youth Theater for the church, but who listens to them...
929f9bf0ca154f73ef6a0127607740ba980e7f8c	 35 tough quotes from Wall Street bankers about life and how to make money
5c57556357f73c0b6b6921b7502b4520388df830	Dmitry
27c0ef593445a9a2852b71587def265539de0336	2017-01-12 22:53:11
7df27dee13ae65639784ee595e4fb5d8a9cd8267	This is the width and height
0e885e5b780e7dac1d552a84dcf594723fb7eaad	 ZIL 135: Cold War automonstr
16a20b3d6e4f0b9fd1ddd52c24fa7f0c609aa9bb	Vladimir
cb4f449d5735f0a6e80576fd3c0186b11ee46a84	2017-01-12 21:01:28
1c5ffdb7565954ea1d1fb0484464be7e191a6530	A third is clever, a third is stupid, a third is stupid snobbery...
a28a05efac5e3d9b89b5a13cdd1110e9ec6b2e87	Nadiukha, aha
752823e31ee4f4193b879edb63ca182c29687b81	2017-01-12 19:42:00
0ecea5b5d464a97744d66d795702392067434355	Lyuyudk!
51a8ed7f5ef6362f00a0f7407077f0142bf32fa2	Whose is that "pys pys"?
8e2ac2cc4c08daeb5494b6757f39ede11c58eccb	 "Love and Doves": details, facts and rare footage from the film
52c357469641f09aa6370e941c7d2edd79dd8c17	Vilya
dce8bcb0d30ab88690ed1c56b262e65e49cc9757	2017-01-12 19:41:16
8a57a72f7052614b3548499309514a2b44aed805	Firstly, "walruses", those people who are prepared for cold procedures, through gradual hardening. how to do this, you can easily search \ on the Internet.
1d41d5495eca05b23841fbd893a86be9d92f7fb9	Secondly, cold washing is even useful, in the future the body becomes hardened to cold water and immunity also increases, but again it is necessary to prepare for this(as in principle in every case) starting not with the coldest water and not sitting in it for half an hour of course.
6a0a9b43467f05250d3ff93e0d1e607085a65e8f	That is, we need tactics, logic, will and patience.
172b9a0c4fa62f0267476a46d471f6c047cb6f1c	In our area …
9cf17cf90b331742c117966f64e3fc3e8326e349	Эмоциональ Emotional New Year's bathing
ccf5b70eead6ecd7eec1347010cf0b90ded5a9f1	2017-01-12 19:39:55
179f73d4c75a452562f0bdf164bf6fb9bc9e5bf3	Oh, you bitch krashena!
369eab2381d74d05758f9a96625bedb488d11508	Whose are we doing this that you're ashamed of?
73bf6964f478787e180a5377f392e3eac1360426	azerikid
810912a89ce015614510daa8806243e92effab32	2017-01-12 19:25:57
e05c1b9f098ba1dd1604beed54b24cbb112f87fe	I've never seen anything more exciting
5d97bb48bc65cc05fcb4e3477aeade31182e5622	Грандиоз Grandiose video from space: how the dawn comes on Earth
dbd7e0729f44c5a0f2857591ccfc128db7fade50	2017-01-12 19:13:01
99b4340b7458c3b3e6c6a46a177f2f9d36c75902	The fact that you want to send a complaint to Russian Railways will not play any role.
581dddf481ec741d390072ed2da1a84c2da0acc6	As a student conductor, I will say that in Russian Railways they look through their fingers at everything.
359ab24688da61706e346b12a05ddf71fdb082aa	They only think about filling their pockets with money.
b47c861365a39bb2e1371c81bacae9f1ee269d3c	Actually, they donot care about the cars.
6ae6e160dc6c26ba0f9775a10cd5502f3dde590c	Hundreds of cars of the 70s run around Russia, which do not matter.
b5310c22c7fbc112bc965a42cde3a1ae18ceb9ec	Salaries do not exist, the rights of conductors are infringed.
a901713c1258da2247b8d4041196306702b53d69	Auditors are paid on their hands just to get behind and not interfere with work, FPC checks again require a certain fee, for the condition of the car, i.e. those. characteristics and …
a4db05886403124d1ee42ccab456038c66b784e9	 Four days in a reserved seat, or 20 myths about a long train ride
875f8485810ba8ca8bfd0424717c64d703d2c281	VAR BAR
5ee53c86c553b786504f9554666f9052333968a4	2017-01-12 19:06:27
b9a9f6f06f8c5beb8afd1ff7dcb4c45f8aabad86	Probably when something serious begins, the government of all the happy inhabitants of these bunkers will mobilize someone to the troops, someone to military factories.
e04cfa0faffe57824c8da75d0fa2d6ec140b2e8b	Yes, and the bunkers will be confiscated again for warehouses.
a4f9782ede68946a48ce8d662159a8189386a49c	Бунк Bunker community to save 1% of people in the event of the end of the world
dca792755a30f60043bdc6d66f2ad81bd9083eed	Lass
685fee4c9358b2e2fe1e42c2f210261ac65a5048	2017-01-12 18:59:41
b393c05a1fd406f5e1fa85d84943a14ca109aa52	Some nonsense.
535accb937050a7527fcc1b05da9da88e8b344ed	Where did you get this from?
a8a973fa9380a66eb3e845812159fc29367345b2	 What can not be done in Israel
185bfbbfb87d72e602584f52b597b21aab93c8f3	Top 5 per day
12fe79162a812009e6a53fe93ae68024ffaf1edf	In the subway without pants!
d52f6296c832150e65804dbe413c6780e97af40b	A holiday of exhibitionism swept around the world(comments: 5) How to survive the darkest months of the year(comments: 4) Exotic delicacies that are difficult to eat without closing your eyes(comments: 4) The 20 most amazing photos taken by drones in 2016(comments: 4) 35 tough quotes from Wall Street bankers about life and how to make money(comments: 14)
4f53ea7563a1126e3c7e3e983a27f8a574440657	Bonnie and Clyde are famous American robbers who operated during the Great Depression.
d423b08e10a9d14e511f93c89c9bd710d3aa9f95	They were killed in 1934 by FBI agents.
51ed0e1b9845130ca701204c4720002873d9d0e1	Bonnie was 24 years old at the time of the murder, Clyde was 25 years old.
b83c8126607cb43879cdfeb6e5369923bf8c3ec8	Bonnie was born into a poor family of a bricklayer and a seamstress with three children.
c3a02d22ebe94a1bfdc7aea7f6babec80b523971	Clyde is born into a family of poor farmers with seven children.
4c57edd772826dc7c3c850e4d1159eaf5d21322a	Bonnie studied well, was a fashionista, wrote poetry.
356d186d53650744807ba3b78ac2a5366698a9c7	Clyde, apparently, did not shine with education.
624c8163a86d93f2d50701c2b93ccf64c899684b	Bonnie dropped out of school at the age of 15.
79e967831ef37c504eb87b6653c1c0696f77999c	She got married at 16.
d53d888044c703e030cce96bc1361555350cf21d	At 17, she got a job as a waitress.
6f4e41266a481bc7a52a2f2f67624bf01e0228f0	At 18, she separated from her husband.
7f2ea29deacef354f145dbed89c2500f1e470c58	At the age of 22, I met Clyde, and it started…
234ce41eeb1dca1a3e82b367c4f112b3e2833d03	In the photo: Bonnie and her first husband, whom, by the way, she never divorced.
2f726c78d8108b2a412eed6c38fe5fa1221ce7fc	Clyde stole a car at the age of 17 (rented it and did not return it), for which he was arrested.
9c8c57c8f561a6b7353482da095c722f8e50f337	A little later, he stole turkeys, and was arrested again.
7ead884b9388853b5bf5dec3b7f305b31abb26f9	At the age of 18-20, he began to break into safes, rob stores and steal cars, for which he was jailed at the age of 21.
dcf374d32ea6e26aadc7d2694023140a6f2b94bb	There he was raped.
91b1ac189d28d39610b0f165974f53b4bcebd8b4	Clyde killed the rapist.
ab5913c69085aca8e27ea7c126d4d6bffbe84c85	There, Clyde lost two toes, which he cut off in protest against the rules that prevailed in this institution.
397a61e4541aaba64952aa29a468e423ec7ffc21	It is believed that it was in prison that Clyde finally "matured".
3ecf46bacb5f91434c4f74513de81a4df36c47fa	His sister Mary said: "Something terrible must have happened to him in prison, because he was never the same again."
4736246b6a378d41f1aac01f5852c2c3f2fe6c6d	Ralph Fults, who was serving a sentence at the same time as Clyde, said that before his eyes he turned from a schoolboy into a "rattlesnake".
59c2efaf69b0b0e46f9fd7f1bcdb41cd64d7397f	At the age of 23, Clyde was released early, after which he met Bonnie, and it started…
08c930da46e21052256de332e28b645ac5f3fafc	They had only two years of life left, during which they had to have time to become famous as frostbitten murderers and robbers, about whom many legends would later be made, films would be made, and their names would become household names.
f6f6579b7c108f1cc6eea4d88c6047c4b89adae3	Bonnie and Clyde are usually represented as romantic lovers who were devoted to each other to the end.
e26bd8e3b571c02ce2f48de0fe83950c752ef2f6	But there are several other opinions.
237c324808afaf48c99aee95454816f35371b429	And then Roy also brought a girlfriend to the gang, which caused relations within the team to heat up to the limit.
ed5ca025d2c4454aae9183976d9b266e38b66172	By the way, Raymond Hamilton was sentenced to 264 years in prison for shooting a sheriff and his deputies while drunk.
d60397d70808c20ae525dc448b179a9e70184211	In the photo: Hamilton's girlfriend, whom he, by his own admission, loved more than anyone in the world, with the exception of his mother.
cc83dc02b3d74dd8be8b6915b0a0323f8e7ada89	Based on such "free" relationships and Clyde's uneasy orientation, some people believe that there was no unearthly love between Bonnie and Clyde by definition.
bf96f03736839cdcb6583e951672be3c1dc63ca1	Although there was no doubt that they were really very devoted to each other: Bonnie had once got Clyde out of prison by handing him a gun on a date, and Clyde later, when the police detained Bonnie, beat off his girlfriend by cheekily attacking the police station.
6c8dfc0e49eb7fe977511625be3009855c9d1631	And Bonnie's mother, Emma Parker, said: "I immediately realized that there was something between them when Bonnie introduced him to me.
fcdfca6f444124ca9eebb0807d28724c4117d34f	I saw it in her eyes, in the way she held on to the sleeve of his jacket."
0bfdb9b053b16cba116f387dfa5fd6a13d24a03f	It is believed that Bonnie became the brain center of the gang and thanks to her, crimes have reached a new level.
2faa6e42d3823b2fe7aa33b5a7ea83a6119304b9	Nevertheless, they explained their crimes, of course, not by their bloodlust or passion for profit, but by "a difficult fate" and "struggle with the system".
cf34d56d7347311d94b52f5bccb2628436fccf9b	Here, for example, are Bonnie's poems that she wrote during that period:
a4fa0a55056d3459c5c622bfd85bc2bdc0bd1bd8	"Now Bonnie and Clyde are a famous duo,
e71630520d87dbfabd86cd7fdbf45e5471187d5e	All the newspapers are trumpeting about them.
10d44a3dbc5b1e64bc738662a304cc39ee795ec1	After their "work" there are no witnesses,
d75604cbd5c8f7b0d48cb9091b8c1075dbd7d734	All that remains is the stench of death.
92ce3ca94223aedd0917956fff4c70138d5bdf76	But there are a lot of false words about them,
11d1a41461d80944b7014dcc3fe217fba43688d2	And they are not so cruel.
df1eaf1c6cc5139baf9dc1e313cc52d16f66176b	They hate snitches and liars,
c644335302c8bf4747c34de00a696a6d06b876f0	And the law is their mortal enemy"
e7bbd6eb374d284f94c77a3208fb04c95578d307	Once the criminals kidnapped the sheriff, stripped him and tied him up, left him on the side of the road with the words: "Tell your people that we are not a gang of murderers.
d9827b8466f87ccea2356b5dce19d38cb74a8ba8	Get into the position of people trying to survive this damned depression."
88b2ac9d499f4f128be480056afe86bcbef24d53	"The country shuddered from cold murders,
e2dd0626523191de93bb5c69a97034e097fd1f51	And their cruelty is a grave sin,
923df8fa956c492409a43ca083410258f05693c6	But I knew Clyde back then,
3a9deb7f4317dd24b1683596ac4bd2ddedfc586b	When he was like everyone else.
1ff84c109a94864870aaef258839fbd5cb7a2412	He was a kind Texas guy.,
f77f2f7d4d3dfeb52533bddf23b08ca3379b3387	There was nothing to reproach him with,
6cb346a464e9fd7a827ecc9d893e98ed07de8401	But life dealt harshly with him
1983964cf5019e3e4e9e5ef049c10f2fc9dd1987	And pushed me on the diabolical path."
be6ac4b14aaa0d7a2ffef95bc47f54f234e22899	After meeting Bonnie and Clyde, they immediately became close.
28312d476f15b4ce814a2c82bec806ad9871ed55	They often went out of town and learned to shoot accurately.
f28594bc7bf06748eeeceece056b0b2b94ce762f	Perhaps, accurate shooting from all types of weapons has become the only science in which they have achieved perfection.
a539efd8dc9b39d04dd38fe899be20a245781b91	They also liked to be photographed with weapons: with a pistol or a rifle in their hands, they often posed in front of the lens.
cd298cf48bd288cf27d75b9f0829b7aa95a12183	In general, they were photographed constantly.
2e8d1c624672427ca2c267a3d5c43d6598cd3c91	And in 1933, while fleeing from the police, the criminals left some things at the place of their home — a series of photographs and Bonnie's poems about the difficult fate of highwaymen.
6e68ba4be77aad00dbd995296736cf59fb6c7e22	The evidence was left "accidentally", but here's what's interesting.
d30ea885dea4bc1b089e5f85491bdc89a9a39bf8	The photos were extremely posturing: Bonnie and Clyde appeared in the image of daring thugs with huge guns, cigars, in fashionable outfits and against the background of a cool car.
892cd575339088fce16220ff44b177fbb5020b16	Bonnie's poems told about love and the expectation of an early death under police bullets.
a5363d59557e843f5ed0a178bcc0e777e03e2533	After all this was published in the newspaper, the popularity of Bonnie and Clyde soared to the skies — they became the main characters of the gossip columns.
6654fb0f460212b9f2b34a82b0c75c8918f9099d	Once in Kansas, Bonnie saw for the first time a "Wanted by the police" poster with her image.
b2bd440108fa1ecaa32100eb3f336ec3d9586b2a	The fact that she and Clyde became "celebrities" shocked Bonnie so much that she immediately sent a dozen letters to major newspapers with pictures that she and Clyde took on their criminal path.
c539099da0c978e40488414e93a482e675237567	In general, they liked to promote themselves.
659e9f692f5333f571c45ffd6c6c3a76c4a88c5a	Actually, that's why they eventually became so famous.
43339dd4196743a133f0e3369c4a39cf80162328	"If a police officer is suddenly killed in Dallas
5fd6ee6e325fe3197f398cd398b1c41a45e99d1f	And the " cops” have no clue,
05f663113519d6745c1b2a888c887a9b066ce1d6	The real killer will not be revealed,
3dfc3d919d0755171df41ea17463988835bee522	Bonnie and Clyde carry the answer.
22db73e0e399654b07f54c1d0a1a975c99863847	If suddenly the couple decides to calm down
c8f04a124bb3955f5ee9e794204e8954d1a604bd	And he will rent an apartment for himself,
26759077dea5ac09e25fb3f220995c75f6fd42f6	In a couple of days they will get tired of everyday life,
81e37a43ee5065fa03a8c3ed3ae92a9515c05046	And again with a machine gun in his hand.
36cb715cb3fd3526553968acaf5ddd4ffbae75b5	And he once confessed bitterly to me:
65addfbd3ee2070e8bef027b99a092db9f88aba9	"I will not see the age of freedom.
9dac6ab88e0954b59aceb0270a65e38174b61357	My life will end on a hellfire,
cd1da2b2820ea1df8944ae515c363d319627fa2d	And there will be a reckoning!”
25b66ef720090f26e983f9f2ed80096d90af21c2	It's getting darker and scarier an unreliable path,
0c543318c43c7f3627e8a2ef1e4296bfd6fc29b8	The struggle is becoming more and more pointless.
0ad04ef937b3a18cfdbaf90544ed76c85d8e9c1e	Let us become rich someday,
d05c171e492d4bfba62d07a0267c9327cfa4cf15	But never free!
a93df2248b9e8806dee8dcde916e0159cd072b72	They did not think that they were the strongest,
85147d39d7fff14d9635f84a3c7438a828c97af9	After all, the law cannot be defeated!
47301db2b78222646890e3e01dedfa3f9c3d33ba	And that death will be the payback for sin,
f1c4c8a6b83bfb6486a75da8edf2776a8817b5b4	They both knew for sure."
539be1f4df03ea6484181460869bad6105200e41	They started with a robbery of a warehouse with weapons in Texas.
30a5f928b6eb0a0d6e23fb01b8cc48a3e70ccbc9	There they armed themselves to the teeth.
5ad3020bf504fa6a1a485fff17eb79a0cc8c1184	After that, they began to rob eateries, shops, gas stations.
c36302cf871fac3520e31ba281f37dc5fdac1796	By the way, it was not possible to earn much money on bank robberies in those days — the Great Depression raked all the big money out of the banks, and the gang sometimes got more by robbing some roadside shop.
eee801a1be3ed263136ecf2f07ec8caeff5dbcf9	The scenario of robberies was usually as follows: Bonnie was sitting at the wheel of the car, Clyde broke in and took the proceeds, then on the move, shooting back, jumped into the car.
26d8663f2deb8c835719e36ee68c1ce04c3ba759	If someone tried to resist, he immediately got a bullet.
44bf42dc4ef5c61de327ad02ff18a90ad59c0144	However, they ruthlessly removed innocent bystanders.
2fb0affcb5e7aa3af5ce411a7cfc522b01c5f06f	They were not just robbers, they were murderers, and they had both ordinary people on their account, like the owners of small shops and gas stations, and the police officers whom Clyde preferred to kill to avoid arrest.
c36a394bbeeb62dc6d1c51c73d508f84916b0abd	After the murder of the first policeman who decided to check the documents of a suspicious couple in the car, there was nothing to lose: now they were probably waiting for a death sentence.
18c1a1ff43c55f7d451ba50798fca66945cb1ab5	So Bonnie and Clyde went all out and, without thinking, fired at people in any situation, even when they were practically not in danger.
c651e2e1cd72616329032c0ad79db258f90462de	On August 5, 1932, two policemen noticed Clyde at a rural holiday.
cef85a17bda8cce82cdd085be10c76f3b812dbfc	When they asked him to come over, the bandit put them both down on the spot.
20ac755070bbc6048eb2471f9478ed6b1203f8a9	A month later, breaking through police posts on the road, the gang shot twelve law enforcement officers.
43298d75b5264db8086f8acecd8f4c1ba6619ab7	Of course, they were constantly being hunted by the police.
00eb86b41eb3e6472541936c4a8fbc392a706ae4	However, for the time being, they were incredibly lucky.
8e4f5f405adc84abe1c22076e827b767e5cb60aa	However, they had absolutely nothing to lose, so any attempts by the police to get this gang were met with shooting.
060076fe4ada64ffd6b7a76f14618ec883ecbd21	However, the father of one of the gang members, in exchange for pardoning his son, offered his help in catching the criminals.
e4b797b3ff6a6e0b27d55de7790b92dd6107c5e8	He gave the police the key to the house where Bonnie and Clyde were hiding.
9291926d44d159b8a47c2888dcac2573c90058c7	The house was surrounded by two dense rings of police, all entrances to it were blocked.
f7a8c65aa6a82b6df08d1ad693bbce169de263da	On the morning of May 23, 1934, a stolen Ford appeared on the road.
1ed81102da8a12374831f02e2cad47c892de8cc5	The driver was wearing dark glasses, and a woman in a new red dress was sitting next to him.
bb9e0813a170010132e3bdc20c0fa4ed62402306	Two thousand rounds of ammunition, three rifles, twelve pistols, two pump action shotguns and... a saxophone were hidden in the car.
9dd7cc2923d97f1ee294fa35d31cbbb9beff9223	It was Bonnie and Clyde.
458d6a9d3efb904bc15b0bf0b40d6396d3f465b2	Apparently, they were still hoping to get away.
0f559caed35138c60ddc21acb1f624138613bd7b	However, they did not succeed.
f9136b17b88fa6c3958c241cb82727e919870546	Without having time to make a single shot, they were shot by the police.
843836937cf2e89f71a8fed8e465f5cf7b283c85	They write that more than five hundred bullets pierced the bodies of the gangsters, and they were almost torn apart.
fa3a02ad0ca829cf8ad5c581d7d1626a24254be3	"Let you suffer from heart pains,
065e269b25ae24e89a240a79c85acf3d12d57279	And death will take away the senile ones.
4acf9214ef1862b7371b9a6d9cb57f8cbf2355d1	But with the misfortunes of Bonnie and Clyde fate
68b612736e384445acd3858e6e463cfbd4596216	Do not compare your small adversities!
3b85dac8ee86b5d9a00db1545a516745581ebb29	The day will come, and they will lie down for eternal sleep
2f4651ce5c077ff3fbdb2d90d434273e4ff0d6ec	In the uncomplaining loose earth.
2d090515cf96ed4dacdbc14f83b99cda80af6cfa	And the country and the law will breathe a sigh of relief,
2f5678930a98a91de639f3db8ff14a4924031859	By sending them into oblivion."
de3bc650c5c13d99646165e65dcecd6c5e2bf5b4	The mutilated bodies of the criminals were put on public display in the morgue, and those who wanted to look at them for one dollar could look at them.
d3f4f572c9ffc49587e0521b6ff46716f58bd518	There were quite a lot of curious people… All the newspapers published photos of the murdered bandits.
b4c1e1d9a728df67d7b84d4f096b26ba17855ea6	After death, they became real symbols, a kind of moths, who lived a life in the struggle against the law and poverty.
ad129a25282c1e4efd55c0e24558b03c79b97d3c	And even on Bonnie's grave they wrote:
5b3f12f55c149a68648fcc940e6311dae25d74a7	"As flowers bloom under the rays of the sun and the freshness of dew, so the world becomes brighter thanks to people like you."
770d8b30fba8d70dbed77949a690ad80eefca6d6	What kind of alternatively gifted person guessed to write this on the grave of the murderer one can only guess.
080177cee0ab8f751ba646697200cd043d8b7b85	But this is very significant in the sense of how crime can be romanticized.
d46a3a1f4c13b670ad4782fdb2b00e4871150633	People even make tattoos with their images.
fe0ad6f4caf8af1ea4edd56bc9217cb69a6f7485	So you can imagine their popularity.
c392032f1b1bc27f5e8e437c10ea9ce94f9c4d11	By the way, several films have been made about Bonnie and Clyde.
692193db0c5ef13e21f11bfd5fc6bfa3b038e716	But it is unlikely that you can see anything interesting there.
cccd8a73f17d1b73d7ebd75b8ebf77898c871f81	At least, judging by this photo, it shows nothing more than the gangsters who are in love with each other.
43c51a55f4743ca38cb792a897e1f230632b6b93	Interesting article?
98330b399852c7d6053b2e4a51fbf355b3ce586a	Like or share with your friends!
665fb975015b266442d863fe0ea5fd59ffd1aaef	* Category: history, crimes
6d3ebe1b4b3a4fc6878973194ad69da92af41112	23.05.2014 manager
06f487e395e6f60ab327623052180ff7ecfbe9b7	Comments (28)
28cd9e4951a6cfe4aa6c47db27c407b8b01b3043	23.05.2014, 8:40
be00c454b28055b791cd18d84c635e524727152b	Capa
9e28ab720c4c46b71fdb913100301343cf1751ea	The stupid dad passed.
b4f3ffa8071d0904ac17972ed72935aa305b86d6	Is it possible to make a deal with the police…
5cd58841d20ce81b4c843d0b0e7aaf232d8f0f34	23.05.2014, 9:55
d12c1bcca9891b1343cbafe6440e208bf19d1755	Kumekhtar
547a418440fb844c0ce4f7eda583d58b10818d3e	And what let them shoot at people?
c8a356bcbc565331f186d74735ef7a34f267d5a0	The bastards…
38c37b3c31b790758984a5b81b35bea6353eafe0	They donot want to work – they go to rob… My great grandmother survived 2 world wars, and 3 hunger strikes, raised 3 children without a husband who was killed in the war.
1a7fb8e474a3d23d8a342357b42aff9fe2c23afb	And I've never taken anything from someone else in my life.
3d21344f615f2e825a25f6bebcda58e29bc22070	And the law is not written for these scum.
ffa6ae3ba074417170abd5db42adc027a6f413fd	And we have a lot of them.
e744ddfe1943ee99009a8dec0c813c8278b332ab	23.05.2014, 10:26
a1585196e6128302cf82a86df4613d38b7953fb7	Alisonka
f67368d60b5c5e60dfe7fb21e4833b0af3879403	They wouldnot have been able to run for a long time anyway.
b601462f570499e734cf77fd5ce92f44d27cff26	All known criminals died young.
9fbe522ddb8d0a688b34dcd6b71afc50b9f2416c	Therefore, they are popularized in this way.
9a9cd2e73f3b81adb88f75058fe4603cf0cfccd1	WWII veterans are not remembered like them.
fbf71150271145bb74fe4a726ad82794d30e3dbc	(all criminals)
48402a0b826b64bdb7cb319d64c1e2cfc9fb2a46	23.05.2014, 14:03
54d20c16221bc99fef46f787c25c44950c218a34	lombrozo
3a1eba7a85e61ed485d8c9886f86332971537558	All bad criminals die young.
2dbf83f5cc18451405ab45f181ba38ee023287cb	The good ones die of old age.
a6986621607711d5ed7dea8cbf9b887e267caccd	23.05.2014, 11:00
e8cbe7fc11e72c272980cc9dee90976a7b98eef7	Waha
c6ab6c350a8363481085bfeead74e8929532d06f	A gang of parasites.
76b0dac63672822719ad750f439c59598eea9213	Here they are the true heroes of America.
abad9162d56236a44836a8a29bae8129d101326b	Murderers, rapists, robbers and perverts.
98570c86c09dddf1bcaeaf3a42a9bf4af2fd2e5a	These are icons of America.
a569a97ac9c6392fe72379d2a1896d4c17f5b5a4	23.05.2014, 11:18
2b38fee136f663c3448b68aa24654c55d822cd90	Deddomovets
102f869c75b487deae2d0fc2ddcb21a23f471982	Well, let's talk about those who are canonized here.
f01a8f519407f45391fd6f40fdf54116dcb8dada	Fools and murderers, arenot there?
0f04bd357574cda935b5853df72bd762030e6573	For some reason, I donot see the difference.
9be3242a597f6ecedb3802aceb54d3054da4cc3c	Stratification in the head between the right and left hemispheres of the globe.
f7713e2bca2cdbd074097725c7ab8e1bd9f0ea95	23.05.2014, 12:26
b26d9d84233060ddbb4ec0513b75fdccc066b264	Vitaly
58cbafb6c5e0e72ee93c73f784c20d4c45121fb3	You're a lousy troll)
93b7019b687d4243ce2c7c4552a0308fee906f39	23.05.2014, 11:01
b1b3773a05c0ed0176787a4f1574ff0075f7521e	qwerty
379287867484f7b63bbee61a97cfd73c723fd65b	well, actually there is a saying for a dog, a dog's death. still got off easy
1774023f16f057645af3c69db547f29d2ea8255c	23.05.2014, 11:16
993ba8d60d1ec90af370050dcffeb4331a5d689e	Alexey Khazov
4ab3691e38845673da38fea96b08f9b568b8a88d	Well, comments :) Then you remembered the veterans and Western values :)). Everything is as they say on TV .
86c3ea5ab6f1797abaf2328d1855b266cbb1c869	+++
48051183bc57252c45b43fda27786408f92c548b	23.05.2014, 12:27
54e30026c2e765e2e03c67eb5fce403b8e7fd011	We have a lot of patients here with kiselev of the brain)) We try not to pay attention to them)
55d7c403a6d0d71d3cd543a5937b2365514c3047	23.05.2014, 17:03
942fd6e2d0ed65a476f8e8d8f11d25363676cda1	Methodius
96d3fadfa8ce020d0c06ba92e1ec69e021fba80c	))))
851ff3f8ea67351afb0961cd80a5565b9a5e6837	23.05.2014, 12:53
1ef41af4175fe164bf14a260fdf226218961c106	winter
ebb854636c4a100485e43d0c839c18dd7522bdb8	Guys, maybe I'm a little off topic, but who is not sorry, please advise films on a similar topic?
9b0ef5f4b75bca23b467aefa22d127102e72a184	Only, preferably not domestic.
6099fe716243d239f9d6081bf25d806adf5a41ab	Thanks.
07bfba628456ee6e1cccde624d60a7ed1cd66728	23.05.2014, 12:56
ecfba120784c5f7312e7051e24e696d6e0cce937	Chris Hunta
b7da475ac07f0e191a1107855066022c52378fd8	Well, from the recent ones – Hunters for Gangsters.
fa301e5d692d55cb757acd4b0c231cdd06018fb4	Based on real events, it seems.
beea954ababe6ceca2fdad534062d1ab37490692	The film is not bad.
97cff90f215307a867683b55dd99a18617cff8f9	23.05.2014, 13:05
a320374e98555b5bf86509073123e07682ed60e7	I'll take a look.
e331a9378ff321b949563cfebd9b9853f26bc316	23.05.2014, 20:13
aafb591c8fdaac64d5f7dc0d9517dbd813c15d03	Yurievich
7ecd057fb1afca89e01dfae97e2d0aaf8f557344	Natural born killers.
0370c5e6fdf8e31658ea01746c900337d2f174d4	23.05.2014, 21:14
1daec180566cb1c61d951fe6cf12eae00b04172d	Thank you very much!
c2fa32e537c71e93bc0a515470f3d513fe3d6eb0	It will be interesting to see Juliette Lewis from the time of "From Dusk to Dawn".
c889d2eb870eac19196156296cd108f53678ae90	23.05.2014, 20:30
e9dff871c39320eb9f65e38ecad67aa03b965ce3	You are welcome.
d03913f391c7360bcf475896fd5f1aa8e61ae1bf	I also remembered "Johnny D.", but everyone probably saw him.
7d7e6a156811f1a384754966b3c22c9df7874956	Well, there is a fairly new series, "Sharp Visors".
3bc7cadac1168c8298e7cdc0f0fd26abbcd3e1de	Cillian Murphy and good shooting available)
b1d69e453d10e3ab9f6f20291d3acf6a7f51df26	23.05.2014, 21:17
9cc9fb7fc81145bc6dacafe253e50d39bc79459f	It was also the time of the Great Depression.
c5109192b1956febbfb31fe4f7059cac233bf815	23.05.2014, 13:23
5281062a4522708952dc1a9b35176538a32ce7f0	Andrey Zapalny
f7ee999748aeee172cb60e616510c7902f837d5a	Too far and too recently :) Here, and closer and earlier :) Romanian adventurers: http://chevo.su/?p=1655 the magazine "Niva", 1870.
22dc035a639edcfcc04e8da2e7d6305535486d3d	23.05.2014, 13:25
26be2c15c79a3820d391d561a6e70333b12e3bed	VARBAR
3a46ae279dd36a069af5d36531136e5b4c1bc82a	Someone gets drunk from failures and turns into unrequited homeless people and beggars , but some become such Bonnie and Clyde.
1d29455a489b93862b7477bc6b13d2ed3b9b857f	The main task of the authorities and society is to prevent this.
dcaac8a0de3281ee6815d48c8c94efcbc7eb79c4	23.05.2014, 13:27
e440cc05ef24465eedd43f6bf7e3bfe3cf2553a6	And someone from failures becomes Stephen Hawking, for example.
90bf3dfa9ca476caa222f1145926421e8b770e83	And someone is a bandit.
fe93ad0e0644dfcad1f93c29455ca6fe2a12d333	The question of moral qualities.
96b57e90485fbc8492a02f4805941cc0a876ed0e	23.05.2014, 13:32
8ca4c2076945a71cb27c0925476c9868b305792a	igorez
c4aad839b0586265a35a41265b502110939b1f79	If society is unfair, then only its own narrow circle of interests exist.
10ce73eef44d66ba8b85c21d12905634acd68951	The rest of the people are slaves and snitches.
78ae4c90248d331f7a33301ec3fb9c6c3189a626	These are truly free individuals.
3eb8a7c1eda43a0e31b52c915f3a99fcab762847	No wonder they were shot like wild animals.
ad7571e0fcd12f359db20580fbad459a7fede0db	According to the same laws of force that they used in life.
dff4fdaf649f1c7efb37837e653600314951ea88	I would like to hear reviews about Bonnie's work as a waitress.
e7bb7c818f0eb3a9b8b0149331dd4afbd9c56d27	It must have been hard for her to work.
6dc8e7a0743e0b79c96ae486544bdb779d5e2269	I donot think they are heroes among Americans.
3c2bb43d217e6a91badcfd2ff64d12b1b247dec8	Those who make their tattoos still need to ask what they want to show by this.
616fb4e6bfbf5d86140ce6298eea3807fce140d9	I assume that the opinions will not only be different, but also not quite clear.
594a9c397e7cbe531c193222c756041e9e9bc903	23.05.2014, 17:05
b0969e3b3bf02183455859f2562d9df5056954a0	They have long been primarily pop heroes.
a9b1947c5a01924df6e49fe2aa66d6173438a124	Boney and Clyde.
340ccb0b559b3b30746440ba35c571088f85fca7	Sid and Nancy.
dddbb9a8d8bbe963c5ff782b6ea9b4f8f23b3ebe	Well, etc., etc.
ba49ecc24d6dedce09413f526191da49cc48b90d	23.05.2014, 17:21
55d448b815f9829dd31c4f14dad3285350207118	serg
a1f47051cf7bea95c8ca89b417888b6dcd0d692e	"They write that more than five hundred bullets pierced the bodies of gangsters, and they were almost torn apart"
153a9d618779bfd70193ffd5a19273030b903b01	Judging by the latest post mortem photos – at least the heads and chests were not torn apart.
5a3108d752635c480d739a9f048371b64f6b7bb8	Probably everything that is below
f547697a4d553f6cfee742a660991b2b58481f58	23.05.2014, 17:26
7d0aebfe299ac98bacd2279954ba244eeb8681ec	celophane
e95225c7d467432e9f0c4038a1784e37bd5d5216	Sid and Nancy are generally a propiarized case, as in general their group Sex Pistols, everyone knows that there is such a group, but not everyone knows that she was able to record just barely one album, there was not enough imagination anymore.
50b8f7ef0add3514817ecfd0881b2ab46099cbe6	24.05.2014, 20:38
e3bd6fbd4fcccf0602f831e986705664c7bfaa42	Hmm... at least 3 non recurring ones.
0684eef784a7929f98135e60de0416ffb1b03a63	The rest is bootlegs and concert albums.
bbbe568261963f232f4cd3f24a8ab23471bbd8d5	25.05.2014, 1:14
099424a85329234236e08f3ec28b4edd3a2a2016	Yes, that's exactly bootlegs and concert albums, as well as individual singles or collections of singles, reissues, etc., and a studio album is one.
95ac27106105bf03565de4bb131dc35d7ee8d131	I wonder where you got 3?
492b58dc66073f943957deb084bd7303d3a2799c	E mail (will not be visible):
32c4ec8f147d2c88d3114f5657de9b8829b392f9	Refrain from profanity and insults to someone else –such comments will be deleted.
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1044a3052e1112aa893a9319a2e91ff5e7d50cd4	Bonnie and Clyde: 13 little known facts about the most romanticized criminals
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7083625709928188257b28ff32fcbf87e247c8fa	Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow.
728db3e5e4ad8169b67016fed5cfb5b75ecede7c	The most famous and romanticized criminals in the history of America were, perhaps, Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow – a young couple from Texas.
c78b013bfa1204c12fa6a5236d9ee90be1ee1d47	They became famous in the early 1930s, and their names during the Great Depression were synonymous with chic and lawlessness.
d7be1e9d1463ae03666ff52c1f60bf68931a82c5	Their life was like a fascinating western, where women smoke cigars and brandish rifles, and men rob banks and steal luxury cars.
86af2beb08307b544a7a470b269b5a67fdfaf8db	However, for Bonnie and Clyde, the film called life turned out to be very short.
1039186f29be819af2eda8d8d59bdeebce83a004	In our review, there are 13 little known facts about this bloodthirsty couple.
57ce1773e8a2b40c77f402a2ca1c9638c8b57817	1. Bonnie wore an engagement ring until her death
c1fb80855859ee07fe61d7d3a48f20835bfccdfb	Bonnie Parker with her first husband Roy Thornton.
e494ba5883514f6c30917959b2f7601cd867c28d	Six days before she turned 16, Bonnie married a classmate Roy Thornton.
f6375dc061183d6b6749f27319730020fb5b8b39	The marriage broke up a few months later, and Bonnie never saw her husband again after he was jailed for robbery in 1929.
c0d5076cc3a80f0e4b7e1eed78a099aec620a883	Soon after, Bonnie met Clyde, and although they fell in love with each other, Bonnie never actually divorced Thornton.
c3166ab211752893e54074543ff651c93f876013	On the day Bonnie and Clyde were killed in 1934, she was still wearing Thornton's wedding ring and had a tattoo on the inside of her right thigh - two hearts connected with the words "Bonnie" and "Roy" .
987205f244cadfb0313abfe88b7572c553387929	2. Bonnie and Clyde were short
baf9006073cec25f4e67a6efd893fd4d533c0dcc	Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow, 1933.
900dd6914453d4dd70e2e5d41c1ede9219f6b04b	Bonnie's height was only 150 cm, and Clyde's was 162 cm, at a time when the average height for women and men was 160 cm and 172 cm, respectively.
d45bac59289cb854212713dd7a6cce2487fb6417	3. Bonnie was an exemplary student and wrote poetry
e4424b737414ca355a4e8f7117f08406c100b19f	One of Bonnie's diaries with poems.
051640522ca572743a4f93d892f4650d6f19225d	During her school years, Bonnie was distinguished by her imagination and creative abilities.
d6e4e70930fb69bba1b8fe6c2735996495b5dfb0	During her imprisonment in 1932, after a failed burglary attempt at a home appliance store, she wrote a collection of 10 odes, which she called "Poetry from the Other Side of Life".
d10b3a3fbad15bb459ce5d2ef73036ec99d44d90	4. Bonnie never smoked cigars
3006f90961b354ead7702cabf7bc0c4f09240d22	The famous photo with a cigar and a revolver.
ce6bc0100e92f5b9b4df58b8e1af0cd6482f0dd2	In her most famous photo, Bonnie Parker holds a revolver with one foot on the bumper of a car, and a cigar is clenched in her teeth.
7d8c0391ff0ff5c96188bc05436cf1186d6d9dc0	In fact, it's part of a collection of comic photos that Bonnie and Clyde took for their own entertainment.
0a663d44da08e6961920856e7e3e80dce83937b6	They were found at the secret apartment of the gang during a police raid.
01b4f78b22fd905e0cc3e7e7690d2a17190b3048	In one of the photos, Bonnie is aiming a rifle at the chest of a smiling Clyde, and in another, Clyde is kissing Bonnie in an exaggerated manner peculiar to movie stars.
16dbd780190fc2bec2d8dae4c6a67f3af9534b09	These photos, as well as Bonnie's poems found in the apartment, greatly influenced the fame of Bonnie and Clyde.
344acfe7d6a94585fb405dbc6ad52e4c3239e519	Newspapers all over the country reprinted the photo with a cigar.
e708ae45ba3a37f03bcb97ee564a0e182e98eb48	In fact, Bonnie smoked cigarettes, as did Clyde (their favorite brand was Camel).
28308839de9d71f2a3ae5eff301c4ae3e7ea4616	Bonnie also liked whiskey, and Clyde hardly drank alcohol.
52f84e61a24d546d46819d56ecebb3c755f9f69b	5. Clyde was not taken to the Navy
17205e6d6f838f238495fa07f5011c18eace4e35	Clyde Barrow holds a rifle and a shotgun, 1933.
48bf9ecd013c6134c184222b19a069d93cff883a	As a young man, Clyde tried to enlist in the US Navy, but was rejected because he suffered a serious illness (possibly malaria or yellow fever) as a child.
e4e1a53b957e9039ed27254d4b6893a659961418	It was a heavy blow for Clyde, who had already managed to get a tattoo of "USN" (U.S. Navy) on his left arm.
eeaee1e7a1c9d57dadfb9c74f538f3b8bd56b432	6. First arrest for non return of a rental car
e3dac1313b76d42fc627b4269f9877877c28a149	Clyde Barrow in 1926, at the age of 16.
2b1a11706e17ae88d0535ebb271b18d991636722	The notorious criminal was first arrested in 1926 for car theft after an unsuccessful attempt to return the car he rented in Dallas to go to his girlfriend.
a96c8a59ed52ee0b4b3585a81453cbf069dd5437	The car rental agency dropped the charges, but the incident remained in the case filed against Clyde.
fe83e5a98a39d5641e7d239e624420aa2ffac9b1	Just three weeks later, he was arrested again, along with his older brother Marvin "Buck" Barrow, for having stolen turkeys in the back of their truck.
15578ac127c37aac17d5ded66e63df251f73dfd5	7. Banks are not their specialty
0f682360ac9de4b7467573d2a5022613b2b6fb41	Although they are often portrayed as Depression era Robin Hoods who stole from rich and powerful financial institutions, Bonnie and Clyde were much more likely to rob gas stations and grocery stores.
0f7c20853beaa61deca27b030a4d8b98bf951c53	Many times, their production was only $ 5 or $ 10.
c7cc2082f77fd004e997923c67b9d36b640e3dc0	8. Clyde cut off two of his fingers
60b4736368d00d98f99e7ccb5305ed530ab33681	Young Clyde Barrow.
6263b3c253827534c843539a4b79b00143fc6c60	While serving a 14 year sentence in Texas for robbery and car theft in January 1932, Clyde decided that he had had enough of hard labor on a prison farm.
b0486e26401174786a2c0fb71f223df95d684ec5	In order to be transferred to a less severe facility, Clyde cut off his left thumb and part of the second toe with an axe.
96dd39a543acf78abbe845e6677edcdf2d31cffd	The self mutilation, which always left him limping afterwards, ultimately proved unnecessary, as Clyde was released on parole after six days.
08af3e0e3b8bd704809cdfa34782126db1602884	9. Bonnie and Clyde are caring children
d907b59583012ab0dcba99a25f3dd1758ce39a42	Bonnie and Clyde are on the run.
c99553bb3691a4d71892c28b9ef53fd58c5c4d9f	Whatever happened, Bonnie and Clyde did not lose touch with their families and regularly visited their relatives.
c03a4dcb7e27ec028c6add6c60e9d934d1c5f913	This is what helped law enforcement officers to ambush and kill criminals.
3b94e1fa86c423828a671114436ddda00a5b5b09	In fact, it was precisely because they were predictable (and constantly visited their families) that Bonnie and Clyde were able to prepare an ambush and kill them.
4cf039699699c617d84252e6114eb8df3095c2b2	Bonnie was lame
1ce0d5f3b51325ebf4f6ce8e8039cfa962ac7c7c	Bonnie Parker, 1933.
9abdb273bbef2bfaa9f24c00a6379c5745b81b0f	On the night of June 10, 1933, Clyde, with Bonnie in the passenger seat, was driving fast along a country road in North Texas.
b4a11b79c1688d5cd9ccea076dbf2765dec9cc84	He did not notice the warning about the detour of the bridge, which is under repair.
f6384883fdf0af17eef3cd2e08182e57a342fb6a	Ford V 8 broke through the barrier at a speed of 112 km / h and fell into a dry riverbed.
c0d65ad9e099cfe0d4775fbc9317fbfdfddec721	The acid poured out of the broken car battery and severely burned Bonnie's right leg, eating the flesh to the bone in some places.
c43aa6a1bf81237ed9fff26c101711031c8c055b	As a result, Bonnie suffered third degree burns and (like Clyde) limped for the rest of her life.
c904e37e17b1dea9ffb10dd31f419aa843364c54	It was so difficult for her to walk that she sometimes jumped on one leg or leaned on Clyde.
ba9886e7a51e0c21e2c609eb3a53fcea60ff4f58	Souvenir Hunters
d7eb29d19db0647b97bf5405e2a90615d074327f	Bonnie and Clyde after the shooting.
cb5f69db5af2e08482bc6a529030b208ec471d66	On May 23, 1934, a six man ambush led by former Texas Rangers captain Frank Hamer shot Bonnie and Clyde in their car, firing a total of more than 130 bullets (110 hit the bandits).
dec1f369be73e43a89d3b424edc95aa556e36d9f	The acrid smell of gunpowder still hung in the air, as onlookers rushed to the holed car, trying to grab something for themselves.
e1d61760659afbecbe4b5a1237110606a65b1f84	One man tried to cut off Clyde's ear with a pocket knife , and another tried to tear off his finger.
f79a246d13eaa6022812feb87360206da554639d	Before the police intervened, one of the onlookers managed to cut off strands of Bonnie's hair and wrap them around her blood soaked dress.
b72c69e57e321ca298cf2faf6b98ebf4af88110c	A car car riddled with bullets can be seen in the casino
38a39d97c5b0372f55feb41aa94e6e0a7f2e694c	Bonnie and Clyde's death car.
dc6dcd1ab57b9da79616aa7d686845ed763d2fed	After the ambush of Bonnie and Clyde, the riddled Ford V 8 sedan (which was stolen) was returned to its former owner, Ruth Warren from Topeka, Kansas.
4b773ec4825ea1d64edb4feb12827088aadd9cad	Warren sold the car to Charles Stanley, who hitched the "death car" in tow and drove it around the country, showing it as a tourist attraction.
8dfbc92b1fd9c039436f6158a7bba85c6e55107c	Today, this car can be found in the lobby of the Whiskey Pete's casino in Primma, Nevada.
14785dba1aca7160cfb0d2145806ce12b86e63b2	Bonnie and Clyde are buried separately
602951cd0a48e1500422a89fece16c73af37635c	On his tombstone it is written: "Gone, but not forgotten."
58edf55ae26caeb30bc93ccc0d0ef5ef5e1760bf	Gone, but not forgotten.
a88e3ba3ab73ccd54831d8dc8ac80a4b71f81d75	The grave of Bonnie Parker, on which it is written: "As all flowers become more fragrant from sunlight and dew, so this old world becomes brighter from the lives of people like you"
3decd408d3e4c0afa63e565c393bd385d6524eac	The grave of Bonnie Parker.
3a766996447f9dedf01bf162c341c0e152f272ae	There were also criminals in such a famous port city as Odessa.
0accc76cf6b8145a722b3fa3ca008449b701e3e6	David Gotsman the legendary Odessa criminal investigation officer became not only a byword, but also a movie hero.
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bc95065701e322e9fa42cfd23c15b3c94acb2e79	USA, criminals, history, Bonnie and Clyde
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1b49d991dfc8f4c96f6e0fcf2862e089011c0302	The bitter love story of Bonnie and Clyde
0f677b227a5c3f5c9ff2547e4224bbd8758354e0	Po Aug 11, 2015
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dbf668e24ee6d09b4af650996032ded98f4b930f	Bonnie and Clyde are one of the most famous gangster couples in history.
00a7ac27895f1897483bb9f82f020be828eadd9d	Most people imagine them as young fighters for freedom and a beautiful life.
df069bdcace1c524b18c41fb4d84552f01e9e1d0	Of course, this couple deserves attention!
ed50ad75d70acb6759a8d674064db1b991a8dd51	It is customary to talk about love in verse.
3c8a87ab7a011e7f3e24dd894dbddf8f96fabfea	We will not deviate from this rule and consider the story of Bonnie and Clyde through quotes from songs of famous musical groups.
d5aec6e4bb72db697ca888057b8c03172323e6b3	You are beautiful, like a wave of a magic wand in your hands.
c6fa80781ea33eb984b8d1ea9a1237bdb7394eab	© The Splin Group.
a0492acf8c30ebe4981533aef9a677d37e682959	maxpark.com
739466834cef75aae04cc5f20b4d45619c121756	Bonnie Elizabeth Parker was born into a poor American family.
273d529518ebafd5c5d2abeb9f5d1607007483f7	Her father was a bricklayer, and her mother was a seamstress raising 3 children.
70078cb1a67c8c3aa6d9f937767df1a087834e08	Despite the poverty, the girl studied at school, and quite successfully.
a1e092990a6a7d9d8c654fb8a49e52a06743f7ce	Since early childhood, Bonnie was distinguished by a bright appearance and a love of adventure.
36f9dca2a5bcd69e2681b503878745a2ee7fdcee	Perhaps this is due to her hobby – the little girl wrote poetry.
0a2003e12d6580703aa02b338c1472ce4e5d7ff0	However, at the age of 15, Bonnie was forced to leave school and get married.
f6f01e3ef3b929ec033500926052a4be91c5ee25	Her marriage did not last long – the rebellious soul of the girl aspired to a free life (officially the marriage was never dissolved approx. PPcorn).
0bf3d0244e7ac47584074d3a9dbf54b6ff97ff8c	When Bonnie turned 22, that fateful meeting with Clyde happened in her life.
452cb70254d51174fa65abd17cb4fa1a1b621df2	Donot trust anyone with our most terrible secrets.
a40a491b82a90cec5e274462f603eb05817916bc	Clyde" Champion " Chestnut Barrow, like Bonnie, came from the very bottom of American society.
735a96a9ce3a0eb29ac84c49633f9c69000da399	He was born in a large family of farmers.
5c1983b1b0ed58b1a3a30602ae9d6fb7b421c3e1	From a young age, the guy was attracted to the street.
b7ced7463bfdc0d81de9a367a1cdffcbe69b0f54	His first arrest occurred at the age of 17 for car theft.
672ef75de786b74ea1fd99dd21cc3f186e73cf37	His second case was the theft of turkeys, but Clyde did not stop there.
3fda18954989223bef6b9de15520e48793660210	Soon the guy decided to do bigger things: robbing stores, breaking into safes, stealing cars.
6fa7c77e7adcc69f2cbe530d1f3fe1e3ae997267	At the age of 21, Clyde was caught and sent to prison.
d2fd16b4745c8d419d71bad62e131051ecfe1b00	There an event happened to him that changed his life forever.
318ea262f74186103fade685fb5ef3a082897699	The young man was raped by his cellmate, but he paid for this with his own life.
ec05c47efaf3fd56fe402152101ad1720cda2218	After that, Clyde's character changed forever.
1cac38b7652fdc03352cb19031d2f4aa4fa403bc	While in prison, he managed to deprive himself of 2 fingers on his hand in protest (in the prison where he served his sentence, wild internal rules reigned approx. PPcorn).
6cd1d784a58c88795fcc73972bf85fdb7be3c633	So from a cute schoolboy, Clyde turned into a rattlesnake, capable of fatally stinging his abuser.
6189a38cec6289caa631f23e35a218a588b075b1	We have melted the edges of life.
1362dd3c3de17d13de3c6b4e3520a0291fa0826c	Death taught us to dance.
fd9fd733be9f98537535fc30cb0a0d4b5ad26c5c	© Night Snipers group.
3f86f87806e7651cc46e4e373370031c6d4f45f4	rockzlodej88.blogspot.com Exactly how the famous couple met is not known for certain.
0d5d2cf8e6fbcd3a33ea0f4afe2a029449552401	Most likely, their meeting took place shortly after Clyde's release from prison.
130ecf4f521ad02da1b335817ea62e65f7936638	During their criminal career, Bonnie and Clyde have done a lot of dirty things.
198ed9b0a2441379137c8a5a27c592b71bd4b9c6	On their account, not only robberies, but even murders, although there is a strong opinion that Bonnie has never fired her weapon (although in many pictures the girl is depicted with a gun in her hands approx. PPcorn).
4a87c5fc4a3fdb85b1a58845485fc2099e8fa683	It is worth noting that Bonnie and Clyde did not commit most of their crimes alone.
7c64fcb0f841a2c1ee100ca2d9043d94fb1241fb	According to various sources, their gang included up to 10 people.
924c07897816104b7a75f813cf5af80577d24c3b	As Bonnie wrote in her poems, the main task of the gang was not robberies and murders, but the fight against the system.
68876c5e383b0ba3af51a034e45dd1dfbe1f6962	It is the law that the girl calls her mortal enemy.
44abf9cd011004ee1305b4b3e1e97fbfada3243a	Bonnie and Clyde's favorite pastimes themselves were shooting from various types of weapons and photographing.
c553baec24d94c74fdb27c30cb5e4d46936f621d	Once leaving his next shelter (according to some sources, it was in 1933 approx. PPcorn) a couple forgot some of their pictures on the spot.
d6cc67ccf080057e13d3d41e41a08959b56460c5	It was these photos that made Bonnie and Clyde famous.
75af27b29267e2416cb9af9cb8a595edf1c8ede9	Newspapers spread the pictures all over the country, many articles were provided with the fact that the couple is in a love relationship.
ee0b7fcf45b8556a50ea24df31dee2deaaabcedb	However, the real life of Bonnie and Clyde was far from posturing in the photo.
d6c30f57ae7eac7b35a8c4cd9daac9fc8f1e918d	Often they had to hide in dirty apartments and forests, and the rollicking life remained only on the frozen frames of the film.
31673aeaa6baf0ee81f7c0c5a02ecd6b959faf62	It's all over, they're surrounded... donot you dare cry in front of them.
37602bd516a86a19265d1b92fcaeb41d7c5cd685	hatteke.however, this gangster love was not destined to last too long.
fcab5541ea87b53007ed8c981c59d4c696519dda	From the part, those ill fated pictures were guilty of the quick capture of the couple.
52bad594908d851a80e78a84292d363143cbcc66	In May 1934, they were tracked down and shot on the spot by FBI agents and the police.
7cd85e930d3e8166c9cffe499ed7cb15f77bba05	According to some reports, of the 167 bullets that hit their Ford, more than 50 were taken from the bodies of Bonnie and Clyde.
681a485d36422129448954f1b835489b6e03e138	In the car in which the criminals were traveling, they found: 3 rifles, 12 pistols, 2 rifles, 2 thousand cartridges and a saxophone.
381ccd017be4f73ff516e119dbea5f485af70347	At the same time, the actions of the police were so clear and fast that the couple did not have time to make a single retaliatory shot.
d69a9e402bc21c27c2ae7140f264c66276bf0d5d	tweet
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8e8d412ae79d0989a95bf3ddacef23d28b5a7247	ABOUT US PPcorn is an information and entertainment portal that unites people of all ages, social strata and religious views.
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8fe01813c2667fda174da331643891c2a53ee8e3	© Copyright 2015 - PPcorn inc.
6d57d5931f13440a2decd57a85914ea46b7d5566	Image of the Guide The Cult of Freedom
976190a0952c942eb93d9b4dfbd70c2f2276a57e	10182
f699959a72b40644c59e2c9a1f9f744dee799e3f	Ksenia Lampova | April 24, 2015 at 16: 57
c19e9c8eca4e37c9d7795ca27a3e6fedb15cb713	The stock market crash on Wall Street in 1929 drove the world into a rampant and fatal Great Depression.
55abc2b762799d1d456f482a5fa6204287a029a1	The First World War sucked all the forces not only from the countries directly involved in it, but also emptied all the reserves of the New World.
54d4a5e0403571caf03bba69fc1f0c355e874bdb	The Great War – the Great Depression, which entails all consuming poverty.
ed4e11deeba85690e1256aa657eb5c9d5918c5fe	At a time when devalued dollars could be used as candy wrappers, the poor American population became completely poor.
9e961f549a3bd349d14c1d2b1a232bae1e02d99e	Look at these farmers who are trudging with their few belongings towards the big cities, in search of work and food – among them you could meet a woman with four daughters, one of whom is named Bonnie Parker.
cd4c3927f5afad0d17885cd4ebf35132e2d97569	Having reached the suburbs of Dallas, which is a lot of factories and rickety caravans for housing, Emma Parker gets a job at the factory as a seamstress, somehow attaching her daughters to school.
731c0984994624223a1ba789bbeb87a6c3d18e40	Bonnie studies well and makes progress by reading her poems to the public.
9ab82ab266616cd2633f9dfcaad42f676cf332ee	Little Parker has always had a craving for the stage, because she sometimes stealthily sighs, dreaming of the life of a movie star or model.
74ea1b1b8318f9f67b555c04e75a527bb81e9849	He is interested in photography, studying the laws of perspective and composition independently.
371cd6824b6040ec62d0ce2a39540813a836d615	And he dresses fashionably, as he can somewhere he will get a piece of fabric and attach a ridiculous collar to the dress, then he will sew a skirt from a curtain.
5b0f0f393b250ccebe4c7d13ce91bb43dbd85a5c	She, like any girl, dreams of beautiful dresses, but by coincidence, her family has been having breakfast, lunch and dinner only with potatoes for the last two months.
195d3f77e417c95809a76e5585b46add2241d84c	At the age of fifteen, Bonnie gives up and realizes that she will have to live a completely ordinary life – somehow get out, make ends meet and try to earn her piece of bread.
f163d5e0915e8ec7d403755efcfc987bcdc22687	No beautiful dresses, no expensive cars will not shine for her, even if she will plow for days.
38a94b529233655c8b93c44fa9ad62ed7ecd1840	The girl gets married and leaves her mother's house so that her sisters can live at least a little more freely.
584baed6a9ed889f37885964b778cbc3f8eb38cf	Miniature Bonnie, who has extraordinary writing abilities, gets a job as a waitress in a local diner.
7211951ac56eac1598224ed4ad62ec4389bbcc5a	By the way, among those poor farmers who were moving in a continuous stream towards industrial Dallas, there was another completely impoverished family, whose representative will figure in this whole story.
4ac5757c3abadb4c895591fe97ed7ba80b17e7c6	Clyde Barrow, a juvenile delinquent, sullen and silent.
67f4c268801d8cf212c7a6bc1a14a4418f089ed5	He knew his business and stole everything that was not bolted to the floor without any frills.
628d92d2abe8b9f279e8e5d62947a35e30220dd4	By that time, he had already served time, and his family knew him as a closed and depressed person who hid inside himself all the rot in which he had to wallow for two whole years of prison time.
c303da4e9cb9a820fce8c93901bec4fbeb920dcd	At that time, Clyde was about to turn 23 years old.
18c2a519d3c081c25943f82e174fa399832b1a87	But, in general, Clyde was not at all a silent machine of robbery and violence, among the interests befitting a young man was playing the saxophone and a love of luxury expensive cars.
f96bd19ab5923ea8073803fc122ca0f9aef981b2	It will be interesting for you to find out how he was released, since initially he was given a term of about two decades.
f91b08a42c0e58ab8220428f608eb85db56be389	Clyde just behaved wonderfully, picking at hard rocks with a pickaxe, and then he took and cut off two of his toes exactly in half with a swing.
4ce46e142a2635ba028f8fa6b8740752dc6f088e	At this time, his mother pedantically bombarded the mayor with complaints and asked him to release his negligent son, and now, on a gloomy February day, Clyde comes out of prison on crutches, but with his head held high.
9db062b02e126d24e414061f8a5055d314d1c5d2	Bonnie meets Clyde at an old friend's party.
357af2fa32fe785b9f49e61a0611fdb8c9d3d32e	A slightly intoxicated young lady, who has already managed to get bored with the life of an exemplary American wife, immediately falls in love with Clyde.
863a0e9df37f713db3dc52b1555216ad32bc59c7	Even though Clyde was very plain, Bonnie immediately got into the dark spirit of sloppiness that emanated from him.
30d9e44dae3c5fbfcea2c46ac956a21e3c1f3675	By that time, Clyde is wanted by the police of several states for the fact that he famously robbed a gambling hall, threatening rich uncles with a broken gun.
38b3fb53d2515e289b66728ae2d0ea55c35d9fdd	Bonnie is simply fascinated by Clyde and his stories about the life of a young gangster.
4c968ab82c2b3143be03520a1800e6b58280cae6	However, soon Clyde was still caught and put back in prison, separating the lovers.
787e1328915545362684c3c68a422ac3373bf611	Then Bonnie decides to break the law for the first time, in 1930, on a date in prison, she gives Clyde a gun, thanks to which the latter manages to escape.
0e6fece82e0787bc853d105acfa3f4a34399c4cf	The couple begins to profit from small robberies of gas stations and shops.
3558cbad8c2e906d05e13c6c6ff743166db1f9c7	Bonnie, who has always dreamed of becoming famous, buys a brand new Kodak with the stolen money, and takes pictures with Clyde as a souvenir, going out on a case.
57466895d55e63a6e6bf758f578ba3323aabdf18	Photographs of the" Barrow gang", sent out personally by a young criminal, fill all the newspapers.
bbdb6d2bbcb0f1b450b46251956c40c24a83ac7d	There are more and more dapper hats and dresses in her wardrobe, and Clyde's smile is getting wider from picture to picture.
507c19b2d203072cf716e059e867879f6e4ef7a5	He does not lag behind the faithful and looks like a real dandy.
ef820e188303a2c63ff5ea713e1977bde2d185e5	The couple collects a good collection of weapons: several submachine guns, rifles and hunting rifles, a dozen revolvers and pistols, thousands of cartridges.
440eacb4fe1dee3706c2e0174580ababe2cb4ce2	New luxury cars every day – initially, Clyde specialized as a hijacker.
9e934bd183cd22dd9f66427a902de6ce1e5d342b	Soon a couple of stupid people join their gang – Raymond Hamilton, an old friend of Clyde, and Henry Methvin.
8549de1bd099253376fc85ab4229d99548125886	At its core, Clyde is a fierce and silent force in the team, which allows Bonnie to sometimes guide herself.
491333dcbf71d029c6b5e875091746f04444f3f5	It is Miss Parker who expresses the idea that it's time for them to stop playing with toys and hit a really big jackpot.
c765b65e5ca9be81c6a8f1c54a112b04e080634d	During a robbery of a music store, an overlay happens and an alarm rings, and the seller, who was greedy for the "Barrows gang", gets shot in the chest.
cf13a0b160a61c1ec672b7bb7b6d45e95ba33740	So the first murder takes place and after that the gang becomes just fierce.
d623c9d22553d5d08b3a21a4ca6d0dc6ce7988b4	The car in which Bonnie and Clyde were traveling was pierced by a total of 167 shots, and the natural born killers went to hell, stuffed with lead.
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0a6e99c66df8954fd9d71dbc5320e5e090d6d65e	0.01797 c
44ed8469b85b442c014d9d1bf1f1ebc06f9270f5	The biggest mystery for humanity remains everything that is outside of our planet.
54ed5026badaa84f565649a885b7e8a3ca3a403a	How much unknown and undiscovered is hidden in the dark cosmos.
d64d782b09a1ba095ffd62914abc59f37b6153ca	Mars is the fourth planet farthest from the Sun and closest to Earth.
2b629680b0163f0c45f4a851893db8ed670c6699	This planet is approximately 4.6 billion years old, like Earth, Venus and the rest of the planets of the solar system.
6d22c5db0dcdb28cd033343734d12e48ab6e28c8	The name of the planet comes from the name of the ancient Roman and Greek god of war-ARES.
3b4ea2a65f0106591f2974a11e99331491005f08	The Romans and Greeks associated the planet with war because of its similarity to blood.
3d248f277d3dbd2adae9d5a64b58ac8f8c5a0528	If you look at Mars from Earth, then this planet is red-orange in color.
b6e911dd7b101b51d5dcf663c7735d885ea77105	The color of the planet is such because of the abundant content of iron minerals in the soil.
f4afe40ab6ee8e61d96caa8176e9579a29b1e1fb	Mars is a planet of the Earth group with a rarefied atmosphere (the pressure at the surface is 160 times less than that of Earth).
e23209cfee401f6d5a56cafa62c207b88c3b740d	The features of the surface relief of Mars can be considered impact craters like lunar ones, as well as volcanoes, valleys, deserts and polar ice caps like terrestrial ones.
8992e9ef17a9d5617ddfb15af1712616becb00e5	Mars has two natural satellites-Phobos and Deimos (translated from ancient Greek - "fear" and "horror" - the names of two sons of Ares who accompanied him in battle), which are relatively small (Phobos-27 × 22×18 km, Deimos-15×12.2×10.4 km) and have an irregular shape.
857c689de6c8614b896f1377f63b68f6b0ac65de	Mars has a rotation period and a change of seasons similar to Earth's, but its climate is much colder and drier than Earth's.
f8159610a5dc1a09ad3e3738ea899f9517bcdfb1	Until the flight to Mars of the automatic interplanetary station "Mariner 4" in 1965, many researchers believed that there was water in a liquid state on its surface.
5c964baa7c6295ef88b896cb31278fe4af4af486	This opinion was based on observations of periodic changes in light and dark areas, especially in the polar latitudes, which were similar to continents and seas.
597d450f1a1b4aa1c2bf63e955ac7dbb571a3391	Dark long lines on the surface of Mars were interpreted by some observers as irrigation channels for liquid water.
48b23a8c9c20abcdc82117677fa394db6a630a0e	Later it was proved that most of these dark lines are an optical illusion.
a53d4d8895f05cdc23c6c1e24932d81e0b7148ce	In fact, due to the low pressure, water cannot exist in a liquid state for the most part (about 70 %) of the surface of Mars.
c015f8f47ff570573e5e5d5d4b7b684bcbfd3165	Water in the state of ice was discovered in the Martian soil by NASA's Phoenix spacecraft.
6f4421453f96e8edd1a0f61718619d551af46bd5	At the same time, the geological data collected by the Spirit and Opportunity rovers suggest that in the distant past, water covered a significant part of the surface of Mars.
597ffa7991332b817de00fc7d7f75e28965d493b	Observations over the past decade have revealed weak geyser activity in some places on the surface of Mars.
597b1c8bcd6975e1ee8c96e64ac913bffd152e7f	According to observations from the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft, some parts of the southern polar cap of Mars are gradually retreating.
47129828b02780580b311df5dac1e032cb72a74e	Mars is clearly visible from Earth with the naked eye.
0a7adfed0b74ab03b5c0aa80c572acac3ab6f4ca	Its apparent magnitude reaches -2.91 m (at maximum approach to the Earth), second in brightness only to Jupiter (and then not always during the great confrontation) and Venus (but only in the morning or evening).
64d734475dd781cc6cef7fcd0a962bc94fd09e66	The opposition of Mars can be observed every two years.
e2bbf0cff4630dcaf6129754f45dd94c96218213	The last time such a phenomenon was observed on Earth was from April 9 to April 14, 2014.
9057c393a94d168c6bc13d64538bcaa84f3a57e7	As a rule, during the great opposition (that is, when the opposition coincides with the Earth and Mars passes the perihelion of its orbit), orange Mars is the brightest object in the Earth's night sky (not counting the Moon), but this happens only once every 15-17 years for one or two weeks.
0df6a80367917f71840236734f347ae272289a73	Like the rest of the planets in the solar system, Mars orbits the Sun in an elliptical orbit.
b87e378c26943bd666b8f976592c408959e5e0d7	But its orbit is more elongated than the orbit of the Earth and other planets.
940b93b0c78e68f593d02ca4aef2363cd0e264e1	The greatest distance from the Sun to Mars is 249,230,000 km, the smallest is 206,620,000 km.
82443e45542c976edad5c5f0cfe20fa1544690cb	The duration of the year is 687 Earth days.
70215c828d7488ec071ce72667b25d89d6825c8b	The duration of the day is 24 hours, 39 minutes and 35 seconds.
3425d3b1a0a17bd03a949961ecaecb78dcb76455	The distance between Earth and Mars depends on the position of these planets in their orbits.
cfc07f45b2821ad278879ea5b61bfe66fd1614df	It can range from 54,500,000 km to 401,300,000 km.
6881aedab66da45c5594cc5a809092ecdd1a6415	Mars is closest to Earth during the opposition, when the planet is in the direction opposite to the Sun.
2ba0e55fc43efe72e814fa823bc5c2cbb0672ba6	Confrontations are repeated every 26 months at different points in the orbit of Mars and Earth.
649d3ebf5cc8acac2a9f9188756780271605d665	Like the Earth, the axis of Mars is tilted relative to the plane of the orbit by 25.19° compared to 23.45° of the Earth.
050c73bd42bc1b7fc6da6967356247b7e618bcb4	This is reflected in the amount of sunlight falling on some parts of the planet, which in turn affects the occurrence of seasons similar to the seasons on Earth.
87fad1cdbfa155c21ed04f534646184a4ea6aa32	The mass of Mars is 6.42*1020 tons, which is 10 times less than the mass of the Earth.
61e8a8f7f9862bd398dfc4a9f5e50523dddcafdf	The density is about 3,933 grams per cubic centimeter, which is about 70 % of the density of the Earth.
b48345d21ffd5a372710fd5f16f52ff3bc9a7575	Like other planets of the Earth group, there are three layers in the interior of Mars: the crust, the mantle and the core.
dc5dba8bc6ae1d96c43ba6d868caf22231a3f1b1	Despite the fact that accurate measurements have not yet been made, scientists have made certain predictions about the thickness of the crust of Mars based on data on the depth of the Mariner Valley.
5a705b3d0e30fc762ea339013844e2cbeccbdabe	The deep, vast valley system located in the southern hemisphere could not exist if the crust of Mars was not significantly thicker than the Earth's.
f97156e691f851879dd91b228794d638d5bbebba	Preliminary estimates indicate that the thickness of the crust of Mars in the northern hemisphere is about 35 kilometers and about 80 kilometers in the southern hemisphere.
eea54b651d83a8b9e093fc3825020bb13a1753bb	Quite a lot of research has been devoted to the core of Mars, in particular, to find out whether it is solid or liquid.
b3c98991f057a4f40063a6f96c8f705a6e3b7ade	Some theories have pointed to the absence of a sufficiently powerful magnetic field as a sign of a solid core.
318b6903ba130b96cb7ddf8f03d3b4b46a36f545	Nevertheless, in the last decade, the hypothesis that the core of Mars is liquid, at least partially, has become increasingly popular.
70fa6be89d2dcd1207428b305b36f657a987b043	This was indicated by the discovery of magnetized rocks on the surface of the planet, which may be a sign that Mars has or had a liquid core.
a1088cf7b52b6e4d43243eefa6dbc2cd83e85a9f	Martian tectonism-the process that forms and changes the crust of the planet, is different from that of Earth.
0bfd032a2b39f9aa32277f182aac644d96081f64	Earth's tectonics is based on horizontal sliding tectonic plates.
b22097367ead2c35f8a9f7d5c4436cc7156787aa	Martian tectonic plates move vertically, pushing lava to the surface.
92884b70239014687a3267e2a141f633226ef11b	Scientists believe that about 3.5 billion years ago, Mars experienced the largest flood in the history of the Solar system.
774cebbcb8ffb61f4059c6673be8c804e58ae38d	There could be so much water on the surface of the planet that it could form lakes and small oceans.
7a9a18091f3e85d311db57a6fa4114f4d197ecb0	However, at present, Mars is too cold, and its atmosphere is too thin, for water in a liquid state to be on the surface of Mars.
0f12e7893597e6e06f3763ee393b1f65de601ed7	All the water is in a frozen state, and most of it is located in the polar caps of the planet.
6842455311556675131bf2ae95c1b12059e7953b	But the amount of water that formed huge seas and oceans in the past has not been found on the surface.
752e2e0285833c5592a307621f6e5e4f7377ffd3	According to scientists, the answer to this question is hidden deep under the surface of the Red Planet.
fdd2e506003274d128784fc47b560c218a7d2eef	Mars is home to the largest volcano in the solar system — the Olympus Mons volcano (translated from Latin. Mount Olympus) is 27 km high.
cd43bb284343d1280e29cff0cdf17a72ec1ac5f4	The diameter of the mountain is 600 km.
7164ecef7c2d18daf03aebbaa649d7740fea5a5e	Three other large volcanoes-the mountains of Arsia, Ascreus and Povonis, are located on a huge volcanic plateau called Tharsis.
ba60a2702890347828be0d446d3cc2fbcab84cd5	All the slopes of volcanoes on Mars are gradually rising, similar to the volcanoes in Hawaii.
aa553402beba8bed0f6a3c33481b2dbd48ee3e45	Hawaiian and Martian volcanoes are enclosing volcanoes formed from lava eruptions.
64bdc303176165d613ee126c27fdb3fd34ef1a87	Currently, no active volcanoes have been found on Mars.
7f50fcbd94cdc7e4268b0ed352edba3ebea4d2a7	Traces of volcanic ash on the slopes of other mountains suggest that Mars used to be volcanically active.
7e2d73e30bb78da58d11d6e829d2bd320c484773	A large number of meteorites caused damage to the planet, forming craters on the surface of Mars.
71f9064930e8a7e8ef716463541ff0cc95146dab	The phenomenon of impact craters is rare on Earth for two reasons: 1) those craters that were formed at the beginning of the planet's history are already blurred; 2) The Earth has a very dense atmosphere that prevents meteorites from falling.
94f5a74c33d91e9f76e0b60eac7f4ea9a3ca9a57	Martian craters are similar to craters on the moon and other objects in the solar system, which have a deep, bowl-shaped bottom with raised wheel-shaped edges.
d4ea6db5f805e31b9ab8ea2dfe3b1f12e651beef	Large craters may have central peaks formed as a result of a shock wave.
2487d44cc59d516a6f497c44314076b33f8b9b97	The number of craters on Mars varies from place to place.
dc1a12d8535bae52cef595912cd8cf011748a435	Almost the entire southern hemisphere is covered with craters of various sizes.
9bb00679d35d434fa5dc5ab7bd6a2814df7c2297	The largest crater on Mars is the Hellas basin (Lat. Hellas Planitia) in the southern hemisphere, whose diameter is approximately 2300 km.
da594c8d5936d2ff01f1a0ff01586f0708e5e06c	Clouds on Mars are formed only at high altitudes, in the form of frozen carbon dioxide particles.
236609d2a5c7ee917953eb8aaddbde902a23a998	Early in the morning, frost and fog are especially frequent.
ce1f6f6ca7f318ef383a6fca12bfe60112beeb4c	Fog, frost and clouds on Mars are very similar to each other.
c357b2c2fafdaaf4fdfb6ebfc3d8a58676318254	On Mars, as on Earth, there is a general circulation of the atmosphere, expressed in the form of wind, which is characteristic of the entire planet.
eb8abb0223ca65607431e629c1aa237cc04665e8	The main reason for the occurrence of winds is solar energy and the unevenness of its distribution on the surface of the planet.
89623f855dabe974061a5ec3f311944374fd4483	The average speed of surface winds is approximately 3 m / s.
1a92794deb64f6b515f89df407ba282c61b37071	Scientists have recorded wind gusts up to 25 m / s.
c6cde57698d26809083e72b979eb59e52e52c24d	Nevertheless, wind gusts on Mars have much less force than the same gusts on Earth — this is due to the low density of the planet's atmosphere.
e8157f1571633a29f8bc599b0ad7d7d722c84459	Dust storms are the most impressive weather phenomenon on Mars.
6a9c954fe827d611f4588df44d9dd90d6f600036	This is a swirling wind that can lift dust from the surface in a short time.
6cb3379c44138445f948eb15f860382ef027172c	Such a wind looks like a tornado.
ec2cef6170dc5c90d8473500395e62d4b2fe63f8	The formation of large dust storms on Mars occurs as follows: when a strong wind begins to lift dust into the atmosphere, this dust absorbs sunlight and thereby warms the air around it.
88cea0b2f86a63fd3ae1466b59e1fbadf7d0c7f2	As soon as the warm air rises, there is an even greater wind, which raises even more dust.
a83bfce4ca22225a0dd100b3ae9f011d7b95d526	As a result, the storm becomes even stronger.
ea701358d3363dc0d5fc15a5ff358bab9df02be4	At large scales, dust storms can envelop a surface area of more than 320 km.
40bdb07830c19340ecdf6d13b9df408f910239e6	During the largest storms, dust can cover the entire surface of Mars.
69fa50d7de1fcb834f3dcb23ac4b03b80e472fb4	Storms of this size can last for several months, hiding the entire planet from view.
ad508b0daf92262b6051dd390dae862fa09a1246	Such storms were recorded in 1987 and in 2001.
08c1b358b79761287c9e060a1c5f81430b361a8d	Dust storms occur more often at the maximum approach of Mars to the Sun, since at such moments solar energy warms the planet's atmosphere more.
47a19eb1a033e5ba0263cb32385374b74740e605	The temperature on the planet ranges from -153 °C at the pole in winter and up to more than +20 °C at the equator at noon.
a7932001fa6dac15baf6bb4d7b6fce9b28305a7c	The average temperature is -50 °C.
6c1ece8c94f6f1691d59cf473d7a5968c2c484c9	The atmosphere of Mars, consisting mainly of carbon dioxide, is very thin.
bfbae5643cf5b2750f91ed175602b33d232585c9	The pressure at the surface of Mars is 160 times less than that of Earth — 6.1 mbar at the average surface level.
89dd6e50501a9f45a32053bad4da97466e596db3	Due to the large difference in altitude on Mars, the pressure at the surface varies greatly.
e4da243861023113c7cc6b4e0fd7b4d8115e6304	The approximate thickness of the atmosphere is 110 km.
e37e4bd102fde1ad84801b0cb19dc73b3e5f58b5	According to NASA (2004), the atmosphere of Mars consists of 95.32% carbon dioxide; it also contains 2.7% nitrogen, 1.6% argon, 0.13% oxygen, 210 ppm water vapor, 0.08% carbon monoxide, nitric oxide (NO) — 100 ppm, neon (Ne) — 2.5 ppm, semi — heavy water hydrogen deuterium oxygen (HDO) 0.85 ppm, krypton (Kr) 0.3 ppm, xenon (Xe) - 0.08 ppm (the composition is given in volume fractions).
5f5c24598ea13193d22a7b103186de593e34b6e0	According to the data of the Viking lander (1976), about 1-2% of argon, 2-3% of nitrogen, and 95% of carbon dioxide were detected in the Martian atmosphere.
e5660b3f5b5083c28ddd105c268ddadfe87bc36d	According to the data of the Mars 2 and Mars 3 AMS, the lower boundary of the ionosphere is located at an altitude of 80 km, the maximum electron concentration of 1.7×105 electrons/cm3 is located at an altitude of 138 km, the other two maxima are at altitudes of 85 and 107 km.
717d47d832554a83cd248075b0eeb834587443ee	The rarefaction of the Martian atmosphere and the absence of the magnetosphere are the reason that the level of ionizing radiation on the surface of Mars is significantly higher than on the surface of the Earth.
c2972affa964bbb58ffd083e76d6b26216f776e2	The equivalent dose rate on the surface of Mars is on average 0.7 mSv / day (varying depending on solar activity and atmospheric pressure in the range from 0.35 to 1.15 mSv/day) and is mainly due to cosmic radiation; for comparison, on Earth, the average global equivalent dose of radiation from natural sources accumulated per year is 2.4 mSv, including 0.4 mSv from cosmic rays.
4be7d6990991f680a57cc1bcd669da27027ee3d3	Thus, in one or two days, an astronaut on the surface of Mars will receive the same equivalent dose of radiation that he would receive on the surface of the Earth in a year.
68750dbafb9803edaff808e5bf2444576cd52dda	All the planets of the Earth group were known to people thousands of years ago.
1bd57f7bc9196339803baaa14f5ca2ab295a03bf	The first detailed observations of the movement of the planet in orbit were made by the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe in the 1580s.
ac9e33f5af5c393244415c4c058649e18b480ab8	With the help of a sextant, the most accurate astronomical instrument at that time, Tycho discovered a discrepancy between the orbit movement and the available models of Copernicus and Ptolemy.
e7dd8784d2bef7c934206c00d4a8590b30e48b83	To help solve this problem, he turned to Johann Kepler, whose mathematical abilities were much higher than Tycho.
3fe7803c27411b5a67db87abd5c6cf62ca2cff3f	It was Kepler who proved that Mars moves in an elliptical orbit, in one of the foci of which the Sun is located.
75fa6eeeee0f6d97c8a7bd8903f43a1c30133bf7	In the Babylonian planetary theory, time measurements of the planetary motion of Mars were obtained for the first time and the position of the planet in the night sky was clarified.
544393d5a768e4fb73634fd2d6ced656521ca5f4	Using the data of the Egyptians and Babylonians, ancient Greek (Hellenistic) philosophers and astronomers developed a detailed geocentric model to explain the movement of the planets.
7b55f3c421ffe55372281733fe938a4e7aea21f1	Several centuries later, Indian and Islamic astronomers estimated the size of Mars and the distance to it from the Earth.
9eca28bb658da5dfa1e8eab9877e24abadd644a2	In the XVI century, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model to describe the Solar system with circular planetary orbits.
b2b562e5cb7b5caaba23b505bced8452c016cf0e	His results were revised by Johannes Kepler, who introduced a more accurate elliptical orbit of Mars, coinciding with the observed one.
e18e2b0327f161cee5d846e787cc5691cf409f1e	The heyday of telescopic observations of Mars occurred at the end of the XIX-mid-XX century.
94ee45ea3ab0976093cb60b28f188c836e7e60a5	It is largely due to public interest and well-known scientific disputes around the observed Martian channels.
ff082cd31ffab2f0773459118d97d0ebb700699b	Among the astronomers of the pre-space era who conducted telescopic observations of Mars during this period, the most famous are Schiaparelli, Percival Lovell, Slipher, Antoniadi, Barnard, Jarry Deloge, L. Eddy, Tikhov, Vaucouleur.
b1fe3d119e2a78abca0f6e5480edfe2b78b9ac34	It was they who laid the foundations of areography and compiled the first detailed maps of the surface of Mars — although they turned out to be almost completely wrong after the flights of automatic probes to Mars.
f65b801d08f6396bf89531ba5eda8acfd9c16d85	Since the 1960s, several automatic interplanetary stations (AMS) have been sent to Mars for a detailed study of the planet from orbit and photographing the surface.
896a8e7612dc8017fb947dce09e3f787fe54b0d8	In addition, remote sensing of Mars from Earth continued in most of the electromagnetic spectrum using ground-based and orbital telescopes, for example, in the infrared to determine the composition of the surface, in the ultraviolet and submillimeter ranges — to study the composition of the atmosphere, in the radio range — to measure wind speed.
6175004fea6f5c4dd2053ac75ed0437f227f7083	The Soviet Mars research included the Mars program, within the framework of which, from 1962 to 1973, automatic interplanetary stations of four generations were launched to explore the planet Mars and near-planetary space.
b9297bbdd71cfde230ee046c28dcc8896f50eec7	The first AMS ("Mars 1"," Probe 2") also explored interplanetary space.
ce1ee8449e15d2d49637f45dc1c00c6c11e07d1c	In 1964, the first successful launch to Mars was carried out in the United States as part of the Mariner program.
aabce067ff6748859b8527a371b9d0a422f50ef4	"Mariner 4" carried out the first study from the flight path and took the first pictures of the surface.
2bff23e41be05cf4019952799a5abc5e6f40e4fc	"Mariner 6 "and" Mariner 7", launched in 1969, made the first study of the composition of the atmosphere from a flight path using spectroscopic techniques and determining the surface temperature from infrared radiation measurements.
b2ab4b715e9fe596d84e43941b63dfe9a49a4783	In 1971, Mariner 9 became the first artificial satellite of Mars and carried out the first mapping of the surface.
08bb56a86fea54cfb363c0222460284b5c905214	The next US program — "Viking" - included the launch in 1975 of two identical spacecraft - "Viking 1" and "Viking 2", which conducted research from near-Martian orbit and on the surface of Mars, in particular, the search for life in soil samples.
dc90ce526db5cf471ec26254eac1de7b56907040	Each Viking consisted of an orbital station — an artificial satellite of Mars — and a lander with an automatic Mars station.
3d4b10a8b89a4ef0aa302ca4cdc4ff71765ceb40	The Vikings automatic Martian stations are the first spacecraft that successfully worked on the surface of Mars and transmitted photos from the landing site.
0454b7bfad6f94d749fe3ab60053082682b9feff	Life could not be detected.
0fe991ce43673c0d918ea8a689d08180c938771a	Biological data from Mars still does not allow us to unequivocally answer the question whether there is life on Mars.
92ad97732e408d8dcc20eae57cabc61994338fd7	One of the NASA biologists said in an interview with a correspondent of an American magazine that the Viking mission may not give an answer to this question.
3a9e2d6bface782827667e7a460807f0fb0244a3	"Most likely," he said, " after the end of the experiment, we will have a set of very exciting and controversial data on our hands, but we are unlikely to be able to draw categorical conclusions from them."
48a07c6b735e1764316ebeda493b3c520f3cdc11	By studying the surface of Mars, scientists have learned how Mars has evolved since its formation.
0f9286881c381abc0596777e324739aa12be6d9e	They compared the stages of the planet's evolution with the age of various regions of the surface.
cf67e8801bae2e982b32dcc65eb1f5ea761128f1	The greater the number of craters in the region, the older the surface there is.
d24ed958866ed72898a2b357f106bf4cdc106b68	Scientists have conditionally divided the life expectancy of the planet into three stages: the Noachian era, the Hesperian and the Amazonian era.
d5c822723e2b9cc76b0ef94772ba20f00a00cd95	The Noachian era is named after a huge mountainous area in the southern hemisphere of the planet.
6c6698f924967348e80c9c0329d2e80b0a06527c	During this period, a huge number of objects, ranging from small meteorites to large asteroids, collided with Mars, leaving behind many craters of various sizes.
2217a74389d67dd861073f5a7f30d504aae4ff57	The Noachian period was also characterized by great volcanic activity.
4c8158bcd5b0b666120801e75e0a9585c61263a7	In addition, during this period, river valleys may have been formed, which left an imprint on the surface of the planet.
f5815fa74b8cbca81185221240f6347425bfd1c4	The existence of these valleys suggests that in the Noachian era, the climate on the planet was warmer than it is now.
cabac35510284bfbdff5ba700633712dda32b02f	The Hesperian era is named after a plain located in the low-lying latitudes of the southern hemisphere.
d45649e956a9a3bdafdabb9cbdf5689efb9b4afb	During this period, the intense destruction of the planet by meteorites and asteroids gradually subsided.
3bd71b60b536cc33a4904b05768e392e3bd38526	However, volcanic activity still continued.
261823c95fade8e16a4815e064926a6e6a474873	Volcanic eruptions covered most of the craters.
832b61b001a6acfb2d73e2c184507071b13e1000	The Amazonian era is named after a plain located in the northern hemisphere of the planet.
6b615e926d34c05ad0e0b58401f6ff9bfcd56133	At this time, the collision with meteorites is observed to a lesser extent.
7c3e54bc65de435561db397b9f5eb86932e4b3f8	Volcanic activity is also characteristic, and the eruptions of the largest volcanoes occurred during this period.
f9344092a9896016274b0e19e04963d688de2ce7	Also during this period, new geological materials were formed, including layered ice deposits.
5e8ee6a85e8573bfaf140e4622f361225de5c166	Images of the planet Mars taken by the Viking 1 orbital compartment showed that clouds of fog rise from some craters and crevices shortly after sunrise.
02a465f0142cf2378a8516466c404d132bd412e6	They were absent in the picture taken 50 minutes after sunrise, but are clearly visible as bright white spots in the photo taken another half hour later.
d0de2665b994a45642487179a69662b481b25408	This is the first visual proof of the existence of water on Mars.
640be5d13f4062b080584c1489eaefb0e795b18d	If we somehow condense all the water contained in a vaporous form in the atmosphere of Mars, make it rain on the surface of the planet.
03b90db17644c3726004c1b6ccb30b03123b96bb	Mars would be covered with a film of water about 0.1 millimeters thick.
8e808cc312703bc6a98dc64454af07ca3c92d32e	For comparison, the water contained in the Earth's atmosphere would cover the planet with a layer about 3 centimeters thick.
76f84d381370d15324d9373ce64f894a51ecc0ea	Writers were pushed to create fantastic works about Mars by the discussions of scientists that began at the end of the XIX century about the possibility that there is not just life on the surface of Mars, but a developed civilization.
cda7715c835fb9bf346f734a4559813e1bc21e9e	At this time, for example, the famous novel by G. Wells "The War of the Worlds" was created, in which the Martians tried to leave their dying planet to conquer the Earth.
7a1158b60372b1e926b6eea4807a4f27861b1ecf	In 1938, in the United States, the radio version of this work was presented in the form of a news radio broadcast, which caused a mass panic when many listeners mistakenly mistook this "report" for the truth.
e2c4fc2ccc7772edbaeca91927bd1d71a1638290	In 1966, the writers Arkady and Boris Strugatsky wrote a satirical "continuation" of the "War of the Worlds "called" The Second Invasion of the Martians".
15d778fb8542fd0baf87eab2cc323eb600b03b29	Among the important works about Mars, it is also worth noting Ray Bradbury's novel "The Martian Chronicles", published in 1950, consisting of separate loosely related short stories, as well as a number of stories adjacent to this cycle; the novel tells about the stages of human exploration of Mars and contacts with the dying ancient Martian civilization.
c401f6487f798a35cd50a299df88d37dc263626c	In 1917-1964, eleven books about Barsoom were published.
c0e8660ee8086e20e1511246cfe000e24857685f	This was the name of the planet Mars in the fantasy world created by Edgar Rice Burroughs.
3f5b33bc52480277bfff3f63bd9aee820aceef73	In this work, the planet was presented as a dying one, whose inhabitants are in a continuous war of everyone with everyone for scarce natural resources.
6565240644c79e3835296902b61319ef35081249	In 1938, C. Lewis wrote the novel "From the silent Planet".
137f9a9c031893ae82ece425d02332c6a579be7a	It is noteworthy that in his novel Gulliver's Travels, Jonathan Swift mentioned two moons of Mars 150 years before they were actually discovered.
9b66541f81ad1e47188d7f5b81ecc70dd6590b75	Turkish version
5cbbdb405a16155ecba0bd6d2a9054e7fce7e15b	houses TR EN RU UK KK BE
b00e0c5e46c337dae5f933955637e7a020c14bd0	Mars in culture
0990a238a4c63037d58d0c75568e2c5bb536f47d	An illustration of a Martian tripod from the 1906 French edition of The War of the Worlds
8d5d550f5c80dad9ff3798cabd2681bcb2d156c1	1 Literary works about Mars and Martians 2 Music 3 Movies 4 Video Games 5 Astrology 6 Other 7 Notes 8 Literature
bc520552c0ed159abdf3574af58d52a6455f6209	Literary works about Mars and Martians
792f1b36338f7bc2ab25d4ecad60f3cd826f47ef	Ilya Chashnik.
4f255128c01e7a44cee900760e9f63104dab73ad	A red circle on a black surface. 1925
0a4b81f5cfc3ede33609de80d9a444617f94b421	H. G. Wells "The War of the Worlds" (1897) Kurt Lasswitz "On two planets" (1897) Porfiry Infatiev "On another Planet" (1901) Alexander Bogdanov "Red Star" (1908) Edgar Burroughs A series of novels about Barsoom (1917-1964) A. N. Tolstoy "Aelita" (novel, 1923) Nikolai Mukhanov "Flaming Abysses" (1924) Lao She "Notes about the cat City" (1932) A. N. Tolstoy "Aelita" (novel, 1937) Robert Heinlein "The Red Planet" (1948) Ray Bradbury "The Martian Chronicles" (1950) Arthur Clarke "The Sands of Mars" (1951) Georgy Martynov "220 days on a spaceship" (1955) Boris Lyapunov "We are on Mars" (1955) Robert Sheckley "The Hare" (1955) Robert Heinlein "Double Star" (1956) Kurt Vonnegut "Sirens of Titan" (1959) Robert Heinlein "A Stranger in a Strange Country" (1961) Konstantin Volkov "Mars Awakens" (1961) Vladimir Shitik "The Last Orbit" (1962) Vladimir Mikhailov "Special Necessity" (1963) Alexander Shalimov "The Price of Immortality" (1970) Sergey Zhemaitis "The Crimson Planet" (1973) Alexander Kazantsev "Faetians" (1974) Graham McNeill "Mechanicum" (2011)
3781132ae6af8e5b3f1c83d3b05286d05ee83af9	"Life on Mars?"
cb5b07144f7cd91873d0901c07e137807ac2e21f	- compositions by David Bowie.
2f8eb169afa34926c7794e94733e71b2d2f5701c	"Deserts of Mars" is a song by La Bionda.
8ab467d04f4c28031d67b36d4b909c67029a5793	"Mars Meets Venus" is a song by Duran Duran from the album Pop Trash.
51f4363779a05421157302ca402d0ad38ba4d222	The album of the Barn of 2007 is called "The first rapper on Mars".
845e8f90d33e7de1a4bfa7780834bb295225ca79	The journey to Mars is described in the song of the same name.
3d5a84dba2a1135691938cc9833d0990d7c65e4e	The song Noize MC "It's cool on Mars".
3d00fab340ddbdf4e790648dbf12c50c86b1b845	One of the Wings 'albums is called " Venus and Mars"("Venus and Mars").
41f0b1c286d69c4dac4dcec1977a9ba816fdd92d	Its cover depicts these two planets.
9c90d97ed63cb42077e67c0b6ab1a6c1c4ab876b	Rock band Thirty Seconds to Mars and its debut album 30 Seconds to Mars.
7ed18645ab990682e3cb0f90a62572edf410acc7	In the period from 1903 to our time, more than 80 films were released about Mars — feature films, documentaries, animated films.
70c7fa20826bf2f27e1f0869bbfef1b5a652c09c	1980 The Martian Chronicles. 2006 Life on Mars (English: Life on Mars) is a British science fiction detective television series.
cac07336dac88e562ded95d29fd550aa65db5e75	Video games
f35fbc6bb69c327a07a1cff8b26f56b5dbf1bcea	In the video game Martian Gothic: Unification, the place of action is Mars, the events develop at the foot of the Olympus volcano.
ecda33ff221d289e1535efabfeaeba7b52845d44	In the Doom video game series, the action takes place on Mars and its two moons, Phobos and Deimos.
761883f44e304af9213e663be6c73fc8e74f931d	In the video games of the Red Faction series (Red Faction (1), Red Faction: Guerilla (3), Red Faction: Armageddon (4)) and the video games Mars: War Logs, etc., the "Red Planet"is also the place of action.
9809ef64b9948168891857b5ce047b3bf47393f1	In the universe of the game Space Station 13, Mars had the role of the first planet of the Earth colony and the place of sending the first expeditions to "deep space".
5f5280978f0d69b60c4fecb0196edaa7a8dd81f0	In astrology, Mars is the planet that controls Aries, the sign of the zodiac[4].
be26ab8cadc07d646e341a22d493ee1642b57e7b	Also, before the discovery of Pluto, it was believed that Mars controls Scorpio.
12932a21afe21a6f08c27a0a915729ced268f2ae	Mars is associated with such qualities as self affirmation, aggression, sexuality, energy and impulsivity[4].
e9a34f87e2e50ff402e634ae1d69f1c2504304fa	Mars, according to astrologers, controls sports, competitions and physical activity in general.
076480a3fa60f8ec72263047834b43504fe4a2da	In medical astrology, Mars is responsible for the state of the genitals[4], the adrenal glands.
f1d40d8225d234270566de2a5f0adc358c18da8d	In occultism, Mars is correlated with the Sefira of Gwur.
4ba823d143e94e3ae703d13dc7404f1ca67f5d2b	(See also the Chaldean series) [5].
97de39691ba61892885c7158265d6eea68fb8a71	In the fictional Warhammer 40,000 universe, Mars is the world capital of the Adeptus Mechanicus organization, which supports the scientific and technical thought of the Imperium of Humanity.
34f972339feb75ee7916de49c3f75e93ab2da400	In the Mass Effect universe, a database of long disappeared aliens was found at the south pole of Mars, the decoding of which allowed people to go out into the Galaxy.
0f998638a5994b7ddfc8f099779592620f0d4c85	Notesreferences
8426ffc21d15901e7a229640ccac6753898902f7	↑ Sagan Carl.
a3ae3a77afc1cdf85c588cc7f3207ec3017e616c	Cosmos.
0707c6931323a43a3081ebd6aa1e078544baf246	— New York, USA: Random House, 1980.
49b35be6649ca54ef539a2d073ebbdcf76648a17	— P. 107.
44f7f78641154e902e100cd424b327c7e547f929	— ISBN 0394502949.
9b2096fd72f724a10e73fc694e8499bd993124c8	↑ Lubertozzi, Alex;
dd758eb6bdda9af72b5b720d23fe34d352583685	Holmsten, Brian.
f924b438275ffc6aa8c40a72293535d7b799de26	The war of the worlds: Mars' invasion of earth, inciting panic and inspiring terror from H.G. Wells to Orson Welles and beyond.
075e5ac42cca187b9827cafeaef61d16d2649d34	— Sourcebooks, Inc., 2003.
aff533e5f6b3ebda76e3bbeb6812b8c520b5823c	— P. 3–31.
213d4c308be26bcd5af835dcb4f5bffd71fe1d2c	— ISBN 1570719853.
ddc8006ad34323ed8347d42ce3ecba8428820706	↑ Darling, David Swift, Jonathan and the moons of Mars.
30d7a1dd3d11268d90d242148be35950d1f7abbe	Verified on March 1, 2007.
9db7512dae43a04b1c829a4a5259dc2e2df09e77	Archived from the original source on August 21, 2011.
b9ff7a030314967b7a8667ad187b0c5c22c871ce	↑ 1 2 3 The influence of planets: Mars.
b8209644196f30938c58bcec072681283ddc2107	Checked on March 27, 2011.
30d0f20c1f35bf3cb84b6ce1c3c48bfacf43ca23	Рег Regardi I. Chapter three.
9f75cc460d9654a4c9902cd4fb432c0a6b76082a	Sephiroth / / Pomegranate Garden.
b84f0050a2675654a2af4fb7e4cab595f8e201c6	- Moscow: Enigma, 2005.
392efbcf6029e81a874c41b2f5279408ba92ca2c	- 304 p.
1be632dc3aa4b9f6e17cb6ce655a42fdc254c93a	— ISBN 5-94698-044-0.
01275b2aa73ff57bcfff4e2290433207e15a9ac4	Mars article from The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Pavel Gremlev All the faces of the God of War.
0569a1f41733cd15826645afc8669d85857c0ad4	Who and how colonized Mars / / World of fiction.
1262b201febd00546ecd14d76762c741a21b836f	- May 2010.
14e6ee91aabd15658e65c91e8849b4e2570c545e	Brian Stableford.
bc122bdb76ca374644ef9e81527f6b330a698523	Mars // Science Fact and Science Fiction.
5e6a7b53b7be7f9a212af0d3286a81be086c3519	An Encyclopedia.
51d950790193fd93a53aeabef1c58295b7c9a85e	— Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.
ceeb5b4f8887215b8b6f64cc9f3dcd9abc7d2d3f	— P. 281-284.
e045c5432258752edae4eed00822ee27fcbf7168	— 758 p.
fedb268a3c9711c23ddea6d5edde70e805573fa8	— ISBN 0-415-97460-7.
aedda061ad0f175c44199da4865c2c79b4a5d5fc	Astronomical objects in science fiction Solar system [en] Mercury · Venus · Earth [en] · (Moon) * Mars · (Moons of Mars[en]) * Ceres[en] · Asteroids [en] · Jupiter · (Io * Europa · Ganymede · Callisto) * Saturn · (Titan · other moons) · Uranus · Neptune · Pluto · Other trans Neptunian objects · Comets · Fictional planets of the Solar System[en]
885e0e41313f7058125279929a4919e42deae6a2	Stars and planetary systems Aldebaran · Alpha Centauri · Altair * Betelgeuse * Deneb · Epsilon Eridani · Rigel · Sirius · Tau Ceti · Vega · Black Holes · Nebulae · Galaxies
b87f9bc62534047768d939bacdb875f1fd97f1e9	See also: Category:Fictional planets
c722ab8acdd90b3fa187c58ae2229565fdbf199a	Mars in culture information about
9ffaa41070e58d3b99014609fba97e3a3e274861	Mars in culture Mars in culture Mars in culture about video
29fb4258dc055451596d746b77a6db8422a3a53d	Mars in culture You are reading this topic.
0181d54735e3465269d6402a391629540be76dab	Mars in culture what, Mars in culture who, Mars in culture description
f743c049f63b7d51e0c7e440bc7092e6cf9da2ef	There are excerpts from wikipedia on this article and video
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926259d250779d4c6c1baef2b41c02dbbcf4093c	Planet Mars
d36b37fb2d6bb68cdda636c73596d517456f17ea	16.03.201117.06.2015 from Y. G. K.
d6d94684ee7cfc3f1f79db606a2227b1f7611ff5	Similar entries
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1ae2ecbf3a343b028c43d246ba14418637088741	Mars is the fourth most distant planet from the Sun and the seventh largest in the Solar system; the mass of the planet is 10.7% of the mass of the Earth.
1afe8d46ed37274f263b4a0444e593fd9639e083	It is named after Mars — the ancient Roman god of war, corresponding to the ancient Greek Ares.
9955fc37f4c64e4238b514691ec506f0e11decd4	Sometimes Mars is called the "red planet" because of the reddish hue of the surface, given to it by iron oxide.
c39b273e544fbad61fc23485dcefe4d51b23a722	Mars has two natural satellites Phobos and Deimos (translated from ancient Greek - "fear" and "horror" - the names of two sons of Ares who accompanied him in battle), which are relatively small (Phobos 27 × 22×18 km, Deimos 15×12.2×10.4 km) and have an irregular shape.
03efbf784206e857605fd40c4fde009725a80564	Since the 1960s, the USSR ("Mars" and "Phobos"), the USA ("Mariner", "Viking", Mars Global Surveyor)have been engaged in direct research of Mars with the help of AMS and the European Space Agency (the Mars Express program).
4ae5415bf4d6d25f46b7abeb33ccb61728c5a39a	Mars: hypotheses, facts and the search for life
2f635087b244af2065826838357ffb2fa133f236	On the twentieth of July, 1976, the landing compartment of the American automatic station "Viking 1"landed on the surface of the planet Mars in the area called Khrize.
4655dc35930086b1e7c22b962c624c55adb6c4e6	On the sixth of September, about 1000 kilometers to the north, on the Utopia Plain, the Viking 2 landed.
72cd27762b30d6bc00e23af812ca12a5202df531	Both stations transmitted black and white and color images of the Martian landscape, information about the composition of the soil and atmosphere, conducted some experiments to determine whether there is life on Mars.
9180371a2f0b6d873408bc799f7866a33d87560a	One of the main tasks of the Vikings is the search for life on Mars.
9f813285169bafe01d95ce8a3eb960686cffff33	The landing compartment carries a compact biological laboratory with instruments for some experiments and analyses.
d7882fa2db01388b429071a7e9e42672d7058ab7	A sliding mechanical hand with a scoop, having collected the soil, fills it into a dispenser, which distributes samples to three compartments of the biological laboratory.
a83649d6815e6d93a7cfddc27c09aa74deadb983	There are one or two cubic centimeters of soil per compartment.
d4406d5093e850eafd0b5878cee595b85247478b	In the first compartment, filled with radioactive carbon dioxide, the sample is illuminated by the rays of a lamp that simulates the Sun.
4a928b91839790fdcf519b15abe896e62b1aa083	If there are photosynthetic organisms of the Earth type in the soil, they will build organic compounds from radioactive carbon.
cb4a0ce74cdfee3bbd190c908555b9f954ef7acd	After a while, the chamber is purged with an inert gas, and the soil is heated to a high temperature.
2f48e3572e5ebb96673ae675338adce37d1f6227	Organic compounds in this case must decompose, turning into a radioactive gas.
c5f5c46b8ea620c1a7b4dc1ef35611c8ba1f3a98	The gas sample is pumped to a meter that measures radioactivity.
f1abcfae32c6b86395a7f35c91a5fff944cef6b4	If carbon dioxide has been absorbed by a living organism, then the radioactivity will be increased.
2f2c3b050dd9af3e31adc017ec46c58440008e5e	In the second compartment, a liquid nutrient medium is added to the soil sample, which would be to the taste of any of the terrestrial microorganisms.
67d26d1334a570cfcf16334c8deadf3ed3a0029d	It also contains labeled carbon compounds.
7dabef9c8f3ef90c3f69ff0da145eb4004cd79e0	After some time, due to the respiration of microorganisms, these compounds should appear in the air of the compartment, where they will be marked by a radioactivity meter.
7d840d58a0734ccda37512c882d59a65e588dc1c	In the third compartment, the sample is partially wetted with a nutrient liquid, and partially remains dry.
6ba4820628557e496ed12c6ea13e86c9400658e4	The atmosphere consists of helium, krypton and carbon dioxide.
06db9a7a6a7e344bf51b057584c5be3c6b0c9f44	Atmospheric samples periodically sucked out of the compartment are analyzed by an automatic gas chromatograph mass spectrograph.
91f36f36da612a401ed96edfed3a138bd8d2baad	This device sorts the molecules contained in the analyzed substance, determines their mass and quantity.
7cb7a72f20f3b4bd4651b79b6e34f8d316100f86	In the air of the third compartment, he looks for oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, methane and carbon dioxide — gases that can be released by hypothetical soil organisms.
53284556ccb3a6dc97eeb9ef162d911a22a72750	It is assumed that the station's instruments can also find remnants of life, if it existed in the past on Mars.
d9fa1c259005b9b5bbab6f713fcda6fd60dc33c3	One sample of the soil enters the gas chromatograph mass spectrograph without any pretreatment, without the addition of nutrient liquids.
cad0fdec3b1b281d404edf679468cd0da7d5ac7e	The device should detect inanimate organic compounds in the soil the result of the vital activity of extinct organisms.
d9839ac518da095e0d6f86df1554e96a9f07cf92	There is also an unlikely possibility that some large animals will run around the landed station.
7216b513c9c693ada4bb64445f12b2527ae12a56	Scanning TV cameras examine the surrounding landscape too slowly, they will not have time to transmit an image of a moving object to the Ground.
6a94be6b672ff78a50c287c55855ced50b219039	But from time to time, the rotation of the camera is interrupted, and it "peers" into a narrow strip that appeared directly in front of the lens.
fa698c7e41e7f7269088d81954884563525cee89	If during this time something quickly flashes in the field of view, a signal about it will be sent to the Earth.
15c9b5dc9c3740b341a80b09c580acda7b1daf98	There have been no such cases yet.
ffe5feb2d027c078391a0736533b9534b36eb77a	What was discovered on Mars
df7147f2b568d623166b52632972747d7ce95202	What did the Vikings report in the first weeks?
22ad383f67da07b1536dbaa0095ff88eada02ef5	Is there life on Mars?
abfac3da4041abb90c609dba5768629d70b054e3	No complex organic compounds were found in the soil sample.
4f0a962d734212e6b73d9e7b8273874ff4195082	When heated, a lot of water and a certain amount of CO2 were released from the soil.
abf9ea24520e56df3c5b523a4ef0aa08f1ef44ff	This is a curious result.
7b7b5908db2a059afe302038c5258ea93c0a682b	Many scientists believed that there was no water on Mars.
39ee946f3ae7f8522248c7b554df1f259b3e2646	However, experts emphasize that this is a relatively rough analysis, he could not catch organic matter if there is not much of it in the ground.
59d049648be40739d0e9b7ab7673f3fcda826c15	In addition, the released water (obviously, it is part of some minerals that disintegrate when heated) can mask organic molecules with its presence.
69b54039aefb9ff743006f027cf66adaafb9951d	The experiment in the first compartment after incubating the soil for five Martian days gave a gas with a radioactivity of 96 pulses per minute.
b26b85e50852ef63c7a2d1ec7299a68839884db7	For comparison: a similar experiment with lifeless or almost lifeless soil from Antarctica gives 11-40 pulses per minute.
a8ab66da8fbb0dfca75a37f75bbcc008dccdb68b	In the second compartment, the sample was moistened with a few drops of nutrient fluid, and almost immediately the radioactivity of the atmosphere in the chamber began to increase.
d894316f1f57378c2caeae7e1824bf63231fe464	After 4 days, its growth stopped.
43af26844f33297e7dacea02d06834dfb1f460c3	After another 3 days, a nutrient liquid was added to the soil, which caused the radioactivity to increase a little more at first, and then fell by 30%, after which it began to grow very slowly again.
1903563ddc00f82cb511ae8299ce55a71b8e4c56	Here, unfortunately, the pre established period of experience has expired.
158580ab066aa636f551d3c1e229be52a2133739	The experiment in the third compartment after the first humidification showed a rapid increase in the content of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air.
557d07b4a13be357a976a2f33d7457ca48aee957	There were no changes in the next 7 days.
892f1dbc83ac83b4d8cbb492216801dddf4a1f72	After the second humidification, oxygen was no longer released, and less CO2 was released than the first time.
91edd2fc20ff24e2ce1dbef4eeb2b31b0475e5aa	After some time, the experiment was repeated in the second compartment, but the soil sample was previously heated to 160 degrees for 3 hours.
79812c9c9feea48b5706fb68f3f5cbc42dec2ada	After adding the nutrient liquid, a certain amount of radioactive carbon dioxide was released in a few minutes, then the radioactivity of the gas in the compartment fell sharply.
92b63e70767d6815ffa982c39e1ff3dc83e16262	As one of the biologists of the Viking group said, such results obtained on a sample of the earth's soil would clearly indicate that there is life in it.
5d48d46db6cf0fa4b49a5789f4c3a47f9b0fd9a1	However, none of the researchers took the liberty to make such a conclusion about the Martian soil.
dab278e83e6235afd80b45b998de87be2af9998b	Things may be different on Mars.
4888c786e3b8d975bbc89a3af172654475d50960	Experts believe that the results of all these experiments can be explained by chemical reactions occurring in soil samples under the influence of humidification, large amounts of CO2, lighting and heating.
9ae79308af4bd7d8c56ffa0e55f6d07f7783703b	After sterilization at 160°, the compounds responsible for these reactions could decompose, simulating the death of Martian microbes.
52af0265784ea59544e84c62bbc6a2c80dd48f46	Others point out that the miniature biolab is designed, of course, taking into account our knowledge of Earth life and Martian microorganisms can react to the conditions offered to them in a completely different way than biologists expected.
8a3b1098f53daaea65bd905c250f2175f688edf3	Perhaps it is too warm in the experimental chambers — at minus 80 degrees outside, the temperature in the chamber does not fall below 5 degrees Celsius.
9a0400f68bbe78755a9fb320bae01ba76bc3d14e	Maybe Martian organisms can only digest water in the form of ice?
973a68d489e26fedcbf5c7382f565e65e889a7c0	Planet Mars: interesting facts
7edc6a6ccff666f2e6d9c8b47de090ace548a7b0	••••••••••••
f3409e756db6b7593d71e011850efb8b4aa0f16e	On the first day after landing, the Viking 1 station transmitted to Earth, in addition to photos and information about the composition of the atmosphere, the first weather report: in the evening, a weak easterly wind, after midnight changed to a southwesterly one, with a maximum speed of 6.7 meters per second, a pressure of 7.70 mbar, a temperature of minus 85.5° C in the early morning, much warmer in the afternoon — minus 30°C.
5699bd13f147aecea725c3769e0edd1b98006b9b	Apparently, the temperature is still rising in the afternoon, but according to the program, the Viking weather station works only in the morning.
d0f752a7f0ecc5f58d795dba295fbb9ed05f95e3	The atmosphere of Mars consists of about 95 percent carbon dioxide, 2-3% is nitrogen (an element, according to terrestrial concepts, necessary for life), 1-2% is argon, only 0.3% is oxygen.
a5d1b879b979fc994b9bc5f10b39503c8384543f	Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide), krypton, xenon, and ozone are also found in small quantities.
e2be9553efe1fd81440b04ca7e78cc53c245e57f	The density of the Martian atmosphere is only 0.01 of the density of the Earth.
33e40281a3a70a7988acf0a794cdd97c6aec5d08	Scattered in the air, red dust particles with a diameter of about 0.1 micrometers give the Martian sky a brick hue.
3b0d6e66df84d09c08bee5f1fcca7e4a1b9ca86d	Analysis of the soil scooped up by the mechanical hand of the Viking 1 station showed that it contains 15-30% silicon, 12-16% iron, 3-8% calcium, 2-7% aluminum, less than 10% phosphorus, less than 7% manganese and cobalt, less than 5% chromium and nickel, less than 3% vanadium, 0.5-2% titanium, less than half a percent copper, hundredths of a percent molybdenum, zirconium, niobium, zinc, gallium, arsenic, strontium, bromine and a number of others elements.
c94557b0daf635e0262ff7aea20ba4e3be7e126d	These figures will still be clarified.
45b5201899176a685a2c55b2e8d3600cc45fe192	None of the known terrestrial rocks coincides in composition with the Martian soil.
cd16d00a4e8e76d999ef9628d6f089bea14675a9	The Viking 2 orbital unit measured the surface temperature of the icy polar cap of the planet Mars.
5eee28decc182426fd7720e309b76bbb118b1ac3	It averages minus 67.7 °C.
a2c8c2038d1dc025b2a18cb7243c412474f3b01d	Therefore, this is ordinary water ice, and not "dry ice", frozen carbon dioxide, as some astronomers assumed.
96863d071ed1e5435754668613cf3a632c81e061	The polar cap of "dry ice" would have to have a temperature no higher than minus 123 °C.
58cc1301bd2791b88ab1031eb7f01d29b6055fd3	According to the composition of the atmosphere and surface rocks, it can be assumed that in previous archaeological epochs, the atmosphere of Mars could contain more oxygen and have a density of 0.1 of the earth's or even more.
11cb826a8b6768efce6987836c39590d33f39747	Where could the oxygen have gone in this case?
35228aec1ae2bdf4eb975abb14c5bdf33d693cbb	Some of it is bound in carbon dioxide and iron oxides, some is "blown out" from the upper layers of the atmosphere by cosmic radiation.
133dfacf154d200cc2b8bb29701e9749357a6b13	Mars is smaller than Earth, its gravity is weaker, and fast particles hitting oxygen and nitrogen molecules accelerate them to a speed sufficient to escape into space.
128d15feb7af90357b270e8a06f6909d4032743b	The general almost uniform red color of the surface of Mars is probably explained by the presence of limonite: a mineral formed on Earth by the reaction of water with two other minerals: hematite and goethite.
2b82ce121f44e77dc17e3acd09387fe0f8a01a5c	Limonite is a hydrated iron oxide.
2eb2df9135eee339046ee31d910d06d47a9b21cd	Two hypotheses have been put forward about the origin of Martian limonite:
8bd30528557b8cabd3931deff1eb6b1d838ef6c3	— according to the first one, it remains from the times when the planet had a dense atmosphere rich in water vapor;
f8aee364c4370aad96cd3841ecfcd19916e7650d	— according to the second, limonite has a modern origin — it occurs as a result of reactions between the Martian air and rocks containing iron, under the influence of strong ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.
cdee30b6ccb07a26ac029738e856142c447d79b2	Perhaps both assumptions are true and part of the limonite is of ancient, and part is of modern origin.
7be54177257610335980d6b40f73a56196809a09	The red film of limonite hides rocks of different composition, origin and color.
c71f0fc72581694cf65dd1fa9a0145cf54eab0d8	Apparently, around the "Viking" you can find at least six different rocks.
a8b3301ac587ed10dfb9f39595cbd28791e452e6	The Viking 2 orbital compartment transmitted a photo of one of the two moons of Mars — Phobos.
8f31c16f15bd46ea8f187c0bade9e9564cace1d2	It was taken from a distance of 877 kilometers.
26ba4c6ae0e9d597ba07c9c15c301fc2819ad9af	The image shows details with a size of 40 meters or more.
bf68833558ed512df3c12089200f6a6cac6e4895	As expected, the surface of Phobos is covered with craters formed as a result of meteorite impacts.
4b561b43306f6418f8ae16e8109acc5c0cd6085d	Relief features have also been found, the origin of which is still unclear — in the northern part of Phobos (it cannot be called the northern hemisphere — the satellites of Mars are not spherical), clear parallel stripes are visible, and in the middle part small craters are somehow arranged in chains.
adde41519881eb8869839aa259d7675eda21c434	Photographing the satellites of Mars will continue.
120ff12524c2789c73de8c3c241c942d0c4d4ab8	Categories: Science facts
1950e5e9637cd54d1c1b603b0a3743fbb7fb274f	Tags: Martian atmosphere, Viking, soil, limonite, Mars, sample, facts
82d24431bd8208b9ac24cef1ad86fa45e5d64600	Search for a planet suitable for life
e69db30157d34bd63d3ea5fe344b01e5299b5e79	Robots are becoming more human
a121c57895eb53c0185d205268c2d7755be17174	Adjusting the brightness of energy saving lamps
114cbcde88602d04ad572eebb3847ac022b85282	A video Game Can tell Us about how the Economy Works
a7d36a5b307acf1ee78bb07392d9c2f5e57f4369	The latest model of the brain
d21d60eb4e7048cb7bc8839f9f8d3133254e6959	Alternative energy sources
0af87f9bd937a857c22e79e22ae63a6f0b5d0525	The evolution of science A true scientist is a dreamer, and who is not, he calls himself a practitioner
888a0ee8b0f94fa342d04a084d53d329b9aa0406	Fr. Balzac
cb80f803a5c04b96f6063f697dc21a42345b53a7	Categories Rubricselect the category Video Kaleidoscope People of science The Inexplicable Theories and hypotheses Facts of science
c38eb5195e8b485bb392458ad619f3f0a562742e	Ball lightning The planet Mars What made the dinosaurs extinct Fingerprinting The universe is infinite Chupacabra The Invention of the phone The Preiser Zone
2187e785db51c01fce968a5e1a25d24d9a27fe3f	Development of Science © 2010-2017
de7dc94f8ec970614777dfb4ad4e7d7bb80251f0	This is the stable version, tested on November 15, 2016.
4ab3f6d8ca1aa43b7e1eba2a8d8633c487858e68	28 edits are waiting to be checked.
e5156e4fcb29364ba5a83bf3861970619aba4e7d	This term has other meanings, see Mars (meanings).
fe015c2022585d2c2f201bcf81efc4a2868119cc	Other names Red Planet
05b94bd0d733606b047e74d2ced843f944738f89	Orbital characteristics of the perihelion 2,06655·108 km[1][2]
88a03aae237d627d0d4ece620dd2ee24b0b9bb5a	1,381 a. e.
f629ae44b7b3dcfed444d363e626edf411ec69a8	[1]
a7f78819949ae16eddf8d5e31accc9e395ada00f	Aphelion 2,49232·108 km[1][2]
5d25b6b10029320155ce25345d008a0df602dd93	1,666 a. e.
ea4ac0614712bdae81e34f3f71baeb1ea2fbe2ca	The big half axis (a) 2,2794382·108 km[1][2]
2d5752f8c659e1cda5ff772cab9f22d7806e7f4f	1.523662 a. e.
c29f8a61e8fb7bd682c0bce8a299cb3c62f3bc6a	1,524 earth[1]
0d262e9062e265c512421653f6bee971305373cc	The eccentricity of the orbit (e) is 0.0933941[1][2]
6bc20036d75d48e889e29315d5b2466312474caf	Sidereal circulation period (duration of the year)
332fe29b8d11f9a90ec43bebf389093cbf081a8b	686.98 earth days
74b5fddcd5a6806648055681567cde0e211a37c1	1,8808476 earth years[2][1]
f5c686d5dc0a885420e163d06510049b86bbc9fe	The synodic period of circulation is 779.94 earth days[2]
4617e8d210995f66723c464fbd7f8a1622943d44	Orbital velocity (v) 24.13 km / s (average)[2]
38925c2d75cc1cda855034fddd1adafcfe466fba	24.077 km / s[1]
24c12c6d6be40180db2b586bf50b089f9dc5ace9	1.85061° (relative to the ecliptic plane)[2]
a249c020753792b9b15f5d550300c9db6bacdfcd	5.65° (relative to the solar equator)
edeafd1a85cb21c9cc19fec23f49f70291d1f8cc	The longitude of the ascending node (Ω) is 49.57854°
ce3c898e178ca6bd2000c8e6451061e4ef854605	The argument of the pericenter (ω) is 286.46230°
53afb6bd05befd227cb6f4d6ae801a31943c6991	Whose satellite is the Sun
2c71e7127bf38255bdb992af7a6c93ec8e32f844	Phobos and Deimos satellites
d403b04f4079063fe520981c7073fa9886edbff7	Physical Characteristics Polar compression 0.00589 (1.76 Earth)
e7b15ffc7f1ff85cc139dbb2e970d4f4c6ffdb78	The equatorial radius is 3396.2 km[3][4]
7f0699e64e04f62e48a942a50962da58521aad5f	0.532 earth
27b11e621564e90b2217d0d7e28bbd831355c408	The polar radius is 3376.2 km[3][4]
590cc0c00b56bc6f0613c797f072b43bd96c24e3	0.531 earth
2d5ab4be682da0a82fe7e190dee0e933292610b9	The average radius is 3389.5 km[1][2]
ca4443ed0c0e9390104e8a9e4dd0bdc63b50a371	0.5320 earth
c9759c6b3d7491aae595cd332a370e676faa8da3	Surface area (S) 144,371,391 km2 (0.283 terrestrial)[1]
aada0d36de6001ae2a01c18970ecd67ffb8b5fc1	1,6318 ·1011 km3[2][1]
5a6e0280d599422fc7a9655de6560c2567ab1c7d	0.151 earth
5163356213643d734db2b9207266565aedeaf216	6,4185·1023 kg[2][1]
c707e77369634e545d2441fcc416c57a6bf540f7	0.107 earth
ed12dd3ff08863f0bd53bcf8f19c182c72c6b8a8	The average density (p) is 3,933 g / cm3[2][1]
441166a643c14e03f8c19882521d4781fd0033a7	0.714 earth
bee2117809522c7e04d75506f999af5f46938e46	The acceleration of gravity at the equator (g) is 3,711 m/s2
2a91f630523998c494389c97ad3758c7b2b2eae7	0,378 g[1]
39568c486b8174eef4f1c25c118c8b0b06e60a19	The second cosmic speed (v2) is 5.03 km / s
3c1bfea5ead7a4c0eee06fe0e3e40da4faae1437	0.45 earth [2][1]
9d7a83b9fead272cc7df55506330e339b73d6808	The equatorial rotation speed is 868.22 km / h
b57e44d429912bc23267b187128bfef8058a5dea	Rotation period (T) 24 hours 37 minutes 22.663 seconds[1] (24.6229 h)
c3edf5b1bd18193a521fa1279370935d0a7fdde8	- sidereal rotation period,
36a33609b7b915d37fc7aca3a75b5f854f09308b	24 hours, 39 minutes, 35.244 seconds (24.6597 hours) is the duration of an average sunny day[5].
4b573d7f7388a818ae7bb49d939eac82e7ee7681	Axis tilt 25,1919°[5]
c88bcb4db4e8b7af98f3e50da7277bed80c9b32c	Right ascension of the North Pole (α) 317.681°[2]
f099abebc7ea1c7698b446379e3ba14d9b57d831	The declination of the north pole (δ) is 52.887°[2]
f134391d21485b03f6e0982a09067d2f59d712aa	Albedo 0.250 (Bond)[2]
d1ac326f7f47972f2ef79205fb4a816c8f6b3ece	0.150 (geom. albedo)
dc80bab4c417f0377bc32921800b1b297bac911e	0,170[2]
1f398c551ee40befa1f9789dc1e3f93fd100391a	Surface temperature from -140°C to +20°C
fc229c87ed67aa0d1608c96d3b0a1ed4f115e4e1	all over the planet 186 K;
184e27e1eeb3a09e7b80258195330e504fbbda73	−87 °C[1] 210 K
ae3a23ae4c1150e55d6c7785c42776f3c5d9666d	(−63 °C)[2] 268 K;
a3bdb2911f2bc9cb6184ad20539a54270ca7ea65	−5 °C[1]
dc57951c3d0fd03703b8b2fcf680669d61229030	Atmosphere[2] Atmospheric pressure 0.4-0.87 kPa
9d843e3055388a27104c2bae5c4fdcbd28978a06	(4·10-3-8, 7·10-3 atm)
2e88cc5c42bc40d99fcb07206aced9d894b2255a	Composition: 95.32 % carbon dioxide[2]
5f25d806a8f9162b62e219c8e7e84ec33492ee80	2.7 % nitrogen
df63f357a8e62e76c2911c404b95abcec493a39b	1.6 % argon
bfc85ee63c1cd6aa5f0e1278a51679038acb19bf	0.13 % oxygen
14c1baf65c29e8f7cb8b727d8ab4c772ea4fc4a2	0.08 % carbon monoxide
a3f8478353091f6f0825be292e39211c591e8f93	0.021 % water vapor
1cdf388f9657c709a4ac90aac9b10d29f5409870	0.01 % nitric oxide
e00e3c5950b20bd154aad869f239ec6bcf1da3d5	Information in Wikidata
81e304568171295eb684002694ce55e7eb51850b	Mars is the fourth most distant planet from the Sun and the seventh largest in the Solar system; the mass of the planet is 10.7 % of the mass of the Earth.
80b5b7acc4d44da8bab62aceb1923f07a8e9b966	Mars has two natural satellites Phobos and Deimos (translated from ancient Greek — "fear" and "horror", the names of two sons of Ares who accompanied him in battle), which are relatively small (Phobos — 26.8×22.4×18.4 km, Deimos 15×12.2×10.4 km)[6][7] and have an irregular shape.
b7d5b8b714a319d609cf6210d15d4537949b07ab	Since the 1960s, the direct exploration of Mars with the help of AMC was the Soviet Union (the program "Mars" and "Phobos"), USA (program "Mariner", "Viking", "Mars Global Surveyor" and others), the European space Agency (the "Mars Express"), and India (the "Mars Orbiter mission").
da30b1f4edc4def45bf15573a2d4f8a5b6e7d8bf	Today, after Earth, Mars is the most studied planet in the Solar system.
996d451781114b5e471486cad2686c82d1c9805c	1 Basic information 2 Orbital characteristics 3 Physical characteristics 3.1 Parameters of the planet 3.2 Martian day 3.3 Seasons on Mars
933c886fb5f94e6b0d2c14caaa855feca61ac694	4 Atmosphere and climate 4.1 Atmospheric pressure 4.2 Climate 4.3 Dust storms and dust vortices
832a8754033b2120c478b20e37c83385d77cfa7b	5 Surface 5.1 Main regions 5.2 Ice and polar caps 5.3 Riverbeds and other features 5.4 Soil
a333a4b1de7a78d62273bbf146d2fab437061635	6 Geology and internal structure 6.1 Magnetic field 6.2 Geological history
65fa986f93cd0d220647107c1231b2bfc70ba27d	7 Satellites 8 Life 8.1 Background 8.2 Actual data
cc2ff3a7d16932195531b5840977291d927547f1	9 Astronomical observations from the surface of Mars 9.1 The celestial sphere 9.2 The Sun and planets
f6abac29f8952905db034212dbf9a48c9ba77c25	10 History of Exploration 10.1 Exploration of Mars by classical methods of astronomy 10.2 Exploration of Mars by spacecraft 10.2.1 Exploration using orbital telescopes 10.2.2 Exploration of Mars by interplanetary stations 10.2.3 Soviet Studies 10.2.4 American studies in the XX century 10.2.5 In our time
ab014d11783299dacfa1a316820dc4711a935e02	11 In culture 11.1 In ancient mythology
b22f64f11d48885ab36ca4724c37c00c0cbfcbdd	12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 References
8463ef3ffd5ffb7c11b238b8796cc4d0c7cda0a0	Basic information[edit / edit wiki text]
4845d8bbd8571ee3edfa56c79e567ebc95ba9604	Mars is the fourth planet in the Solar system in terms of distance from the Sun (after Mercury, Venus and Earth) and the seventh in size (surpasses only Mercury in mass and diameter) [8]. The mass of Mars is 10.7 % of the mass of the Earth (6,423·1023 kg versus 5,9736·1024 kg for the Earth), the volume is 0.15 of the volume of the Earth, and the average linear diameter is 0.53 of the diameter of the Earth (6800 km) [7].
a05ed277207701e6decd1daf379b511e22e9359e	The relief of Mars has many unique features.
bc4fc4ee6df22dcbb997e9ae4367d4d037e57945	The Martian extinct volcano Mount Olympus is the highest known mountain on the planets of the Solar System[9] (the highest known mountain in the Solar System is on the asteroid Vesta[10]), and the Mariner Valley is the largest known canyon on the planets (the largest canyon in the solar system was discovered on Pluto's moon Charon[11]).
e1513205da6309b700120cf3bb7ee0914364b604	In addition, in June 2008, three articles published in the journal "Nature" presented evidence of the existence of the largest known impact crater in the Solar System in the northern hemisphere of Mars.
a5dfaddafe94c67bff88886eec53e83eb07caf3f	Its length is 10.6 thousand km, and its width is 8.5 thousand km, which is about four times larger than the largest impact crater previously also discovered on Mars, near its south pole[12].
092fa6b91b45de3fdf66165fcfb7f1f0a14e1a9a	13].
ca3508d30d6653a4dd70866c53a420227c0ca9f9	The great oppositions of Mars (the distance to the Earth is less than 60 million km), 1830-2050, the date of Separation.,
d6c25a407e38eebd88d673c8cb20360af56a03cd	a. e. september 19, 1830 0.388 August 18, 1845 0.373 July 17, 1860 0.393 September 5, 1877 0.377 August 4, 1892 0.378 September 24, 1909 0.392 August 23, 1924 0.373 July 23, 1939 0.390 September 10, 1956 0.379 August 10, 1971 0.378 September 22, 1988 0.394 August 28, 2003 0.373 July 27, 2018 0.386 September 15, 2035 0.382 August 14, 2050 0.374
20ad249d80a3305d3724457d061923b4dc757f2f	In fact, due to the low pressure, water cannot exist in a liquid state for the most part
216c6c5c6ff2abd69c67702869e24105a6aa81da	(about 70 %) of the surface of Mars.
ae5707be57a836e5459889b10a892c5bda76b822	18].
83ef942df3f22c88794ec5ccd2d2e7f9b4c49bb1	From February 2009 to the present, the orbital research group in the orbit of Mars has three functioning spacecraft: Mars Odyssey, Mars Express and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.
df576950d52a38ca668487d74671684a2568da67	This is more than about any other planet besides Earth.
447dc0afc748a2cbbba1f7efbb255f64a0f75e85	The surface of Mars is currently being explored by two rovers: "Opportunity "and"Curiosity".
12f7f6b9b11a224d795252b61e50167e85bf881e	There are also several inactive landers and rovers that have completed research on the surface of Mars.
1d173e578c00f839195ec44ddb1cf29c32e2b41f	Orbital characteristics[edit / edit wiki text]
0b0fc91547ebdab294c0b0dfbd8aa021ab095f6e	The minimum distance from Mars to the Earth is 55.76 million km[19] (when the Earth is exactly between the Sun and Mars), the maximum is about 401 million km (when the Sun is exactly between the Earth and Mars).
c8b5877321a41dd89f86890bfb7445b887a46563	The distance between Earth and Mars (in AU) during the 2014-2061 confrontations.
44f714419ce2d822f500774afed620f2fba4781f	The average distance from Mars to the Sun is 228 million km (1.52 AU), the period of rotation around the Sun is 687 Earth days[2].
97e7a9a61dfedbe803864bc46ef8673b6e489ba5	The orbit of Mars has a rather noticeable eccentricity (0.0934), so the distance to the Sun varies from 206.6 to 249.2 million km.
a3f411f575fa50ef3abfad8a2dd237c30dcc476f	The inclination of the orbit of Mars to the ecliptic plane is 1.85°[2].
e891f9d7a83a0c91e3d91805d0f657ef88ab0f1f	Mars is closest to Earth during the opposition, when the planet is in the sky in the direction opposite to the Sun. Confrontations are repeated every 26 months at different points in the orbit of Mars and Earth.
0e48f736b7c8c2778416a9dcbd241367327ff803	Once every 15-17 years, oppositions occur at a time when Mars is near its perihelion; in these traditionally called great oppositions, the distance to the planet is minimal (less than 60 million km), and Mars reaches the largest angular size of 25.1" and brightness of -2.88 m[20].
f5aaa8800d394e8fb165e792c98236afae6976e0	Physical characteristics[edit / edit wiki text]
4fcd9df770935e36c332468c1b12d18bdb9913a5	Planet parameters[edit / edit wiki text]
9e49d04a802aace8a50ecf5cee3c43c2aab2ee39	According to the linear size, Mars is almost half the size of the Earth — its equatorial radius is 3396.9 km (53.2% of the Earth's).
4d144e7c0f3f2b5ecee283d4d051f86a9701b677	The surface area of Mars is approximately equal to the land area on Earth[21].
16e083867b5f075a593d0170e3077cf5bde47fe8	The polar radius of Mars is about 20 km smaller than the equatorial one, although the rotation period of the planet is longer than that of the Earth, which gives reason to assume a change in the rotation speed of Mars over time[22].
fcf221f11fa1860f105d52d3e20229132bf3d747	Comparison of the size of the Earth (average radius of 6371 km) and Mars (average radius of 3386.2 km)
cb7058e42c4d808c4f7cd9a4809528cddd1f0086	The mass of the planet is 6,418·1023 kg (11 % of the Earth's mass).
2fb2e9ceca8039f4196ca4b6f0c13e7b3565fc79	The acceleration of gravity at the equator is 3.711 m/s2 (0.378 Earth's); the first cosmic velocity is 3.6 km/s, the second is 5.027 km/s.
16d0243eea4a565c18f8d7f9562fcb0e1c402c8d	The Martian Day[edit / edit wiki text]
1aa600483cfd28573c3f993b3f9aea2fc84bf10f	The rotation period of the planet is 24 hours 37 minutes 22.7 seconds (relative to the stars), the length of the average solar day (called sols) is 24 hours 39 minutes 35.24409 seconds, only 2.7% longer than the earth's day.
5b0f7de2516b102e5d979f5e25d70e1401760c29	The Martian year consists of 668.6 Martian solar days.
8ad12b2880477c13da087f2b60cd7453cc08ad90	Seasons on Mars[edit / edit wiki text]
144503e20a98b69505ff76fd9edc8ea281785a21	Mars rotates around its axis, inclined to the perpendicular of the orbital plane at an angle of 25.19°[2].
6d1365f5bfd296cb44ba20907941456ee123d25b	The tilt of the axis of rotation of Mars provides a change of seasons.
3285e9f0b0c27aa5c4304edbf8142da4c4dfef29	At the same time, the elongation of the orbit leads to large differences in their duration — for example, the northern spring and summer, taken together, last 371 sols, that is, significantly more than half of the Martian year.
7b1157528d791137ed39405386aeb2278f0008d6	At the same time, they fall on the part of the orbit of Mars that is remote from the Sun.
70046088cf8dff2664bbbde966185acbc12ea33c	Therefore, on Mars, the northern summer is long and cool, and the southern summer is short and relatively warm.
9ec2bc0daddbe4af35471053de48ed46e08b780f	Atmosphere and climate[edit / edit wiki text]
11282c6d3511b50ce884a3e1d09a51bd2f345179	Main articles: The Atmosphere of Mars, the Climate of Mars
bd90c95399cb664474a981eda668e6b3c697a3b8	The atmosphere of Mars, the image was taken by the artificial satellite "Viking" in 1976.
da2b3c789d75a740fcbe027d9099101525ca16b7	On the left, the "smiley crater" of Halle is visible
a10d62f0f6c7b73a14185e6d0bf338373d08c7ba	26].
6c9d3bcb749d49332bd33f37d0667ed90a953fad	Radio illumination of the atmosphere at radio waves of 8 and 32 cm, conducted by AMS "Mars 4" on February 10, 1974, showed the presence of the night ionosphere of Mars with the main maximum of ionization at an altitude of 110 km and an electron concentration of 4.6×103 electrons/cm3, as well as secondary maxima at an altitude of 65 and 185 km[26].
9cf06b05858969bd8de2925d53562a55dfd8a11f	Thus, in one or two days, an astronaut on the surface of Mars will receive the same equivalent dose of radiation that he would receive on the surface of the Earth in a year. ]
e92be6f57599c492d8fe5c017a62ea50a4715451	Photo of the Martian soil at the landing site of the Phoenix spacecraft.
fac43ae669df9dcda58fae0fc62de89e31b9a7b7	The elemental composition of the surface layer of the soil, determined according to the data of the landing vehicles, is not the same in different places.
37bc8fca0775e548a37779ed59ea4a198f863785	The main component of the soil is silica
13b12ecfc9ef90919155974fd1a9356bfd77ca2b	(20-25 %), containing an admixture of iron oxide hydrates
cfb5ca964f7982384d8c13cc8716c160495d4a47	(up to 15 %), which give the soil a reddish color.
09adc8c872b222e26b4625996021ae63b7c59fea	There are significant impurities of sulfur, calcium, aluminum, magnesium, and sodium compounds (units of percent for each)[80][81].
7de665e34e55583a4fd1880cd016c0e19e64e752	According to the data of the NASA Phoenix probe (landing on Mars on May 25, 2008), the pH ratio and some other parameters of Martian soils are close to those of Earth, and plants could theoretically be grown on them[82][83]. "In fact, we have found that the soil on Mars meets the requirements, and also contains the necessary elements for the emergence and maintenance of life both in the past, and in the present and future," said the project's lead researcher, chemist Sam Cunaves[84].
fd090fca81d6d78f96a0db084e0ea1d9815060f4	Also, according to him, many people can meet this alkaline type of soil (pH = 7.7) in "their own backyard", and it is quite suitable for growing asparagus[85].
0c8d3849eb7155f19ca20b428593481c713b620b	There is also a significant amount of water ice in the ground at the landing site of the device[86].
1dbadafa3f397d4402cf4623eecd294ceadf1e38	The Mars Odyssey orbiter also found that there are deposits of water ice under the surface of the red planet[87].
f3d8eb2355f94bc3ef24bf3542dd44db746721cf	Later, this assumption was confirmed by other devices, but the question of the presence of water on Mars was finally resolved in 2008, when the Phoenix probe, which landed near the north pole of the planet, received water from the Martian soil[15][88].
60fbccbd2e5157f36274393bba175f5bb64451b8	Data obtained by the Curiosity rover and released in September 2013 showed that the water content under the surface of Mars is much higher than previously thought.
7d462546cc455be4735c1e123c27c336ea12bf38	In the rock from which the rover took samples, its content can reach 2 % by weight[89].
d0d5b6ef7c46e9871c915df2ad75033e29f3e9c2	Geology and internal structure[edit / edit wiki text]
49c2dbbdc15733f289ea7b3eae8585b748c22a72	In the past, on Mars, as on Earth, there was a movement of lithospheric plates.
f99d73fbf27efcaa3e17457094f380db9434b7a5	This is confirmed by the features of the magnetic field of Mars, the locations of some volcanoes, for example, in the province of Farsida, as well as the shape of the Mariner Valley[90].
e807f21fd759e2314316d471f9149f6ba7438033	The current state of affairs, when volcanoes can exist for a much longer time than on Earth, and reach gigantic sizes, suggests that this movement is rather absent now.
036b73d5cecaf95da5618d9bd385825384cc3327	This is supported by the fact that shield volcanoes grow as a result of repeated eruptions from the same vent for a long time.
f2980bbf6c4b8f4e401d614bd0ab40a044eb4c60	On Earth, due to the movement of the lithospheric plates, volcanic points constantly changed their position, which limited the growth of shield volcanoes and, perhaps, did not allow them to reach such a height as on Mars.
f90e94eff01d1bdf605c11660e9dbeaed545a951	On the other hand, the difference in the maximum height of volcanoes can be explained by the fact that due to the lower gravity on Mars, it is possible to build higher structures that would not collapse under their own weight[91].
c887b58fb7b9def0a622268493b8e93d87cb01bb	It is possible that there is weak tectonic activity on the planet, leading to the formation of shallow canyons observed from orbit[92][93].
4f87514cdcef493922ad131a8dd57488de18bbf8	Comparison of the structure of Mars and other planets of the Earth group
c6991337e05caa6dbd46149ecd027f2055f7fa3e	Modern models of the internal structure of Mars suggest that Mars consists of a crust with an average thickness of 50 km (the maximum estimate is no more than 125 km) [94], a silicate mantle and a core with a radius, according to various estimates, from 1480[94] to 1800 km[95].
945a109b2499d6f9a3fecc3f2ed0bfa6eabfac2b	The density in the center of the planet should reach 8.5 g / cm3.
a480beeb7cbe265a46af1e724577cf796baa03fc	The core is partially liquid and consists mainly of iron with an admixture of 14-18 % (by weight) sulfur [95], and the content of light elements is twice as high as in the Earth's core.
f50c1ec8368c345dff0940fd320e03712a96484b	According to modern estimates, the formation of the core coincided with the period of early volcanism and lasted about a billion years.
7a475c2c2b0352434d1dfba7fb72d1c73f63e3cb	The partial melting of mantle silicates took about the same time[91].
f1396c24a9b797b3963678f995bcd27736e77ef8	Due to the lower gravity on Mars, the pressure range in the mantle of Mars is much smaller than on Earth, which means that there are fewer phase transitions in it.
3988bfd25b07de0e749d0325c8094c6e53ed140a	It is assumed that the phase transition of olivine to spinel modification begins at fairly large depths 800 km (400 km on Earth).
2532458e060920fe0da037d67666d1340e2e114f	The nature of the relief and other signs suggest the presence of an asthenosphere consisting of zones of partially molten matter[96].
8a0a30467ab2e405ece93775735eee7c52db2a85	A detailed geological map has been compiled for some areas of Mars[97].
bdbf661762c3ef0c165e428cec23ab0130654f59	According to observations from orbit and analysis of the collection of Martian meteorites, the surface of Mars consists mainly of basalt.
d9efdbd49b826998b7ad00af3349ec8234af16ef	There is some reason to assume that on part of the Martian surface, the material is more quartz containing than ordinary basalt, and may be similar to andesite stones on Earth.
c96062a36d8ba524fa5ec98ffbd33c633a55b80f	However, these same observations can be interpreted in favor of the presence of quartz glass.
54ac53446c6ca0e254f2ac6d671850b3ac3fd7c8	A significant part of the deeper layer consists of granular iron oxide dust[98][99].
7da0db48922f1646a689f8dba0a4bb021c7aafa4	A weak magnetic field was recorded near Mars.
9816643ebb5a1a0ac2b0a5c4a2e2ccadcd7fbe5e	According to the readings of the magnetometers of the Mars 2 and Mars 3 stations, the magnetic field strength at the equator is about 60 gamma, at the pole — 120 gamma, which is 500 times weaker than the Earth's.
c12e5443caf3fd73150faa821fd7519b0c9af154	According to the AMS "Mars 5", the magnetic field strength at the equator was 64 gamma, and the magnetic moment of the planetary dipole was 2.4×1022 oersted * cm2[100].
b0c06a53eda35bf89403e84f813b7efd54a0508a	The magnetic field of Mars is extremely unstable, its intensity can vary from 1.5 to 2 times in different parts of the planet, and the magnetic poles do not coincide with the physical ones.
054c8e287fe97fc5089dfad7f0fb2ca3dfa9e920	This suggests that the iron core of Mars is in comparative immobility in relation to its crust, that is, the mechanism of the planetary dynamo responsible for the Earth's magnetic field does not work on Mars.
c50e0bb83c2e7142177045b653d0527eb7f83efb	Although there is no stable planetary magnetic field on Mars[101], observations have shown that parts of the planetary crust are magnetized and that there was a change of the magnetic poles of these parts in the past.
27d20e43931b19de8ef857b8994810ea32dc20e3	The magnetization of these parts turned out to be similar to band magnetic anomalies in the world ocean[102].
629e6aa1befee456a4092ec82c3859eed8c277b3	According to one theory published in 1999 and rechecked in 2005 (with the help of the unmanned Mars Global Survey station), these bands demonstrate plate tectonics 4 billion years ago — before the dynamo of the planet ceased to perform its function, which caused a sharp weakening of the magnetic field[103].
dde214656c8cbaed2170fc90814c5ad8c00730be	The reasons for such a sharp weakening are unclear.
155a6cc4f90e97795b34aee730360abf9f5c6edb	There is an assumption that the functioning of the dynamo machine is 4 billion rubles. years ago, it is explained by the presence of an asteroid that rotated at a distance of 50-75 thousand kilometers around Mars and caused instability in its core.
5cb0efd1c68db47ddfae7cf978660aa6d24457d0	Then the asteroid descended to the Roche limit and collapsed[104].
59c446a3e1e7b6698ca977c911b17211b1284df1	However, this explanation itself contains unclear points and is disputed in the scientific community[105].
75f399e23d366974442f52d1eb9a34210c9f8324	A global mosaic of 102 images obtained by the artificial satellite of Mars "Viking 1" on February 22, 1980
65ac03ba4fbe76eaac0d38c7f1e6626a23dc0a23	Geological history[edit / edit wiki text]
526d309787b442a716acd95ee6d1097d4c04cfc1	According to one of the hypotheses, in the distant past, as a result of a collision with a large celestial body, the rotation of the core stopped[106], as well as the loss of the main volume of the atmosphere.
1a61dd504440f2b2fcd327b3a7b50c92d1e2d089	The loss of light atoms and molecules from the atmosphere is a consequence of the weak attraction of Mars.
838d4d94657bcc9e3134f0d1d2873807bd5c4af7	It is believed that the loss of the magnetic field occurred about 4 billion. years ago.
ac6cfbb40206168817155559399feb420d9b75d3	Due to the weakness of the magnetic field, the solar wind penetrates almost unhindered into the atmosphere of Mars, and many of the photochemical reactions under the influence of solar radiation that occur in the ionosphere and above on Earth can be observed on Mars almost at its surface.
f0134b322745dfd7fe2e8910d2b045a9603be3f4	The geological history of Mars includes the following three epochs[107][108]:
b926f714d36fc2037c279bdeb6dcd27d337f2212	The Noah's Era[109] (named after the "Noah's Earth", a region of Mars): the formation of the oldest preserved surface of Mars to this day.
0510a6e0fa49d2fcd004f31441c25ac892a3bf6a	It lasted for a period of 4.5-3.5 billion rubles. years ago. During this era, the surface was scarred by numerous impact craters.
84d6dbd37892f6b68c882246254790806df0ca58	The plateau of the province of Farsida was probably formed during this period with intensive water flow later.
17385544df54525d6a8b9e96878d8993bff250b1	Hesperian Era: from 3.5 billion up to 2.9—3.3 billion years ago. years ago.
fa55748e5744c78f21cc604edeffc773a392d567	This epoch is marked by the formation of huge lava fields.
e37e7a5f4301f884a89749b1c65b56b8c37d342f	The Amazonian Era (named after the" Amazon Plain " on Mars): 2.9-3.3 billion. years ago to the present day.
447827d4a0d8a5358cfde209c74bbbbd1f459024	The areas formed during this era have very few meteorite craters, but otherwise they are completely different.
a0f742666404b0e5abd19cac1162fd26327483b3	Mount Olympus was formed during this period.
e2af24f5c90958608365146a26b8488d815e04f2	At this time, lava flows were spreading in other parts of Mars.
aeee59e9f09530ef2b8815e8caea15b762728f65	Satellites[edit / edit wiki text]
88615bfbd40e7a1201d4e88a0fbb1e6a74e14cad	Main article: Satellites of Mars
8015ffb18c8e498ecc4e87da9d45584510e758a5	See also: Trojan asteroids of Mars
5034445d8f6a83ad4f97c05b786c1fc2126d50a1	Phobos, taken on March 23, 2008 by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
8ee227684b2a4674f346ad5f23d633eb289faab2	Deimos, taken on February 21, 2009 by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
07662e17bc8ed52b66df2a179b587c2783b39a33	The passage of Phobos on the disk of the Sun. Opportunity images
f18879f9e90b7c0d7009f5c914a103886591c787	The natural satellites of Mars are Phobos and Deimos.
1b4a94f149cc5f481df996c312cf8271771d51b9	Both of them were discovered by the American astronomer Asaph Hall in 1877.
b3dd25d1b0a8f9a363135bdd734248331dc11eba	Phobos and Deimos have an irregular shape and are very small in size.
07d0ebb7e680c545a526fa9aa8880bb0107dffd8	According to one hypothesis, they may represent asteroids captured by the gravitational field of Mars, like (5261) Eureka from the Trojan group of asteroids.
6d26ce7ee9e5cfeff282ae9d1e9a8690f2d099c2	The satellites are named after the characters accompanying the god Ares — that is, Mars) - Phobos and Deimos, personifying fear and horror, who helped the god of war in battles[110].
86f8eb544bc68a586289020f3d846d8d5448694b	Both satellites rotate around their axes with the same period as around Mars, so they are always turned to the planet by the same side (this is caused by the tidal capture effect and is typical for most satellites of planets in the Solar System, including the Moon).
5a990db651dd00679ab78c6f46ab5c68a5e4b2ae	The tidal influence of Mars gradually slows down the movement of Phobos, and, eventually, will lead to to the fall of the satellite to Mars (if the current trend continues), or to its disintegration[111].
ba4106765c6303e06a6566abbeb1263d1086f572	On the contrary, Deimos is moving away from Mars.
a7d9c7bd43a2e8e2ed0b926597deaef46fb9098b	The orbital period of Phobos is less than the period of Mars ' rotation, so for an observer on the surface of the planet Phobos (unlike Deimos and in general from all known natural satellites of the planets of the Solar system, except Metis and Adrastea) rises in the west and sets in the east[111].
dc5a55bd75fd53ec23fc226221be0d3480b363d5	Both satellites have a shape approaching a triaxial ellipsoid, Phobos (26.8×22.4×18.4 km) [6] is slightly larger than Deimos (15×12.2×11 km)[112]. The surface of Deimos looks much smoother due to the fact that most of the craters are covered with fine grained matter.
3e7e1317dd7f40e1c593516aaae6848d7a6dcb93	Obviously, on Phobos, which is closer to the planet and more massive, the substance ejected by meteorite impacts either struck the surface repeatedly or fell on Mars, while on Deimos it remained in orbit around the satellite for a long time, gradually settling and hiding the irregularities of the terrain.
1bc00bf2652635d022f829a982ffb5d82213af8c	Life[edit / edit wiki text]
c9607ed8e77eb3b419fb9b675877aae41abfc79e	Main article: Life on Mars
f82d60596a4b642adff01ba928701a02bafd21df	Background of the issue[edit / edit wiki text]
bea7286bf31409b31d34ee19e845e0004823f094	The popular idea that Mars is inhabited by intelligent Martians spread widely at the end of the XIX century.
89123e7dddd45113311d7bff84df4d88f52e8726	Schiaparelli's observations of the so called channels, combined with a book by Percival Lowell on the same topic, made popular the idea of a planet whose climate was becoming drier, colder, which was dying and on which there was an ancient civilization performing irrigation work[113].
a340eca5332193c2c07ec0428f81103cc6e752c3	Schiaparelli's Map of Mars, 1888
6deac7cc39d6fd8202544fdf19d23aae7493781c	Martian channels, sketched by astronomer P. Lowell, 1898.
f0a1899f60f37ff8a651753681ffb2b576c0fa95	Other numerous observations and announcements of famous people gave rise to the so called "Mars Fever" around this topic[114].
ae8fba193e6105cf96cbe374cead07ad4fe2183b	In 1899, while studying atmospheric radio interference using receivers at the Colorado Observatory, inventor Nikola Tesla observed a repeating signal.
e3f09e40e27c119409c42cafa2405dfd785118b3	He suggested that it could be a radio signal from other planets, for example, Mars.
904ce2628f650e5cbd1473a88509a7211ca49a66	In a 1901 interview, Tesla said that the idea occurred to him that interference could be caused artificially.
d849d5a25c87128be3605a3d611aeb66a1336572	Although he could not decipher their meaning, it was impossible for him that they appeared completely by accident.
c570922d901b795f827ac2fbfea6004b1a43df8a	In his opinion, it was a greeting from one planet to another [115].
42e3dc5d8905d9d7aa346ea155f83059aaea91aa	Tesla's hypothesis aroused the fervent support of the famous British physicist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), who, visiting the United States in 1902, said that, in his opinion, Tesla had caught a signal from the Martians sent to the United States[116].
ac5df3af4146b2565b4838ca3b40c2b26ecb1c5b	However, even before leaving America, Kelvin began to strongly deny this statement: "In fact, I said that the inhabitants of Mars, if they exist, can undoubtedly see New York, in particular, the light from electricity"[117].
45ac76869f7e1034b44482f8fbe6b2e669e39ab1	Actual data[edit / edit wiki text]
915e89172657e994adff37db1cd65154465f3a2f	Scientific hypotheses about the existence of life on Mars in the past have been present for a long time.
b793e91ef8a93a7b58e75b29ba1744473f3a83d9	According to the results of observations from Earth and data from the Mars Express spacecraft, methane was detected in the atmosphere of Mars.
41049f20273a41e93ced9e97bb1386ad289fe4b4	Later, in 2014, NASA's Curiosity rover recorded a spike in methane content in the Martian atmosphere and found organic molecules in samples extracted during drilling of the Cumberland Rock.[118]
4901db27209140a2c87d96ae885bd271377e6aa1	Distribution of methane in the Martian atmosphere during the summer period in the northern hemisphere.
81f7702626f8ef36d3fb4d2b599a1ffcc4c574a6	In the conditions of Mars, this gas decomposes quite quickly, so there must be a constant source of its replenishment.
9ad8c542f0040a3a27cbe8172af367f09122809d	Such a source can be either geological activity (but active volcanoes on Mars have not been detected), or the vital activity of bacteria.
5ee2508d2f722e32cba4149a9d9613974f9fe217	Interestingly, in some meteorites of Martian origin, formations have been found that resemble cells in shape, although they are inferior to the smallest terrestrial organisms in size[118][119]. One of these meteorites is ALH 84001, found in Antarctica in 1984.
3403dc097632af59e5ccda168a37d0854fe11b8a	ALH84001 under the microscope.
5bed73e4ec3b5e01247fed86771df06e8fa07cf6	Important discoveries were made by the Curiosity rover.
ee658c40c9dc2bbe50fa5dfc6a02e5fd16d22c8c	In December 2012, data were obtained on the presence of organic substances on Mars, as well as perchlorates.
f70a9e47c94c93ddf1d0ea82463318ae9fa3b662	The same studies showed the presence of water vapor in heated soil samples[120].
b3dd0c91a216bf2af989e39b406e525967737bb4	An interesting fact is that Curiosity landed on the bottom of a dried up lake on Mars[121].
4e611d346f0dbae03a10a606d3da5c3a4064a037	The analysis of observations suggests that the planet previously had much more favorable conditions for life than now.
7a5e559e62aef08f1f20e59a55e87b5e6482835f	According to the Viking program, implemented in the mid 1970s, a series of experiments were conducted to detect microorganisms in the Martian soil.
1be2e2a46ac0ebd8aa87ed0adb45b275f290a62b	It gave positive results: for example, a temporary increase in the release of CO2 when soil particles are placed in water and nutrient medium.
a19ef8749ad83e0718f8d44006f66a8bcfe7a0de	However, then this evidence of life on Mars was disputed by the scientists of the Viking team[122].
cfc6bf1a067cf29bd1dc82cd66a1b2154eb9cc06	This led to their lengthy disputes with NASA scientist Gilbert Levin, who claimed that the "Viking" had discovered life.
ff51022514fb935ccb3d5803dadc43a3af833c21	After re evaluating the Viking data in the light of modern scientific knowledge about extremophiles, it was found that the experiments carried out were not perfect enough to detect these life forms.
4508fff5af19b3dd5cad594cffa058c2653d7045	Moreover, these tests could kill organisms, even if the latter were contained in the samples[123].
38cc3d6548a0a7789754fd8d4adf59323de6b622	Tests carried out within the framework of the Phoenix program showed that the soil has a very alkaline pH and contains magnesium, sodium, potassium and chlorides[124].
4f51d031ea17408d1fa2aa742c685eda34911877	There are enough nutrients in the soil to support life, but life forms must be protected from intense ultraviolet light[125].
bd663c4476615095800bce5b3362ec8714733f8a	To date, the condition for the development and maintenance of life on the planet is the presence of liquid water on its surface, as well as the location of the planet's orbit in the so called habitable zone, which in the Solar System begins behind the orbit of Venus and ends with the large semi axis of the orbit of Mars[126].
ef166be48078668d355a98123401b3d4ccb0604c	Near the perihelion, Mars is located inside this zone, but a thin atmosphere with low pressure prevents the appearance of liquid water for a long period.
2312471ed0dab3c75a08e21b064b5fd94317ba2e	Recent evidence suggests that any water on the surface of Mars is too salty and acidic to support permanent Earth like life[127].
c5931ef59cb2ea8451a7783c1d1ae40cf0f6bc8c	The lack of a magnetosphere and the extremely rarefied atmosphere of Mars are also a problem for supporting life.
4797ce1affdba40c16d267dbe4f093c3da92b028	There is a very weak movement of heat flows on the surface of the planet, it is poorly isolated from the bombardment of solar wind particles; in addition, when heated, water instantly evaporates, bypassing the liquid state due to low pressure.
bb221a8475351d4cef61e88105b8c837f7fdcb96	In addition, Mars is also on the verge of the so called "geological death".
94f7e5ee29ae9c1c16003a75b81115c1d4f7337e	The end of volcanic activity, apparently, stopped the circulation of minerals and chemical elements between the surface and the inner part of the planet[128].
5a387342d58390ede66d54503121c87f7285662d	Terraformed Mars in the artist's view.
09f1e5ad6267ce269a617a29b6cd77345d6a35d5	The proximity of Mars and its relative similarity to Earth has given rise to a number of fantastic projects of terraforming and colonization of Mars by Earthlings in the future.
6e41143edc5c2e5718cccad5be051806e6d79b9b	The Curiosity rover has discovered two sources of organic molecules on the surface of Mars at once.
6165fcd0e31fd86a0b3a11cb7075cdaed636b5e0	In addition to a short term increase in the proportion of methane in the atmosphere, the device recorded the presence of carbon compounds in a powdery sample left over from drilling the Martian rock.
6fa66538a7f265533d042305a348d23e97386003	The first discovery was made by the SAM instrument on board the rover.
7db2936cb2159123c7742b55ae2c8d8951892401	In 20 months, he measured the composition of the Martian atmosphere 12 times.
d0f3fac0ced9e4f8cb0198aadf531ed998a759b6	In two cases — in late 2013 and early 2014 — Curiosity was able to detect a tenfold increase in the average proportion of methane.
fce73fd9b2ffb56984492e829c1c8f331ef82862	This surge, according to the members of the scientific team of the rover, indicates the discovery of a local source of methane.
f129b1f12cfcefbec36d7b91efaa1fb882d2587c	Whether it has a biological or other origin, experts find it difficult to confirm due to the lack of data for a full fledged analysis.
9cc2108fc1ad70faa5efadd34785e57d4a5128b5	Astronomical observations from the surface of Mars[edit / edit wiki text]
82d6f8e7258fcde7c9fe45c22adb7af1862dbd4c	After the landing of automatic vehicles on the surface of Mars, it became possible to conduct astronomical observations directly from the surface of the planet.
3c7bdaf938f1ce09c6a4f9facd05a66681731b13	Due to the astronomical position of Mars in the Solar system, the characteristics of the atmosphere, the period of rotation of Mars and its satellites, the picture of the night sky of Mars (and astronomical phenomena observed from the planet) differs from the earth and in many ways seems unusual and interesting.
b6f4fdae8945ab46e2875dcd97220104e7ec4437	Heavenly sphere[edit / edit wiki text]
a2dce7ce27f656d11e161234568bfb7b362a00f4	The north pole on Mars, due to the tilt of the planet's axis, is located in the constellation Cygnus
cd916a9dbd0852ea6c27895084211cc4e8f35278	(Equatorial coordinates: right ascension 21h 10m 42s, declination +52° 53.0' and are not marked by bright star nearest to the pole — dull sixth magnitude star BD +52 2880 (other designation — HR 8106, HD 201834, SAO 33185).
53840403faae890848a5ca969ee14c448f86ab24	The South pole of the world (coordinates 9h 10m 42s and -52° 53,0) is a couple of degrees from the star Kappa Sails (the apparent magnitude of 2.5) — it is, in principle, can be considered the southern Polar star of Mars.
ad4f63c68a1f0ecbe9df79590c0323174db1254a	The view of the sky is similar to that observed from Earth, with one difference: when observing the annual movement of the Sun through the constellations of the Zodiac, it (like other planets, including Earth), leaving the eastern part of the constellation Pisces, will pass for 6 days through the northern part of the constellation Whale before re entering the western part of Pisces.
f44ef73711cf184a81dfe7ac781e8a3f95a995e7	During sunrise and sunset, the Martian sky at the zenith has a reddish pink color[129], and in the immediate vicinity of the Sun's disk - from blue to purple, which is completely opposite to the picture of the earth's dawns.
f47930bfaa6b7e00b770efbc51728e7d58fc83d3	Sunset on Mars on May 19, 2005.
7fcfc427eb7d0bf32ef5e71d5aa0b2abaf0f4b9a	A picture of the Spirit rover, which was located in the Gusev crater.
9514ae3a5d7b7b04819cf3fbf89f00ba95c8d1b0	At noon, the sky of Mars is yellow orange.
42c3768f7a8737968b7d665b8ebb8b804c028a91	The reason for such differences from the color scheme of the Earth's sky is the properties of a thin, sparse, containing weighting the red dust of the Martian atmosphere.
e8217c54a4957341536fc22a4227aae1b03386ed	On Mars, Rayleigh scattering of rays (which on Earth is the cause of the blue color of the sky) plays an insignificant role, its effect is weak, but it manifests itself in the form of a blue glow at sunrise / sunset, when the light passes a thicker layer of air.
861934dc015df2d33f090ae5c3cacf8043ff3f67	Presumably, the yellow orange color of the sky is also caused by the presence of 1% magnetite in dust particles constantly suspended in the Martian atmosphere and raised by seasonal dust storms.
67475936852ed2ab71b63270392d0d8dd8c6c089	Twilight begins long before sunrise and lasts long after sunset.
54da3209d5bc075b818c806ad7e639d8a0a61435	Sometimes the color of the Martian sky turns purple as a result of light scattering on microparticles of water ice in clouds (the latter is a rather rare phenomenon)[129].
13b13754a1f3e3e34944d285fae070a97b5f1ab1	The sun and the planets[edit / edit wiki text]
d51e508b815c3825de6e34003eff5d4bcf4695c3	The angular size of the Sun observed from Mars is smaller than that seen from Earth and is 2⁄3 of the latter.
ac72b91c14833014c6bae5a7cca82a7e6d6800d6	Mercury from Mars will be almost inaccessible to observations with the naked eye due to its extreme proximity to the Sun.
ab10f67d92fb52e5de77b97ce0af51b45c1570bd	The brightest planet in the sky of Mars is Venus, in second place is Jupiter (its four largest satellites can be observed part of the time without a telescope), in third place is Earth[130].
536c32c1c12d7cb6d809109b54301bcfabbf6cf0	The Earth is an inner planet in relation to Mars, just as Venus is for the Earth.
07fffa4cb1685df98e9c176db84a8dfcc5d6b63a	Accordingly, from Mars, the Earth is observed as a morning or evening star, rising before dawn or visible in the evening sky after sunset.
18e5e22edbb6e939306e85ad16152a8ada607361	The maximum elongation of the Earth in the sky of Mars is 38 degrees.
fd811239025a07d40088bc6dd3616fea05a86f45	To the naked eye, the Earth will be visible as a bright (maximum apparent magnitude of about -2.5 m) greenish star, next to which a yellowish and dimmer (about +0.9 m) star of the Moon will be easily discernible[131].
2bf5aca10ba739c97563845907f5dd3732e7bf45	In a telescope, both objects will be visible with the same phases.
7cb144129283b6d07afd19bda1d3e5c5fa51b4bb	The Moon's orbit around the Earth will be observed from Mars as follows: at the maximum angular distance of the Moon from the Earth, the naked eye will easily separate the Moon and the Earth: in a week ,the "stars" of the Moon and the Earth will merge into a single star that is inseparable by the eye, in another week the Moon will again be visible at the maximum distance, but on the other side of the Earth.
ce898aa0c014f2a2e69ba0549cd21dc17f3cd658	Periodically, an observer on Mars will be able to see the passage (transit) The Moon on the disk of the Earth or, conversely, the covering of the Moon by the disk of the Earth.
5606efd3ccfe78b6fbd7de7acf8bb1c14faa8e2d	The maximum apparent distance of the Moon from the Earth (and their apparent brightness) when observed from Mars will vary significantly depending on the relative position of the Earth and Mars, and, accordingly, the distance between the planets.
c72e8a31cdeaf90cc8978c0eb7794fca647825e8	During the epochs of oppositions, it will be about 17 minutes of arc (about half the angular diameter of the Sun and Moon when observed from Earth), at the maximum distance of the Earth and Mars — 3.5 minutes of arc.
a03dba1a54ffdb4e9676183edc2c24c3fc4a6c55	The Earth, like other planets, will be observed in the band of constellations of the Zodiac.
339e5ed0a30ad26b4c5caa9331b4c4213360b38a	An astronomer on Mars will also be able to observe the passage of the Earth through the disk of the Sun; the nearest such phenomenon will occur on November 10, 2084[132].
8020f00542438e6cd61d2e0f3cbadc62764d42ff	History of studying[edit / edit wiki text]
d1322c71c29d51f92dc976b1fed3c3f4b3135192	Main article: Mars Exploration
64fa0b55fd504bba05e0648dc097f1a53284d493	Exploration of Mars by classical methods of astronomy[edit / edit wiki text]
b38de3ffe28a6a152dbdb776d3af90987d2fd387	Images of Mars with different degrees of detail in different years.
35dd5594c1c533bc4f729604b51c8cbd98bdf7e7	The first observations of Mars were carried out before the invention of the telescope.
cd02f1b7b0132b5453b3be81e8050280eed49a98	These were positional observations in order to determine the positions of the planet in relation to the stars.
081a270bc8c08736b394524501b4b983136a5732	The existence of Mars as a wandering object in the night sky was attested in writing by ancient Egyptian astronomers in 1534 BC .
d0931aaa14a75bca9ed58546a0d75921a9bf5540	They also established the retrograde (backward) movement of the planet and calculated the trajectory of movement along with the point where the planet changes its movement relative to the Earth from straight to backward[133].
aba6d38d6151055302f72d844baab3397be1e610	The Dutch astronomer Christian Huygens was the first to make a map of the surface of Mars, reflecting many details.
d6bf9fd22aa1310a03884810c0d425606cc8baf8	On November 28, 1659, he made several drawings of Mars, which displayed various dark areas, later compared with the Great Sirte Plateau[136].
883c59b0b4d467473ca160bd08cb7034902bfff8	Presumably, the first observations that established the existence of an ice cap at the south pole on Mars were made by the Italian astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1666.
446ea52078578dc1edf41d89a20b05da3886971e	In the same year, when observing Mars, he made sketches of visible surface details and found out that after 36 or 37 days, the positions of the surface details are repeated, and then calculated the rotation period — 24 hours.
7408c4fd0690e6bdc173169a235be707e544ebf9	40 m.
3f608bccd7f45e08cc79f22e33354ec1637db8d3	(this result differs from the correct value by less than 3 minutes)[136].
21e0ca8f5633ddf362cfedc2ab3274a75bd812a8	In 1672, Christian Huygens noticed an indistinct white cap at the north pole[137]
96d6acd344c4c11779dedee344d1e20f569c4670	In 1888, Giovanni Schiaparelli gave the first names to individual details of the surface[138]: the Aphrodite seas, the Eritrean, the Adriatic, the Cimmerian; the lakes of the Sun, the Moon and the Phoenix.
bf3c1cd047dae37ee295030b554a1f6a68fe9c5c	The heyday of telescopic observations of Mars occurred at the end of the XIX mid XX century.
b883b23c95757d228e8f751f4f1c9b1b17b88098	It is largely due to public interest and well known scientific disputes around the observed Martian channels.
12c3c008110e8ae388136106823ecc097064024a	Among the astronomers of the pre space era who conducted telescopic observations of Mars during this period, the most famous are Schiaparelli, Percival Lovell, Slipher, Antoniadi, Barnard, Jarry Deloge, L. Eddy, Tikhov, Vaucouleur.
7b10b76b23b625ff32156e79118a3e903b4a31be	Exploration of Mars by spacecraft[edit / edit wiki text]
860e95a3511b2bc30c5b2c0e154198a347e1e2df	Studying with the help of orbital telescopes[edit / edit wiki text]
eaeec8b40d6e12ebea9fc3a8b431136804234bda	The Hubble Space Telescope.
ba1f0fc5f0c3b2b9096103f7bcd007a05720e74e	For the systematic study of Mars, [139] the capabilities of the Hubble Space Telescope (KTH or HST — Hubble Space Telescope) were used, while photos of Mars with the highest resolution ever taken on Earth were obtained[140].
b1f3e7b0070ec3b31a27f21f7beae260ef04b42a	CTX can create images of hemispheres, which allows you to simulate weather systems.
a9f539f183e31616e7871f9f5884e84b772f6587	Ground based telescopes equipped with a CCD can make high definition photographic images of Mars, which makes it possible to regularly monitor the planetary weather in the opposition[141].
ec72693db9822a08d77be652624f3daa50fd6c9c	X ray radiation from Mars, first detected by astronomers in 2001 with the help of the Chandra space X ray observatory, consists of two components.
bf34c3173eb02b0bd3fee4b1d0deabbc5afd7601	The first component is associated with the scattering of X rays of the Sun in the upper atmosphere of Mars, while the second comes from the interaction between ions with the exchange of charges[142].
08c5ff0b07dcff9b037f18f1383157c024bf3a89	Exploration of Mars by interplanetary stations[edit / edit wiki text]
af931bcf560cfe3f0dad12e7442ec131e1b976ee	In addition, remote sensing of Mars from Earth continued in most of the electromagnetic spectrum using ground based and orbital telescopes, for example, in the infrared to determine the composition of the surface, in the ultraviolet and submillimeter ranges — to study the composition of the atmosphere, in the radio range — to measure wind speed. 146].
a86d7f0ff24a3d53e0baf67d8aa48792d0bc98a6	Soviet studies[edit / edit wiki text]
9f17893800b18e2a1e9d9a91113a2c93bd0410c8	One of the first color photos of Mars obtained from the AMS "Mars 3".
9ab6565a9ce2c9d6901f4e0e8afc071dc7d43aeb	The Soviet Mars research included the Mars program, within the framework of which, from 1962 to 1973, automatic interplanetary stations of four generations were launched to explore the planet Mars and near planetary space.
fde47bb3e7d00d344e26602d8f99f37f8838d6fc	The fourth generation spacecraft (the M 71 series - "Mars 2", "Mars 3", launched in 1971) consisted of an orbital station — an artificial satellite of Mars and a lander with an automatic Mars station, equipped with the Mars rover"PrOP M".
9dc847782c7ee28484f3e31ad9a9212b71fb76ea	The spacecraft of the M 73P series "Mars 4" and " Mars 5 "were supposed to enter orbit around Mars and provide communication with automatic Martian stations that carried the M 73P series" Mars 6 "and" Mars 7"; these four AMS were launched in 1973.
a7e26e51871a1a94948d529cddd603095e56ec9b	Due to the failures of the descent vehicles, the main technical task of the entire Mars program — conducting research on the surface of the planet using an automatic Mars station — was not solved.
8529561719527dbca02858281084eda6da465dac	Nevertheless, many scientific tasks, such as obtaining photographs of the surface of Mars and various measurements of the atmosphere, magnetosphere, and soil composition, were advanced for their time[147].
99e80d942d1eee892bd7178c3118ba0418c072e7	The program included the first soft landing of a lander on the surface of Mars ("Mars 3", December 2, 1971) and the first attempt to transmit an image from the surface.
5ee78db8cc27174e0fcc8ef0d14e38b2a3ff6580	The USSR also implemented the Phobos program — two automatic interplanetary stations designed to explore Mars and its satellite Phobos.
067c40e4e83347af72e0d4aca5997f5067bb20d9	The first AMS "Phobos 1" was launched on July 7, and the second, "Phobos 2" — on July 12, 1988[148].
dd8714f728d50bbd6efdc6387dfb30fa3f2a1c91	The main task — the delivery of descent vehicles (PrOP F and DAS) to the surface of Phobos to study the satellite of Mars remained unfulfilled.
57bdc4f848c5d6637fd780ae5d94afce98664e95	However, despite the loss of communication with both spacecraft, the studies of Mars, Phobos and near Martian space, performed during 57 days at the stage of the orbital movement of Phobos 2 around Mars, allowed us to obtain new scientific results about the thermal characteristics of Phobos, the plasma environment of Mars, its interaction with the solar wind.
9cca5b81a8c185b423f0b7f2ce462181d2188398	American Studies in the XX century[edit / edit wiki text]
4527b6104c2b592eafd739c056991949f885d173	A photo of the Kidonia area taken by the Viking 1 station in 1976.
a734b7da69d23242c190c8f522692ef769a13173	The next US program — "Viking" - included the launch in 1975 of two identical spacecraft - "Viking 1" and "Viking 2", which conducted research from near Martian orbit and on the surface of Mars, in particular, the search for life in soil samples.
5ecdc401a882b1b289f0f1cbcc032bc83b733327	Mars Pathfinder is a NASA lander that worked on the surface in 1996-1997.
fe1e1fc9352bf0c5b14e4d31ad1cac60c7d09d31	Spirit
ff325cb88fd1a08d7f1faf3e0187331c07064241	Opportunity
0392b3c17f8aec6ef9f083c23cf10acdc825aee0	Sojourner
4f6920b887d339ed1fdbebb05747c710252a00ae	Viking 1
a62bd402f0eceec5def6455780259b7adb177347	Viking 2
a06362bfd09e1025e797244d8922788b5ec913e0	Mars 3
1a0bff19a5f4891dbfd100deb6c51c2b8bd4bf3b	Curiosity
f25443b83704461b5eb9463752a1c991b6a980c9	Schiaparelli
6516a532c9abfd69154917ec24705ac4e4091788	In our time[edit / edit wiki text]
bb8c0e31bbf20117509ec987d43a9c8b346cd137	Mars Global Surveyor is a NASA orbiter that carried out surface mapping in 1999-2007.
1a25a0ec96b939614cdb146b24154e19f4446396	Phoenix is a NASA lander that worked on the surface in 2008.
c79c2c0a848adf282219cd25334f35101fb6485a	Spirit is a rover that worked on the surface in 2004-2010.
e3eb12bbca6217c0988592a7da39e1c91c50c000	At the moment (2016), there are several working AMS in the orbits of artificial satellites of Mars:
f49465a615c970fd8228648ae1c994db0279657a	"Mars Odyssey "(since October 24, 2001), "Mars Express" (since December 25, 2003), "Martian Reconnaissance Satellite" (since March 10, 2006), "MAVEN" (since September 21/22, 2014)[150][151], "Mangalyaan" (since September 24, 2014)[152]. Trace Gas Orbiter (since October 19, 2016)
f69001150d1bd71857630e1271483862c0a59d6c	Rovers are working on the surface of the planet:
7efb658cf247d0dac4bf8d12b3ab67e7586f1499	"Opportunity" (since January 25, 2004)," Curiosity " (Mars Science Laboratory) (since August 6, 2012).
8138f255984a3181957401d76e7387e8340e3eeb	An illustration of a Martian tripod from the 1906 French edition of The War of the Worlds.
ab3ec16f3f06f6f2ef09e3f29ba4cd4b81d95209	A frame from the movie Ya.
5b0ecdb06dcdf4f1232dc7b24f4601d78c5fca0e	Protazanova "Aelita" (1924).
81629e5dc2e0a247cfdd6d9a12ebc3ce9aca81be	Main article: Mars in culture
0169f4f1db8a340113a7d444a9e8d97a246ca249	Writers were encouraged to create fantastic works about Mars by the discussions of scientists that began at the end of the XIX century about the possibility that there is not just life on the surface of Mars, but a developed civilization[153].
ff5bc46ac7c0a449088c7d0c350dfa8f36afde04	In 1938, a radio version of this work was presented in the United States in the form of a news radio broadcast, which caused a mass panic when many listeners mistakenly mistook this "report" for the truth[154].
fd185c16b8617f1140d6ea590e2dbc0dad4deed9	In 1966, the writers Arkady and Boris Strugatsky wrote a satirical "continuation" of this work called "The Second Invasion of the Martians".
c32630a4c2bcd3fb8a747dadccfaae73859a7209	In his works, the planet was presented as a dying one, whose inhabitants are in a continuous war of everyone with everyone for scarce natural resources.
4965f8473cf36ad6cf9e70d884e2e4cb402642cd	In 1938, C. Lewis wrote the novel "Beyond the silent Planet".
9a5fd6b1f256983eb020d4b483f5552b5dd03f7b	In the fictional Warhammer 40,000 universe, Mars is the main stronghold of Adeptus Mechanicus, the first of the forge worlds.
925606f6b11427dd55ac1b073233e3254ea8bdff	Factories of Mars, covering the entire surface of the planet, produce weapons and military equipment around the clock for the war raging in the Galaxy.
af5ec1f2ca7cf54b0ae1292254b876518ba38e13	It is noteworthy that Jonathan Swift mentioned the moons of Mars 150 years before they were actually discovered, in the 19th part of his novel "Gulliver's Travels"[155].
0bb388f63474b850109f3c4a67877e3fd4301e32	In ancient mythology[edit / edit wiki text]
54341f422337878ff1b45f7edede191ecfa53b0a	Main article: Mars (mythology)
9fc71a1bd142a879483c87df22af4008cc228cb7	Statue of the God of War Mars (Brandenburg Gate, Berlin)
55280989c4aa3939089bd7b30887d0c4fd1c7782	"Mars and his children", an illustration from a medieval German book, 1480
ba6bef7b9972f2cd8f167121441dcfde03983c8f	In Roman mythology, Mars was originally the god of fertility; it was believed that he could either cause the destruction of crops or the death of livestock, or turn them away.
6d4c61839d4e2b4c72edc065f44b045a90c01acd	In his honor, the first month of the Roman year, in which the rite of expelling winter was performed, was named March.
85a0c86f55107b34e23614c72b9f276fa067957b	Then Mars was identified with the Greek Ares and became the god of war, and also began to personify the planet Mars[156].
fdd22a3dcc36be6c4cf7cb3bbe3ad0555d483130	The wolf and the woodpecker were considered sacred animals of Mars.
dd2678866722cd04ca49f3c7b9611cecabcba27d	In many Romance languages, the day of the week is named after Mars — Tuesday (rum. marţi, Spanish martes, French mardi, Italian. martedì).
b1d5fdcfd0e82f1b960ae51804ea4f83d1f26f19	In Babylonia, the same planet was called Nergal[157] and was associated with the god of the underworld[158].
0db2d617ae70b1a921a245706a6a356ffb00c077	In Hindu mythology, the planet is associated with the god Mangala, who was born from the sweat drops of Shiva[159].
ecd7d710400fc478ab231e8246ba2a2ff3ccb38d	Hydrosphere of Mars Colonization of Mars Martian channels Kidonia (Mars) Martian hoax List of names of details of the relief of Mars in Russian
39d696c6a256875ff19674543303507290bc9cb8	↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Mars: Facts & Figures.
03dc191aa202bc5dec2b6a40adf6153eba4e8d4d	Verified on March 6, 2007.
75cfab47bf1925801c7ce4929ad83fb655a94112	Archived from the original source on August 4 2011.
322cd5e9d15a737441be434e18221d8162d7a8ec	↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Williams, David R. Mars Fact Sheet.
65852b979ddac3b55e048a03f1af77045617131d	National Space Science Data Center.
994a67537e31667efca931ea2d5c384e7c447e95	NASA (September 1, 2004). Checked on March 22, 2011.
00d48b42867054804723c04ee58c715b7def7bf4	Archived from the original source on July 16, 2011.
b822676385427a3b144ea50196a9ad7b8f3acf57	↑ 1 2 Seidelmann P. K. et al.
c1d2203621244157135e34dad349f93e67a7ea7b	(2007).
7198871c6627105e60965869112b238c7abf8600	«Report of the IAU/IAGWorking Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006».
d2e0f476b2cda35eea40195addc08592edc90d08	Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 90: 155—180.
101d8670d7960df69d88938f68b983db5b891661	DOI:10.1007/s10569-007-9072 y.
47957b731130a56890fa5d2c4dea7078c957b821	Verified 2007-08-28.
eaead0bff07b9cd6ce01d3622beb5fa1ecadc5a6	↑ 1 2 According to the ellipsoid model closest to the real surface of the planet ↑ 1 2 3 M. Allison, M. McEwen A post Pathfinder evaluation of areocentric solar coordinates with improved timing recipes for Mars seasonal / diurnal climate studies / / Planet.
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955b857ce0ee3e516094d499513913fdf28d85b1	— Vol. 48.
f803fb0453b6b6299a3e0b71f7cc2d03ba69105b	— P. 215—235.
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31b3c77abb29a5248e029797955e850977d6a5ac	↑ 1 2 Mars: Moons: Phobos.
600b75dfa2c44c2b0841582d0ce956616cd1e5fb	NASA Solar System Exploration (30 September 2003).
08434716b9b1b1b370a1dbc4b33e987229ce3e9c	Verified on December 2, 2013.
216bc9e81ed7f5777676a9420788fc263c3416fb	↑ 1 2 Mars / / The Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed .
4dfc82be8436d07ed1fca0b1ab55c6d78941d290	A.M. Prokhorov.
5a390ee0146500328f0c6094c0d610de079867c0	- Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
7aaa86f680ba21bfafadea4e30cc59c5d0f0461c	↑ See the comparative table of the Solar system#Comparative table of the main parameters of the planets ↑ 1 2 3 Glenday Craig.
595e07f36ab8446f8a905aff79387cdc1a3e7b18	Guinness World Records.
336a21d0314f41a1f66f5470ce654a77b8c5b3e5	— Random House, Inc., 2009.
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a9ead117983badd2a3a37ac5a8c37cc7c6437f97	↑ Dawn Mission: News & Events > New View of Vesta Mountain from NASA’s Dawn Mission ↑ Bill Keeter.
cdb9a1ada52b0c98fcf55b9642dacc50bc5af483	A 'Super Grand Canyon' on Pluto's Moon Charon (June 23, 2016).
35f35d51d318533b9c2aeaa8855583b4c80a0d25	Verified on June 26, 2016.
4df67c318c4c5536a7dbe6684d2c5a13c9835ca5	Im Impact May Have Transformed Mars / Science News (English). sciencenews.org (July 19, 2008).
c385fe004104e2d81c3e3643ad95a520e2168217	Checked on April 29, 2009.
781744197bffb21e0cd446d74f9df761fb530463	↑ The 'Canali' and the First Martians.
f21cbaa0169439e7126cf373cab13868ffde1fbe	NASA (August 1, 2008). Verified on March 20, 2011.
da9ab543c89456dfb81f05036e6c871c76669d28	↑ 1 2 3 Making a Splash on Mars ↑ 1 2 P. H. Smith et al.
323e6a7613911544bef2ddff72fac3ac6ca3fed3	H2O at the Phoenix Landing Site / / Science.
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1836ba64f86fc5511c558519f03070691ec44ba2	↑ "Phoenix" managed to get water from the Martian soil.
be38bc6d6c30d87c2e5a8defe3f274869d3f8518	Lenta.ru (August 1, 2008). Verified on March 16, 2011.
3c79fe98a54056f414c12ea7df69cd56945e03c9	↑ NASA Images Suggest Water Still Flows in Brief Spurts on Mars.
b3cba045c6700e41de11e2287edb0b14f95c2dea	NASA/JPL (December 6, 2006). Checked on January 4, 2007.
32c8857b1609934938388e8b7db8adfbdc74391a	↑ Webster, G.; Beasley, D. Orbiter's Long Life Helps Scientists Track Changes on Mars.
e2abb4e4a3e9c9ca18b21d14baa6729ead1b6304	NASA (September 20, 2005). Verified on February 26, 2007.
33734e87382aec0268d7655cb5ce4d828186e834	↑ Alexey Levin.
3c4623905003b656415cb751cc64dd8ff6a7c783	Secrets of the Red Planet / / "Popular Mechanics".
84206c147867ab199dd7aad31b4dd1f3acb26e8f	— elementy.ru, 2007.
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8a109a8c835e753c2138f72273b85d9da6e56504	Prokhorov M. E. August 28, 2003 record opposition of Mars.
1f7e33a3a30a5c85b847fe03c1a820a56fbe807d	NASA (August 28, 2003). Checked on March 22, 2011.
ca5b732b4e2cad2748c2d1683042839a1e47cf8c	Мар Mars.
9f8401f16f11969a11aba43bdd21068a633d98f7	Characteristics of the planet.
0eb8ef04298c2f1dbb2e76f86d91ed81ded8aa0d	Checked on July 3, 2009.
2bec59c0c80094d3b7217ddfd2a9cea48e7010dd	Дав Davydov V. D. Introduction / / Modern ideas about Mars / Edited by A. B. Vasiliev.
d513fe663efd05657c0d067eadac357bc063fc9f	- M.: "Knowledge", 1978.
aa1fa766fc602d2ff2724a1df8c1018f28c13f10	↑ 1 2 Mars Facts (English).
ddf197a2ff50162230218c823c728d8b8e0cb087	Checked on January 1, 2011.
ad20a6ea2ab83191f8b13b80502695a7bd2e6afa	Эн Encyclopedia for children: Astronomy / Ed . by M. D. Aksenov.
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cc4ca8834e2580cd6e95e7eed4de3158ca02939a	Брон Bronshten V.
4c3b5db835b9b216e289e4a39619c7725847b5c7	A., 1977, p .
2830080625dc6a9c3b07fc20d5f14fcfbf988b89	↑ 1 2 Bronshten V.
bf6a11a5a4ffdac68d002b7715ade2cc22796a8a	↑ Jingnan Guo et al.
0a5070303ad905d82ecaca36d7693afc9959ce46	Modeling the variations of Dose Rate measured by RAD during the first MSL Martian year: 2012-2014 // The Astrophysical Journal.
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99bb3116364d61293dcdc50f0760bd0d0bc073f8	Microsoft, 1993—2000 ↑ Zubrin, Robert & Richard Wagner.
6249bca814cc10c3fc5ceef87c94bbe431c41be9	The Case for Mars New York: Touchstone, 1996: 148.
bda10ee19436bc26d86c2116325d0324d7667ac3	↑ 1 2 Charles Cockell, Andrew R. Blaustein.
9696edcb19d099f6d24e803f7564c0fd1c85788a	Ecosystems, evolution, and ultraviolet radiation.
aa12f1b55cfdc25b6c366049c32aa353a7e7c31b	— 2001.
6bc70940538889ee14fd7f1c0525037d557c6aab	— 221 pages.
56bfb38750c27c169ac6ec3f0840b6f8b97467b2	Page 202 .
370cd0e817f319c2b30269e21fe1b08e480d7f48	Б BSE, article "Mars" ↑ Bronshten V.
30fb003b433a68e7ce0d5a338c9651422155b560	Космос Cosmos.
c5cfba2a740b0e641c0d50919e19e911ca8523f5	An encyclopedic travel guide.
78e1cb21910fd8c50070fe03934b0b25e1f7be13	Moscow.
1588edb47904f1987d4fe55a1e3c985fa260c30e	Swallowtail. 2009 ↑ J.
346e313df619ee9f53055cfd26227ed1603cf091	A. Whiteway et al.
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ca1aaffb845ab27242c5413c0f490a61c403eb0e	— Vol. 325.
3a2e8022319cc9a5005b7bcd221ba59ea01002a7	— P. 68—70.
e65f30770160d79a1fe4d8b55dd73196b72e210d	— DOI:10.1126/science.1172344. Сергей Sergey Ilyin.
b1d9495b2ffdbe1956cf72832ac124aa1457a7e7	Will apple trees bloom on Mars?. www.inauka.ru (August 2008).
a64dda9ab67395b6cfd28cc788d069a59ae61977	Checked on March 16, 2011.
fb4ddac39179b519741026234c77312a28919c90	↑ A Gloomy Mars Warms Up, nasa.gov, May 14, 2007 ↑ Scientists find evidence of global warming on Mars, Washington Times, May 31, 2016 ↑ Charles J. Barnhart, Alan D. Howard, Jeffrey M. Moore.
ad4343e7b2eff1af60563358ddad3eb0523e9ba4	Long term precipitation and late stage valley network formation: Landform simulations of Parana Basin, Mars / / Journal of Geophysical Research.
8420229bbb244775c805c74d4d563a816fd5cfd4	— Vol. 114.
1bb4c6ca561e9637920c149e58ac732753dc8b68	— P. E01003.
67de47c6595fac76cd4e21bd43a7cbadcd07e5d1	— DOI:10.1029/2008JE003122. ↑ The mystery of Mars ' Loss of a Dense Atmosphere has been Revealed: Space: Science and Technology: Lenta.ru W Wet and Mild: Caltech Researchers Take the Temperature of Mars's Past. http://www.caltech.edu/+(December 10, 2011).
f0c723022b9392bf017db0a2b3dcef1d18c335e5	Checked on July 27 2015.}
2ee2d5dae63ec815cd2f3d693ed62f98bae7aeb7	↑ 1 2 Pollack J. B., Leovy C. B.,Greiman P. W., Mintz Y. H.
6301c8d943a9807f344ebaa19c90addfe141c63e	A martian general circulation experiment with large topography.// J. Atmos.
58395603c9f75336aa4946a7504cee95fa8ff32a	Sci. 1981.-38,1.-p.3-29. ↑ Cazenave A., Balmino G. //Geophys.
68d5ae816a2184c36859427aece3ed7cbe5d298a	Res.
cc3903ddff4c0d3575f71ba4b46a97721bd20968	Lett., 1981.
8011bc55989dbc8308fd48e6fa12e41027fce3ed	- 8.
0cd676281ceda82dcaa2dc04d82f3eff50ca3e79	- P. 245.
f3b79c3f9513dd2ad2562186e67b750921215f1d	Кри Kriegel A.M. Semiannual fluctuations in the atmospheres of planets.
01062eb376ea4bb2a999794a451f1bddc70495f7	/ / Astronomical Journal., 1986.
e4bd4aee37956da1a2bdd73fa48789dec6b4e57b	- Volume 63.
24f77a3396cafee6b2fc47d0efcc45e28149bca3	166-169.
1b427c4fc0a768aeadd44dd5e9b930e64ed24caf	↑ Philips, Tony Planet Gobbling Dust Storms.
0d72ff4df849d172f0b92a990e45d01f5a38fabb	Science @ NASA (July 16, 2001).
9f28b9adc1f2ff96de623aac3c311febf6f597d5	Verified on June 7, 2006.
cf552a594188fd9814d999b1f0317f4450c3162e	Косм Spacecraft of the "Mars 71" series of the S.
3b4bad2daa5b4c7cddd87dbeb53a6e086b207806	A. Lavochkin NPO.
b429da680c1ed7c05ad771daff455d0d83272388	Ураг Hurricanes Dust Demon (unavailable link from 18-10-2013 [1206 days]) Dav David, Leonard Spirit Gets A Dust Devil Once Over (English).
ad7979d8a07316fa506bfa3855cc5ce11553f018	Space.com (12 March 2005). Verified on August 21, 2015.
2a9cae3656c587a5712880ec5b3ec0134e5621a3	Archived from the original source on April 11, 2012.
3649a1f0eba330c9e4c855588cb203ee840faa55	↑ Margarita M. Marinova, Oded Aharonson & Erik Asphaug.
e371730dab17785e30188cff57ae689adac1e496	Mega impact formation of the Mars hemispheric dichotomy (English) / / Nature.
8a1a905fdfb58e6c6b0079b60263a9ba879b191a	— 2008.
7437cf96becc43842acb73d1f4ca50534be5f237	— Vol. 453.
362458421706de06001d9fbb6a5be990d6d9a452	— P. 1216—1219.
962b81c7ce3f0fe86e928723e5e3c552f9e6caa2	↑ Nicholas M. Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 19-12 (English).
fb133c7eeb2f244adcad340511082232db955e95	Verified on March 16, 2011.
d31669b4d0cc2a5279e0cdac303c227927fb8928	Fa Faure, Mensing, 2007, p. 218.
2227f2da636640852df02265f91518d8f5fdb396	↑ Faure, Mensing, 2007, p. 219 .
e0fe79775e5282078f756e670a7f37d219a4da20	Vall Valles Marineris (English).
407fd53e99e093a61558a9271d2a022e1f157a06	↑ Mars: Valles Marineris (English).
90370ecc7f0027e2e18b5a28ac56c83c0ff69102	↑ 1 2 MIRA's Field Trips to the Stars Internet Education Program.
ba158cc16fb5ab70387a1c0c0d612814f1c76e23	Mira.or. Verified on February 26, 2007.
2e115f7878c578e0ecf9a00846366143c6754fe4	↑ Darling, David Mars, polar caps.
4d7118a2b99f4ae019e72ce1bbd07fc462a34878	Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight.
804e678f68dc9741cb890c696de6d6939f71af0a	Verified on February 26, 2007.
6b97f02ec2aa05cfbe9afdf1217a8f3f0d2d0da8	↑ NASA Finds Suggest Jets Bursting From Martian Ice Cap, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA (August 16, 2006).
717b2de9a54c30247d056a8adab389821fd31b45	Verified On August 11, 2009.
6b390a93b26d2d408d0a0ca95dc72029b0e84def	↑ Kieffer, H. H. Annual Punctuated CO2 Slab ice and Jets on Mars (PDF).
ca8f083024d31dd8377c6acce6af832823bcced1	Mars Polar Science 2000 (2000).
c6c821b493b17529f3a712ae74cef20c2e02f5a0	Verified on September 6, 2009.
6fee2ae0fb0baf1a3429fdf4db9070f99961bf08	Archived from the original source on August 21, 2011 .
9c44d1c92c66356eeccd31716e3440680702fef5	A., 1977, p.
a9e87b67b8619878c0dcf28e47d1ee21289a13e4	19.
ce1cd5095f98ab99f025dfadc6d771c5f54ecb21	↑ Bronshten V.
64e095fe763fc62418378753f9402623bea9e227	48
172d0e6ddd3775621a0434797bd87907045d37f8	. Брон Bronshten V.
4c7869c175a4a74d83a0be0cd79f1e0ad0635f2e	67-68.
e9ff48ed1aaa122b9d1e4320b3e92b40c7af1c1e	↑ John W. Holt et al.
b64002746c1a017dd98729e21a6bf60b5a6d5f90	Radar Sounding Evidence for Buried Glaciers in the Southern Mid Latitudes of Mars / / Science.
90be837961151df05f84e8fde818c26aebe0fae7	— Vol. 322.
4e9012e89429d8182fbdfec0c2bf057f1b88116b	— P. 1235—1238.
2b469ad4df6ea0a210284733d36c0b3c22220f10	— DOI:10.1126/science.1164246.
70b721e47ed87b986e5fdca82bde8b220a1f2c36	A layer of permafrost was found at the foot of the Martian mountains. tut.by (November 21, 2008).
d45386e2f72718b8b318d109b6922cec17da049e	↑ Guy Webster.
e524c3e00f019312411ebce36ec5b57bcb8c7de8	Opportunity Rover Finds Strong Evidence Meridiani Planum Was Wet on March 2, 2004 Б. B. S. (2008-07-24).
2e54ce8b7c44fa67d2baa4249fd337acac231b7e	"Martian Chronicles: the fossil river Delta" (Trinity version): 9.
a0dfe2296159f7515c38dcc42d36124d52fa7e01	Checked 2011-03-16.
5a2421c1d600189b12ae1489d18c012adee63c19	Mar "Mars Express photographed the delta in the Eberswalde crater" — Лента.ги (05.09.2011) ↑ Image of the Eberswalde, Holden craters and the riverbed ↑ NASA: images from Mars show the outlines of water flows.
27557dfb108cac754a4402a0601966c847f2239c	BBC Russian Service Science, August 05, 2011. жид Liquid salt water was discovered on Mars, N+1 (September 28, 2015).
8a5765250f0bc65bcb083a65978d5fc6dd251081	Verified on September 29, 2015.
faad6b51d2dc10d9fd84beae0c3f0337d0d0b05d	Spectral evidence for hydrated salts in recurring slope lineae on Mars, Nature (September 28, 2015).
604e1e98e0e1f6abe13d252e96a3f2cd13f93a55	↑ «„Curiosity " discovered the bed of a dried up stream on Mars."
36324f00ef840628ed31843c0a598dbc60a12b6b	- The tape.ru Las Laszlo P. Keszthelyi.
e19d82b2e07f522ecae93ac451f7f986a5693b01	New View of Dark Pit on Arsia Mons(unavailable link history).
0c275513e8acf84c4236db741f9abc57bce108ca	HiRISE (August 29, 2007).
587c216c4b4f5132d282600ae3dd4031a4c7f74c	N Noctis Labyrinthus (English).
64213e4450aeff517c30bbdeb2c56ba163a144ba	Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature.
edcf8cfcc3b009a3b4947d8cb408078798773066	International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN) (1 October 2006). Verified on March 19, 2013.
ff69986ca0b57188151188ad3ad6494f77d4ba89	Archived from the original source on April 8, 2013.
3df1893d02dffd6c245c12b8c385fccd6a808c86	↑ Bistacchi N., Massironi M., Baggio P. (2004).
d9f8bccadbbf3d9007a0f80fad29c1761fee067e	«Large scale fault kinematic analysis in Noctis Labyrinthus (Mars)».
7a17beb82fa02955c06f45c5b7bb766d1cc7b14e	Planetary and Space Science 52 (1–3): 215–222.
adb6aaf10e508bc7274d8803e4f57809ec4443f8	DOI:10.1016/j.pss.2003.08.015. Bibcode: 2004P&SS...52..215B. ↑ Masson P. (1985).
f0f74119803b660ba88cf5bdbbf7c942b747b49b	«Origin and evolution of the Valles Marineris region of Mars».
5fa243dc71679f9214939e30e4c28f0879865148	Advances in Space Research 5 (8): 83–92.
b1f54d770beb31709697bee748f4eab55eb0d23b	DOI:10.1016/0273-1177(85)90244-3.
760d16c0aa16d5af4a48b3d450cec85275775dfb	Bibcode: 1985AdSpR...5...83M.
ec9ebebf546605bc13c0d9be1089e30b8c811318	↑ Clancy R. T., Wolff M. J., Cantor B.
2bf46ff2dcccfcb555f7567f047e73ad32dcbd54	A., Malin M. C., Michaels T. I. (2011).
5a01eee8492b2db773c91cd67448fd6602389ec3	«Valles Marineris cloud trails».
b76aae1a5132d4d6c99897177527b807d7cd2858	Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 114 (E11).
3abd45e80ee863ec6108f9dfb148fd8a91445c58	DOI:10.1029/2008JE003323. Bibcode: 2009JGRE..11411002C. ↑ Dr. David R. Williams.
68a1ae69b7df94c73a7f142d15cd5a97f5baecfd	Preliminary Mars Pathfinder APXS Results.
b41a6d679ca1250b01b7a5f9af168e9f50ffcfef	NASA (14 August 1997). Verified on March 16, 2011.
9678eb4bb8f4005313552c747cfe2cecd8b4a333	↑ On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet.
3c4669dfc90b32737b11fb076ba3cebd837c2eb9	1958—1978.
0ba522f554c2ecfb348dbb5ba8b4354844bde0f7	↑ W. V. Boynton et al.
9e86930469d133e75e1921233e2c2fda12121ae4	Evidence for Calcium Carbonate at the Mars Phoenix Landing Site / / Science.
ad3510aa567525fa908d8292e368ebc63ab322e0	— P. 61—64.
bd482e86443552c6ebee91e7073bc3e3c91ca405	↑ M. H. Hecht et al.
fdfd5af1abb3fca20e7f9ab4b67bbb45365ce14d	Detection of Perchlorate and the Soluble Chemistry of Martian Soil at the Phoenix Lander Site / / Science.
a7b20e7623e7b5b5772f481c4e8d2024cebaad56	— P. 64—67.
863a8aa3fb2f42b5daf71522e46018d9294e250c	↑ The soil on Mars contains the elements necessary for the emergence and maintenance of life(inaccessible link — history).
4ae96aea59599bcac8f90c9007b5171f5ffbe7a1	AMI TASS (June 27, 2008).
a6ff994c6fd1373adc0e40a90146283b55614243	Archived from the original source on October 29, 2008.
bfe5570a6ac5969a020bd90b0561c0773ba148ce	↑ Martian soil 'could support life'.
b13568cad0eed81aa4190365e742b83d5111f744	Air Force (July 27, 2008).
27c847c8310b565bd47012973408ffc874e4ff0c	Checked on August 7, 2011.
4b0ea8e501805fe4a5a9ace2a9d75cd7f867d028	↑ Dwayne Brown, Guy Webster, Sara Hammond.
ce347b8ecacdee1c81aef0787d465759f2015014	NASA Spacecraft Confirms Martian Water (English).
dad513072a4b0088c0f73fe8e4b134b01640d1c2	NASA (July 31, 2008). Verified on March 16, 2011.
a3c523fa6a20bb1ad2def7d2befb8de422ff10ec	↑ Jim Bell.
73dfac094110a57f2eedcc7ad4c6f11ffb91af79	Tip of the Martian Iceberg?
e3a840b8cedfd4bf9b339d082268b864775af049	(English) / / Science.
51659ada6137643e3d9ccdff63a5918adaefafb8	— 2002.
b530f2f37fd5b004c79859ce9cb41a3a08390465	— Vol. 297.
51dc98eecf00f75022eda9eaffd237f0984fec3f	— P. 60—61.
c5623c438edf52514192a7e050c8740ee8bfec8f	"Phoenix" managed to get water from the Martian soil.
7910c3c1c66bf534b41936954e3d30b8bf05ee02	Lenta.ru (August 1, 2008). Archived from the original source on August 18, 2012.
93ee7a6e47570f7254d318e97e96d2adf7256193	Scientists: There was unexpectedly a lot of water on Mars, Look.<url> (September 27, 2013).
e9222d3e51545a8f0a1547c92d631a5c619a2640	Checked on September 27, 2013.
79b704403a5491278cc84a510e39c9f185bd33cd	↑ NASA.
abc76f1ff87c7c0ffab187150682f77ef129eeeb	Plate Tectonics on Mars.
33a3577d2326928853c0e3c978a14c86abb08070	??? (October 12, 2005). Checked on August 24, 2011.
d5eb7957622ff496f7d9f4924d17e4ab4f23a22f	Archived from the original source on February 2, 2012.
88971ebdcb784f0f5b95b4a32e423116c23d8467	↑ 1 2 Maksimenko, Anatoly Vasilyevich.
20a4953a106626b30e1c7ae7352278868b2457ff	Mars.
289fcd708213e68005e1049e1a97140fe9e486b8	Verified on March 28, 2011.
012561764547011c4b0041b9956e5195f96ef986	↑ Wolpert, Stuart.
c5a15e2e5c8f643e5b917d84e1ea64f8be20e760	UCLA scientist discovers plate tectonics on Mars.
983e19dd344602ac71ce990c244c43d309a4920a	UCLA (August 9, 2012). Verified on August 13, 2012.
d4ff660c973d052e5591814ac445db3c35a1a0a4	↑ Lin, An (June 4, 2012).
27719a251390528af015ce129a3d623ee867d4cb	«Structural analysis of the Valles Marineris fault zone: Possible evidence for large scale strike slip faulting on Mars».
6d6da4cebf5afdfcf85f71f9c61245b7ba94f077	Lithosphere 4 (4): 286–330.
4c1003f2f66a7bbeed1372d3c541dad688d699f3	DOI:10.1130/L192.1. Bibcode: 2012Lsphe...4..286Y. Verified October 2, 2012.
639d0e0dbbaad5361b30fa8e935ff7dbc47cbab0	↑ 1 2 APS X rays reveal secrets of Mars ' core, Argonne National Laboratory (September 26, 2003).
01b5a6757cd0a26c395f37e3e52d40bd63e7714b	Verified July 1, 2006.
41c1d4d9f26a3dc3e1ee636567ed37ce3ddbf425	↑ 1 2 Rivoldini A. et al.
eef7b121e7574520005fc02dca060599c461c6e5	(June 2011).
eb591cb300173aad6f5b66f256e3d3d36b7c1bde	«Geodesy constraints on the interior structure and composition of Mars».
ae53cc54a5a53593778c000390b8777339d517bb	Icarus 213 (2): 451–472.
1ddadb066850801a72b7e4a4911f1a2ef49582ba	DOI:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.03.024. Bibcode: 2011Icar..213..451R. Внутреннее Internal structure.
5891c89bbe673c64f67b6c10323b675725b99b04	↑ Leslie F. Bleamaster, David A. Crown.
315d8c5492c5939b33eee82a4ddee3b2eba38fd8	Geological Map of Eastern Hellas Planitia Region (English).
38d862e253f0cec5795b44a27f6789c9191cde7e	U.S. Department of the Interior.
ad97af6eb65bac9324b7b77f9ae6abbd314565f4	↑ Christensen P. R. et al.
c570ae491b433f2d1f5c8aefa4c43d69f45d3850	(2003-06-27).
c051c59d2d7d69d9caa5aa5ac5263e44900a9905	«Morphology and Composition of the Surface of Mars: Mars Odyssey THEMIS Results».
a382acd6867f522a75334af120783a27034def1a	Science 300 (5628): 2056–2061.
947e8fd46d35a5d96dd0e4a12aa322ac865e4b98	DOI:10.1126/science.1080885. PMID 12791998.
d713be70a3ac90e5c085c86ff908ed227d95ac54	↑ Golombek M. P. (2003-06-27).
98129d91445399c8011e16e3920960cbf46341f0	«The Surface of Mars: Not Just Dust and Rocks».
abf0ba9bb1dd79f0497a7a5b81cda6669331d4f0	Science 300 (5628): 2043–2044.
3d12bab468e01a44f3304281830814800605cc5a	DOI:10.1126/science.1082927. PMID 12829771.
0adb5ff7f49fb7de975fa3de4d795c192dd43031	A., 1977, pp.
29f7c8452d2ab5ade0ec4c9148ecfb5296c34c08	90-91.
559e0b23d0ffc7847bb817dd7218139706fc99ee	↑ Valentine, Theresa;
eb61bd9738eebcd3136f5c07d19e5a768ae820bb	Amde, Lishan.
1c092b763500ec05a54028e7bcf1b1e1ab9a68b6	Magnetic Fields and Mars.
b07b9f37375838b74ef8b7a3f3d6071cad725f82	Mars Global Surveyor @ NASA (November 9, 2006).
ba3d048f67ae5c56d27d7b5cef89d69f6134fcc3	Verified July 17, 2009.
2d4c66544beafb1d012125bae0a37ca52a66df0e	↑ Douglas Isbell, Bill Steigerwald.
c4534cd850318869ae520502b880739ede86638c	Magnetic stripes preserve record of ancient Mars.
42791e9563a8011b766973e771383362e23d579d	Mars Global Surveyor MAG/ER Press Release: 99-56 // NASA ↑ New Map Provides More Evidence Mars Once Like Earth.
2f25cdec90023ced9ff642eba11b6dd9666b6eb6	NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.
92fc9929d459a9bbf085a758db3ceb6ad71ffa2d	Verified on March 17, 2006.
68438f8736f229f73d1919adc31ffbbeab4fead7	↑ Jafar Arkani Hamed.
723b538ecc9e53ce94da441901648f0385cce2dc	Did tidal deformation power the core dynamo of Mars?
aac331de64227e4433c5215b14c0358a230d1b03	(English) // Icarus.
cbb420f788592b52965555d6a14be4463b8e5178	— Vol. 201.
e14878aad27c65b011d8e4f90013ea829e415275	— P. 31—43.
56b3234849f26858fb4efebdb9c2f96a28e8e564	- DOI: 10.1016/j. icarus. 2009.
1dc14d316e91ecb11fc8fc4a2bc00f291e450149	01. 005.
2654e615099380f14b0b529ede8a31f159f5760b	↑ Mars acquired and lost a magnetic field due to an asteroid.
355789528d5e6f63564c84940c019eaf3586936d	MEMBRANA (July 25, 2008). Checked on August 7, 2011.
63b634b21285e7cd85c05118c6eb87ef081c41b9	Tan A retrograde asteroid could cause the magnetic field of Mars Tan Tanaka K. L. (1986).
899fce02a1d4bf595d5561440f34a12797d66e4d	«The Stratigraphy of Mars».
32c7069776d35078e30b838901551a0ebb7a8cfa	Journal of Geophysical Research 91 (B13): E139–E158.
87bbceb735744bae8b77cdcc6520f6054dfae8f2	DOI:10.1029/JB091iB13p0E139.
49c8f64569ed88416db9c7c095b16fc3f495b8d7	↑ Hartmann, William K.; Neukum, Gerhard (April 2001).
a08e0b7200d821907ce5c85acc91967ac372d347	«Cratering Chronology and the Evolution of Mars».
492b826c1adffa6098d05964954fa303f5786cc0	Space Science Reviews 96 (1/4): 165–194.
76ace28f6016cf576ea26ab7a72c2f89f2881ff0	DOI:10.1023/A:1011945222010. Bibcode: 2001SSRv...96..165H. "Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky: The Doctrine of the Biosphere and Astrobiology" M. Ya.
04709ca4aaea2ab6915a5c4464494363161275a9	Marov, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
12ea189b2679a95bd9cbf90b1fe0836331f371a3	V. I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences ↑ Ares Attendants: Deimos & Phobos.
f6dffd73a66eb156c1618e2a75981cebe8e2c061	Greek Mythology.
8e7ae4c2e5e4faf944fe9385c67505db3cc2a34c	Checked on March 22, 2011.
06b0e5d6b20b7c319ca8266cf01660e897f1cc58	↑ 1 2 Arnett, Bill.
10dee0e227964000e372fc3336f8e076e2863eb8	Phobos. nineplanets (November 20, 2004). Checked on March 22, 2011.
385bc3bfa150313871e7a861e792f282ee44e834	↑ Deimos.
c7566e1d9e225a0a72df39d588802dd404ab8ab2	Verified on June 6, 2014.
c5050f92ae81f00f3dec4a87f9dd00b0214d135b	↑ Percivel Lowell's Canals.
fa1387268660fd3d9110d277eb86ed0336055d3e	↑ Charles Fergus (May 2004).
1204efeb7c04eb82239ee7c354287f4bd1ad19e2	«Mars Fever».
cb02be19c1fef92964b01dcd0e00bb82389d9f29	Research/Penn State 24 (2).
5c1a26bf2a663f23c8429dc2ef97ab0b6950930f	Verified 2007-08-02.
d91fc530e0fe48b5123dba764e042ac3d1cbb320	↑ N. Tesla.
b93824ff97ba6fe2d3271410d101c16afc15bfd3	Talking with the Planets.
268f25bcfa31537f100ded901904a20832072f5f	Collier's Weekly (February 19, 1901).
441e54f5cd4907c95e4539bfd19a571af9741170	Checked on May 4, 2007.
5f990e34c20bb39432a54e59dc29d93a6544e251	↑ Ma rgaret Cheney.
5109acaf966188084f8579b9cc877b8dbb91728d	Tesla, man out of time.
2cef25e2575913c70a99a1e9418daaa0b62d6e26	— Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1981.
b286562daf9057a6d582ee33b765c0a1689ae229	— P. 162.
b5b47b296f3178c3a3be10621fce20e675127565	— ISBN 978-0-13-906859-1.
fcfd4f4a3ed5aff0b5d10afa964e7fbe5b4c8306	↑ Departure of Lord Kelvin, The New York Times (May 11, 1902), стр.
4a1b174b24b63f761af3c0eb23e802cfb59798b7	29.
a8529e7c0e8a5521b9e5ce47f1d59fe8ec340d23	↑ 1 2 Lenta.ru: Наука и техника: Космос: На Марсе обнаружены признаки жизни ↑ David L. Chandler.
a3bc9a57a8e2f221376a7505c54dd0d60a1d684e	Birthplace of famous Mars meteorite pinpointed (англ.). newscientist.com (16 сентября 2005).
21e2636431b579d5caebc752352df5f317f8d873	Проверено 7 ноября 2009.
411d88ca3c031c82e37c7bbd1f972d2108a8e101	Архивировано из первоисточника 10 апреля 2012.
6397e4c344c7444c31a2452199efe3f695966b89	↑ Brown D., Webster G., Jones N. N. NASA Mars Rover Fully Analyzes First Martian Soil Samples.
d74e3a78977939a21d0742af6a9b46466e77ec37	NASA (December 3, 3012). Проверено 3 декабря 2012.
d93327088ef8681ee199173c6960a41e03bda31c	↑ Марс перепроверяют на наличие органики ↑ NASA (Переводчик: Компаниец Сергей) Есть ли жизнь на Марсе?
a8629fa29218c8118a073be8ef4001a5d4d0870d	NASA продолжает исследования (рус.) = Missing Piece Inspires New Look at Mars Puzzle.
f08737e185edecbd35f56c9f96e489d176bf92d2	— Astrogorizont.com, 2010.
1660f5ab5c45e12c506b5a2ebb1b42bff6e44c7e	↑ New Analysis of Viking Mission Results Indicates Presence of Life on Mars, Physorg.com (January 7, 2007).
ab4084bcfdb07b98cf247f6fe6845a66b0b6a1f6	Проверено 2 марта 2007.
0fe3ebd2e1e4ebea290011fdc2e7b5fd2e4915bc	↑ Phoenix Returns Treasure Trove for Science.
79598e23fb3753478b667c75fffe5e9e0f3a1d5f	NASA/JPL (June 6, 2008). Проверено 27 июня 2008.
3e4f5f1199028ea1e841858f061844cd55918702	Архивировано из первоисточника 21 августа 2011.
5975c07dc9b246a9c34817fd922678cc548b9525	↑ John Bluck.
e0cdd19a8ae05e89d05c5ae357218031683159f6	NASA Field Tests the First System Designed to Drill for Subsurface Martian Life.
cb65865343fed9ed71ac460806f6c9b8ee367190	NASA (July 5, 2005). Проверено 2 января 2010.
cebff52c9c7978992f39a7c7302b64503882db7a	↑ Robert L. Nowack.
95a53b5037849a9d9641866996f8ab17b00fa301	Estimated Habitable Zone for the Solar System.
80ba59e08bb630a8bbfa062575132693a5423fd5	Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at Purdue University.
7aae17ed9f428da2f14c8d539f0f754a3d956c4a	Проверено 10 апреля 2009.
f5c10e407d7c82dadfc53fed489d0e73f1f2687c	↑ Helen Briggs.
a11695b049cfd97db509291b9ad86c5fc4f5fa34	Early Mars 'too salty' for life, BBC News (February 15, 2008).
e67dd101b6c62b0a83642ddb0a8880d367060c06	Проверено 16 февраля 2008.
24a75aabf18cb4c4f6e2ef4e1d58af04d2603d13	↑ Anders Hannsson.
d522ac7900af18fe38882c1c69bcbf2338e1186d	Mars and the Development of Life.
6e252c535313bf5a7e9dd31bd1d43b91a2172d15	— Wiley, 1997.
5ed01bcd18499e9de1190dbbaa6dfc46515df520	— ISBN 0-471-96606-1.
e7c9e048ee3e5505927e646e3e6e62fd67a30738	↑ 1 2 Kathy Miles.
febe08ec08d3cd36f0c2ca851377619d25639c3d	The Martian Sky: Stargazing from the Red Planet (англ.).
988f292d0a77d03468e3bee206f544b860c5a2be	StarrySkies.
43e6211adad12c7e72c65eb895bf41a62c46bc46	Проверено 24 октября 2012.
35ae49f3829b6afd065fe774de020d695e9ce1b4	Архивировано из первоисточника 3 ноября 2012.
f55ef8e932966170416fee80f60909bf9e1eac22	↑ Perelman Y. I. Stellar Magnitude of Planets as Seen in Our Sky and in Alien Skies // Astronomy for Entertainment = Занимательная астрономия.
eeb15172d088803b4360c4785d0f296d8ce6ff43	— Гонолулу: University Press of the Pacific, 2000.
c00eef05a9c3726529bb52e6627b2701835afe1a	— P. 146-147.
19d2d51fe95fdaeea9d711d3c82c938fd48c8b8a	— ISBN 0-89875-056-3.
b170e0eeaca405bd8531d0c98dbac0a4439fbf94	↑ Mars Global Surveyor MOC2-368 Release (англ.).
359d980e237105e4363bce39ecfb64ed7ef050ad	Malin Space Science Systems.
0fc6d1f3a41777fda47ccfa73ef9a333927c4f90	Проверено 16 марта 2011.
346ca0f78abc685560ae77127ca50aa388013192	↑ Meeus, J.; Goffin, E. (April 1983).
f53cc7518858365e5d40df8d958fd8498c162b3a	«Transits of Earth as seen from Mars».
bd8e802b2c4f5846394481f2c628b1eed61be051	Journal of the British Astronomical Association 93 (3): 120–123.
55b06d174bf71acb8ef623017b91811707ab28fd	Bibcode: 1983JBAA...93..120M. ↑ Novakovic B Senenmut: An Ancient Egyptian Astronomer // Publications of the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrad.
4baeaf98f87c5fe3dc84e743b8976f5c8699da5c	— Октябрь 2008.
a3cd6b8fe75ef013a8b536fcb8e3d1ad85989ec8	— Т. 85.
e1d71e13e24d7e0d092c2b3cd9fa2ceb2fdf5fca	— С. 19–23.
f962c65b7c6434da2c13d0336491d6af293043fb	— Bibcode: 2008POBeo..85…19N. ↑ North, John David (2008).
d4dc475c20174a4f08d717fad140fafe52922006	Cosmos: an illustrated history of astronomy and cosmology .
0c4e8e8c2ac696f5950702a88c76d7c5d6b0c726	University of Chicago Press. pp.
4ac791d5c970846136b77243bd4fc1ff254d87b0	48-52.
db8517ce1b5fc510b40a04241e07682cfe0da272	ISBN 0-226-59441-6.
8019b46e60e1d8d7e45e924642cf63f954ccb8db	↑ Swerdlow, Noel M. (1998).
38b902bebf4e5ac390606d46be75c7a5ef3841e3	The Babylonian theory of the planets .
2a19d17a1c63c2d8893e3299066292280c3eed4c	Princeton University Press. pp.
4b0fd6adb2b622bbf3a7734820a5ff1bebcaaa58	34-72.
baf4c82a860c70cb3241bc2c8367a3f298d2aa5f	ISBN 0-691-01196-6.
f26477c8b079621bbfb5e8d8d28cc5e84ee2b89e	↑ 1 2 Sheehan, William (1996).
ae77ce7dc98d60271c2c38d63809e645cdcb7ca6	«Chapter 2: Pioneers».
07858ad1183db66b685830f192f983e339a6a06c	The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery.
d35ac42fe95b33065be81edfb55800e7b742b8de	Tucson: University of Arizona.
f06ef6e92984b5e2b19130d061dc786d41e5aa69	Retrieved 2010-01-16.
cb3e3b9be7460f8b49e9086e4b4896f03ad7e355	↑ Rabkin, Eric S. (2005).
b528cacf2335f35ba41c72d68464cd84a300ba5b	Mars: a tour of the human imagination.
64c6631c2342f1912247918305a0fd7781eb01df	— Greenwood.
90918fc49f840f91f9af046aeac6ec6ba237d3e3	60-61.
c135aaebe8e09fb41932299b60883685f5e32e3d	ISBN 0-275-98719-1.
e065035f80e69b394962900aeefd696ea89bfa5c	↑ Людмила Кошман Есть ли жизнь на Марсе?
2149e414af0348b2da2c15c827d5a667a6692f4b	// Новый акрополь.
6c6ab2b07f0d1d33f68a4ca9de1c8340eb73f0c0	— № 3.
340712f7a815d411256572e7a067c00be2e4da8b	↑ Cantor, BA; et al.
b115a9674b237955c5180ffdd5b400e6ffa7f592	Recession of Martian North Polar Cap: 1990—1997 Hubble Space Telescope Observations // Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society.
b2236285514446e3c6c981d3fdd2a6b1f45da048	— July 1997.
b6e3102cab248e607adedee14dbed35e60958eee	— Vol. 29.
5621420082b198b276e99d5d87ed7ccd54333be2	— P. 963.
20de1c1d50825ba1b7f1741d1ee3494a41ea893a	— Bibcode: 1997DPS....29.0410C. ↑ Bell, J.; et al.
bcde712072eddf94da28a617957a5d86eb611961	(July 5, 2001).
d7d202bbbd011248c901c373f7d9ff4968ba1a90	«Hubble Captures Best View of Mars Ever Obtained From Earth».
b1c4742625b1fbf04956d5c5369b1973236a8a21	HubbleSite.
0a63554aed2031893cf279bdcf8e009f434edc46	Ret
b5c878ce90e5fff17f1fefddb4abcc6b2b3097f0	saitzemli discount code for an order of 5% Website of the Earth
f03be0442b154875ce77750cc8f8cef7d3974882	Gallery History in faces Science The Surrounding world Travel
6cee98e5dd3bb2e9a559af9cfe37bf40cfa431cd	SEE ALSO Pavlova Volcano, Alaska.
98e2375b62b3f7baf076dc94ba330a067ba8ac2f	View from space.
af20d95f20124e8c7fb1b01cba0cf13c446fb9f0	Airbrushing — in the interests of science, Black holes are going to collide Venus is a world of unbearable heat and volcanoes are the most famous geysers of our planet
c98813eabf413141cd24bf5a17222f3f04ed618a	Mars is a mysterious red planet
d1e28b55a3c64a754ed4dec42b47f8827067468f	I am glad that today we know information, even if not all, about nearby planets.
f4e1ef17f4b2e32574b1d862f43f5b5d9c1b3d2c	Let's talk about Mars today.
a31d90d323bb887d16b29510ac26dfa393f12f79	The name of the planet comes from the name of the ancient Roman and Greek god of war ARES.
62cb5e55a95fc97b49dd0895fc7488e1b62f0a6b	If you look at Mars from Earth, then this planet is red orange in color.
15377961a57900e1a3c18010b12779fe8253d29c	In the recent past, scientists have discovered channels, valleys and ditches on the surface of Mars, as well as deposits of a thick layer of ice at the north and south poles, which proves that water once existed on Mars.
e6a893cc29dde1250097a5081f6d3ac4bbfb7c46	If this is really the case, then the water may still be in the cracks and wells of the underground rocks of the planet.
7d06728c4bf0eb744b310d5289a0bb729d7249f6	In addition, a group of researchers claim that once there were living beings on Mars.
b80499fcd889b05972cfecaf4dde535c958c1680	As evidence, they cite certain kinds of materials found in a meteorite that fell to Earth.
ae15d2d0a54223390258ee68518b5114d82d67c6	However, the statements of this group did not convince the majority of scientists.
1c979d1303bc0ab826b5a82228631644a5b57fb6	The surface of Mars is very diverse.
9ee2002be3e4c35bc96d05861cac47c056313df1	Some of the impressive features include: a system of canyons that is much deeper and longer than the Grand Canyon in the United States, and a mountain system whose highest point is much higher than Mount Everest.
90f64a605aa0f580ef4d2ea0e09812c2c66ad0cc	The density of the Martian atmosphere is 100 times less than that of the Earth's atmosphere.
96fb63dc3c498f195f79f193460c11061dab9c1c	However, this does not prevent the formation of such phenomena as clouds and wind.
c84020d5cfbc9df39e624cf6744b47231c172b17	Huge dust storms sometimes rage all over the planet.
cf20ba23412b7574709fb2a13992fd45197355da	It is much colder on Mars than on Earth.
8c9589c4913c70f3aae23355f71d2dced9bad4c7	The surface temperature varies from the lowest -125° Celsius recorded near the poles in winter, to the highest + 20° Celsius recorded at noon near the equator.
f054f6267f3fbe2a858283e023cf925854e11ef9	The average temperature is approximately -60° Celsius.
08cfc322c1bf1aa2629e5502900de993c768f134	This planet is not similar to Earth in many ways, mainly due to the fact that it is much further away from the Sun and much smaller than the Earth.
81ca5bfd02b65d2f1ccb929fbddbe72c4ed4b6b6	The average distance from Mars to the Sun is about 227,920,000 km, which is 1.5 times more than the distance from Earth to the Sun.
4298343cc38db40c9f18d752531eaf9d7141be4b	The average value of the radius of Mars is 3390 km this is about half the radius of the Earth.
d53d4f31d213a289f6587015ee06a01b8bf6410f	Physical characteristics of Mars
736368c5c6b7a2bafa4cd429ceb3b3f613a48a29	The orbit and rotation of the planet
1c20e76fc81156da530dd30efca0050180b8526e	Mars is closest to Earth during the opposition, when the planet is in the direction opposite to the Sun. Confrontations are repeated every 26 months at different points in the orbit of Mars and Earth.
64b630a5c60ee54158513c23b43288c41bd58d4b	Gravitational forces
2a1f6c29430780ea7d1296dde907b77a786525e2	Due to the smaller size and density of the planet, the gravity on Mars is 38% of the gravity of the Earth.
d537d61c2a85e25ab3e6956e32fb4d61a0bd3090	Therefore, if a person stands on Mars, he will feel as if his weight has been reduced by 62%.
d0ce59da1ecc3eb61c97991ee657c9a5248191d9	Or, if he drops a stone, then this stone will fall much slower than the same stone on the Ground.
af7519b4f644742e26d999e867bd91034b5ff66e	The internal structure of Mars
93f73be96708c9f3a97acd829aad018f09ffb110	All the information obtained about the internal structure of the planet is based on: calculations related to the mass, rotation, density of the planet; on knowledge of the properties of other planets; on the analysis of Martian meteorites that fell to Earth, as well as on data collected from research vehicles in the orbit of the planet.
f215a7763d1a154baa83609c6a0516ef60d893c8	All this makes it possible to assume that Mars, like the Earth, may consist of three main layers:
071a64797517bf9016921a07e9c8dcab127934e1	martian crust; mantle; core.
346860dc088abca0170fedcd819a8f3eb5be360d	The bark.
8c56d6e5ea0c04da2d61d2f07850d320666a9802	Scientists assume that the thickness of the Martian crust is approximately 50 km.
aa6c2424eefc2c02aff938283f93728dcff3b195	The thinnest part of the crust falls on the northern hemisphere.
5b748028d0b639610629d99b02246ead8780d781	The rest of the most part of the crust consists of volcanic rocks.
bbccee4c5f41d5e09a71bfac02ecd54cc1c8d915	The mantle.
48ca1ee05276d2302fbd7864d0a51ff0da1a64f5	The mantle is similar in composition to the Earth's mantle.
bdf0e1e0dc019acf82ed9d771fd3fe2a78528428	As on Earth, the main source of the planet's heat is radioactive decay — the decay of the nuclei of atoms of elements such as uranium, potassium and thorium.
99eff40fef976264be1d47078c1a82dee25091bc	Due to the radioactive radiation, the average temperature of the Martian mantle can be about 1500 degrees Celsius.
a7c73ffd60cde64225d5d00d7ac2ee8e3f55f961	The core.
dc3fbefc1589a42d75f2df8338cf4659818885d3	The main components of the core of Mars are probably: iron, nickel and sulfur.
d44f790f40f2089de03c6557e03d7d7c4692eaa0	Information about the density of the planet gives some idea of the size of the core, which presumably should be smaller than the core of the Earth.
95f8e21c25987bd9683e79a7f4181eb1f771ab91	It is possible that the radius of the core of Mars is approximately 1500-2000 km.
38e919f510c33f9a4d67d3cecd412d3947a1a9fb	Unlike the Earth's core, which is partially melted, the core of Mars must be solid, since this planet does not have a sufficient magnetic field.
8fe46e82cea345aefc1fc81d2915a184567addeb	However, the data obtained from the space station show that some of the oldest Martian rocks were formed as a result of the influence of a large magnetic field — this gives reason to believe that in the distant past Mars had a molten core.
7784ef2c6915a59d5297838ef57cd2cd2ed10847	Description of the surface of Mars
c4c3c7d306b28b58275670b58e7edac0283a70f1	In addition to mountains, plains, and polar ice, almost the entire surface is densely dotted with craters.
41f9756909dfc9e97126f8956eb48133c181dd36	In addition, the entire planet is shrouded in fine grained reddish dust.
0240b5832a4260cd254bce89a9f4b64d26e48a55	Plains
c2a9b5bc8c29496862605cf84068e69b8a900de3	Most of the surface consists of flat, low lying plains, which are mainly located in the northern hemisphere of the planet.
c2178b3f8db3d2e6cba8c17e6f1e74f5b8c7af3b	One of these plains is the lowest and relatively smooth among all the plains of the solar system.
95cb8837ba63c825e75a0c6a97f5f43dca8c53fe	This smoothness was probably achieved by sedimentary rock deposits (tiny particles that settle on the bottom of the liquid) formed as a result of finding water in this place — which is one of the proofs that there was once water on Mars.
d7553488a350f141f4202a5659a9d5eb34616332	Canyons
e73f0a400b3ba3b78dd41ac667f0db4462fc4c06	Along the equator of the planet there is one of the most striking places a system of canyons known as the Mariner Valley, named after the space research station "Mariner 9", which first discovered the valley in 1971.
8c6d0305cf91881dc7f2b99eb1fa4371dba59b87	The Mariner Valley stretches from east to west and is approximately 4000 km long, which is equal to the width of the continent of Australia.
c50e1e42d33d7b906e19395e37458b3f68e55d18	Scientists believe that these canyons were formed as a result of splitting and stretching of the planet's crust, the depth in some places reaches 8-10 km.
b062f48e360a038acc0d313d61e233c0e2880697	The Mariner Valley on Mars.
ce942b74361b8719e0cf9f5612b6f4983cfbc61f	Photos from the website astronet.ru
b662d3a567d28b43c0e4e2fec50d654276c65ddc	Channels come out of the eastern part of the valley, and layered deposits have been found in some places.
5b0aadb21005f106702f3b1ea5f2be02e0ce8581	Based on these data, it can be assumed that the canyons were partially filled with water.
75d149fdc067948251225ca61b12c9305576285e	Volcanoes on Mars
c536f51dd358aaede07f090209c20b15d9b9c925	Three other large volcanoes the mountains of Arsia, Ascreus and Povonis, are located on a huge volcanic plateau called Tharsis.
8586558fe14529d6f595e784ee6bcd25ad557a0d	The phenomenon of impact craters is rare on Earth for two reasons: 1) those craters that were formed at the beginning of the planet's history are already blurred;
0a3600eaac60d8975a65f7914e530a5857988940	2) The Earth has a very dense atmosphere that prevents meteorites from falling.
14b8a4e3fa03f8b9369d337291faebdd8590d388	Martian craters are similar to craters on the moon and other objects in the solar system, which have a deep, bowl shaped bottom with raised wheel shaped edges.
a7d28999a914b95df37f9fca258e3084f240abd7	A smiling crater.
34ad72b78da4dd408af27bd24d7ddc34f79e56cc	Photos from the website astrolab.ru
a1582d1e7d1a4d56f54d688ca407d7c8a16fdad0	The depth of the depression is about 9 km.
7b50cefa8b2c39f6daffcbcb78c688d3147f0d01	Channels and river valleys have been discovered on the surface of Mars, many of which were spilled over low lying plains.
937faf15f8ca2bbc8d15fc29718b8c4907243db7	Scientists assume that the Martian climate was quite warm, since water existed in liquid form.
7e26e07851c734a87fdc4b46f53f533bcd6bd33f	Polar deposits
a2274b1db126953bf234e5f12d99d2c8a28c1c49	The most interesting feature of Mars is the thick accumulation of finely layered sediments located at both poles of Mars.
0a8c5ff97d06ada6646b10d4917efb0f5f8f9c73	Scientists believe that the layers consist of a mixture of water ice and dust.
ff101f8a6c19bbee461df529cd5f35984fdf939e	The atmosphere of Mars probably stored these layers for a long period.
bb73f01ef3b063d9155ee27794ec2de79dd6c0e1	They can serve as evidence of seasonal weather activity and long term climate change.
f948c58d9cc857041aa3c3a7fa6dd848f83fd5f1	The ice caps of both hemispheres of Mars remain frozen throughout the year.
d6c32c059647d406129bf0ecd45ce8e85f37ee48	Climate and atmosphere of Mars
56f899f5227c95ef8824188d28fa353698298859	The atmosphere of Mars is discharged, the oxygen content in the atmosphere is only 0.13%, while in the Earth's atmosphere it is 21%.
56d9d8ecc83467c59b07fd35a369733eaba76bf1	The content of carbon dioxide is 95.3%.
f288e1ddddb24ed92a3a3f57bd9942ede8804a56	Other gases contained in the atmosphere include nitrogen 2.7%; argon 1.6%; carbon monoxide 0.07% and water 0.03%.
172ddcc0936219c700f9163600c4deb544ef2163	Atmospheric pressure
97ef831c116a0c462ca0f644338b1e9f10c346ca	The atmospheric pressure on the planet's surface is only 0.7 kpascal, which is 0.7% of the atmospheric pressure on the Earth's surface.
12c22292f39cb243c840c814b7e35ae9f6486990	When the seasons change, the atmospheric pressure fluctuates.
bc7cbd0b53c809b6886ee25dbe6201a257252dad	The temperature of Mars
5a39ae7c86be3ee420ca170e3d2baf74c1211f6b	At high altitudes in the area of 65-125 km from the surface of the planet, the temperature of the atmosphere is -130 degrees Celsius.
be63015870540756809133192c2aac9768e48341	Closer to the surface, the average daily temperature of Mars ranges from -30 to -40 degrees.
554b4a17175e696d07dbc34ef4990e42821f4a33	Right at the surface, the temperature of the atmosphere can vary greatly during the day.
74ef678f7f7fb6ead26f833941412df070490232	Even near the equator, it can reach -100 degrees late at night.
5cf32d19ec8258aa2a30b4c202b1688c2eb1f5a1	The temperature of the atmosphere can rise when dust storms are raging on the planet.
e832d57d825acfffa34175c64278174325cf1d60	Dust absorbs sunlight, and then transfers most of the heat to the gases of the atmosphere.
c11ac596a609d4a9f63321b8e015e06d00a702bf	The clouds
ab1ca7b388002b642ddad126b987d908d50be006	A dust cloud.
142b5758f344daa48acd47413d29488e6319d7bb	Wind
1c3955261457b199b22614e5c9e0d89f10207375	Mars is accompanied by two small satellites Phobos and Deimos (sons of the god Ares), which were named and discovered in 1877 by the American astronomer Asaph Hall.
e0169735403377db2ff9640aeed9b0f6150fbee9	Both satellites have an irregular shape.
56c30458df4197d73b9a831c457627306f65ea44	The largest diameter of Phobos is approximately 27 km, Deimos — 15 km.
d600f9845265aae331a83bd01b46181128840f40	The satellites have a large number of craters, most of which were formed as a result of meteorite impacts.
8a3f84ce4cffcd1c82d65463ea2adb347641a397	In addition, Phobos has many grooves cracks that could be formed when a satellite collides with a large asteroid.
ef0b0d91f527833259d487b11276871381a460b6	Scientists still do not know how and where these satellites were formed.
fac243b1f9b0c36657088cb2ac9a90e1edb09b49	It is assumed that they were formed during the formation of the planet Mars.
eb19952c94b71cbdc01da9e57e9e434f2ae27705	According to another version, the satellites used to be asteroids flying near Mars, and the gravitational force of the planet pulled them into its orbit.
b4cdff1ba7b059c09b7df849b1758df0a0414aba	The proof of the latter is that both satellites have a dark gray color, which is similar to the color of some types of asteroids.
8cbc014958e06db146bc9229e78ea632dfb4ba4d	Astronomical observations from Mars
538b283ae7481551563083effc3767e373cf9e8d	During sunrise and sunset, the Martian sky at the zenith has a reddish pink color, and in the immediate vicinity of the Sun's disk - from blue to purple, which is completely opposite to the picture of the earth's dawns.
10985b6403de8c73c62b89771d398c5866f480fd	The reason for such differences from the color scheme of the Earth's sky is the properties of the thin, rarefied, suspended dust containing atmosphere of Mars.
2f20a9f75141f8af2f0aab92fb51f60f0a6ce65f	Presumably, the yellow orange color of the sky is also caused by the presence of 1% magnetite in dust particles that are constantly present in the Martian atmosphere and are raised by seasonal dust storms.
39fc29ad66f0eb603f523a777e4d19b38d9f51bd	Sometimes the color of the Martian sky turns purple as a result of light scattering on microparticles of water ice in clouds (the latter is a rather rare phenomenon).
b33b5950424becb0952cfaad985aa568c027bd64	The Earth on Mars is observed as a morning or evening star, rising before dawn or visible in the evening sky after sunset.
400db3fbdea6a8e38ae89ede8b2b11ab99f45136	Mercury from Mars is almost inaccessible to observations with the naked eye due to its extreme proximity to the Sun.
d70dcde17dfb42f9bd0b30068ca2c13e7392480c	The brightest planet in the sky of Mars is Venus, in second place is Jupiter (its four largest satellites can be seen with the naked eye), in third place is Earth.
634c95ff42163c7787c2bc872e6fa77892c9d6d4	The satellite Phobos, when observed from the surface of Mars, has an apparent diameter of about 1/3 of the Moon's disk in the Earth's sky.
2f185c803e95733e96f4bb5c8b8488ad14d3a950	Phobos rises in the west and sets in the east and crosses the sky of Mars twice a day.
7f1f0ef5d5fdb1a4e4cf4410f434aea59a2ba88c	The movement of Phobos across the sky is easily noticeable during the night, as well as the change of phases.
be7d01ca533e34c02d75e7f0ae33e25cbba8ad01	With the naked eye, you can see the largest detail of the relief of Phobos the Stickney crater.
7f2469efb06cce0c8e66eaeea2453812418b1a0f	The second satellite Deimos rises in the east and sets in the west, looks like a bright star without a noticeable visible disk, slowly crossing the sky for 2.7 Martian days.
809e6b134090a84d732d8b70737bcf1ec65502a7	Both satellites can be observed in the night sky at the same time, in this case Phobos will move towards Deimos.
0064a2e2c5e6c5452699811e40433e58b54b188c	The brightness of both Phobos and Deimos is sufficient for objects on the surface of Mars to cast clear shadows at night.
78d53c59d3dbeb19959a65acf54d5aa51c4bcf16	The Evolution of Mars
aa147c8888638f6d2fc38c5b9d902b64653d0511	The Hesperian era is named after a plain located in the low lying latitudes of the southern hemisphere.
d495558a751cb03fe74cc4f041a5db46685c9e88	Scientists believe that Mars has three main components necessary for life:
d0ed496a833a3b2014afa60c6701954aa8442445	chemical elements, such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, with which organic elements are formed; an energy source that can be used by living organisms; water in liquid form.
b512fbdbcc35ad2c010458d4a92df67cbb2f7d24	Researchers suggest that if there was life on Mars once, then living organisms can exist today.
3222c7b8cfa75d413cd2c0239c9e4fcb4dec11ba	As proof, they cite the following arguments: the main chemical elements necessary for life were probably present on the planet throughout its history.
d926caad67703cd920c9375e0c3879d396df37b6	The source of energy could be the sun, as well as the internal energy of the planet itself.
75382563fb83bf90d4cce8e821127197387113bf	Water in liquid form could also exist, since channels, ditches and a huge amount of ice, more than 1 m high, were found on the surface of Mars.
8b2afcff9f503c5883dc777bd8fda16f9b543824	Therefore, water can still exist in liquid form under the surface of the planet.
a2437887e7880bad84e7f2753eb0a5856333f6d1	And this proves the possibility of the existence of life on the planet.
67c881144f311986cc53eaabd8c5813954910fe8	In 1996, scientists led by David S. McCain reported that they had found evidence of the existence of microscopic life on Mars.
480f92197331df3884eb840b13310c20f6f73ee0	Their evidence was confirmed by a meteorite that fell to Earth from Mars.
f973edc8be61373e2b3c7cfcabfd5645949486b7	The evidence of this group of scientists included complex organic molecules, grains of the mineral magnetite, which can be formed within certain types of bacteria, and tiny compounds that resemble fossilized microbes.
bdc33c8bf928503f2dbe1a946970e2c9e027e401	However, the conclusions of scientists are very contradictory.
8b36dda3983904f3b720e45c0498b2c183cddc7e	But there is still no general scientific agreement that there has never been life on Mars.
fac5f89f4ca5826a25c1b020daf80f869026023f	Why canot people go to Mars?
803a905e1db683bda7916fca9e5f1bb66c7038ea	The main reason for the impossibility of flying to Mars is the radiation exposure of astronauts.
e151e934ff61a99712fa9aef70674a8fc97fb50f	Outer space is filled with protons from solar flares, gamma rays coming from newly formed black holes, and cosmic rays formed from exploding stars.
a2925469f17089c7af65b352769b231208090db5	All these radiations can cause huge damage to the human body.
1d02057d9b478b64e03a1993e3e9432a0eec5ac8	Scientists have calculated that the probability of cancer formation in humans after a flight to Mars will increase by 20%.
6d85dff6e1639a1009f89b811670dec710682515	Whereas in a healthy person who has not gone into space, the probability of cancer formation is 20%.
4b9530b28d869606bcbf70fcab1d922f6e9717d3	It turns out that after flying to Mars, the probability that a person will die from cancer is 40%.
1d6811bb8695df15e9e1602639a01347981817ba	The greatest threat to astronauts is galactic cosmic rays, which can accelerate to the speed of light.
99199e2926351acb100eada2d25b78d7d24d765d	One of the varieties of such rays is the heavy rays of ionized nuclei such as Fe26.
b129ffd2c557d64223361766e68379072af2cc2c	These rays are much more energetic than the typical protons of solar flares.
e684e8f49b4d62fb839d173c4d3767fa9177db3b	They can penetrate through the surface of the ship, the skin of people and after penetration, as small guns tear the strands of DNA molecules, killing cells and damaging genes.
4c40171017595ced3ff67866c72512213c63a782	The astronauts of the Apollo spacecraft, when making a flight to the Moon, which lasted only a few days, reported that they saw flashes of cosmic rays.
e995175848179bcd544371ca67cff6c0cfbf88d8	After some time, almost most of them developed cataracts of the eye.
2d86bebb92062df1ac1edb5b9d3fb83d1182c4b0	This flight took only a few days, while the flight to Mars will take perhaps a year or more.
07378c9aeeb2e4a5272ece00dcbf4224ec6902f8	In order to find out all the risks of flying to Mars, a new space radiation laboratory was opened in New York in 2003.
dbf75a0f53766c2da89fc0a2a84df19381f6d118	Scientists simulate particles that simulate cosmic rays and study their effect on living cells of the body.
df8877d4e1de6c4d1277b2d6a00191eee5f729cc	Having found out all the risks, it will be possible to find out from what material it is necessary to build a spacecraft.
60e25be70307a2776581af5fa2a8375ac5976796	Perhaps there will be enough aluminum, from which most spacecraft are now built.
147a4c12b6a1c0e07375d2bd7bb5818ee32ec039	But there is another material – polyethylene, which can absorb cosmic rays by 20% more than aluminum.
29cbfa2ecfa2704ffb7956f6313d5ab9718c8817	Who knows, maybe ships made of plastic will be built sometime…
3521d554c309dfdac894fa3f827aebe5e6803d25	Source: NASA
e8fef1a4148c0c0dd63c642a987813d362580bd6	Posted on 2012-10-06 13:46:35
871a5f13e61d77265430a2a8d59d63572e2d78a0	Oysters can change their gender.
4cd3afc748e617ab6f7dc1abb2917e47c13cf184	During their life, the transformation from male to female and vice versa in oysters can occur repeatedly, and it depends on various factors.
59a74edf0ff4bd646684dd57e2e28cc2e9188f07	Usually, oysters are born in male form, and then, after eating well and becoming able to produce offspring, they turn into a female.
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e53542d50edf77d0f92b9976e1f9718d4e1d06c6	pochtamt@saitzemli.ru About the project | Guide
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0a4305a57fc5d15570c952c0384e7e5bae252c2a	Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the last of the terrestrial planets.
6c7274222ca154e3bbc2c1fede782348b5c0b580	Like the rest of the planets in the Solar system (not counting Earth) Mars is named after a mythological figure — the Roman god of war.
2e31e55cedd528d6681a67b1cb7608a207315689	In addition to its official name, Mars is sometimes called the Red Planet, which is due to the brown red color of its surface.
9ed3bc789c9bf33005ff921289c37c6ac04c1fb6	At the same time, Mars is the second smallest planet in the Solar System after Mercury.
8169b517f0e24526d03ed201779a2c50108ca670	SEE ALSO: The surface of Mars photos, panoramas During almost the entire nineteenth century, it was believed that there was life on Mars.
3a4dc331941a8886751711f2f2171338e3112ee0	The reason for this belief lies partly in error, and partly in the human imagination.
11d49212cf6b251cf979f27f5fe57d04b2fc4297	In 1877, astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli was able to observe what he thought were straight lines on the surface of Mars.
e0642714f5dc213a51bd5dd9ccff6c860fd37c37	Like other astronomers, when he noticed these stripes, he assumed that such directness was connected with the existence of intelligent life on the planet.
05dff953d0668da2a6581a4eb72f3d003c2c8c14	A popular version at that time about the nature of these lines was the assumption that they were irrigation channels.
9bb09a9170d3047242b8b504d87db0c18045e987	However, with the development of more powerful telescopes in the early twentieth century, astronomers were able to see the Martian surface more clearly and determine that these straight lines were just an optical illusion.
93252af7cdf74e54a66d98b02c929b0531a297c0	As a result, all the earlier assumptions about life on Mars remained without evidence.
27f76493df370e10289d58261073428c363f3ad9	Mars and other planets of the Solar system
9f7f598c5c4084634bce2f4bbb029e5af5416a5a	A large amount of science fiction written during the twentieth century was a direct consequence of the belief that there is life on Mars.
9454f5726b83a178e91e2ac7bcba2c82a394fb0f	Starting from small green men, ending with tall invaders with laser weapons, the Martians were the focus of many TV and radio programs, comics, films and novels.
d18d836e209b8761053331fa9701e0a19a9ccf2d	Despite the fact that the discovery of Martian life in the eighteenth century as a result turned out to be false, Mars remained for the scientific community the most friendly planet for life (not counting Earth) in the Solar system.
940d94856a6006a145fdbdb669e5edc42620fec4	Subsequent planetary missions were undoubtedly devoted to the search for at least some form of life on Mars.
82015bfc9dc5e4c4c35a894fd60e6393b6296b62	So a mission called Viking, carried out in the 1970s, conducted experiments on Martian soil in the hope of detecting microorganisms in it.
d24f39c1f177435220c78e9272628cb85e2a059b	At that time, it was believed that the formation of compounds during experiments could be the result of biological agents, but later it was found that compounds of chemical elements can be created without biological processes.
f84a9eb57d05ad147d563e6f3bca9c6033f64b44	However, even these data did not deprive scientists of hope.
257260f44ee2cdd87e695c6cf28d1727166f6581	Having found no signs of life on the surface of Mars, they assumed that all the necessary conditions could exist under the surface of the planet.
80820b4aa035ea04752904b2e32bc4da034fcc95	This version is still relevant today.
5693f5cdfee3c3793a362e7b221fe68499561375	At least, such planetary missions of the present as ExoMars and Mars Science involve testing all possible variants of the existence of life on Mars in the past or present, on the surface and below it.
ceaee5bf93a464e95872334b11a722dcb763ca21	The atmosphere of Mars
b609934a31471efe47b71e302857015687f8f2cc	In its composition, the atmosphere of Mars is very similar to that of Venus, one of the least hospitable atmospheres in the entire Solar system.
95987c164550fc061f8313f17658dc11b0878d4b	The main component in both environments is carbon dioxide (95% for Mars, 97% for Venus), but there is a big difference – there is no greenhouse effect on Mars, so the temperature on the planet does not exceed 20°C, unlike 480°C on the surface of Venus.
35ed3ebe754fc352b4fd63575a8f67c868b24082	Such a huge difference is due to the different density of the atmospheres of these planets.
53d69c6b99edf6f68537fe328cdf807f12880097	At a comparable density, the atmosphere of Venus is extremely thick, whereas Mars has a fairly thin atmospheric layer.
9c62dee463b421fe8a5080db1b73b429cd17b31e	Simply put, if the thickness of the atmosphere of Mars was more significant, it would resemble Venus.
4a93408214901fc0eedc29d525617a3f7886536f	In addition, Mars has a very thin atmosphere — the atmospheric pressure is only about 1% of the pressure on Earth.
91618974a501033a4a7ef82ba24c0f84a3ab9b24	This is equivalent to a pressure of 35 kilometers above the Earth's surface.
82b8e73cd010f0a569cb840c583cfd57fa57b967	One of the very first directions in the study of the Martian atmosphere is its influence on the presence of water on the surface.
69ba827e3842ffe1d52c1029e60381c7e7e14f3d	Despite the fact that the polar caps contain water in a solid state, and the air contains water vapor formed as a result of frost and low pressure, today all studies indicate that the" weak " atmosphere of Mars does not contribute to the existence of water in a liquid state on the surface of the planet.
ceffea7ef307c571a27f1629a905dd3a8d062237	Nevertheless, relying on the latest data from Martian missions, scientists are confident that water in liquid form exists on Mars and it is located one meter below the surface of the planet.
69f870ebf09400ecf34519084d13029ea2ff845b	Water on Mars: an assumption / wikipedia.org
82fccb6dc29311c7daa6a8143b9525d108b51ea9	However, despite the thin atmospheric layer, Mars has quite acceptable weather conditions by terrestrial standards.
9e43d298f57da1bacaada4e1fd6bf7f9b907e351	The most extreme forms of this weather are winds, dust storms, frosts and fogs.
e71d8de670380dd7c68878d3d40dcd7bd6ab7f0e	As a result of such weather activity, significant traces of erosion were observed in some areas of the Red Planet.
6acaae3d75323a8741bdde0e9b034049892398a8	See also: NASA: The solar wind deprived Mars of the atmosphere Another interesting point about the Martian atmosphere is that, according to several modern scientific studies, in the distant past it was dense enough for the existence of oceans of water in a liquid state on the surface of the planet.
597e77b3c1fb0ef1aab5a7b417dcfe78a4a20903	However, according to the same studies, the atmosphere of Mars was dramatically changed.
5e71c965b246bf561f9164e5a147418ac6a839fe	The leading version of such a change at the moment is the hypothesis that the planet collided with another sufficiently voluminous cosmic body, which led to the loss of most of its atmosphere by Mars.
91a4c74c80fd058aa5670e936dd09c740fa5cc0f	The surface of Mars
3bbb8a4b83e15eddddc39b2ef2e2620f59d3933f	The surface of Mars has two significant features, which, by an interesting coincidence, are associated with differences in the hemispheres of the planet.
d2643aba1b5150053e4e0f65c8048e2f4f808493	The fact is that the northern hemisphere has a fairly smooth terrain and only a few craters, while the southern hemisphere is literally dotted with hills and craters of different sizes.
27096d5a5f21f0d22e8694ee71b84dcb42dcd59f	In addition to the topographical differences that indicate the difference in the relief of the hemispheres, there are also geological ones — studies indicate that the regions in the northern hemisphere are much more active than in the southern one.
cfbcb3de5196d31a217b89f388b183138c22ff08	On the surface of Mars is the largest of the volcanoes known to date — Olympus Mons (Mount Olympus) and the largest of the known canyons – Mariner (Mariner Valley).
9dc75d6ef680726eb759752ce98c59a1376edc54	Nothing more grandiose has yet been found in the Solar System.
063477e22bcc33648bdfd09969c8571bd5f13053	The height of Mount Olympus is 25 kilometers (this is three times higher than Mount Everest, the highest mountain on Earth), and the diameter of the base is 600 kilometers.
b49fb2d8edf3efcd668804320e57ed636541b120	The length of the Mariner Valley is 4000 kilometers, the width is 200 kilometers, and the depth is almost 7 kilometers.
a5f1e8dec4aafe0e861f7e6b8ba0fa554ed6231f	Mariner Valley on Mars
9fb815c2f63127f483d37cbb574e1ead716d375e	To date, the most significant discovery regarding the Martian surface has been the discovery of channels.
1ceef7ff8f1b8d4f01a892ca0453590799f3932c	The peculiarity of these channels is that, according to NASA experts, they were created by running water, and, thus, are the most reliable proof of the theory that in the distant past the surface of Mars significantly resembled that of Earth.
4e19f941df9c102bc6953f053f349ff982c44c18	The most famous monopoly associated with the surface of the Red Planet is the so called "Face on Mars".
8b84102383a7e11e7acf3d01a8219d21762b2a25	The relief really looked very much like a human face when the first image of a certain area was taken by the Viking I spacecraft in 1976.
c9e9123021d7e77f02fea056387694889412303f	Many people at that time considered this picture a real proof that intelligent life existed on Mars.
584ac6f755a05e01e99c113563e6261279cc9381	Subsequent images showed that this is just a game of lighting and a human fantasy.
0e855ee6975ece50fe38178ce48e5862612faa24	The structure of Mars
88b6a599cc3a7e4956c4ef38a639a56d831b12da	More on the topic: NASA scientist: there is life on Mars and we know where to look for it Quite a lot of research has been devoted to the core of Mars, in particular, to find out whether it is solid or liquid.
ed8de3c8454daf1c813881960c8eac5deed92838	Orbit and rotation
063bbcf3aebee8a586b3a4a15237e16fe977080d	The orbit of Mars is remarkable for three reasons.
47704ee1f6231e79d10376c33e12a192d7308dd4	First, its eccentricity is the second largest among all the planets, only Mercury has less.
89c28d1a7feaf803ae268978030e7b3d7fdbbc9c	With such an elliptical orbit, the perihelion of Mars is 2.07 x 108 kilometers, which is much further than its aphelion 2.49 x 108 kilometers.
2a6239eac08cc3b80eff8f9e4e86fcfe682a9f35	Secondly, scientific data indicate that such a high degree of eccentricity was not always present, and perhaps it was less than the Earth's at some point in the history of the existence of Mars.
411341100c89c2e2fdd997b4c4d2fa01eaf22186	The reason for this change, scientists call the gravitational forces of neighboring planets affecting Mars.
59a300309dc84a424c2052cbc83d4e3bb7a19c3e	Thirdly, of all the planets of the Earth group, Mars is the only one on which the year lasts longer than on Earth.
91272d0c1c71ac01ec3c3347e9c3535b10c38936	Naturally, this is due to its orbital distance from the Sun. One Martian year is equal to almost 686 Earth days.
9a939437b2820d231b8a3500fca757a6d7d2fa20	A Martian day lasts approximately 24 hours and 40 minutes — which is exactly the time it takes for the planet to complete one complete revolution around its axis.
b47834ae147454d5cb78048160d218bb9be95b71	Another remarkable similarity of the planet with the Earth is its axial tilt, which is approximately 25°.
0708e121ff20bcb1c28e567632fe76605352b2b6	This feature indicates that the seasons on the Red Planet change each other in exactly the same way as on Earth.
b4d80caa8c5ad3774e060f6d458aa0b3451f5201	Nevertheless, the hemispheres of Mars experience completely different temperature regimes for each season, different from those on Earth.
075f066b62301db57416f772ae2faebc25633728	This is again due to the much greater eccentricity of the planet's orbit.
b5846ad6f8f2c982490fac0278dff8ba0552a6a2	So, we know that SpaceX wants to send people to Mars in 2024, but their first Mars mission will be the launch of the Red Dragon capsule in 2018.
dfca5dd6b93f0984976f97b3a55cee5af2c10d37	What steps is the company going to take to achieve this goal?
91a6876871d73d87fa5395ff88ee2c659df4f4af	Elon Musk, founder of SpaceX
e506de9625229531486b54ffc98c3addca162395	2018.
a484244af10b30c7b849ad9c8356ae6d9c061f9e	The launch of the Red Dragon space probe in order to demonstrate technologies.
bdaecb0246813bac01fe29c8710741e273c11517	The goal of the mission is to reach Mars and make some surveys at the landing site on a small scale.
da54bddb22c31024b59773dbaece85e99dbdbd5b	Perhaps, the supply of additional information for NASA or space agencies of other states. the year is 2020.
c964ed84276ac153b217722aabadd56a150bc98f	Launch of the Mars Colonial Transporter MCT1 spacecraft (unmanned).
3a838ee1b55d95e2922309bee952b3bdd161e20c	The purpose of the mission is to send cargo and return samples.
16d4077be09cdd6835683790df9c9c8219af115c	Large scale demonstrations of technologies for habitat, life support, and energy. the year is 2022.
afcef165d99e9863aff40590220f764d36b15295	Launch of the Mars Colonial Transporter MCT2 spacecraft (unmanned).
9aaa294ed3e5448a70cb0271ebc133743d29e36c	The second iteration of the MCT.
43c302e29a54c6aa5df4a7c6c665187dbf2e717d	At this time, MCT1 will be on its way back to Earth, carrying Martian samples.
0a58ea49886d1da4a2ee606f046956a23bdcd114	MCT2 supplies equipment for the first manned flight.
e510be9c28b3fac809116af68a7f19c4c46982b3	The MCT2 spacecraft will be ready for launch as soon as the crew arrives on the Red Planet in 2 years.
c6bdeda011e9ec74cfface8fe967d94c42e0f176	In case of trouble (as in the movie "The Martian"), the team will be able to use it to leave the planet. the year is 2024.
a03b29991cd989117d585de7cb0f74262188bc53	The third iteration of the Mars Colonial Transporter MCT3 and the first manned flight.
a2236e888f3d7476aad3df4ce37f3e83792699ba	At that time, all the technologies will prove their workability, MCT1 will make a trip to Mars and back, and MCT2 is ready and tested on Mars.
d6c91943b576debc1099505a0acc4877029f85e7	Interesting facts about Mars
af3ebad330963da608dca2f9c6611af485514bc2	* Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the last of the terrestrial planets.
393d19f4e77be2c9d610a55b47c54ad5a5828645	The distance from the Sun is about 227940000 kilometers.
6133702f046d621202128554c0f603913851f493	* The planet is named after Mars — the Roman god of war.
89bec15a452accb7b69635a8d59b4b476697d105	Among the ancient Greeks, it was known as Ares.
03b4150c5a189e484ba9a399926d3e021ce03e98	It is believed that Mars received such an association because of the blood red color of the planet.
6d7e04805d3e7e9207337dfb997a0eeffe4bce7f	Due to the color, the planet was also known among other ancient cultures.
60a6e354f922fe48f28feac5d2ec8cbaaf203a2c	The first Chinese astronomers called Mars the "Star of Fire", and the ancient Egyptian priests designated it as "Her Desher", which means"red".
487169144ff2f1adc7f7c785821e7d2d55e0c0a4	* The land mass on Mars and on Earth is very similar.
0281cd6aa873f13fdbbb6cc937d8677611427a81	Despite the fact that Mars occupies only 15% of the volume and 10% of the mass of the Earth, it has a land mass comparable to our planet as a result of the fact that water covers about 70% of the Earth's surface.
05cace07aab1ef03662a7185f39de1c6ea0537b5	At the same time, the surface gravity of Mars is about 37% of the gravity on Earth.
d91e333b8992d4ffe424244ccd57b83e2d8260e0	This means that, theoretically, you can jump three times higher on Mars than on Earth.
9e1c8793f95bd107f2b1512c79a25e7ec70f7550	* Only 16 of the 39 missions to Mars were successful.
26430766b4dda5d6c4cb8b3ce0b08d5fc54fb0c1	Since the Mars 1960A mission launched in the USSR in 1960, a total of 39 descent orbiters and rovers have been sent to Mars, but only 16 of these missions were successful.
8ebf333c01f0eb2f0c456250b4c078f498db204c	In 2016, a probe was launched as part of the Russian European ExoMars mission, the main goals of which will be to search for signs of life on Mars, study the surface and terrain of the planet and map potential environmental hazards for future manned flights to Mars.
4c5037d1a83696ed4f7a23313c6a94016aa6d30f	Mars 1960A
861a0500b6d9f2f48d81fd4f75dde458cbfbc3ac	* Debris from Mars was found on Earth.
99ad47bab4312af3fa0a2749f387b5cf6223a5ed	It is believed that traces of some of the Martian atmosphere were found in meteorites that bounced off the planet.
87f814f8f89f020977b1c2a54c2154affca27d2b	After leaving Mars, these meteorites for a long time, for millions of years, flew around the Solar system among other objects and space debris, but were captured by the gravity of our planet, fell into its atmosphere and crashed to the surface.
f4de9e552822b1b6206d9ee64bd28c2037bfd1e3	The study of these materials allowed scientists to learn a lot about Mars even before the start of space flights.
6b778e326de5e2289ac48d20493bf8b8e32b7fa8	• In the recent past, people were sure that Mars is home to intelligent life.
486c3c739bb4e8b0ed7f6d11a2a978a5df39c608	This was largely influenced by the discovery of straight lines and ditches on the surface of the Red Planet by Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli.
60a7f9ca319d72a43681c88aea876275f64d668c	He believed that such straight lines could not be created by nature and were the result of intelligent activity.
b77d5d7bd15cb611abc7f25d22776a053f6141c9	However, it was later proved that this is nothing more than an optical illusion.
bb6b53cbab17ca32d94a71c289ac51893f311057	• The highest planetary mountain known in the Solar system is located on Mars.
8890dcfa82ff19825e4bf31827f971ab8c957221	It is called Olympus Mons (Mount Olympus) and rises 21 kilometers in height.
c62e04a3b57fffd97c725129b72550c1fb6d6f14	It is believed that this is a volcano that was formed billions of years ago. Scientists have found quite a lot of evidence that the age of the volcanic lava of the object is quite small, which may be proof that Olympus may still be active.
116eddda0ec24dd763434f0e8bbb76b6504dcb2f	Nevertheless, there is a mountain in the Solar System to which Olympus is inferior in height — this is the central peak of Rheasilvia, located on the asteroid Vesta, whose height is 22 kilometers.
967f86df7accd57f2aaa15339bb9de822b1bd3ed	* There are dust storms on Mars – the most extensive in the Solar system.
56ffcb682632a3031983f5ebfc63a863fcf42b51	This is due to the elliptical shape of the trajectory of the planet's orbit around the Sun.
3824a92533192d11781ec29c76a5c45bdef3efeb	The path of the orbit is more elongated than that of many other planets and this oval shape of the orbit leads to ferocious dust storms that cover the entire planet and can last for many months.
d9837523fe0642c4493127f5fb089bb16520a870	• The sun looks about half of its visual earth size when viewed from Mars.
6b24f1345bad90d712566f1c0537f7ebc53717c1	When Mars is closest to the Sun in its orbit, and its southern hemisphere is facing the Sun, a very short but incredibly hot summer comes on the planet.
d0c018d6790a170b86c2c6e3d1a0b50f528d93c6	At the same time, a short but cold winter is coming to the northern hemisphere.
d23301912c5228ca1ac4cbfc253143cec450ac54	When the planet is further away from the Sun, and the northern hemisphere is directed towards it, Mars experiences a long and mild summer.
7730eb741c46ec2300495e3f4f92482caa967e41	At the same time, a long winter comes in the southern hemisphere.
66719ba005066c9985be842e7a773708679b28a8	* With the exception of Earth, scientists consider Mars to be the most suitable planet for life.
67967b060f04df23dcdc098a2beb692acfbc5aa8	Leading space agencies are planning to carry out a number of space flights over the next decade in order to find out whether there is a potential for life on Mars and whether it is possible to build a colony on it.
c93f54493f6df78486ca0495b2dc235b4909e272	* Martians and aliens from Mars have been the main candidates for the role of extraterrestrial aliens for quite a long time, which has made Mars one of the most popular planets in the Solar System.
fd977a9d6d039472da3c37988d0ca33c7b968cda	* Mars is the only planet in the system, except for Earth, on which there is polar ice.
fa290218df1e4989544a2e2ebbf3312ca12be4e0	Water in a solid state was discovered under the polar caps of Mars.
b3ee2e27e2e699341a276b66da23346a8265d6bb	• Just like on Earth, there are seasons on Mars, but they last twice as long.
a1f0efd6068fde4fd3d2389abadbdb4569853f38	This is because Mars is tilted on its axis by about 25.19 degrees, which is close to the value of the tilt of the Earth's axis (22.5 degrees).
84d82ede934435c3bb3d0831824679ce34ae9c03	* Mars has no magnetic field.
7da09571b566b416a0457c4e6905e37cc570c7fa	Some scientists believe that it existed on the planet about 4 billion years ago. • The two moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos, were described in the book "Gulliver's Travels" by the author Jonathan Swift.
10d3d0b0931a178f4ef3af816c3c549998cf2928	This was 151 years before they were discovered.
49e677d06fa19ec2efdf58674a11e9772795960b	Photo of Mars Planet Mars
c112c6b9fe4172c76d314b5a35ee61809cffecaf	Opportunity Rover
462d2f7a3dedcd8c1515ab73aed7483418d2ac23	Earth and Mars
68f0c865c27ab54609ae21e4de5113ae1504af0e	See also The changing cosmic World, what do we know about it?
9550c0ee8be05153ee024278216a1bd5f3a667fd	NASA plans the next flight to the orbit of Mars in 2022 How much to fly to Mars and other details
e4519ccece49657d99ce2f5e5559f38ef842f80d	Share Tweet Share Plyusanut
a237377e396fbd7f26cb827360846bdb2658661a	2 10 369 tags, colonization of Mars, mars, the surface of mars
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cded6800982308d5d3bc7befa3d7e85fee603b3e	In 2022, astronomers expect a collision of two stars
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e49ec7871f627d7c96bb6a227c72e370d7dd62f5	The shadow around the young star indicates the possible presence of an exoplanet
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02fa441a9a1cf809df0eaadc594a51450f17af00	Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and probably the most famous representative of the terrestrial group of planets after Earth.
1741c62cab68b34a308927ed61eb5d83cdb3b09f	Mars got its popularity due to its relative proximity to Earth and the similarity of some characteristics with our planet, which gave scientists the opportunity to assume the existence of Martian life!
b7151de4c9647a0f91a916b4250f9c541386677d	However, as they say in one famous movie: “Is there life on Mars, is there no life on Mars?
3f56a3b4add9cabf7480e2246af2369039a5c550	Science does not know this”
5e6423c69949127da1c8134053ca3961f9eccb7c	The history of the discovery of the planet
cab00cd6b6c39afcbb9b55fb15f93db7784e2bb0	10 things you need to know about Mars!
869fb2681a2f7d5d58b7f0d8d9fc89e2600b4ff1	Mars is located in the fourth orbit from the Sun;
5aa62902127f23bcaf3ad9e3f30a7a8ddd553d2d	The Red Planet is home to the highest volcano in the Solar system;
aadb700f4632441779f7517da8fd584b643af332	Of the 40 research missions sent to Mars, only 18 were successful;
a9bb4221dfd993185c81a829710a7a04b63fda4d	Mars is experiencing the largest dust storms in the Solar system;
30ab6292d21acff9bce1ea0b84d9148fbecdffc4	In 30-50 million years, a system of rings, like Saturn's, will be located around Mars;
5a9beb7597641c40b68b9ca5bc174f29b505379a	The wreckage of Mars was found on Earth;
f15fc93b0cb02b8b4ea36a8cbf98f934e1383d8a	The sun from the surface of Mars looks half as small as from the surface of the Earth;
7c51a6615f631e0e89641d4da67c49d7c66bb6ef	Mars is the only planet in the Solar system that has polar ice;
5e3d2371ca432b2966ae3863740555c672abf51b	Two natural satellites Deimos and Phobos rotate around Mars;
1c5ac1b7e7ef1d8180059183f0a1c563fcaafb03	Mars has no magnetic field;
913012e4f5186671c25f8a9d97a44a6efd8372dc	Astronomical characteristics
e6697b0499d73da3d6168986804a53f5fa2a6d3d	Perihelion 2,06655·108 km Aphelion 2,49232·108 km Orbital eccentricity 0.0933941 Orbital velocity (average) 24.13 km / s Inclination (relative to the ecliptic plane) 1,85061° Apparent magnitude -2.91 m Angular size 13" - 14"
6325e04129b3a27768b7e7f5a2e4c7968a0d1793	The meaning of the name of the planet Mars
3fd8d9248ad1848126d98e50ca8d680ab70a7291	The planet received its real name in the times of Ancient Rome in honor of the god of war Mars.
7914e72dddeff79e4ea7a4d33bb42c778b0301da	The red orange hue of the planet, apparently, was associated with blood and destruction among the ancients, which prompted them to choose such a name.
6c9831d91cc0fec883293eae084c6bbed75f5d43	Average radius 3389.5 km Surface area 144,371,391 km2 (0.283 terrestrial) Volume 1.6318 ·1011 km3 (0.151 terrestrial) Mass 6.4185·1023 kg (0.107 Earth) Average density 3.933 g / cm3 (0.714 Earth) Acceleration of gravity at the equator 3.711 m/s2 (0.378 g) First cosmic speed 3.6 km / s Second cosmic speed 5.03 km/s Equatorial rotation speed 868.22 km/h
c7824010a51ee32c805f4592526bc6d0c5a6fbfb	Rings and satellites
c7427f2ab5cf53fb831fbad19690e6bb2e871e8c	There are two natural satellites in orbit around Mars, Deimos and Phobos, discovered by Asaf Hol almost simultaneously in August 1877.
341ff60e30d71cc50886e173ee829c81496549a5	Their names correspond to the spirit of the "God of War" and mean "Horror” and "Fear".
f2350a46216f725deb44ea37a4961c8b961ebfe0	Both satellites have irregular shapes and relatively small sizes, which speaks in favor of the theory of their asteroid origin and gravitational capture by Mars.
8f3e4d0875591a1b7f9722a5192455794011d816	The orbits of the satellites are located very close to the planet.
affa06a4bd8744e33f08b2a37bc3bdbdbe8f0b11	Recent studies show that Phobos loses 2 meters in orbit height every 100 years.
c60ea2295aeeebec758aebbaf7d5616d5b7c4186	This will lead to its fall to the surface of Mars in the next 30-50 million years.
16e1b33492be6d782cebde3053038ad10375999a	However, another theory suggests that Phobos is likely to collapse even on approach to the surface due to increasing tidal forces.
74d2068b1d5d5e7987890b8835c654f6862fb32b	As a result, a ring of Phobos debris may appear in orbit around Mars, similar to the ones we see near Saturn.
1230260f7dad6d7e90cf4d2f77ae818eaa41859f	Map of the surface of Mars
72cc21c5f523830f89c32cd4e59af7349f5fa809	Features of the planet
9e50d9d3fa2c9b983e91713f3356b7caf1b5da73	Mars is a small rocky planet, which until recently was considered very similar to Earth.
36eb2ae47a4a7e72469ebd1d8c80ebf279b05917	Like the other planets of the Earth group Mercury, Venus and Earth its surface was formed in the process of volcanic activity, the impact of other cosmic bodies, the movement of the crust and atmospheric processes.
a9e5672da42362a5d7bcbc31b3a27b229aad0fd4	Mars has polar caps at its poles, which increase or decrease depending on the time of year on the planet.
b86636c279b86de589c10f4b38674c503c1c6172	Areas of layered soils near the Martian poles suggest that the planet's climate has changed several times.
051c0dba43212ac4f4c68eaa5084d14290b2a463	Most likely, this was caused by a change in the planet's orbit.
1e1575cb0055b738df759aa2e5dd9825f40b5f2b	Martian tectonism the process that forms and changes the crust of the planet, is different from that of Earth.
18e4d87f886b998eacba2c53833f1c3d8935441e	Periodically, the entire planet is covered by sandstorms.
68d710b2f6ee0e9f1cbbe26c40468a1cce4a9c08	The effect of these storms is quite significant.
c68b1ac7091051ab67f0cc878426a7f51fdedeb2	Thanks to them, giant dunes and various weathered features of the planet's surface appear.
b12204a2dc9759ada054f858dd61b618f8f126e9	Studying the history of Martian water is an important component in understanding the planet's climatic past, which will help us understand the evolution of most planets, including our own.
febabf1c44b4c067bd6b9996463466ef99412057	In addition, the presence of water is the main component for the formation of life in the form that we know.
c95cfec8cd6247a68c3fbd86e19bc450de906acb	There are some distinctive geological features on the surface of Mars, including the largest volcano in the Solar System - Olympus.
d7a609d2159b01b5c525b21caed10158ebc27384	Its height reaches 21.2 kilometers, which is almost twice as high as the highest Earth volcano Maina - Keya, whose height is about 10.2 kilometers.
05b7b6b194d4ab8a54aa9db503b38e00b7394d33	The volcanoes in the Tharsis region are so large that they visually deform the roundness of the planet.
1425670f728c53baec27c481ecebf139ffc33bd9	The Mariner Valley is the largest canyon system in the Solar System.
c2fdfd33cab63fa7b231447bd1ec5c89af90e45b	Its dimensions exceed the famous Grand Canyon on Earth by 10 times in length and 7 times in width.
8cdbcfc4c387fb9c3053923704ad35ebd84a0401	The atmosphere of the planet
9f4da193900fc930c4a07a53d3039e93d6c43d9f	The atmosphere on the planet is present, but in a more rarefied form than on Earth (the pressure at the surface is 160 times less than that of Earth), however, even it is enough to form winds and dust storms, the speed of which can reach up to 100 m / s.
00a1e9bfa9d34404fefd4d99391a6d680b003f26	The main component of the atmosphere is carbon dioxide, which allows you to retain solar heat.
13e56990707f1f1fc1a2c62417c52c15289f389f	The temperature range ranges from -153°C near the polar poles and up to +20°C near the equator at noon.
6c0a480d262f60a711ce0e1b4341a0bf768a3279	Carbon dioxide 95.32% Nitrogen 2.7% Argon 1.6 % Oxygen 0.13% Carbon monoxide 0.08%
395198d32bc22bd634c035f457ac9f07e0558856	Useful articles that will answer most interesting questions about Mars.
c8c36d5869928bd40d47e56949d4fb7f81b81e6d	What would life on Mars be like?
24a9e1d5bcb17063c595983868a92e24a4f28751	The Solar System
606cb109e24d78205b205b9b6b7b2ac8d0838a63	Mercury
710689724688f399e9d200d136d47be8442d1126	Venus
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88d1577dcc4f245ab6ce133765fe78bb8913aa7f	Jupiter
7c14ab20f3a9f832ead5de7b2b092a81c847db8e	Saturn
e4458dd128aa6efaff132fdd10fa70177926007b	Uranus
125186d5ff63f69c3e2321b1e81aa13d69cff28e	Neptune
f3fc83262ff530a6ed8d960ef66e139863274c15	Asteroids
ba8dbd7848bf5c86c728f76204d22c66a19b8116	Comets
a8ff01c0aeea86c2355d58ab2771c55b4c4d9b79	Dwarf planets
8a876947017f2ee007757c10e81478b3f27a7930	Deep space objects
adb03812b4ef51b44dcb01437556b7f04f0cd155	Stars
1970863306568ae7220fa4d5204804293dac4a02	Exoplanets
6897f6745c8a94d00652e1ce077829295587a1f5	Star clusters
5075ade8d44da9a4fa7518d74f315e407fb1eafd	Galaxies
2a2d62fefbbf4e34662b1da3521ca9b092fa6f6f	Black holes
945d08ce1b0e678677104f026dec4f7f8e26b8a2	Dark energy
1c507505caf8285d9c4ccd0b978b7ae09b12cc24	The latest news of space and cosmonautics
2e9787b1ac518a27befa1ed3382eea21f1aab800	Spiral formations at the North Pole of Mars
adb89875e8bc58d96601fde90d4aa8a36b102330	A new era of space research: a private station can replace the ISS
d4f4d4b2b822332b46827eed8d62c820aefc7852	Cassini has offered an unprecedented view of Saturn's rings
d77798549e3aac1b49fff0c37da429bc29ec633a	JAXA's experiment to clean up debris from orbit failed
9b9b6909d7d9fdee3aab012e147b1c977313f574	A spacesuit for the Starliner crew is presented
6c31f00c879799a1ae6c92bd9c82bc448dbea004	Launches of the Proton launch vehicle have been postponed until mid May
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